nato, discourse, community and energy security

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nAto, disCourse, CommunityAnd energy seCurity

G E

Ac: This work analyses the relationship NATO has beenconstructing through its Strategic Concepts (1999 and 2010) between

the military alliance and the world-word of energy security. BothNATO Strategic Concepts are viewed as meta-narratives which have

been constructed to re-invent a role for NATO after the implosion ofthe USSR and with the aim to reinforce a sense of NATO community

in a period of critical security threats. Despite NATOs continuous use

of the term security, without providing a clear denition, through theproduction of these meta-narratives, Energy Security emerges as one of

the strong motivation in the construction of a we-NATO-communityand the others. Energy Insecurity comes to appear as a new ideology

to be fought with the military alliance claiming a right to intervene innon-NATO-areas to secure NATO countries. A reading of these me-

ta-narratives through critical lenses, and with the use of a critical IPEapproach, demonstrates the navet of the above NATO discourses in

a world marked by continuous change.

Kd: NATO, sorse, rtal serty sorse, geopo-ltal-arrate-ramework, sertsato, eergy serty

Inducin

O 19 Noember 2010, rg NATOs Lsbo Smmt, Sere-tary Geeral Aers Fog Rasmsse presete a ew erso oNATOs Strateg Coept w re-ee te prpose o tsserty allae etee years ater te Col War. Reag teollowg extrats rom NATOs oal ometato wll elprame te metoology o ts work, w s base o sorseaalyss, a sertsato apple to te spe top o eergyserty: a preopato w as bee a ostat presee NATO sorse a tat as apparetly replae te ol eemyoe represete by te ow eaporate USSR.


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Te tzes o or otres rely o NATO to ee Alle a-tos, to eploy robst mltary ores were a we reqreor or serty, a to elp promote ommo serty wt orparters aro te globe [...] NATO as a qe a robst set

o poltal a mltary apabltes to aress te ll spetrm orses beore, rg a ater ofts. NATO wll ately em-ploy a approprate mx o tose poltal a mltary tools to elpmaage eelopg rses tat ae te potetal to aet Allaeserty, beore tey esalate to ofts; to stop ogog o-fts were tey aet Allae serty; a to elp osolatestablty post-oft statos were tat otrbtes to Ero-Atlat serty.

Te bleprt or a 21st etry global expetoary NATO alsoarms tat:Crses a ofts beyo NATOs borers a pose a -ret treat to te serty o Allae terrtory a pop-latos. NATO wll tereore egage, were possble awe eessary, to preet rses, maage rses, stablzepost-oft statos a spport reostrto. Wereoft preeto proes sessl, NATO wll be pre-pare a apable to maage ogog ostltes.1

I teory, te eaporato o te Soet eemy, w a sp-ple te ma reaso or te establsmet o NATO, sol aeprooke te ssolto o te mltary blo. I prate ts ot appe a orer to sre te allae as sbsttte tsma raison dtre, speally ts eee (mltary a eologal-ly) rom a qe eemy, wt te ablty to orot te exstga emergg 21st etry serty treats.2

Serg or tre 194920093 was te motto ose by

NATO to oese ts attes at ts 60t

aersary, a te pr-pose o ts work s to os o te Allaes reet arrate was permtte te Orgasato to reet tsel; to ee a ewgeopoltal otext o terests a mltary operatos, a teto prolam ts ow proto a terpretato o te oepto serty w eergy serty s o partlar mportae.Bot NATOs 1999 a 2010 Strateg Coepts4 otrbte to teostrto o wat I term a geopoltal-arrate ramework,w represets te lq el o exstee o te NATO o-

ept o serty.


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Mhd: Dicu Ani , Scuiiin,nd Scui

Te ma reaso to se sorse aalyss as a terpretate

tool ts work s base o two ratoales: te atre o te proess o sertsato mplemete by

NATO; te etymologal meag o serty.

Ts log s eessary bease NATO as moe rom a e-ee to a serty termology ts sorses. Iee, as B-za, Waeer a e Wle ote

Serty s te moe tat takes polts beyo te es-

tablse rles o te game a rame te sse eter asa speal k o polts or as aboe polts. Sertza-to a ts be see as a more extreme erso o polt-zato. I teory, ay pbl sse a be loate o tespetrm ragg rom o-poltse (meag te stateoes ot eal wt t a t s ot ay oter way maea sse o pbl ebate a eso) trog poltse(meag te sse s part o pbl poly, reqrg go-ermet eso a resore alloatos or, more rarely,

some oter orm o ommal goerae) to sertse(meag te sse s presete as a exstetal treat, re-qrg emergey measres a jstyg ato otsete ormal bos o poltal proere) [...] Te pro-ess o sertzato s wat lagage teory s allea spee at. It s ot terestg as a sg reerrg tosometg more real; t s te tterae tsel tat s teat. By sayg te wors, sometg s oe (lke bettg,

gg a promse, amg a sp).5

Bt wereas by sayg te wors, sometg s oe, tsspe ase o sertsato, we we se te wor serty,sometg more s oe: a emotoal elemet as bee ae tote arrate.

Or ma oto s to be ompletely srroe a m-merse to stores; stores w are tol to s trog te se oa lagage, mages a mea. Howeer, te story a be a lagagebease lagage tsel otos, lmts, a preetermes wat

we see. Ts, all realty s ostrte trog lagage, so tat


4/29

150E180150W

60W 30W 090W

0

30S

NON-INTEGRATING

GAP

FUNCTIONING

CORE

UNITED

STATES

CANADA

MEXICO

ALGERIA

PERU

BOLIV IA

COLOMBIA

S

A

DR

NIGER

Crop decline Hunger Water stress

NATO-states Non-integrating gap


5/29

150E

120E90E60E30E 150E

30S

0 3,0001,500 mi

0 3,0001,500 km

1:81,000,000

The World at Risk

Scale

AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION, CENTRAL MERIDIAN 0

SOURCES: ESRI, USGS, THOMAS BARNETT, US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE, UN,

NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL DATA CENTER, VLIMAR, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

