native and non-native forest pests of concern · 2016. 9. 15. · native and non-native forest...

Native and Non-native Forest Pests of Concern

Tiffany R. Mauro

Pest Survey Specialist

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

350 Corporate Blvd, Robbinsville NJ 08691

609-259-5249

[email protected]

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ)

9/15/2016

• First detected in Cleveland, Ohio, 1992 currently detected in 20 states/ Entry through ships carrying infested dunnage

• Native to Europe

• Where to look?• Pine tree-production areas i.e Christmas tree farms and

nurseries/ Mature pine stands /Areas surrounding mill yards

• USDA-APHIS-PPQ Goals:1. Define the extent of PSB infestation 2. Limit its artificial spread beyond the infested area 3. Reduce the economic impact Mitigation measures

• How?• States follow Federal Regulations• Monitor state-wide distribution through traps• Restrict movement and require inspections of

regulated material

Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Pineshoot Beetle

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/

Pineshoot Beetle

PSB Distribution in the United States

Distribution in the U.S

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Pineshoot Beetle Life Cycle

E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Emerge March -April (54 °F) mate and lay eggs Females bore gallery to lay eggs (10-25 cm long)

Mature under the pine bark in separate feeding galleries (4 to 9 cm long)

Fly to new or 1-year-old pine shoots for maturation feeding

One generation per year

Overwinter in the thick bark at the base of living pine trees

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/

Pineshoot Beetle

Adults to 5 mm long, brown or black and cylindrical.

Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Steve Passoa, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Javier Mercado, Bark Beetle Genera of the U.S., USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

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•

Pineshoot Beetle Damage

Beat Forster, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Bugwood.org

Beat Forster, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Stanislaw Kinelski, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

9/15/2016



Pineshoot Beetle Damage

Steve Passoa, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons

Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License. E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License

Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Robert A. Haack, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016





Walnut Twig Beetle and Thousand Canker Disease

• Walnut twig beetle (WTB) Pityophthorus juglandis• Native to the southwest U.S.

(Arizona, California, New Mexico, and northern Mexico)

• Does not kill the native walnuts in that area

• Vector of a fungus Geosmithiamorbida causes Thousand Canker Disease (TCD)

• Fungus-beetle complex associated with widespread mortality of black walnut in the western U.S. since 1990s.

• 2010 - First detection of fungus-beetle complex within the native range of Black Walnut (Tennessee)

Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.9/15/2016


United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry NA–PR–02–10, Revised February 2013

* Eastern black walnut is widely planted in the West, but this map does not depict these western locations.

TCD Distribution

Occurrence of TCD in states OH and NC pathogen only

Native ranges of eastern black walnut

Four western black walnut species

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Signs and Symptoms

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry NA–PR–02–10, Revised February 2013

Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


Signs and Symptoms

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


Walnut Twig Beetle


Steven Valley, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Curtis Utley, CSUE, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. 9/15/2016




Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)

• Native to China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the Russian Far East

• 2002- Michigan US & Ontario Canada; introduced 1990’s SWPM from Asia

Leah Bauer, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

• 28 States: Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and the most recently New Jersey in 2014 and Delaware Aug 23 2016.

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Federal Quarantine & Ash Distribution

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EAB Federal Quarantine

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• Eggs• Laid on bark along the trunk and portions of the

major branches. • Eggs hatch in 7-10 days

• Larvae • Cambium feeders late spring to early fall. • Four instars • Long serpentine galleries filled with frass, enlarge in

width as they grow. • Continue development into fall• Fourth instar larvae enter the sapwood or outer bark,

excavate pupal chamber, overwinter as prepupae. • Earlier larval instars overwinter in larval gallery and

complete development the following spring. • Galleries - 20-30 cm long.

• Adult• EAB can complete either a one or two year life cycle.• Initial emergence; accumulation of 400-500 growing

degree days • D-shaped exit hole 3-4 mm in diameter• 3 week period of maturation feeding occurs before

oviposition.

EAB Biology

Debbie Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


Tiffany R. Mauro, USDA APHIS PPQ. New Jersey and New York locations

EAB Damage

Woodpecker Flecking Serpentine Galleries

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Pupation cell constructed in the outer sapwood or outer bark.

