nato sonrulasvili eepoqis gamowveva da qartuli erovnuli identoba

nato sonRulaSvili

Eepoqis gamowveva da qarTuli erovnuli identoba

1900-1921

(socialuri garemo)

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2013

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NATO SONGULASHVILI

CHALLENGE OF THE EPOCH AND GEORGIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

1900-1921

(Social Environment)

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2013

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uak (UDK) 323.1 (479.22)+94(479.22). `1900-1920~ s-677

naSromi qarTuli erovnuli identobis problemas eZRvneba, kerZod, rogoria qarTuli erTobis identobrivi aRqmebi epoqis pirispir da rogor xvdeba drois axal moTxovnebs sxvadasxva socialuri fena Tu jgufi. kvle-vis sagans warmoadgens maTi cnobierebis ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi. naS-romSi sxvadasxva erovnuli identobrivi maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis Tu jgufebis rolis Sefasebis da Seswavlis fonze, warmodgenilia qarTuli garemo 1900-1921 wlebSi.

wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebis, agreTve stu-dentebis da sakiTxiT dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis.

redaqtori: istoriis mecn. doqtori, profesori mariam CxartiSvili recenzentebi: filologiis mecn. doqtori, profesori, zurab gamezardaSvili istoriis mecn. doqtori, profesori, gela saiTiZe aRniSnuli monografia daiwera SoTa rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (12/50) meSveobiT

© n. sonRulaSvili, 2013 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-22-221-4

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali .................................................................................... 5-22

Tavi pirveli. qarTuli sinamdvile da

erovnuli idea .................................................................... 23-101

Tavi Pmeore. Gglexi ....................................................... 102-130

Tavi mesame. Pproletari ........................................... 131-162

Tavi meoTxe. Kjariskaci ........................................... 163-195

Tavi mexuTe. samRvdeloeba .................................... 196-219

Tavi meeqvse. Tavadaznauroba ................................. 220-235

Tavi meSvide. burJuazia ............................................ 236-247

Tavi merve. inteligencia .......................................... 248-259

daskvna ......................................................................................... 260-265

reziume inglisur enaze.............................................. 266-271

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Sesavali saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi problema:

politikuri, kulturuli, socialur-ekonomiku-ri Tu religiuri siRrmiseulad aris Seswav-lili da mravali samecniero gamokvlevaa Seq-mnili. magram aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa imgva-ri sakiTxebis kvleva, romelic saSualebas mog-vcems SeviswavloT, rogor moiazrebda mTlia-nobaSi qarTveli drois msvlelobaSi Tavs er-Tobis wevrad da ra faseulobaTa sistema gan-sazRvravda mis brZolas TviTgadarCenisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis.

nacionaluri identobis sakiTxi, ZiriTadad eris arsebobisTvis damaxasiaTebel sayovelTa-od cnobil faseulobebze dayrdnobiT ganixi-leba. esenia: ena, religia, istoriuli mexsiere-ba, tradicia, teritoria da amasTan, Tu rogor aRiqvams sazogadoeba TiToeul maTgans. buneb-rivia aRniSnulis gaazreba unda moxdes epoqis moTxovnilebidan, suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, radgan saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebis cno-biereba garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis.

1900-1921 wlebi gamoirCeva politikur da socialur-ekonomikur movlenaTa sirTuliT da xSiri cvalebadobiT. amitom zemoT aRniSnul erovnul maxasiaTeblebTan erTad qarTuli, erovnuli identobis gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelo-vania epoqis da socialur fenaTa cnobierebis cvalebadobis gaTvaliswineba. sakiTxis Sesas-wavlad pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia ganisaz-Rvros epoqis anu 1900-1921 wlebis ZiriTadi mov-lenebi da maTi gavlena sazogadoebaze da meo-

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re, saWiroa socialuri fenebis RirebulebaTa gamokveTa da mTlianobaSi gaazreba.

marTalia, 1900-1921 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, maTi calkeuli mxareebi araerTxel gamxdara mecnierTa Seswavlis obieqti, magram Ce-mi mizania yuradReba gavamaxvilo sazogadoebriv aRqmebze, sxvadasxva wyaroebSi daculi informa-ciis Sejerebis safuZvelze. interess iwvevs 1900-1921 wlebSi ganviTarebuli procesebis sirTule, gardaqmnebi, mravalmxrivoba, kerZod, politiku-ri, kulturuli, ekonomikuri movlenebis xSiri cvalebadoba, sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis axal sistemaze gadasvla da maTi sazogadoebas-Tan dakavSireba, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos sa-xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena.

