NATIVE AMERICANS CREATED COMPLEX SOCIETIES SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE

CONTINENTS. PEOPLES IN EUROPE AND AFRICA DEVELOPED THEIR OWN CULTURES, WHICH THEY LATER

CONTRIBUTED TO AMERICAN SOCIETY

Three Worlds Meet

MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR PEOPLE TO STAY IN ONE PLACE AND STORE SURPLUS FOOD

What were the effects of agriculture on the hunting and gathering

peoples of the Americas?

THEY BUILT GREAT CITIES AND CEREMONIAL CENTERS AND DEVELOPED

FORMS OF WRITING

What were some of the achievements of the early civilizations of the

Americas?

Early Civilizations of the Americas

Civilization Dates LocationOlmec 1200 BCE to 400BCE along the Gulf of MexicoMaya 250 to 900 Guatemala and the Yucatan

PeninsulaAztec 1200s to 1500s Valley of MexicoInca 1200 western coast of South

America Hohokam and Anasazi 300 BCE to 1400 CE Southwest Adena and Hopewell 500 BCE to 400 CE east of Mississippi RiverMississippian 600 to 1500 east of Mississippi River

THEY CREATED LARGE ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

MANY OF THEM BUILT PYRAMIDS OR MOUNDS

What are some similarities among these early

civilizations?

THE PEOPLE IN THE NORTH MIGHT HAVE DRESSED DIFFERENTLY AND DEVELOPED DIFFERENT HUNTING TECHNIQUES THAN

THE PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH

How might California’s varied landscapes have encouraged diverse

ways of life?

GROUPS TH AT L I V ED A LONG TH E COA STS WERE A BLE TO RELY ON TH E OCEA N F OR TH EI R FOOD

TH OSE L I V I NG I N TH E SOUTH WEST RELI ED M OSTLY ON CROP S

GROUPS I N TH E EA STERN WOODLA NDS M I X ED H UNTI NG A ND GATH ERI NG WI TH A GRI CULTURE

In what ways did food production differ among Native American

societies?

IT ALLOWED THE DIFFERENT GROUPS TO INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER AND

ENABLED THEM TO EXCHANGE FOODS AND GOODS

In what ways did trade link Native Americans?

SOME SOCIETIES ORGA N IZED RELATED FA MILIES IN TO CLA N S, WHO WOULD L IV E

TOGETHER

IN SOCIETIES WHERE P EOP LE HUN TED A N D GATHERED, GROUP S BROKE IN TO SMA LLER

BA N D S F OR HUN TIN G

What similarities and differences existed among Native American

social structures?

MUSLIM TRADERS WOULD HAVE SPREAD THEIR RELIGION ALONG THEIR TRADE

ROUTES

Why would trade have helped spread Islam?

TO WORK THE SUGAR PLANTATIONS, THE PORTUGUESE BEGAN IMPORTING SLAVES

FROM THE WEST AFRICAN MAINLAND.

THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE.

How did the Portuguese sugar plantations affect the course of

history?

West Africa

I. West Africa’s Climate Zonesa. Desertb. Rain forestsc. Savanna

II. West Africa’s Major Geographical Featuresa. Sahara Desertb. Atlantic Coastlinec. Niger River

III. Three West African Kingdoms and Their Climate Zones

a. Songhai – savanna and desertb. Benin – rain forestc. Kongo – rain forest

BOTH WERE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND USED APPOINTED OFFICIALS TO

ADMINISTER DISTRICTS AND CONTROL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

How was the government in Benin similar to that of Askia

Muhammad?

IT WAS THE BEST WAY TO JUSTIFY THEIR AUTHORITY

Why did political leaders claim authority on the basis of religion?

RICE AND THE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO CULTIVATE IT

What agricultural skills did West Africans bring to the Americas?

Changes in Western Europe

I. Politicala. Rise of centralized statesb. Declining papal authority

II. Economica. Growth of commerce

III. Sociala. Renewed missionary callingb. Population growth

IV. Technologicala. Improvements in mapmakingb. Caravelc. Compass and astrolabe

V. Culturala. Renaissance spirit of adventure and curiosity

THE RECONQUISTA - IT SET THE STAGE FOR FUTURE SPANISH CONQUEST TO

SPREAD CHRISTIANITY AROUND THE GLOBE

THE REFORMATION – IT CAUSED MANY PEOPLE TO SEEK RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN

THE NEW WORLD

THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS – IT SPREAD IDEAS

Which European events of the late 1400s to early 1500s had the most far-reaching impact on European

lives?

ADVANCES IN SAILING PROMOTED TRADE AND THE URGE TO DISCOVER AND

CONQUER OTHER LANDS

How did advances in technology open the way for world exploration?

IN LEBANON DURING THE CRUSADES AND ON ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF AFRICA

DURING THE 1400S

Where did Europeans first experiment with the plantation

system?

HE BEGAN SEARCHING FOR GOLD AND ASSERTING CHRISTIAN DOMINANCE

What activities occupied Columbus as he explored the Americas?

Timeline of Columbus’s Voyages and Interactions with Native Americans

1492 – Columbus’s first voyage to the Americas

1493 – Columbus’s return trip to the Americas and his conquest of St. Croix despite resistance by Native Americans

1495 – rebellion of the Taino of Hispaniola against the Spanish

1500 – Columbus asked to leave Hispaniola because of his inability to maintain order

1504 – Columbus returns to Spain

PERHAPS THEY BELIEVED THAT BECAUSE THEIR CULTURE WAS MORE

SOPHISTICATED, THEY HAD THE RIGHT TO OCCUPY THOSE LANDS

Why did European explorers believe they could simply claim lands for their home countries, even though these lands were

already populated?

D URIN G THE CRUSA DES, ITA L IA N S F ROM V EN ICE HA D TA KEN OV ER A RA B SUGA R

FA RMS IN WHAT IS N OW LEBA N ON

BY THE LATE 1400S, THE PORTUGUESE HA D ESTA BLISHED PL A N TATION COLON IES OF F

THE COA ST OF WEST A F RICA

In the centuries before Columbus’s voyages, where had Europeans

gained experience in colonization?

What were some important long-term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in

the Americas?

The entrenched pattern of violating human rights in the process of conquering new lands

The African slave trade and its tragic outcomes

The emergence of various nations in North and South America

The permanent altering of the global environments and societies as a result of the Colombian Exchange

The multicultural character of the United States