Pupation cell constructed in the outer sapwood or outer bark.

Pre-pupa

Clifford Miles, USDA APHIS PPQ Kingston NY

Fully-grown larvae spend the winter folded inside a larval galleries. Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org

licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Larvae

EAB Damage

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Oobius agrili

Tetrastichus planipennisi

Spathius agrili

Parasitize EAB larvae by drilling through the bark

EAB Biocontrol

Eggs laid inside EAB larvae where the parasitoid larvae grow

Search bark ash for EAB eggs, it injects its own egg inside where it will hatch, grow, and kill EAB 9/15/2016

• New Agrilus species in U.S.• Beetle native to eastern Asia• Smaller than EAB • Attacks non native ailanthus trees• Bleeding on trunks dieback on

Ailanthus• First in the nation Somerset County,

New Jersey Ryan Rieder Nursery Inspection Program Manager, NJDA• Also in CT, PA, NJ (2016), NY

• Only literature in Russian.• Captured with the EAB z-3 hexanol

and manuca oil on a green Lindgren funnel trap

Agrilus smaragdifrons

Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


• New York Brooklyn 1996• 137 square miles are regulated for ALB in the State

• Canada Toronto 2003

• Massachusetts • Worcester 2008/Boston 2010

• 110 square miles

• Ohio • Clermont Co. 2011

• 61 Square miles


Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB)

• Eradicated• New Jersey

• Illinois

• Boston

• NY (Manhattan, Staten Island,

and Islip)

Anoplophora glabripennis

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• Ash (Fraxinus)

• Birch (Betula)

• Elm (Ulmus)

• Golden raintree (Koelreuteria)

• London planetree/

sycamore (Platanus)

• Maple (Acer)

• Horsechestnut/buckeye (Aesculus)

• Katsura (Cercidiphyllum)

• Mimosa (Albizia)

• Mountain ash (Sorbus)

• Poplar (Populus)

• Willow (Salix)USDA-APHIS-PPQ New Jersey ALB Eradication Program

Asian Longhorned Beetle

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Melody Keena, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

ALB Biology

Michael Bohne, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Dennis Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License

9/15/2016





ALB Signs and Symptoms

Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Dennis Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Thomas B. Denholm, New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

USDA APHIS PPQ New Jersey ALB Eradication Program9/15/2016





Rhonda Santos, APHIS Public Information Officer

Larvae thrive, on healthy or stressed host trees of all ages as well as on recentlycut logs.

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Paul Kurtz, NJDA ALB Eradication Program


Paul Kurtz, NJDA ALB Eradication Program

USDA APHIS PPQ New Jersey ALB Eradication Program

Adult feeding Damage on Maple

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• Detection Survey• Ground

• Climb

• Bucket Truck

• Removal

• Chemical Control• Soil

• Trunk

ALB Response

Thomas B. Denholm, New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


• Berks County, PA September 22, 2014

• Plant hopper native to China, India and Vietnam

Spotted Lanternfly (SLF)

Adult SLF Lycorma delicatula

Photograph by Lawrence Barringer, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture

• In Non-native areas • 70+ species, 25 in PA

• In U.S. threatens cultivated grapes, fruit trees, and hardwood species.

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SLF Distribution

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SLF Quarantine

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Lawrence Barringer, PDA, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

SLF Biology

First instar nymph is black with white spots and wingless

SLF develops red patches in addition to the white spots

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture , Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016



Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture , Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

SLF Biology

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture

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Signs and Symptoms

Lawrence Barringer, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


• Initial delimiting survey

• Federal assistance with the goal of eradication

• Volunteer programs (Egg mass scraping and Volunteer tree bands)

Lawrence Barringer, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

• PDA Tree banding program

• Collaboration and

research

• Quarantine

• Evaluation of efforts

SLF Response

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• Native to the U.S

• One of the most destructive pests of pines in the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America.

• Occurs in Southern and Southeastern U.S

• Northern range NJ and PA west to southern Missouri, south to east Texas, and east into Florida.