aqedan gamomdinare, gamovyavi ori ZiriTadi periodi: 1. 1900-1917 w.w. _ rodesac saqarTvelo aris ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi da 2. 1918-1921 w.w. _ demokratiuli respublikis xana. aq ikveTeba Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. erTi mxriv, es aris XIX sa-ukunis 60-iani wlebidan Seqmnili movlenebis ideuri gagrZeleba, rodesac Tergdaleulebis memkvidreebi cdiloben nacionalizmis propagan-das, codnis amaRlebas, qveynis istoriis gacno-bas farTo fenebSi, warsulis idealizacias, erovnuli faseulobebis dacvis Segnebis gaRvi-vebas da, rac mTavaria, qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawilis (erovnul-de-mokratebi, socialist-federalistebi) mTavari mizani xdeba glexis uflebebis dacva, misi fun-qciebis gamokveTa. 2. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebi-dan Cndeba axali socialuri fenebi: proleta-riati da burJuazia, Camoyalibebas iwyebs sxva-

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dasxva politikuri partiebi, romelTac damou-kideblobis mopovebis da saqarTvelos samomav-lo ganviTarebis sakuTari xedva gaaCndaT da TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda socialurad da-bali fenis warmomadgenlebis CarTvas politi-kur procesebSi. 3. sruliad gansxvavebuli peri-odi, damoukideblobis wlebi, rodesac mTlia-nad icvleba ideologia saxelmwifoebrivi Seg-nebis Camoyalibebisaken.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenas win uZRoda sxvadasxva movlene-bi, romlebmac Tavisi kvali daaCnia saqarTve-los istorias. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelo XIX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli 1918 wlamde ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis Sede-gad imyofeboda imperiis daqvemdebarebaSi da, bunebrivia, iq mimdinare procesebi Tavis gavle-nas axdenda Cveni qveynis cxovrebaze. maT So-ris SeiZleba calke gamoiyos Semdegi movlene-bi: 1. 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis revolucia; 2. 1907-1910 wlebis reaqciis xana; 3. 1914-1918 w.w. pirveli msoflio omi; 4. 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revolucia; 5. 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevolucia. 1918-1921 wlebi metad rTuli periodia saqarTvelos is-toriaSi. damoukideblobis gamocxadebam mraval dadebiT movlenasTan erTad bevri problema mo-itana. garda imisa, rom 117 wlis manZilze sa-qarTvelo ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, jer kidev XV saukunis II naxevarSi saqarTvelo dai-Sala samefo-samTavroebad, Tu ar CavTvliT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaerTianebas XVIII sau-kunis meore naxevarSi. amitom saWiro iyo mTeli

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rigi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis reforme-bis ganxorcieleba da, rac mTavaria, sazogadoe-bis cnobierebis radikalurad Secvla. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi problemaa gamokvleuli da mniSvnelovani mo-nografiebi Tu calkeuli samecniero statiebia Seqmnili. Tumca am periodis qarTuli erTobis identobrivi analizi anu sazogadoebrivi aRqme-bis warmoCena saSualebas mogvcems axleburad SevxedoT da gansxvavebuli kuTxiT davamuSavoT sxvadasxva istoriuli movlena. Cems mizans war-moadgens Seviswavlo da Sevafaso saqarTveloSi Seqmnili movlenebidan gamomdinare ra warmoad-genda epoqis gamowvevas da es yovelive ra gav-lenas axdenda sxvadasxva socialuri fenis cnobierebaze.

Tanamedrove humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi didi adgili eTmoba erovnuli identobis kvlevas. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnu-li fenomenis gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT sxva-dasxva Teoriuli mimdinareoba (mag. eTnosimbo-lizmi, modernizmi) arsebobs da TiToeul maT-ganSi sakiTxis gadaWris sakuTari xedvaa war-modgenili. Cemi mizani sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis kvlevaa da naSromis ZiriTadi cnebis – eris – gaazreba efuZneba da iTvaliswinebs Tanamedro-ve sociologiuri mecnierebis miRwevebs aRniS-nuli fenomenis gansazRvraSi. naSromi qarTuli, erovnuli identobis problemas eZRvneba, ker-Zod, rogoria qarTuli gamowveva epoqis piris-pir da rogor xvdeba drois axal moTxovnebs sxvadasxva socialuri fena Tu jgufi. miT uf-ro, rom yvela Teoriis warmomadgeneli izia-

