Native Plants of the Upper Santa Ana Watershed Final Report from Brian Spears Introduction The impact on native species at the urban interface in the Santa Ana watershed from explosive growth, changing land use patterns and expanding urbanization into open spaces in recent decades provides an opportunity to photographically document the existing flora and fauna to raise public awareness and promote watershed stewardship. As a photographer, I have a special affinity for nature and sought a way to increase others’ appreciation of the area we live in by using my skills to document the flora and fauna in the Santa Ana Watershed for various uses, including to begin a comprehensive photo library of these species to be housed at the Water Resources Institute for use by local agencies, non-profit groups, students and others working on watershed issues. The Project Over four months, June through October 2008, I shot hundreds of photographs in the Santa Ana Watershed, concentrating on Lytle Creek, Cal State San Bernardino campus, Seven Oaks Dam, and the Santa Ana River as it meanders through the city of San Bernardino. My task was to produce at least 150 high-resolution digital photos for digital or print purposes to further the work of the WRI and its partners within the watershed for publicity/educational purposes. I shot many more. I worked with campus and community experts to identify the species I located, and also relied on several books about plants native to this watershed. I used collages of some of the photographs I shot to create a “virtual tour” of the plant and animal species on the Cal State San Bernardino campus, using GIS technology. The benefit of this project is visually presenting the issues facing the watershed—using a group of pictures to tell the story of the environmental make-up of the watershed. This will lead to a greater appreciation of its value to the geographic area, water quality and supply and quality of life issues for residents within the watershed. The project documents may also benefit scientists working in the watershed with current photographic data. Discussion While working at the WRI (Water Resource Institute) at Cal State San Bernardino, I have gained so much valuable information about the watershed in which I live as well as advice about photographing it in ways that are helpful to the WRI and its partners who are doing work within the Upper Santa Ana Watershed. Over the course of my internship, I worked with local, state and federal officials who are working in Lytle Creek helping to preserve and protect it. During my internship, I

learned to identify local flora and fauna along with how to collect and preserve the specimens. I was also able to see and experience the destructive nature of people by using the Lytle Creek as a dumping ground and gang territory. Several of my photographs document the pollution and graffiti in the area. Being a photographer, I was able to capture all of this and also work on my portfolio of nature photography. I had some difficulty with the color balance, mostly due to the variable weather, clouds, different temperatures, and the time of day. It took a little time but I learned very quickly to adapt to the changing conditions and ultimately improved my skills. As for collecting and preserving specimens, I only collected insects and flora due to the nature of the area. Before I collected the flora and insects, I photographed and identified them, making sure that none where listed as endangered by federal or state agencies. Then I returned to Lytle Creek to photograph them again at different stages; they where either blooming or had finished blooming. I used several books for identifying the specimens, most notably, Flora of the Santa Ana River and Environs: With References to World Botany, by Oscar F. Clarke, Daniella Svela, Greg Ballmer, and Arlee Montalvo. My collection of photographs from this area is the basis of an up-to-date photo library at the WRI, and photographs were made available to several WRI partners for use in publications like brochures and newsletters. I also created a map using GIS technology to identify those areas on the Cal State San Bernardino Campus that have native and drought tolerant plants, in an attempt to increase the knowledge and appreciation of these plants. In the following pages are the GIS map of the native plants that can be found on the Cal State San Bernardino campus, samples of some of the photographs I created documenting the Santa Ana River watershed and lists of the flora and fauna found in the area. The WRI has many more photographs from this project. If you are interested in using them, please contact WRI Associate Director Gigi Hanna for high quality images, more choices and how to properly credit the photos. She may be contacted via email at ghanna@csusb.edu or by phone at (909) 537-3687.

GIS Map of Cal State Campus I created four collages of the photos I took of plants on the Cal State San Bernardino campus then linked them to a map I created using GIS technology. When the map is accessed on the WRI website at http://wrigis.csusb.edu/HSIweb/HSIDocs/SpearsOverview.html, people can click on links indicating plants found on various parts of the campus. These links include a campus overview of drought tolerant plants, and plants found on the east, west and north sides of the campus. For ease of viewing in this report, I have included them following the PDF of my map.