• Clerid beetles are natural predators

Dendroctonus frontalis

Southern Pine Beetle (SPB)

Ronald F. Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service , Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Erich G. Vallery, USDA Forest Service - SRS-4552, Bugwood.orgLicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Stephen R. Clarke and J. T. Nowak, USDA-FS

9/15/2016



• Spreads Blue stain fungus• Ips species attacks also cause

similarly looking blue staining

• Winding tunnels through phloem that typically crisscross

• S-shaped galleries

• Pitch Tubes and Pitchout

SPB Signs and Symptoms

Southern Forest Insect Work Conference , Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Erich G. Vallery, USDA Forest Service - SRS-4552, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

9/15/2016James Denny Ward, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.




Southern Pine Beetle

• Adults • dark brown

• 3mm long

• Cylindrical

• small clubbed antennae

• Distinguished from Ips bark beetles in that their head is visible from above and their back is rounded (Ips head is concealed from above by the thorax)

Stephen R. Clarke and J. T. Nowak, USDA-FS

9/15/2016

Southern Pine Beetle Life Cycle• Adults emerge in

spring• Females land on host

tree, bore through bark, produce a pheromone that attracts males and females.

• Females mate and build egg galleries

• Larvae mine for short distance, bore into outer bark to pupate.

• Adults emerge and attack new trees

Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute9/15/2016

• The SPB Prevention Program • Started in 2003 after

major outbreak • Comprehensive and

integrated approach for preventing and reducing the impacts of SPB on federal, state, and private forests

• Focus on prevention work instead of suppression activities

• Management Activities• Restoring pine sites• Thinning to improve forest

health• Using fire to reduce

competition

SPB Management

Ronald F. Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service , Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Large SPB infestation in the Turkey HillWilderness, Angelina National Forests, Texas

9/15/2016


Velvet Longhorned Beetle


• Native to China, Japan, the Korean peninsula, Mongolia and Russia

• Pest of living trees and of timber, lumber, and dry wood

• Females lay eggs on the bark of trunks and big branches of healthy, stressed or dying trees or cut wood.

• Detected in small numbers in several U.S. states.

• Larval galleries between the bark and the sapwood, then in the wood.

• High resistance to dryness

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• Signs and Symptoms• Large entrance and emergence holes in trunks• Peeling bark• borings at the basis of infested trees • Tunneling by larvae• Leaves of attacked trees often show yellowing and wilting

• Living hosts are fruit trees

• Other hosts timber, lumber, dry wood, particularly fir and pine

• Pest in construction and in buildings

• Considered an important drywood borer in Japan and China

• Native look alike: Present in the U.S. Hesperophanes pubescens


Christopher Pierce, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Copyright © 2010 Erick Adams, Buguide.netEast Greenwich, Kent County, Rhode Island, USA

9/15/2016


http://bugguide.net/user/view/38528

• Life cycle can take two or more years to complete

• Females lay eggs on the bark or trunks and bigger branches. Hosts can be healthy or stressed, dying or cut trees.

• Larvae enter the bark

• Make galleries between the bark and sapwood and move into the wood

• Overwintering occurs under bark or in pupation cells

• Adults are active at night and attracted to bright lights



Trichoferus campestris

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Sirex Wood Wasp

• Sirex noctilio Fabricius(Hymenoptera: Siricidae), horntail wasp family

• Attacks gymnosperms• Kill relatively healthy pine trees• Native to Europe, Asia, and North

Africa • First detected September 2004, a

Lindgren funnel trap in Fulton, New York.

• Also detected in Pennsylvania, Vermont, Michigan, New Jersey, and several locations in Ontario, Canada

Vicky Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Bugwood.org, Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License. 9/15/2016


Vicky Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Steven Valley, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Sirex Biology

• One generation per year throughout most of U.S.

• Adult emergence July through September (peak August)

• Females attracted to stressed trees

• Drill ovipositors into outer sapwood

• Inject symbiotic fungus (Amylostereum areolatum), toxic mucus, and eggs

• Fungus and mucus kill the tree and create a suitable environment for larval development.

• Females lay from 25 to 450 eggs

• Unfertilized eggs develop into males, while fertilized eggs produce females.

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• Attack living pines

• Native woodwasps attack only dead and dying trees.

• Foliage wilts, changes color from dark green to light green, to yellow, to red during the 3-6 months following attack.