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rebs im azrs, rom naciaTa istoriaSi axali etapi iwyeba safrangeTis burJuaziul-demokra-tiuli revoluciis Semdeg. rac Seexeba imas, Tu rogoria qarTuli gamowveva epoqis pirispir da ras vgulisxmob masSi. XIX saukunis II naxevari evropaSi aRiniSneba nacia saxelmwifoebis Camo-yalibebiT, mTeli rigi socialuri da ekonomi-kuri gardaqmnebiT. saqarTvelo ki axali epoqis dawyebas ruseTis imperiis daqvemdebarebaSi yofniT xvdeba. batonymobis gauqmebam mniSvne-lovnad Secvala msoflio politikuri, socia-luri da ekonomikuri sistema. axal garemoSi axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi gaCnda. mTeli sazogadoeba Zireul gardaqmnebs ganicdida. sa-qarTvelo am cvlilebebs gansxvavebulad xvde-ba. is, rogorc ruseTis imperiis dapyrobili na-wili, bunebrivia aq mimdinare movlenebis zegav-lenas ganicdis da maSin, roca evropaSi erovnu-li saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis procesi mim-dinareobs saqarTvelo TavisuflebisTvis brZo-lis axal gzebs eZebs da qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita brZolis gansxvavebuli meTodebiT, sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebis meSveobiT saerTo qarTuli sivrcis Seqmnas da yvela socialuri fenis Tanabrad CarTvas cdilobs Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi.

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis pir-vel ocwleulSi qarTuli kulturuli da po-litikuri elitis mTavari gamowveva evropaze orientirebuli politikis warmoebaa, rasac Se-degad unda moyoloda saqarTvelos saxelis sa-erTaSoriso asparezze gatana da qarTveli sa-

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zogadoebis mobilizeba dampyroblis winaaR-mdeg. erTis mxriv, XIX saukunis I naxevraSi Sei-araRebuli ajanyebebis damarcxebam da meores mxriv, im socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis gar-daqmnebma, romelsac adgili hqonda XIX sauku-nis II naxevris saqarTveloSi, qarTuli kultu-ruli da politikuri elita daarwmuna brZo-lis axali meTodis SemuSavebaSi. samocianelebi naTlad acnobierebdnen epoqis im gamowvevas, romelSic mTeli evropa iyo CarTuli da cdi-lobdnen axali droisTvis fexi aewyoT, qar-Tul sinamdvileze moergoT da es yvelaferi saqarTvelos aRorZinebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT. swored aRniSnuli moRvaweobis gza grZeldeba XX saukunis dasawyisSi. marTalia, XX saukune axali epoqis dasawyisia, Tumca ideuri Tval-sazrisiT es XIX saukunis II naxevridan Seqmni-li movlenebis gagrZelebaa.

aqedan gamomdinarea epoqis maxasiaTeblebi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo axali ga-mowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. mas, erTi mxriv, un-da gadaelaxa feodaluri sistemis rRvevis Se-degad warmoqmnili cvlilebebi da axal socia-lur-ekonomikur garemoSi damkvidrebuliyo da Camoyalibebuliyo da, meore mxriv, rac mTavaria ganegrZo brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bisTvis gansxvavebuli gziT: SeiaraRebuli ga-mosvlebis nacvlad ganaTlebiT, codniT, orga-nizebulobiT da misi moTxovna epoqis da saqar-Tvelos interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesa-bamisi yofiliyo.

es gamomdinareobda iqidanac, rom aRniSnu-li periodi gamoirCeva socialuri fenebis mra-

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valricxovnobiT, TiToeul maTgans ki sakuTari moTxovna da gamowveva gaaCnda saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi da axali epoqis pirispir. rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis bolos kapitalizmis gavrcelebis Sedegad yalibdeba ori axali so-cialuri fena: burJuazia da proletariati. sa-kuTar istoriul uflebas kargavs glexi da Ta-vadaznauroba, bunebrivia es procesi etapobri-vad mimdinareobs.