NON-INTEGRATING

GAP

FUNCTIONING

CORE

RUSSIA

IRAN

SUDAN

CHINA

TURKEY

SOMALIA

UTH

RICA

ONGO

AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA


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otg s smply tere a problemat way eerytg sa lgst/textal ostrt. Lagage oes ot reor realty; tsapes a reates t, so tat te wole o or erse s textal.6Moreoer, we we look at or apaty to memorse, erosee

as proe tat te bra as two memory systems; oe or or-ary ats a oe or emotoally arge oes.7

Aorg to Cassrer mak, orer to metally ajsttsel to te mmeate eromet, a trog ts apaty tomage, s apable o reatg a ew meso o realty, eeas a symbol system. He les rater te mst o magaryemotos, opes a ears, llsos a sllsos, satases a reams.8 Te sertsato perormae represets

a ery partlar ase bease te labellg o a sse as a sertyproblem by te goermet atomatally legtmses te se o ex-eptoal meas.9 Wy o we arre at ts reslt? Te explaatos te at tat we are sg a emotoal wor w as emo-toal oseqees.

Here we ome to te seo ratoale o my metoologal ap-proa: te etymologal meag o serty. NATOs ew stra-teg oept (2010) s or te Deee a Serty o te Memberso te Nort Atlat Treaty Orgasato, te te wor w s

etral to or sty s serty10 (reeom rom ager, ear, axe-ty, esttto, et.), w ts etymologal meag bears strogemotos: t s ere rom te Lat sertas te rom se (=wtot) + ra (= axety, worry).11

Howeer, tere s a eree betwee axety a ear. Wleaxety s a geeralse moo oto tat ors wtot aetable trggerg stmls a s te reslt o treats tat areperee to be otrollable or aoable, o te otrary, ear

ors te presee o a obsere treat a s relate to tespe beaor o esape a aoae. I te ase o axety,ts a be prooke by a stmls wtot te presee o a realmateral treat. Tereore, tere s a strog relatosp betweewo trggers te stmls, te reeer o te stmls, a tespae w te stmls s broaast.

Ts spae s wat Cassrer12 alls te symbol spae: e to a-pates to reate sgs a symbols w elp people terat wtrealty, te mas te, o loger a postst ratoal amal,

beomes a amal symbolm, a, as s, les a symbol


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spae, a ts s a spae w rames ee s apaty o mag-ato. A t s te pelarty o te ostrto o ts symbolspae trog te se o te mea o mass ommato tatte atre o te amal symbolm, as proer a osmer

o myts, eole te mage o te omo es.Wt te pblato o Homos Ves Teleso a Post-

Tkg, Sartor ses lgt arges tat wt te aet o te tel-eso we etere to a ew poltal era araterse by wat ealls post-tkg: te ablty to tk. It s te prmay o temage a te maplato o pbl opo trog telesow leas s to see a wat, bt wtot beg able to er-sta, tat represet te ew alleges emoray aes er te

fee o te teleso a more, geeral, o te mea.To sm p, omo es s a eolto/eolto o te a-mal symbolm o Cassrer, a Sartor s osos o tat. I twe sol go bak to te so betwee sgal a symbol oper-ate by Cassrer o te Palos og expermet.13 A so owlt to ssta e to te ery at tat te symbol a be ter-orse as a sgal, a as eery sgal proes otoe refexa a refex beaor.

It s ealg wt serty sses a te mportae tat ts

top as or te pols, tat te aboe proess s lke to te polt-al sorse a, more ta eer, or tmes were emoray asbee ee as a goermet o pbl opo.14 I all ts spaea geopoltal-arrate ramework, (GPNF) te spae were teproess o sertsato beomes a more extreme erso o po-ltsato.15 Ts meas tat a geopoltal-arrate-rameworks a pysal a telletal-symbol spae (as a ermeetalrle), w emotos a pereptos are elaborate trog

a arrate (arrate s a re-presetato o real or ete eets), orer to proe a partlar mage a meag (te reeretaloe16) to be attae to te wor serty. It s a spae wte reaer, olete o olete, wlly-lly, s part o t a weres/e s alle to play a ate emotoal/terpretate role. Asa reslt, te emotoal state o te reaer epes o te opo-arrate o oters.


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Th Giic-Niv F:An Iniv Dinin

Te GPNF s essetally ts represetato o spae, tme, a emo-

tos as tey are proe a sprea by NATO to ts reaers (temoel reaer, a te o-moel reaer), wt te am o assem-blg a ltral arteat a ltral prate traeable to a partlarstoral otext oere wt sapg te polts o serty.17

Ee a arrate a be see as a story or plot, realty tss ot te ase: A Story ossts o all te eets w are to beepte. Plot s te a o asato w tates tat teseeets are someow lke a tat tey are tereore to be e-

pte relato to ea oter. Narrate s te sowg or tetellg o tese eets a te moe selete or tat to take plae.18Ts, ts GPNF, were a sere-sere arrate s proe,wat s mportat s rst kowg wo te teller s, te te sow-g, a te proess o seletg erta eets, a, o orse, tereaer wo as to terpret te arrate text. I te way te GPNFs workg persag te reaer, we te same Arstotelaretoral elemets o Etos, Logos, a Patos. Ts, te maosttets o ts GPNF NATO arratg spae are: te ator-

etos (NATO), te magary-patos, te realty-logos, a temoel reaer.

The Author-Ethos: NATO

Authors, Voices, and Agencies in Assembling a NATO Narrative

Aorg to wat we rea o te Allaes oal web-page,NATO s:

1 . Solidarity: t s a allae o 28 otres rom Nort Amer-a a Erope ommtte to lllg te goals o te NortAtlat Treaty sge o Aprl 4t, 1949 (Art. 5);

2 . Freedom: te ametal role o NATO s to saegar tereeom a serty o ts member otres by poltala mltary meas;

3 . Security: NATO saegars te Alles ommo ales o e-moray, al lberty, te rle o law a te peael


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resolto o sptes, a promotes tese ales trog-ot te Ero-Atlat area;

4 . Transatlantic link: Te Allae emboes te trasatlatlk by w te serty o Nort Amera s permaetly

te togeter. It s te pratal expresso o eete olle-te eort amog ts members spport o ter ommoterests.19

