NATO Operations in Afghanistan

Steven MirrDirector, Defense Operations

US Mission to NATO

Mission:• Assist the Afghan government to establish and

maintain security; • Facilitate the development of Afghan government

structures;• Extend Afghan government control; • Assist reconstruction and humanitarian efforts

Desired Military End-state:• Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) are able

to provide security and sustain stability in Afghanistan without NATO support

ISAF MissionISAF Mission

Political OverviewPolitical Overview

• Lack of self confidence

• Regional, tribal, ethnic and sectarian groupings

• Weak state structure

• Loose link between Central and Regional Governments

• Lack of experience & professionalism

•Underlying dynamic of the national economy is the drug trade

Threat AssessmentThreat Assessment

• Against greater government authority:

– Lack of basic security mechanisms

– Criminality and lawlessness

– Corruption

– Porous borders

– Opposing militant forces

– Illegal narcotics

• Rule of law is slowly being imposed

As of Jan 08

Albania

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Croatia

CzechRepublic

Denmark

118

1055

3

44

365

370

2,526

234

154

643

Estonia

Finland

France

FYROM

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

117

104

1,442

131

3,181

60

223

9

7

2,874

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States

TOTAL:TOTAL:

68

48

730

342

2

626

229

8,296

17,250

45,655

Jordan

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

152

94

261

9

1,718

115

418

1,090

7

539

ISAF Troop Contributing NationsISAF Troop Contributing Nations

ISAF OverviewISAF Overview

RC CLead nation

RC WLead nation

RC SLead nation

LEGEND

Provincial Reconstruction Team

RC North

RC West

RC South

RC East

RC Capital

Provincial Capital City

Total Forces ~46 ,000

RC ELead nation

RC NLead nation

Security Sector ReformSecurity Sector Reform

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYISAF OEFUNAMA-NGOs

SECURITY SECTOR REFORM

Counter Narcotics

UnitedKingdom

Judicial Reform

Italy

DisarmamentOf Illegally

Armed Groups(DIAG)

Japan

Train theAfghan

NationalArmy

UnitedStates

TrainPoliceForces

Germany

Afghan Compact 2006Afghan Compact 2006

Security ChallengesSecurity Challenges

• Nations are not meeting the capability requirements specified in the Combined Joint Statement of Requirements (CJSOR)

• Key deficiencies include Rotary Wing Lift, Manoeuvre Forces and Operational Mentor & Liaison Teams (OMLTs)

• Operational capabilities of some individual units are limited by national caveats or other national constraints

• Afghan National Army (ANA)– One of the success stories in the rebuilding of

Afghanistan’s government institutions– Sustained NATO support required

• Operational Mentor & Liaison Teams (OMLT)– Number one way for NATO to support the

development of the Afghan National Police (ANP)

Afghan National Security ForcesAfghan National Security Forces

Afghan National ArmyAfghan National Army

• ANA continues to grow in capacity as well as capability

• Growth: ANA increased from 25,000 to 37,000 (48% increase)

• Experience: 201ST and 203RD Corps have the ability to plan operations and have conducted Afghan led operations

• Explosives Ordnance Disposal (EOD): ANA has started basic EOD and counter-IED training

• Commandos: (began training 6 months ago)– 201ST Kandak progressed to no notice operational employment – 203RD Kandak demonstrated operational capability in December 07

• ANA Air Corps– Increased flight time from 100 hrs/month to 140 hrs/month– Flew as an integrated serial within the CJTF-82 Aviation TF– Performed flood relief missions (1200+ saves)

Afghan National PoliceAfghan National Police

Provincial Training Center

Regional Training Center

• Emerging as a trusted national security institution

• Focused District Development: improving ANP performance district-by-district, developing district-level capabilities, strengthening command linkages, enabling the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to project success

RC-East Security OperationsRC-East Security Operations

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N2K Border Attacks P2K Border Attacks

24-monthaverage

2006 2007

RC-East Border Incidents in NE ; in SE

• Expanded Presence: A 50% growth in security forces in Regional Command-East resulted in a corresponding 39.5% increase in enemy contacts; mostly harassing fires

– An increased number of bases and posts along known insurgent support areas and infiltration routes– A greater number of Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) expanding into additional areas– An increase in the number of operations more rapidly separates the enemy from the populace

• Border Incidents: Insurgents are focusing moreon gains and expansion opportunities in Pakistan

– Significant decrease over Nov-Dec– 42% below same time period in 2006

• Suicide IEDs (SIED): Insurgents focused more on Pakistan resulting in a decrease in SIEDs in RC-E

– SIEDs in Pakistan 2006 (5); in 2007 (60)– SIEDs in RC-E Apr-Dec 2006 (52); Apr-Dec 2007 (50)

• Key Insurgent Leaders targeted: Strengthened Coalition Forces / Afghan partnerships and reduced enemy’s ability to facilitate weapons, conduct IED attacks, and coordinate support

– 112 Key Insurgent Leaders removed from the insurgent network in 2007; (82 in 2006)– Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) participated, planned, or led many of these operations