`1897 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi-dan irkveva, rom qarTvelebs Soris memkvidreo-biTi Tavadaznauroba (ojaxis wevrebiTiurT) Se-adgenda 5,3 procents, maSin, rodesac mTel ru-seTis imperiaSi _ 1 procenti iyo; piradi ara-memkvidreobiTi, aznauroba miniWebuli hqonda qarTvelebis 1 procents (imperiaSi _ 0,5-s); sam-Rvdeloeba qarTvelebis 2,2 procents Seadgenda (imperiaSi _ 0,5-s). amrigad, qarTvelebSi sxva-dasxva privilegirebuli klasebis warmomadgene-li 8,5 procents Seadgenda, maSin rodesac mTel imperiaSi oTxjer naklebs. qarTvelebis 87 pro-centi glexoba iyo, imperiaSi ki 77 procenti.~1

qarTul sinamdvileSi kapitalisturi siste-mis Camoyalibebis Semdeg iwyeba axali gardaq-mnebi ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed socia-luri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT. es aris ori sruliad gansxvavebuli ideologiis: nacio-nalizmis da socializmis propagandis periodi. nacionalizmis da socializmis ideologebi cdiloben yvela socialuri fenis faseulobaTa

1r. gaCeCilaZe, saqarTvelo msoflio konteqstSi. XX da XXI saukuneebis politikuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi moment-ebi, Tbilisi: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2013, gv, 88

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gaerTgvarovnebas, gansxvaveba imaSia, rom socia-lizmi miznad isaxavs saerTo `mSromelTa~ sa-xelmwifos Seqmnas, nacionalizmi _ ki saxelmwi-foebrivi da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebiT Ta-visuflebis brZolis mowodebas damoukideblo-bis aRdgenisaTvis. miuxedavad social-demokra-tiis aqtiurobisa, saqarTveloSi nacionalistu-ri ideologia ganmsazRvreli iyo. socializmis ideebis gamtarebels saqarTveloSi warmoadgen-da qarTuli social-demokratia. nacionalizmis: erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federaliste-bi da sxva.

erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da Semadgeneli faseulobebis mniSvneloba qar-Tveli erisTvis istoriuli ganviTarebis sxva-dasxva etapze, epoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdina-re sasicocxlo rols TamaSobda. rogorc vi-ciT, saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli erTobis cnobierebam ganviTarebis garkveuli gza ganvlo da XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi axal etap-ze avida. marTalia erovnuli identobis gaaz-rebisTvis aucileblobas warmoadgens da faq-tobrivad warmoudgenelic kia misi Seswavla da warsulis aRdgena: qristianobis, enis, mamulis, istoriuli mexsierebis, tradiciis gareSe da dReisaTvis arsebul am saxis gamokvlevebSi aq-centi swored am maxasiaTeblebze keTdeba, mag-ram, Cemi azriT, am problemis amomwuravad Ses-wavlisaTvis aucilebelia kompleqsuri analizi da, maT Soris, socialur fenaTa Tu socialur jgufTa rolis warmoCena da gaTvaliswineba. miT ufro, rom sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis Semqmne-li kulturuli da politikuri elitaa.

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yvela epoqas Tavisi gamowveva gaaCnia da es yovelive bunebrivia asaxvas hpovebs sazogadoe-bis cnobierebaze. saukuneebis manZilze damkvid-rebuli ideologiidan gamomdinare, mesame wode-ba istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad ar miiC-neoda da elitaze iyo aqcenti gakeTebuli.

XVIII saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, rode-sac iwyeba axali etapi msoflio istoriaSi da yalibdeba nacia-saxelmwifoebi, mesame wodeba iZens did mniSvnelobas. mTavari mizani xdeba mesame wodebis Semoyvana istoriis asparezze, rodesac eris homogenizebisTvis aucilebelia yvela socialuri fenis erTgvarovneba, erTiani erovnuli ideiT gamsWvalva. magram ratom dgeba sakiTxi ase? es epoqam moiTxova. rodesac msof-lio ganviTarebis axal etapze gadavida da Ca-moyalibda nacia saxelmwifoebi mesame wodeba, ara mxolod naciisTvis gaxda mniSvnelovani, aramed epoqisaTvis. socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebma TavisTavad ganapiroba socialurad dabali fenis warmomad-genlebis aqtualoba_aqtiuroba. miT ufro mesa-me wodebiT mxolod nacionalistebi ar interes-debian, aramed socialistebi. ratom moxda rom mesame wodeba aqtualuri gaxda? mxolod imi-tom, rom nacia-saxelmwifoebi yalibdebian? ra Tqma unda ara. Ees procesi bevrad ufro adre daiwyo, anu manamde, sanam safrangeTis revolu-cia moxdeboda da manam sanam XIX saukunis II na-xevridan erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibe-ba daiwyeboda. Ees aris procesi, romelic ra Tqma unda mxolod erTi an ori revoluciis mi-xedviT ar gadawyvetila, safuZveli yvelafers