Reag abot Wat oes NATO o? wat oes t, at, o?Its ma raison dtre s mltary eee: NATO s ommtte toeeg ts member states agast aggresso or te treat oaggresso a to te prple tat a attak agast oe or se-eral members wol be osere as a attak agast all. Ts,

bre, s te essee o Art. 5 o Te Nort Atlat Treaty.Howeer, more reetly, NATO s a serty Allae tat elsmltary ores able to operate togeter ay eromet; tata otrol operatos aywere trog ts tegrate mltaryomma strtre; a tat as at ts sposal ore apabltestat ew Alles ol aor ally.20

Iee, assertg NATO as a teratoally reogse ator-ty tat as moral ompetee, Arstotles etos s reqre oay speaker to establs rom te begg o s spee wt

s aee. NATO te beomes a etos bease t s te olywg eee mltary orgasato a mltary strtrew as sre te e o te Col War a te mploso ote USSR. Its etos s te storal at tat te eals tat ar-aterse te NATO ommty, atos, or eology, ae wo oertme.

Howeer te moolt, masse a potetally mmeatetreat w was te prpal oer o te Allae ts rst

orty years as sappeare. O te oter a, a great eal o -ertaty abot te tre a rsks to te serty o te Allaerema.21

Ater te aopto o te 1999 Strateg Coept, NATO reas-serte ts spesable role to play osolatg a presergte poste ages o te reet past, a meetg rret atre serty alleges. It as, tereore, a emag agea.It mst saegar ommo serty terests a eromet orter, ote pretable age.22


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NATOs jorey to te tre a ts sppose maagemeto te tre as refexe serty23 sos as a ermeetal r-le w te maagemet o serty beomes te maagemeto rsk, te te maagemet o te tre, a as a reslt te ma-

agemet o axety.Apparetly NATO s ot te oly atorty ts elarate-

perormate atty w as beome te proess o sertsa-to o te tre. Aoter ator as bee sesslly ole oretres, ee beore te establsmet o NATO, te maage-met o rsk. A ts ator ery reetly as bee egage teNATO arrate: Lloys o Loo.

Lloys joe te grop o NATO ators a te relato start-

e o te top o eergy serty: we NATO rst bega to s-ss ts role eergy serty, I aske Lor Leee to bre NATOAmbassaors o te rsks a alleges o esrg relable e-ergy spples,24 sa Jaap e Hoop Seer, (te) NATO SeretaryGeeral. A Lor Leee o Portsoke, arma o Lloys oLoo, remarke:

Utl ow, eergy serty as elt lke a ery g leelgeopoltal problem. Oe w s best let to goer-mets a strategsts, a sometg tat s ery ar re-

moe rom te boarroom. Tere s ertaly o obttat eergy serty s a ery omplex sbjet. Bt wta more yam global operatg eromet aetgalmost all o s, at Lloys we belee tat t s a sse oreasg mportae or boars eerywere. A ormerUS eee seretary sa: Istea o eergy serty, wesall ae to akowlege a to le wt aros e-grees o serty. To some extet, peraps we are al-

reay og ts, weter we reogse t or ot. Toaysbsesses typally ae a reasgly omplex spplya, a growg presee emergg markets, eergyblls w are osllatg wlly, a growg pressre totk gree. For all tese reasos, eergy serty s ologer a sse abot w bsess leaers a rsk be-g gorae.25

Ca we say tat ts operato w NATO a Lloysome togeter we are wtessg a mnage trois: te market-

state,26 ts srae ompay a a mltary strtre? Col I be


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so yal or Maaella to see t a k o NATO metamor-poss, rom a serty Allae to a srae Allae?

O ts maagemet o rsk-tre t s terestg to ote owNATO looke or ew ators to otrbte to ts ew lteratre

gere. Coserg NATOs strateg oept as a ypertext w te oal ator (NATO) les a text w s proeby aros ators, t s terestg ow o 03 a 04 Aprl 2009,NATOs Heas o State a Goermets taske te SeretaryGeeral to eelop a NATO New Strateg Coept (NNSC), wwas later presete at te NATO smmt Lsbo (2010).

To altate te proess, te Seretary Geeral appote a gropo twele experts selete rom large a small NATO members

a represetg a ombato o sers a otsers, l-g rom te prate setor, tk taks a te aaem omm-ty. Maelee Albrgt, ormer US Seretary o State, are tegrop wt Jeroe a er Veer, ormer CEO Royal Dt Sell,as e-ar.27

NATOs oal page learly glgts te geealogy o ts ar-rate-eterprse w otrbte to te re-wrtg o te NNSC(2010) w replae te preos NNSC 1999. Uobtely, tepresee o a er Veer stas ot rom amog te ators, repre-

setate o a partlar terest o te top o eergy a eergyserty.

Te relatosp betwee NATO a Lloys oes ot e tere.Lor Leee, togeter wt Rasmsse ot oly sge a artlepblse Te Telegrap o 01 Otober 2009, o Pray, yber-rme a lmate age brgg NATO a srae toget-er bt oste a Lloys oeree o te Allaes pate Stra-teg Coept: 360 wt NATO: Clmate Serty, Cyber Crme,

Pray.28

Te artle states tat stry leaers, lg toserom Lloys, ae bee ole te rret proess to eelopNATOs ew gg arter, te Strateg Coept; ee, tee-ar o te grop s te ormer e exete o Sell, Jeroea er Veer.29

Aga, we a appreate te partlar sesblty o lkgmaagemet o rsk-tre to eergy terests, a te establs-met o te oal laso betwee NATO a srae. Ts l-aso was rter reore at Lloyds NATO 360 Risk Conference,

el New York 30 Otober 2009.


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At Lloys 360 le ebate Managing Risk in the 21st Century; ex-perts ssse pray, yber serty a lmate age or a a-ee o more ta 200 srae exetes, rsk maagers absess leaers. Rar War, Lloys CEO, sggeste tat

Te jot Lloys a NATO oeree wol ot aeappee 20 or ee 10 years ago. Howeer, toay, orm-g ew oaltos s a essetal part o rsk maagemet... I te moer era, we are able to orm ew allaes togt or ommo treats ... We ee to spee p or re-spose ... Ts alls or a ombato o soary poles,tkg te tkable a pragmatsm- g waysto mtgate a ajst to a ew realty.