Plants found on the Cal State San Bernardino Campus

buck brush black walnut

chaparral yucca

chaparral bush mallow

white sage

red yucca

palm

weber’s agave

mexican bird of paradise

chinese tree of peace

red gum

oleander

caldweed

red fountain grass

ocotillo

san diego barrel cactus

coastal prickly pear

rye

alepo pine

mint

hedge mustard

coyote tobacco

golden lantanaelephant’s foot

Scenic photos of Lytle Creek

Controlled burn area in Lytle Creek watershed

Santa Ana River near San Bernardino

Scarlet Monkey FlowerWitch's HairChinese Tree of Heaven

Malta Star thistle

Castor Bean CSUSB,LC,7OD NN INVASIVE

plant name place observed Native? Photo

Giant Blazing Star Lytle Creek (LC) Native (N) YWhite Everlasting Cal State (CSUSB) NWhite Sage CSUSB N YHedge Mustard CSUSB,LC,7 Oaks Dam (7OD) Not Native (NN) YCoyote Tobacco CSUSB,LC N YAlepo Pine CSUSB NN YCalifornia Buckwheat CSUSB,LC,7OD N YLong-Stemmed Buckwheat LC NMexican Bird of Paradise CSUSB NN YChia CSUSB,Highland (H),7OD N

LC N YCSUSB Y CSUSB Y

Slender Oat 7OD YCSUSB YCSUSBCSUSB,LC7OD NN INVASIVE Y

Fragrant Everlasting CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRed Yucca CSUSB NN Y

CSUSBCSUSB Y CSUSB,H,7ODCSUSB,H,7OD

Velvet - leaf H NN INVASIVEChristmas Berry CSUSB,LC NLantana ' New Gold' CSUSB,LC NN Y Trailing Lantana CSUSB NNRed Cheat ,Red Brome CSUSB NN INVASIVERed Canary Grass CSUSBChaparral Yucca CSUSB,LC,7OD N YGreat Marsh Evening Primrose CSUSBTree Tobacco H NN INVASIVE YHeart- Leaved Brush- Penstemon LC N YBird's Foot Trefoil LC N Y

Broad - Leaved Cattail LC

Telegraph Weed CSUSB NTasmanian Bluegum CSUSB NN INVASIVECudweed Aster LCWillow Weed LC,Waterman (W) NSouthern California Black Walnut CSUSB N RARE YRed Gum ,River Rd Gum W NN INVASIVEPeruvian,Calif Pepper Tree W NN INVASIVEOleander CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,W NN INVASIVE YJacaranda CSUSB,H,7OD NN YFan Palm H,WCalifornia Club - Rush H,WRosea Iceplant H,WBermuda Grass CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,W NN INVASIVERussian Thistle CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WDallis Grass WWheat San Timoteo CanyonCalla Lily HWinged Pectocarya WPale Silk - Tassel HToyon,ChristmasBerry,Calif. Holly HWestern Sycamore ,Aloso CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WBristly ox - Tongue CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WDandelion CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WJapanese Honeysuckle CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WWhite Alder LC,WSweet Alyssum CSUSB,LC,7OD,H,WMexican Palo Verde CSUSB NNBottle Tree H,W NNBottlebrush W NNDate Palm H,WBlack Willow LCRubber Rabbitbrush LC

Holly - Leaf Redberry LCGinkgo Biloba HOcotillo CSUSB NSan Diego Barrel Cactus CSUSB N RARE SPECIESGiant Wildrye CSUSB N

Pallid - winged Grasshopper CSUSB,LC,7OD N NDifferential Grasshopper CSUSB LC 7OD Y N