• Resin beads or dribbles at the egg laying sites

• Larval galleries are tightly packed with very fine sawdust

• Adults emerge through round exit holes 1/8 to 3/8 inch in diameter.

Sirex Signs and Symptoms

Vicky Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Dennis Haugen, Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

9/15/2016



• Lymantria dispar

• Introduced U.S. in 1869 in Medford, MA and spread

• Congress passed the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912.

• Outdoor Household Articles (OHAs).

• PPQ Program and Goals• Regulate movement

• Maintain Federal-State partnership

• Define the extent of the infestation

• Eradicate isolate populations

• Limit the artificial spread

• Various treatments

European Gypsy Moth

John Ghent, John Ghent, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Jon Yuschock, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License. 9/15/2016




European Gypsy Moth

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https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/gypsy-moth/ct_gypsy_moth

• The Asian gypsy moth (AGM) is a strain of the gypsy moth, Lymantriadispar

• Not know to occur in the U.S, Native to Asia

• Broader host range

• Faster rate of development

• Females capable of strong, directed flight

• Reduced chill requirement before egg hatch

• Tendency to oviposit near light sources

• Egg masses first discovered in North America in 1991 in British Columbia, on cargo ships from Russia

• 1993 females flew off of a military cargo vessel. Successful eradication

Asian Gypsy Moth

USDA APHIS PPQ , USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License. 9/15/2016`


Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA)• Adelges tsugae

• First described in western North America in 1924

• First reported in the eastern United States in 1951, VA.

• Native to Asia and western North America

• Threatens the eastern hemlock, Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr. and Carolina hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.

• The HWA has caused extensive mortality and decline of hemlock trees in the eastern U.S.

John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

9/15/2016


HWA & Hemlock Range in the U.S.

Native range of hemlock in the eastern United States (green) and range of hemlock woolly adelgid(brown) in 2010.

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• Complex life cycle with sexual and asexual generations.

• Two generations per year on hemlock in eastern North America.

HWA Biology

http://www.invasive.org/hwa/images/Figure3.gif9/15/2016

HWA Biology• 1) Wingless sistens

• 2) Winged sexuparae (sexual generation) and wingless progrediens

• Progredientes develop in early spring, progress very quickly to the adult stage, and lay eggs in late spring and early summer

Nymphs in summer dormancy with woolly wax USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry NA-PR-09-05 August 2005

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry , Bugwood.orglicensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Egg Masses

Image: Scott M. Salom, Virginia Tech

First instar nymphs - crawlers

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HWA Biology

Michael Montgomery, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Adult and eggs inside an ovisac

Adult with wax removed

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• Chemical Control• Foliar sprays with horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps

• Two systemic insecticides (imidacloprid and dinotefuran)

• Biological Control• Laricobius nigrinus Fender

• Native to western North America

• Females oviposit within HWA

ovisacs from January to March.

• Others

HWA Control

Laricobius nigrinus adult and its yellow egg (left) (Photos: Rob Flowers, Virginia Tech9/15/2016

• Horntails Siricidaevarious species

• Click Beetle Eyed elater AlausoculatusElateridae

• Clearwing Borers Sessiidae

Commonly Reported Pests by Home/Land Owners


Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License.

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry , Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

• Banded ash clearwing borer (Podosesia aureocincta)

• Ash/lilac borer (P. syringae), both of which are the larvae of clearwing moths (Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Sessiidae

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Lepidoptera• Leopard Moth Zeuzera pyrina (Cossidae)

• Giant Leopard moth Hypercompescribonia (Arctiidae) not a wood borer

Petr Kapitola, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


USDA APHIS PPQ NJ ALB Program

James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org

9/15/2016



Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

• White spotted sawyer Monochamus scutellatus

• Ivory marked beetle Eburia quadrigeminata

• Cottonwood borer Plectrodera scalator

• Banded ash borer Neoclytus caprea

• Red headed Ash borer Neoclytus acuminatus


James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Charles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


Tyler Daniel, Museum Collections: Coleoptera, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Howard Ensign Evans, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

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Thank You

9/15/2016


native and non-native forest pests of concern · 2016. 9. 15. · native and non-native forest...

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