War was eoe by Amral Lao Zappatta, Depty S-preme Alle Commaer Trasormato or NATO wo stressetat treats age rom a ol war searo wt a well-eeeemy, to a we spetrm o rsks, treats a potetal strategsrprses, a rg te past eaes NATO as extee re-metally ts terests otse te tratoal area o resposblty.30

NATOs Imaginary-Pathos: The Emerging Security Challenges and theConstruction of Anxiety

NATOs proto o treat perepto w alls er te slo-ga oSecuring our Future s a o-magary map were te patoss ostrte trog te se o metapor or storytellg w,aptrg reaers atteto, sympates a emotos, ases teaee to ety wt te wrters pot o ew; to eel wat tewrter eels.

Te srse part o te map s best see trog NATO:

Emerging Security Challenges reore by Rasmsses Loo (01Otober 2009) spee o emergg rsks wo remarke tat tealleges we are lookg at toay t aross te e betweete pbl a te prate setors31 a le seeral pretextsor NATO teretos w le:

1. pray2. yber serty/eee3. lmate age a assoate sses s as extreme weat-

er eets, atastrop storms, foog a sea rses

4. mass mgratos e to atral or ma-mae sasters


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5 . oo a water serty6. eergy serty, lg trasmsso etworks a -

rastrtral.As Rozo pote ot, oe o te seetee eelopmets

metoe a ee remotely be ostre as a mltary treata ertaly ot oe pose by reogse state ators.32 Crosly,NATOs map was presete by a ar mltary persoalty, Le-teat-Geeral Jm Solga o te US Ar Fore a Depty Ceo Sta o NATO Alle Comma Trasormato.33

I s presetato Solga sowe a map o potetal areas otereto or NATO a ee potetal regos o rss asMltple Stress Zoes, ag tat ()stablty s lkely to be great-

est areas o Mltple Erometal Stress.Aorg to Solga te mpat o tese Emerging Security Chal-lenges or NATO wll proe serty a mltary mplatos:

Te serty mplatos le: a geeral retkg o Artle5; eag a reatg ew partersps; expae opport-tes to postely sape a fee eas, ales, a eets aages mltary operatos to ree teologal lerabl-tes.

Mltarly NATO wll be ore to: aapt to te emas o y-

br orms o serty; aapt ore strtres a otres to traoter atos serty ores; aapt C2 a orgasatoal str-tres; eae WMD eteto a oseqee maagemet;stregte EU/NATO/UN relatosps, a w te battle o tearrate.

I, tl te emse o te USSR, te termology o te bal-ae o power, lear weapos, a ommst eemes wasrame a eee eralar, ow wt te sappearae

o a orete, etable a eable eemy te oe beomesa stato (Mltple Stress Zoe) w te partlar terestso NATO otres are at rsk: NATO tsel s tat we are ealgwt a arrate.

Behind NATOs Narrative: The Madonna Curve, Energy

Security and NATOs Strategic Concepts

Te last o te tree elemets o persaso lste by Arstotle s rep-

resete by logos, te argmet tsel, w, aorgly, meas


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reasoe sorse.34 It s rom wt ts reasoe sorse w I oser te realty o te sorse tsel tat te treprposes a tetos o te arrate are reeale. NATO, tseorts to rega a mage w s more beleable, to ae pote-

tal ew treats, a wt te am o matag a arrate wjstes ts aestet srgery, te allae as rele o two keyelemets:

1 . a marketg approa ee as te Maoa-re, a2. te eolto o NATO termology w, wlst mata-

g a ostat terest or eergy serty sses, as explot-e a rtal serty stes lagage.

Peter a Ham aptres NATOs marketg approa stly

a otes tatte qalty o aaptg to ew tasks wlst stayg tre tooes ow prples s sometg w bsess aalystsqaly as te Maoa-re. Ts re s ame aterte legeary pop-a wo reete ersel ea tmeer style a starom wet to etable ele, btwose aaty as lte er p to eer ger leels oreleae a ame.35

Jst as Maoa aapte er style a ms a b to reta

releae, starom a ome, NATO too as bee ore to re-wrte ts lyrs a rebra tsel.

Ts rebrag rst orre te aopto o NATOs rst NewStrateg Coept (24 Aprl 1999) w ae two artles 20 a24 reogsg NATO members terests (eergy amog tem)beg jeoparse by rtal-serty treats.36 Tese artles lear-ly lk treat-stablty-terests a wle artle 20 otes tat(e)t a relgos ralres, terrtoral sptes, aeqate or

ale eorts at reorm, te abse o ma rgts, a te ssol-to o states a lea to loal a ee regoal stablty ...artle24 sggests tat (a)llae serty terests a be aete by oterrsks o a wer atre, lg ats o terrorsm, sabotage a or-gase rme a by te srpto o te fow o tal resores.37

A te, at te 2006 Rga Smmt ettle: Transforming NATOin a New Global Era,38 seeral eg orrees took plae. Frst-ly George W. Bs elare tat NATO s trasto rom a stat- ore to a expetoary ore. Ts was ot a epartre rom

NATOs poly reto, t was etrely -sy wt Rasmsse,


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tog omg rom s a polarsg preset, llstrate NATOstrasormato a ts marketg agles. Ts was aompae, Rga, wt te etermato o ostrtg a breakable lk-age betwee eergy serty a te global war o terror to a te

eelopmet o NATOs ew geopoltal map.Iee, US Seator Rar Lgar sggeste te possblty tat

NATO otres oke artle 5 ases o elberate eergy sp-ply srptos,39 wle Sea looke to reate a NATO Eergy Se-rty a Itellgee Aalyss Cell resposble or te gaterg oormato o terrorsm a eergy serty.40

The Model Reader: The NATO Reader

I NATO s seekg to w te battle o arrate, te te maqesto s wo or wat s te target? As te ase o Maoa,te target was te market, te aee. For NATOs arrate, tegoal s to oe tose wo pay atteto to NATOs strateg re-wrte a toe-te-le maer, te moel reaer. Iee, a moelreaer s able to terpret a text a smlar way to te ator wogeerate t. Eo rems s tat (t)e ator as ts to oreseea moel o te possble reaer (te Moel Reaer) spposely able

to eal terpretately wt te expressos te same way as teator eals geerately wt tem.41

I or ase, te moel reaer s wat I all te NATO reaer, tereaer wo pysally belogs to te ltral-geopoltal spae ote Allae members. Te NATO reaer s oe wo, reag teNATO arrate s apable o erstag a psyologallyexpereg NATO axetes a s apable o ooperatg wtte NATO arrate.