Insect Name Location Specimen Photo Notes

Paper Wasp CSUSB,LC,7OD Y YCalifornia Carpenter Bee CSUSB,LC,7OD Y YBearded Robber Fly CSUSB N YPine Sawyer CSUSB,7OD Y NJerusalem Cricket CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NWhite - Lined Sphinx CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NCalifornia Katydid CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NFork - Tailed Bush Katydid CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NCicada Killer CSUSB,7OD Y NClarkia Bee CSUSB,7OD Y NSteel - Blue Cricket Hunter CSUSB,7OD Y NWind Scorpion CSUSB,7OD Y NBlack - & - Yellow Mud Dauber CSUSB,7OD Y NCow Killer CSUSB,7OD Y NThistledown Velvet-ant CSUSB,7OD Y YChinese Mantid CSUSB,7OD Y NPraying Mantis (male & Female) CSUSB,7OD Y YJapanese Beetle CSUSB,7OD Y NAgave Billbug CSUSB,7OD Y NGreen Bottle Fly CSUSB,7OD Y NAugochlora Green Matallic Bee CSUSB,7OD Y NLocust Borer CSUSB,7OD Y NThree - Spot Horse Fly CSUSB,7OD Y NDejean's Flightless Tiger Beetle - Omus dejeanii CSUSB,7OD Y NFlesh Fly CSUSB,7OD Y NBeen Weevil CSUSB,7OD Y NRuby Spot (female) CSUSB,7OD Y NRed Flat Bark Beetle CSUSB,7OD Y NMidboreal Mayfly, Subimago CSUSB,7OD Y NFire Beetle CSUSB,7OD Y NEucalyptus tortoise beetle - Trachymela sloanei CSUSB Y NGreen Lacewing CSUSB,7OD Y NDowney Lether - Wing CSUSB,7OD Y NMay Beetle CSUSB,7OD Y NLong - jawed Longhorn CSUSB,7OD Y NGreen Stink Bug CSUSB,7OD Y NSmall Milkweed Bug CSUSB,7OD Y NShort - Tailed Ichneumon CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NDiabolical Ironclad Beetle - Nosoderma diabolicum ( Plicate Beetle) CSUSB,7OD Y NCommon Ground Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NLarge Milkweed Bug CSUSB,7OD Y NCommon Bcakswimmer CSUSB,LC Y NGlassy-winged sharpshooter CSUSB,7OD Y NFiery Searcher CSUSB Y NGreen June Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NBroad - Necked Darkling Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NBlack Widow CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NThin - legged Wolf Spider CSUSB,7OD Y NMulticolored Asian Lady Beetle - Harmonia axyridis CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NConvergent Lady Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NNine - spoted Lady Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NSpotless "Nine - spotted" Lady Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NCalifornia Black - eyed Tick CSUSB,LC Y NMammal Soft Tick CSUSB,LC Y NDermestid Beetle CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NCondylostylid Long - legged Fly CSUSB,7OD Y NScudder's Bush Katydids ( Nymph) CSUSB,LC Y NThread-legged Katydids CSUSB Y NLong - necked Seed Bug CSUSB,7OD Y NMonarch Butterflie CSUSB,LC,7OD N NGiant Root Borer CSUSB,7OD Y NBiteing Stable Fly CSUSB,LC,7OD Y NBlack Turpentine Beetle CSUSB,7OD Y N