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aqvs da miT ufro epoqalur cvlilebebs, rome-lic uceb ar xdeba. msoflio istoria amis kla-sikuri magaliTia. ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi feodaluri sistemis rRveva bunebrivia, mcdari iqneba, vifiqroT, rom daiwyo 1861 wlidan jer ruseTSi da Semdeg, 1864 wlidan saqarTveloSi, ra Tqma unda ara. es movlenebi safuZvels bev-rad adre iRebs da etapobrivad midioda msof-lio axal sistemaze gadasvlisaken. albaT upri-ania, vifiqroT, rom XV saukunis bolodan moyo-lebuli, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg, rodesac saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSir-urTier-Toba axal etapze gadavida, am yvelaferma Ta-visTavad moiTxova sazRvrebis da savaWro-eko-nomikuri kavSir-urTierTobebis gafarToeba anu SeiZleba iTqvas, feodalizmis rRvevis pirveli niSani aqedan iRebs saTaves. Semdeg modis huma-nizmis epoqa da RirebulebaTa da ideaTa aRmav-loba-cvlileba. aqedan gamomdinare, kvleva mi-marTulia sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis aRqme-bis gaSuqebaze.

wyaroebi da istoriografia. saqarTvelos istoriis Sefasebis da analizis procesSi me-tad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis roli. aRniSnuli problemis Sesaswavlad seri-ozuli wyaroTa baza arsebobs beWduri mediis saxiT. modernul epoqaSi beWdurma mediam didi roli iTamaSa qarTuli, erovnuli cnobierebis formirebaSi. qarTuli kulturuli da politi-kuri elita beWduri mediis saSualebiT nacio-naluri ideebis aqtiur propagandas eweoda. beW-duri mediis arseboba gaTvlili iyo aramarto elitaze, aramed sazogadoebis farTo fenebze,

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romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo yvela socialuri jgufis, yvela wevris saerTo, erov-nuli moZraobis procesSi CarTva. yvela saxel-mwifoSi, yvela epoqaSi arsebobs sxvadasxva so-cialuri fenebi, socialuri jgufebi, romel-Tac maTTvis gasageb enaze sWirdebaT saubari.

rac Seexeba wyaroTa bazas. 1. beWduri me-dia. es periodi gamoirCeva presis mravalric-xovnobiT. beWdur mediaSi saubaria yvela socia-luri fenis Sesaxeb, magram yuradRebamisaqcevia is garemoeba, rom TiToeuli perioduli organo kulturuli da politikuri elitis ideebs ga-moxatavda, romlebic presis saSualebiT cdi-lobdnen sakuTari Sexedulebebis realizebas sazogadoebaSi. 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi gamodioda sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Jurnal-ga-zeTi: rogorc politikuri, magaliTad: social-demokratiuli, socialist-federalisturi, er-ovnul-demokratiuli, socialist-revolucionu-ri, ise: saliteraturo, samecniero, iumoristu-li. TiToeuli mimarTulebis organo cdilobda sakuTari ideebis gamokveTas. amitom amgvari sa-kiTxebis kvlevisas mxolod erTi perioduli organo ver gamodgeba, saWiroa kompleqsuri ana-lizi.

Teoriul literaturaSi beWduri mediis roli gadamwyvetad miiCneva modernuli naciis formirebaSi. rogorc eTnosimbolisturi Teo-riis warmomadgeneli e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `poli-tikuri erTobis wevrTa samarTlebrivi Tanaswo-roba mis mSobliur miwa-wyalze SeigrZnoba po-pulaciisa Tu ukidures SemTxvevaSi, erTobis mTavari, Zireuli nawilisaTvis saerTo Rirebu-

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lebebisa da tradiciebis wyalobiT. sxva sityve-biT, rom vTqvaT, naciebs unda hqondeT saerTo kulturisa da samoqalaqo ideologiis, saerTo gagebaTa da miswrafebaTa, grZnobaTa da ideaTa sazomi, romelic SeakavSirebs populacias mis miwa-wyalze. saerTo saxalxo maskulturis uz-runvelyofa evaleba saxalxo socializaciis dawesebulebebs, kerZod, sayovelTao ganaTle-bis sistemasa da masmedias~.2