Th Funcin h Giic-NivF

Coxs posts tat ateory s always or someoe a or some prpose. Per-spetes ere rom a posto tme a spae, spe-ally soal a poltal tme a spae. Te worl ssee rom a stapot eable terms o ato, or

soal lass, o omae or sborato, o rsg or


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elg power, o a sese o mmoblty or o preset r-ss, o past experee, a o opes a expetatos orte tre.42

Blg o ts, I arge tat a arrate lg te GPNF

s always or someoe a or some prpose. Te ators oNATOs omets oesses tat te NATO-arrate-text s orNATO a tat ts prpose s to w te NATO battle o arrate.

Te GPNF beomes a tal text a a spe om, w tsterpretate ate s part o ts reate proess: to proe a textmeas arryg ot a strategy w te moes o te aersaryare oresee. I mltary strategy, te strategst bls p a moelo a aersary;43 wt te GPNF two opposg ores operate:

te etrpetal a te etrgal ore, a two retos: orsomeoe, a or some prpose.For someoe, te GPNF reores a rereates te a-

tor etty, ts spe ase te NATO etty (etrpetalore). I ts part, te GPNF ostrts te plot, te axetes, tetreats, te eemy a te ero w te reaer wll ety.At te same tme, as ar as t proes ts arrate, NATO spreasa message w, as a etrgal ore, aptres te reaer wo spreset (pysally a/or emotoally or or terest) ts geopo-

ltal el o exstee.For some prpose, re: to w te battle o arrate s

aee trog a ombato o emotoal-etty-ltral el-emets w terpellate44 or ee to seze a orporate45reaers. Tey temseles t by te etrgal ore spreaby te text a are ske to t (etrpetal ore). Te text wllterpellate tese reaers, a t wll partpate ostrtgter ettes w, tr, tey wll ety temseles. Te

moel reaer (terpellate-sese-orporate), wll le tetext a wll see te realty trog te text.Reag s a proess o ag sometg ommo wt games

o skll or strategy tat ae a set o rles tat o ot mpose a pre-eterme beaor o te player, leag room or alreatty a ablty.46 Bt te ase o NATOs arrate, tereaer beomes a target (te Maoas re) w wll ot aepossbltes to ooperate atoomosly. Te ators wll o temaxmm to se reeretal oes a to ostrt statos

w te moel reaer wll ompletely ersta a tey wll


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ps ter style orer to stmlate a prese eet a to esretat a orror reato wll arse tey wll speak early a say at tsmomet sometg terrble as appee. O a erta leel tegame wll work.47

Te GPNF, beg a lose text, at te same tme establses pre-sely te telletal prole o te moel reaer; a eal reaerwo as te apaty to terpret te worl oly trog a -se te GPNF, a w pts te GPNF at te etre o a bggerworlew. A reaer wo, at te same tme, moes a les sete GPNF spae a wose beaor s te otome o metalmaps proe to m by s loal ltre.48 I sort, te GPNF asto eate a terpellate te reaer orer to w te battle o

arrate: yo are aresse by as, or stae as a partlarsort o sbjet (a osmer wo ales erta qaltes), a begrepeately ale ts way yo ome to opy s a posto.49

Bt wat s spe o ts GPNF s tat t represets te spaewere te serty relatosp50 s ostrte a assemble.Bease, espte te ommeral-marketg approa ete te Maoas re, wat s ery spe ere s a relatospbase o emoto, a a ery partlar oe: axety.

Te GPNF beomes a large poltal stage were we a realse

wat Jake Orr ees as Psyo-power51 w a be see asa exerse o egeerg o oset (trog reaso, persa-so a sggesto) w, as a maatre prot resemblesso m to te pa broaast expermet arre ot by OrsoWells o 30 Otober 1938, wt s rao play aaptato o H.G.Wells oel The War of the Worlds.52

Chnin h NATO Giic-Niv

F

Wat appes we te GPNF s ot rea by a moel reaer (teNATO reaer) bt by a empral oe wo s loate otse teGPNF spae?

Tose texts tat obsessely am at arosg a prese resposeo te part o more or less prese empral reaers [...] are atope to ay possble aberrat eog. A text so mmoeratelyope to eery possble terpretato wll be alle a lose oe.53


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To allege te GPNF, a glgt ts ltral relatsm,I ee to take te posto o te empral reaer, o te o-par-tpatg obserer-reaer: te oe wo as ot bee trasorme amal symbolm Homo Ves NATO Moel Reaer-

Homo NATO.To o ts, as a empral reaer,54 I se te ollowg tools:1 . te meag o eergy serty,2 . te ea o Retoral Terrtory,3 . te oept o Cosmopolta Realsm.

I NATO as a pla or te eee a serty o (ts mem-bers), a apparetly oe o ts major oers s eergy serty,t s essetal to, at te ery least, attempt to ee t. I ts te

Worl Eoom Form oers a aeqate eto w ma-tas tat Eergy serty s a mbrella term tat oers mayoers lkg eergy, eoom growt a poltal power. ()Te tratoal eergy serty elemets spply sores, emaetres, geopolts a market strtres ae bee joe byatoal oseratos. Tese le te teroeteesso worl eoomes a eergy rastrtre systems, lmateage oers, teologal oato a rease pressrerom a broaer array o stakeolers.55