Fish Name Location Specimen Photo Range

speckled dace LC N N Endangered

Amphibian Name Location Specimen Photo

Pacific Treefrog LC N NSouthern Leopard Frog LC N N

Cactus Mouse CSUSB,LC,7OD N

Mammal Name Location Photo

Coyote CSUSB,LC,7OD NBig Horn Sheep LC Y (film)Raccoon CSUSB,LC,7OD Y (film)Virginia Opossum CSUSB,LC,7OD NGray Fox CSUSB,LC,7OD NWhite - tailed Antelope Squirrel CSUSB,LC,7OD NBobcat CSUSB,LC,7OD Y ( Blurry)Western Spotted Skunk CSUSB,LC,7OD NRingtail CSUSB,LC,7OD NFringed Myotis LC YMerriam's Kangaroo Rat CSUSB,LC,7OD NDesert Shrew CSUSB,LC,7OD NCalifornia Leaf-Nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus) CSUSB,LC,7OD NCalifornia Myotis CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Small - footed Myotis CSUSB,LC,7OD NLong - legged Myotis CSUSB,LC,7OD NYuma Myotis CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Red Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NHoary Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Pipistrelle CSUSB,LC,7OD NBig Brown Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NSpotted Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NPallid Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NBrazillian Free - tailed Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NBig Free - tailed Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Mastiff Bat CSUSB,LC,7OD NDesert Cottontail CSUSB,LC,7OD NBlack - tailed Jackrabbit CSUSB,LC,7OD NCalifornia Ground Squirrel CSUSB,LC,7OD NRound - tailed Ground Squirrel CSUSB,LC,7OD NBotta's Pocket Gopher CSUSB,LC,7OD NLittle Pocket Mouse CSUSB,LC,7OD NDesert Kangaroo Rat CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Harvest Mouse CSUSB,LC,7OD NBrush Mouse CSUSB,LC,7OD NCanyon Mouse CSUSB,LC,7OD N

Striped Skunk CSUSB,LC,7OD NMountain Lion CSUSB,LC,7OD N

Reptile Name Location Photo

Banded Gila Monster CSUSB,7OD NDesert Banded Gecko CSUSB,7OD NSouthern Sagebrush Lizard CSUSB,LC,7OD YDesert Spiny Lizard CSUSB,LC,7OD NWestern Fence Lizard CSUSB,LC,7OD NCalifornia Alligator Lizard CSUSB,7OD Y (Film)Southern Desert Horned Lizard CSUSB,7OD Y (Film)Common Chuckwalla CSUSB,7OD YWestern Zebra-tailed Lizard CSUSB,7OD NGreat Basin Fence Lizard CSUSB,7OD NSpotted leaf - Nosed Lizard CSUSB,7OD NLong-nosed Leopard Lizard CSUSB,7OD NDesert Tortoise CSUSB,LC,7OD NDesert Rosy Boa CSUSB,LC,7OD NLyre Snake CSUSB,7OD NNorthern Desert Nightsnake CSUSB,7OD Y (Film)Northern Mohave Rattlesnake CSUSB,7OD Y ( BABY)Red Coachwhip CSUSB,7OD Y (Film)Mojave Desert Sidewinder CSUSB,7OD NCalifornia Kingsnake CSUSB,LC,7OD YWestern Patch - nosed Snake CSUSB,7OD NSouthwestern Speckled Rattlesnake CSUSB,7OD NSonora Gopher Snake CSUSB,7OD NMojave Shovel - nosed Snake CSUSB,7OD NGreat Basin Whiptail CSUSB,7OD NDesert Night Lizard CSUSB,7OD NCommon side-blotched lizard CSUSB,7OD NMojave Fringe-toed Lizard CSUSB,7OD NLong-tailed Brush Lizard CSUSB,7OD NYellow-backed Spiny Lizard CSUSB,7OD NNorthern Desert Iguana CSUSB,7OD NGreat Basin Collared Lizard CSUSB,7OD NBelding's Orange-throated Whiptail LC N

Least Bitten CSUSB,LC,7OD N BAmerican Bitten CSUSB,LC,7OD N WBl k C d Ni ht H CSUSB LC 7OD Y YR