• Security: Despite an increase in enemy activity, citizens feel safe to conduct daily activities, move freely, pursue work and education, and participate in civic activities

– Increase in traffic: Andar (Hwy 1) Apr-May avg 100 vehicles per month; now 500 vehicles per day– Afghans are attending Shuras, Humanitarian Assistance distribution, medical engagements,

responding to calls for workers, using Government Centers; children are attending school

Afghan Development StrategyAfghan Development Strategy

• Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDS)– Currently exists in interim form (I-ANDS)– Based on Sub-national consultations – Needs to be sequenced and resourced

• National Priority Programmes (NPP) – Delivers against I-ANDS targets

• Policy Action Group (PAG)– Prioritises needs, link to donors– Endorse Afghan Development Zones (ADZs)

• UNAMA - coordination IC effort

Afghan Development ZonesAfghan Development Zones

RC(W) and RC(N) ADZs seeking PAG approval

KunduzBalkh

Faryab

Badakhshan

Farah

Qala-i Now

Herat Surobi

RC(E) PAG Approved 6 Dec 06

Jalalabad

Parwan

Ghazni / Tri-Cities

Qalat

Tarin Kowt

Lashkar Gah

Kandahar

RC(S) PAG Approved 30 Aug 06 Endorsed

Await Policy Action Group (PAG) approval

The Comprehensive ApproachThe Comprehensive Approach

Duri Junc-Sangin RdAFG sub-contractors

Duri Junc-Sangin RdAFG sub-contractors

Kajaki Dam$300M ,12 month

hydro-power project

Kajaki Dam$300M ,12 month

hydro-power project

Sangin-Gereshk$3.7m ALP &

community outreach

Sangin-Gereshk$3.7m ALP &

community outreachRoute 611

Highway 1

Duri JunctionRoad construction camp

Duri JunctionRoad construction camp

Provincial Reconstruction TeamsProvincial Reconstruction Teams

• Primary tool for stability operations

• Assisting expansion of Afghan governance

• Must promote an Afghan ownership of projects

• ‘One size fits all’ PRT neither appropriate nor possible

ISAF PRT TasksISAF PRT Tasks

• Improve the security environment for the Afghan people through dialogue with provincial leaders and confidence building activities and mitigating likely areas of conflict.

• Monitor, assess, advise on and support security sector reform activities, particularly Afghan National Army and police training, in close co-ordination with UNAMA, security sector reform lead-nations and bilateral programmes.

• Facilitate the development of effective provincial governance, building capacity to plan, prioritise and manage programmes and major events.

• Encourage and facilitate the work of provincial development committees, and other committees that may emerge, for example on security, and provincial bodies, such as joint coordination centres.

• Advise on the coordination of Afghan security forces/agencies in a province.

• Provide a visible presence in assigned areas of operation, monitoring and assessing the military and civil situations within those areas.

• Act as the development reconnaissance force for the reconstruction effort, offering a coherent picture of needs to the ISAF chain of command, provincial authorities and those assisting redevelopment.

• Assist the international community with the process of reform and strengthening of civil administration.

• Help to facilitate information sharing between the Afghan government and civil agencies, on their request.

• Support humanitarian assistance and reconstruction activities when requested, within means and capabilities.

Counter NarcoticsCounter Narcotics

• President Karzai: “Either we destroy poppy, or it will destroy Afghanistan”

• Afghanistan supplies 93% of the world’s illicit opium

• Majority of poppy cultivation in the south

• Narcotics fund insurgency, insurgents help preserve the drug trade

Progress in AfghanistanProgress in AfghanistanACTIVITY TALIBAN ERA TODAY (Jan 08)

Road Network 21,000km; many damaged 34,782km; many upgraded / repaired

Schools

Attendance

Teachers

Availability

~ 1000

~ 1 million boys; no girls

~ 20,000

Few had access to schools

~ 9000

~ 6 million total (2.2 million are girls)

~ 160,000: 800% growth

~ 97% of boys; 68% of girls (RC-E)

Access to Health Care 8% of people had access 78% of people have access

Infant Mortality Rate Highest in the World 25% Reduction: 89,000 lives saved

Banking System No system: 3 currencies 1 Globally recognized currency

Licit Exports $80,000,000 $471,000,000; 588% Increase

District Centers (DC) No Centers of Government 85 DCs; 53 under constr. (RC-E)

Telecommunications 1 mobile phone company 4 companies: 3.5 million subscribers

Gov Comms Network Non-Existent 64% Districts linked to Central Gov

TV & Radio Stations Virtually non-existent 6 TV & 104 Radio Stations

Electricity Production 430 Mega-Watts 754 Mega-Watts

Irrigation Canals 60%-70% Destroyed 440km rebuilt; servicing 240,000 acres

• Build upon Provincial Reconstruction Team success at local levels

• Increase support to Afghan National Army / Security Forces

• Increased support to Afghan Counter Narcotics efforts

• Support regional stability

• Assist Afghan Government implementation of comprehensive, nationwide development program

The Way Ahead for ISAFThe Way Ahead for ISAF

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