Yerg, or s part, explas eergy sertys te prples:1 . Dersato o eergy spply sores s te startg pot

or eergy serty,2 . Tere s oly oe ol market,3 . A serty marg osstg o spare apaty, emergey

stoks a reay rtal rastrtre s mpor-tat,

4 . Relyg o fexble markets a aog te temptato to

mromaage tem a altate speey ajstmet ammze log-term amage,5 . Uersta te mportae o mtal terepeee

amog ompaes a goermets at all leels,6 . Foster relatosps betwee spplers a osmers

reogto o mtal terepeee,7 . Create a proate pysal serty ramework tat oles

bot proers a osmers,8. Proe goo qalty ormato to te pbl beore, r-

g a ater a problem ors,


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9. Iest reglarly teologal age wt te stry,10. Commt to resear, eelopmet a oato or log-

er-term eergy balae a trastos.56

Eergy serty s a ombato o two terms w a om-

moty (eergy) s lke to a emotoal wor (serty re: ree-om rom axety) mplyg tat a sese o axety s lke to e-ergy oers. Bt te proess o sertsato s a poltal/speeatty w wat s essetal s te esgato o a exste-tal treat reqrg emergey ato or speal measres a teaeptae o tat esgato by a sgat aee.57

Te we a ersta te emotoal lk betwee treat aear, a assmg eergy serty = eergy axety wll elp pro-

e a ew se o te term Eergy Serty w te esga-to s e two ompoets: eergy-serty per se, aeergy-eee. Wle eergy-serty oers te tops relateto lerabltes stemmg rom te lak o eergy, a te loseto te pots o Yerg, eergy-eee, te seo ompoet ote eto s aresse to te ear o treat agast eergy str-tre. Eergy-eee represets te ar se o eergy sertya ere NATO ol play a role.

Bt we look at te eets o some years ago we te pre o

ol roppe rom $140 (USD) per barrel to $40 (USD) per barrel awe try to ersta ts eet trog te les proe by myeto o eergy serty yo wll see tat my approa lkete oters metoe terto s set.

Betwee te two els (eergy-serty a eergy-eee)w ee my oept o Eergy Serty, tere s a zoe termeere as te grey zoe w ot oly oers teratoal olmarkets, ol ompaes, bt also les srae ompaes,

spelators, prate serty ompaes (PSC), a orgase rm-al grops. Ettes a agees w are te ery ators teeergy setor protg, aros ways, rom rses ol pres, asere rom pre alls.

So wat NATO a o agast ts grey zoe? I eergy-eees proe to ol ompaes by srae otrats a by prateserty ompaes (PSC) a NATO ol elp te estors oLloys o Loo sag some moey by employg NATO or-es, NATO a o otg agast te grey zoe. A roy o te

ase s tat members o te grey zoe are amogst te ators o


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te GPNF espte te at tat NATO s ot a ator te tera-toal ol market. Bt te NATO reaer wll be oe o t, awt taxes wll otrbte to payg or NATO solers eploymet(stea o PSC, te at o ost or srae ompaes) to protet

sre eergy rastrtre bt wll ot partpate te estab-lsmet o te ol/gas pres.

I s 2006 artle, Bza sstas te tess tat Wasgtos ow embarke o a ampag to persae tsel, te Amerapeople a te rest o te worl tat te global war o terrorsm(GWoT) wll be a log war. Ts log war s expltly ompareto te Col War as a smlar sort o zero-sm, global-sale, geera-toal strggle agast at-lberal eologal extremsts wo wat

to rle te worl. Bot ae bee stage as a eee o te West,or wester lzato, agast tose wo wol seek to estroy t.58

It s te lak o prese etos a explaatos abot teeessty to se a mltary orgasato to ae tre serty al-leges w opes te el to te se o otologal qestosrelate to te alty o te GPNF. Reag te GPNF pragmat-ally, as te Empral Reaer oes, we sol be able to aswerte ollowg two sets o qestos orer to test te spposeersal message o peae a serty mbee te NATO

arrate. Frstly, wat s realty? Wat s real kowlege? Wat awe o? A seoly, wat s beg sere? Wat s beg sereagast? Wo are te eemes? Wo ees tem? Wo proesserty? Wat metos a be ertake to proe t?

Te Empral Reaer reas te GPNF rom a eret posto,rom a o-perspete as metoe by Cox. Beg a o-NATOreaer, e s ot eate a aptre by te text a s reer-etal oes. He oes ot ollaborate wt t aorg to te -

teto o te ators, a least o all e s ot ee terpellate,ale, sese o orporate by t.Te GPNF s a spe geograpal map w a large mber

o serty-eoom terests o NATO atoal otres are terrtores otse te boares o ts map (Mltple Stress Zoe).At ts pot s more ta lear tat te NATO arrate s otgmore ta a attempt te strategalsato o global polts,te reerg o eets as sbjet to ma mastery at te as ostatesma a to te log o a pelarly otemporary, (.e. post-

war strateg sorse). A by talking of strategicalisation, we


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identify processes by which political domain is extended beyond realmsof immediate sovereignty.59 Despte NATOs se o a rtal sertystes termology w reers to serty a broaer meag( w te reeret objet o serty s te ma beg) ta

eee (typal o te Col-War pero), te ager s represeteby a retr to a pseo-oloal approaes to teratoal pol-ts. Iee, wat s stte abot strategalsato s te ex-tet to w state beaor beomes eoe wt worl ewsa te beomes te bass o te wole brearat apparatses o serty aalyss, tellgee estmates, a teratoal sr-ellae.60

Coseqetly, t s te NATO arrate preteso to strateg-

alsate global polts tat ras ramatally agast te omplexrealty otse ts ow GPNF. I NATOs NSC ams to loate a teo-retal posto betwee te realst a te ealst so, I pereets sorse (w a be see as te sm o te aros Alleysatoal serty looks) ompletely as a example o osmopoltaealsm otrast to te oept o osmopolta realsm waeres to te prple tat poltal ato a poltal seemake s bl wtot osmopolta oepts a ways o seegte worl.61

NATOs NSC, as a atoal otlook, s sawe betwee tsow terpretato o realty, ts strategalsato o t, a a os-mopolta meso o te realty tat a be smmarse teollowg sx pots w emboy te orgotte realtes ot e-sage by te NATO arrate:

1 . Oter otres, lke Ca, ae proe ter ow o-ept o war. Urestrte Warare s a book o mltarystrategy wrtte 1999 by two oloels te Peoples Lber-

ato Army, Qao Lag a Wag Xags. Te book, rat-er ta osg o ret mltary orotato, examesa arety o oter meas w a be smmarse teFormla: Swartzkop + Soros + Xaomols + B Lae.62

2. At te 2010 Seol G20 meetg ee te map o te ol-g global aal rss was altere. Despte te Westerotres eptg te aal rss as global, ts per-epto rom oters was markely eret. Aorg toONell (Golma Sas), poly makers Asa were reer-

rg to te global ret rss as te Nort Atlat Crss.63


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Ts, a or te rst tme, te oters ee or mltaryallae as a aal system.