Bird Name Location Photo RangeBald Eagle CSUSB,LC,7OD N Winter (W)Golden Eagle CSUSB,LC,7OD N Year Round (YR) Red - Tailed Hawk CSUSB,LC,7OD Y YRTurkey Vulture CSUSB,7OD N YRCalifornia Quail CSUSB,LC,7OD Y YRGreater Roadrunner CSUSB,7OD Y YRAmerican Crow CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBlack - throated Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,Breeding (B)House Sparrow CSUSB,7OD N YRAmerican Robin CSUSB N YRGambel's Quail CSUSB,7OD N YRRock Dove CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRMorning Dove CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBarn Owl CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRGreat Horned Owl CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRWestern Screech - Owl CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRPrairie Falcon CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRAnerican Kestrel CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRMerlin CSUSB,LC,7OD N WFerruginous Hawk CSUSB,LC,7OD N WCooper's Hawk CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,WCommon Raven CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRWhite - throated Swift CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRLesser Nighthawk CSUSB,LC,7OD N BCommon Poorwill CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,BRuby - throated Hummingbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N ?Costa's Hummingbird CSUSB,LC,7OD Y BAnna's Hummingbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRLadder - backed Woodpecker CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBlack Phoebe CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRVermilion Flycatcher ? N RareAsh - throated Flycatcher CSUSB,LC,7OD N BWestern Kingbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N BLoggerhead Shrike CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRWestern Scrub - Jay CSUSB,LC,7OD Y YRHorned Lark CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRRed - breasted Nuthatch CSUSB,LC,7OD N WHouse Wren CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBewick's Wren CSUSB,LC,7OD N WCactus Wren CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRRock Wren CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRRuby - crowned Kinglet CSUSB,LC,7OD N WBlack - tailed Gnatcatcher CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRMountain Bluebird CSUSB,LC,7OD N WHermit Thrush CSUSB,LC,7OD N WRufous - backed Robin CSUSB,LC,7OD N Rare WNorthern Mockingbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRCrissal Thrasher CSUSB,LC,7OD N YREuropean Starling CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRCerar Waxwing CSUSB,LC,7OD N WPhainopepla CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRYellow - rumped Warbler CSUSB,LC,7OD N WYellow Warbler CSUSB,LC,7OD N BCommon Yellowthroat CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,BSpotted Towhee CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,WSage Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N WSavannah Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N WLincoln's Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N WSong Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRVesper Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N WWhite - crowned Sparrow CSUSB,LC,7OD N WDark - eyed Junco CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR,WBlue Grosbeak CSUSB,LC,7OD N BPyrrhuloxia CSUSB,LC,7OD N RareWestern Meadowlark CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRRed - winged Blackbird LC N YRGreat - tailed Grackle CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBrewer's Blackbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRBrown - headed Cowbird CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRHooded Oriole CSUSB,LC,7OD N BBullock's oriole CSUSB,LC,7OD N BScott's Oriole CSUSB,LC,7OD N BHouse Finch CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRAmerican Goldfinch CSUSB,LC,7OD N WLesser Goldfinch CSUSB,LC,7OD N YRNorthern Harrier CSUSB,LC,7OD N WGreat Blue Heron CSUSB,LC,7OD N YR

Hematite (red ocher) State Wide N N

Rock Name Location Specimen Photo Range NotesHalite So. Cal. N NAgate So. Cal. N NChalcedony So. Cal. N NFlint So. Cal. N NGypsum So. Cal. N NGraphite So. Cal. N NJasper So. Cal. N NOpal So. Cal. N NPorphyry So. Cal. N NQuartz crystals So. Cal. Y N ClearSchist So. Cal. N NSilica (sand) So. Cal. N NTurquoise So. Cal. N NPyrargyrite So. Cal. N NCorundum So. Cal. N NCassiterite So. Cal. N NCalcite So. Cal. N NStrontanite So. Cal. N NDolomite So. Cal. N NBorax So. Cal. N NUlexite So. Cal. N NColemanite So. Cal. N NHowlite So. Cal. N NThenardite So. Cal. N NCelestite So. Cal. N NCrocoite So. Cal. N Nadamite So. Cal. N NScheelite So. Cal. N NLazurite So. Cal. N NWollastonite So. Cal. N NOlivine So. Cal. N NLimonite (yellow ocher) State Wide N NBasaltic rocks State Wide N NChert State Wide N NClay State Wide N NGranite State Wide N NHalite State Wide N N

Copper State Wide Y NArsenic State Wide N NSulfur State Wide N NDiamond State Wide N N Very RareGalena State Wide N NSphalerite State Wide N NCinnabar State Wide N NProustite State Wide N NChlorargyrite State Wide N NMalachite State Wide N NQuartz State Wide Y N ClearGlaucophane State Wide N NBeryl State Wide N N

State Wide N NState Wide N NState Wide N N