3. Regarg te Mltple Stress Zoe map presete byNATOs Solga 2009, t s learly a repla o a 2004 Pe-

tago Map64 meat to glgt US gra strategy. Frter-more te Petago Map s m more ta a smple arto-grap represetato o te plaet, t s a so o teworl to a Ftog Core, araterse by eoomterepeee, a te No-Itegrate Gap, ara-terse by stablty a absee rom teratoal trae.Te Core a be sb-e to Ol Core (Nort Amera,Wester Erope, Japa, Astrala) a New Core (Ca,

Ia). Te No-Itegrate Gap les te Mle East,Sot Asa (exept Ia), most o Ara, Soteast Asa, aortwest Sot Amera. Ts, sg a realst termology,te Ftog Core a represet te la o orer wlete No-Itegrate Gap te la o aary a sorer aalso t a be see as a attempt to etalse te worl.65I wat a appe te No-Itegrate Gap a proeserty oers or NATO otres a jsty mltarytereto te ear s sometg tat s atally mssg

a stato o teratoal aary, a bease t s mss-g t mst be ete a skllly eploye.66

4. Worl Poplato Growt Rate: By 2003, te ombe pop-latos o Erope, te Ute States, a Caaa aot-e or jst 17% o te global poplato. I 2050, ts gres expete to be jst 12% ... Toay rogly e ot o telre er te age o 15 le eelopg otres ...Iee, oer 70% o te worls poplato growt betwee

ow a 2050 wll take plae 24 otres, all o w arelasse by te Worl Bak as low ome or lower-mleome, wt a aerage per apta ome er $3,855 2008.67

5 . Te osmpto ator: Te estmate oe bllo peoplewo le eelope otres ae a relate per aptaosmpto rate o 32. Most o te worls oter 5.5 bllopeople tat osttte te eelopg worl, wt relateper apta osmpto rates below 32, are mostly ow to-

war 1. 68


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6. Te le expetay rate: wll te people lg te ml-tple stress zoe (te o- tegrate gap) aept ter ra-mat lg otos, a le less ta te people lg oter parts o te globe? Wll tey aept te stats qo

tat as proe ter msery or wll tey rebel? A wllte peae NATO wll lkely mpose be poste peae oregate peae w wll reproe te same strtralolee tat prooke rest a teral oft, a otseeg stea te l war as a system?69

Cncuin

It s a qattate a qaltate at tat te aboe orgotte re-altes are refete o te map o ol osmpto a ol traew s mog rom west to east, wt ema growg a re-go o sat spples. Te rse o Asa as bee refete eergya ol ema, wle ol proto te rego as grow moreslowly, spplyg less te a tr o osmpto by 2008. Se1995 te Asa-Pa ol et te sortall o proto oerosmpto as exeee tat o te rest o te worl otsete exportg otres o Rssa, Cetral Asa a te Mle East.

() Te st o te ol ets to te east s masse a lear. By2030 te Asa-Pa ol et wll be see tmes ta tat teAtlat, were ema wll grow more slowly, ee wtot teCopeage lmate age.70

Te aboe metoe eergy ets are alreay proga ew geopoltal map w s rawg wat Mtell alls ewol axs wt tree ma regos: Atlat, Rssa a Cetral Asa,a Asa Pa.

Ts s a ew stato w NATO ol play a role. Btlke te strateg arrate o te GPNF o bot se o te Atla-t, oreg poly aalysts ae oe poltas tat te westaes seere eergy serty allege. Te 1970s myt o eergyepeee s bak. We ear te same moral eqalet o warspeees a see te same sbses to well-oete stresto sae te west rom eergy sperpower a ol-e slam-oassts. () Eergy poly as beome g polts a eergyserty s ar serty. Te approprate sttto to eal wt


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tese oers s o loger te Iteratoal Eergy Agey (IEA)bt NATO.71

It s ot oly Noel wo alleges ts so by otg tat teglobal ol market s ot allg apart, Vtor a Yeb ee sg-

gest te reato o a Eergy Stablty Boar moelle ater teFaal Stablty Boar te bakg setor. Te Eergy Stabl-ty Boar ol gater togeter te oze bggest eergy proersa sers At rst, te Eergy Stablty Boars attes wolee to be a o so tat oter stttos, s as OPEC a oemore o te Asa serty orgazatos, ol easly jo ts e-orts; t wol ee to be speally welomg to Ca, Ia, ate oter mportat otres, w ae bee let o te se-

les o eergy goerae system so ar.

72

Wt ts NATO or eergy s ageros osese, I wol lketo ole by sggestg tat reag te GPNF otse ts re-toral terrtory s otg more ta a example w Ma-aells sggesto to te Pre to appear orer to matas power as bee pate trogot a ew plot w teNATO arrate as matae te eer-preset greets rep-resete by te otrastg emote wors o serty a ear.Te NATO reaers exstetal spae s ot oly te terrtory o

te NATO GPNF, bt te worl tsel, ll o omplex teratos.A terrtory w omest state power strggles, ter-statepower strggles a o-state power strggles oetal wt oeaoter a o loger be loate wt te rame o te reereeo eter atoal or teratoal areas. Te poltal teoryo atoal poltal realsm s emprally wrog. Wat takes tsplae, tog, s ot osmopolta ealsm, bt rater osmopol-ta realsm, meag tat ts meta-power polts a polts tat

ts trog a blrs boares, as well as settg ew, ragleboares ees to be oeptalse a aalyse as a NewGlobal Poltal Eoomy.73

Givnni Ecni s alate to te New York Uersty-Traa, Albaa, a may be otate at: [email protected].


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N P

1 Ts s aalable at: (aesse 07 Deember 2011).

2 Barest Smmt Delarato, Isse by te Heas o State a Go-ermet partpatg te meetg o te Nort Atlat Col Barest o 3 Aprl 2008, aalable at: (aesse 23Noember 2011).

3 See (aesse 23 Noember 2011).4 See NATO 1999 New Strateg Coept at: a NATO 2010 New Strate-g Coept at: (aesse 23 Noember 2011).5 Barry Bza, Ole Waeer a Jaap e Wle (1998), Security: A NewFramework for Analysis, Loo: Lye Reer Pblsers, p. 26.

6 Peter Barry (2002), Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary andCultural Theory, Maester: Maester UP.

7 Dael Golema (1996), Emotional Intelligence, Loo: Bloomsbry.8 Erst Cassrer (1944),An Essay on Man, Loo: Yale UP.9 Barry Bza (1991), People, State a Fear: A Agea or Iterato-

al Serty Stes te Post-Col War Era.10 Te Peg Egls Dtoary, Loo: Peg Books, 2004 2

Eto.11 Dae Campa, Il oetto srezza el moo romao: spt

rfessoe, paper ot pblse, 2009, p. 1.12 Cassrer (1944).13 Ib, pp. 31-32.14 Albert Dey (1914), Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public

Opinion in England, Loo: Mamlla.15 Bza, Waeer e Wle (1998), p. 23-24.16 Te reeretal oe s osttte by te pots at w te text re-

ers to ommo boes o kowlege.17 Mael C. Wllams (2007), Culture and Power Symbolic Power and the

Politics of International Security, Loo: Rotlege, p. 4.18 Pal Cobley (2006), Narrative, Loo: Rotlege, pp. 5-6.19 Aalable at (aesse

14 Deember 2011)20 Aalable at (aesse 14 Deember 2011).21 Aalable at (aesse 14 Deember 2011).


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22 Aalable at (aesse 14 Deember 2011).

23 Mkkel Veby Rasmsse (2001), Refexe Serty: NATO a Iter-atoal Rsk Soety,Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 30:2,

pp. 285-309.24 NATO Seretary Geeral Jaap e Hoop Seer (2008), KeyoteSpee: Eergy Serty te 21st Cetry, Lloyds and NATO EnergySecurity Dinner, 23 Otober 2008. Ts spee s aalable at (aesse 19 Noember 2011).

25 Lor Leee (Lloys Carma) (2008), Eergy Serty: A LloysVew, Lloyds and NATO Energy Security Dinner, 23 Otober 2008,aalable at: (aesse 19 Noember2011).

26 Plp Bobbt (2003), The Shield of Achilles, New York: Aor, p. 229.27 Te oter members o te grop were: Ambassaor Gaarlo Arago-

a (Italy), Ambassaor Mare Geras-Vrare (Caaa), te Rt HoGeo Hoo MP (Ute Kgom), Ambassaor mt Pamr (Trkey),

Ambassaor Ferao Perp-Robert Peyra (Spa), Ambassaor DrHas-Frer o Ploetz (Germay), Mr Bro Rae (Frae), Am-bassaor As Ros (Lata), Proessor Aam Dael Rotel (Pola),a Ambassaor Yas-Alexs Zepos (Greee).

28 Aers Fog Rasmsse, Seretary Geeral NATO, keyote aress at:ttp://www.lloys.om/Lloys/Press-Cetre/Speees/2009/10/360_wt_NATO_eet_keyote_aress , a Lor Leee, LloysCarma, welome spee at: ttp://www.lloys.om/Lloys/Press-Cetre/Speees/2009/10/360_wt_NATO_eet_welome_spee.

29 At: ttp://www.telegrap.o.k/ae/ommet/6247862/Pray-yber-rme-a-lmate-age-brgg-NATO-a-srae-to-geter.tml.

30 Lloys / NATO 360 Rsk Coeree New York, Fr 30 Ot 2009,

at: ttp://www.lloys.om/News-a-Isgt/News-a-Featres/Market-ews/Istry-News-360/360_Debate_Maagg_rsk__te_21st_etry.

31 At: ttp://www.ato.t/ps/e/atole/opos_57785.tm32 Rk Rozo, Tkg te Utkable: NATOs Global Mltary Roa

Map, Global Research, Otober 3, 2009, at ttp://www.globalresear.a/ex.pp?otext=a&a=15506.

33 Jm Solga, Te Trasormato o Deee: NATO Perspetes, Sat Ylmaz (E), The National Defense in the 21st Century, Istabl:

Beyket Uersty, 2009, ISBN: 978-975-6319-06-2;


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34 Pal Atoy Rae, Republics Ancient and Modern: The Ancien Rgimein Classical Greece, Uersty o Nort Carola Press, 1994, p. 21.

35 Peter a Ham, NATO a te Maoa Cre: wy a ew StrategCoept s tal, NATO Review, . 3, 2008. At: ttp://www.ato.t/

o/reew/2008/03/ART5/EN/ex.tm. Aorg to Peter aHam, NATO, to be sessl, ees a pakage-eal o pal om-promses, were ea member state as to ge a take.

36 Rola Dareter, International Security The Contemporary Agen-da, Cambrge: Polty, 2008, p. 210.

37 NATO Smmt, The Alliances Strategic Concept, at: www.ato.t/o/pr/1999/p99-065e.tm.

38 At: ttp://www.rgasmmt.l/e/.39 Jy Dempsey, U.S. lawmaker rges se o NATO lase, Internation-

al Herald Tribune, Noember 29, 2006.40 Jame Sea, Eergy serty: NATOs potetal role, NATO Review,

Atm 2006.41 Umberto Eo, The Role of the Reader. Explorations in the Semiotics of

Texts, Bloomgto: Iaa Uersty Press, 1995, p. 7.42 Robert Cox, Soal Fores, States a Worl Orers: Beyo Itera-

toal Relatos Teory,Millennium, 10 (2), 1981, p. 126-155.43 Umberto Eo, Lector in Fabula la cooperazione interpretativa nei testi

narrativi, Mlao: Bompa, 1979/2006, p. 54.44 K.M. Ferke, Critical Approaches to International Security, Cambrge:

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poratg as te two partlar ats o power. I Elas Caett, Massa ePotere, Mlao: Aelp, e. 2004, pp. 243-269.

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