eTnosimbolisturi TvalTaxedvisagan gan-sxvavebiT, modernistebi anu naciebis moder-nul droSi Seqmnis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi, erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebas da ganvi-Tarebas didwilad beWdur medias miaweren. mo-dernuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi warmomadgen-lis benediqt andersonis azriT: `beWdviTma enebma safuZveli Cauyares erovnuli Segnebis ganviTarebas. es SesaZlebeli gaxda azrTa ur-TierTgacvlisa da komunikaciis erTiani siv-rcis SeqmniT. beWduri produqciisa da qaRal-dis saSualebiT ki miRweuli iqna urTierTgage-ba. sagamomcemlo saqmem enas stabiluri da ma-radiuli Tvisebebi SesZina. es Tviseba didi xnis manZilze uwyobda xels warsulis im imi-jis Seqmnas, romelic eris subieqturi gagebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia~.3 mi-uxedavad imisa, rom es Tvalsazrisi sakamaToa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs, erTi ram SeiZ-

2e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba. inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2003, gv. 14 3b. andersoni, warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi, Tbilisi: ena da kultura, 2003, gv. 73

17

leba iTqvas, beWdurma mediam axali etapi Seqmna naciaTa istoriaSi.

2. aRniSnul periodSi moRvawe cnobil sa-zogado da politikur moRvaweTa memuarebi. ker-Zod: noe Jordania, giorgi lasxiSvili, giorgi kvinitaZe, grigol lorTqifaniZe, iakob mansve-taSvili, samson fircxalava, Salva dadiani, gi-orgi mazniaSvili, mariam gariyuli da sxva.

memuarebi saintereso faqtebs Seicavs epo-qis Sesaxeb. marTalia, aq nebismieri movlena av-toris Sexedulebisamebr aris Sefasebuli, mag-ram radganac Cveni naSromis mizani sazogadoeb-rivi aRqmebia mas pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba. kvlevis procesSi memuaruli literatu-ra, romelic XX saukunis pirvel ocwleuls exeba davyaviT or nawilad: 1. politikur moRva-weTa memuarebi, mogonebebi. isini ufro mdidaria rogorc politikuri, aseve social-ekonomikuri, kulturuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mo-nacemebiT. Mmemuarebis avtorebs warmodgenili aqvT Tavisuflebis mopovebis da saxelmwifoeb-rivi mSeneblobis sakuTari xedva. 2. sazogado moRvaweTa memuarebi, mogonebebi, romlebic Ziri-Tadad aqcents akeTeben kulturuli RonisZiebe-bis saWiroebaze da aRweren Tavisi epoqis sazo-gado moRvaweTa cxovrebas.

memuarebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos is sakiTxebi, romlebic, identobrivi procesebis mTavari saSualebaa: 1. qarTuli ena. 2. swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxi. 3. istoriuli maxsovroba da tradiciebi. 4. qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba. 5. ekonomikuri sakiTxi. 6. Tavisuflebis brZo-lisken mowodeba. bunebrivia, TiToeuli sakiTxi

18

saqarTvelis istoriis yvela etapze aqtualuri iyo, Tumca XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi es procesebi mimarTulia, rogorc Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis, aseve socialur fenaTa daaxlo-eba-gaerTgvarovnebisken.

3. qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mier 1900-1921 wlebSi gamocemuli wigne-bi, broSurebi, naTargmni literatura, politi-kur partiaTa programebi. bunebrivia, aq srulad ver davasaxeleb da ver ganvixilav TiToeuli maTganis naSroms, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom arse-buli masalebi TanamedroveTa mier aris damuSa-vebuli da Sefasebuli, amasTan aqcenti gakeTe-bulia yvela im problemaze, romelic epoqis ga-mowvevas warmoadgenda. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: noe Jordania, mixako wereTeli, giorgi gvazava, tite arTmelaZe, samson fircxalava, grigol gvelesiani, arCil jorjaZe, noe ramiSvili, iva-ne maWavariani, petre surgulaZe, Tedo Rlonti, vasil wereTeli, samson dadiani, ivane gomarTe-li da sxva.

wignebsa da broSurebSi aRwerilia qarTu-li kulturuli da politikuri elitis ideebi, Sexedulebebi saqarTvelos warsuli da Tan-amedrove istoriis Sesaxeb, maTi damokidebule-ba politikur, socialur-ekonomikur, kultu-rul da religiur cxovrebasTan. maTSi gadmo-cemulia sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis mdgoma-reoba, maTi aRqma da CarTuloba Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi. saqarTvelos mar-Tlmadidebeli eklesiis roli da viTareba er-Ti mxriv, imperiis gavlenaSi yofnisas da meore mxriv, demokratiuli respublikis periodSi. na-

19

Targmni literatura mniSvnelovania im Tval-sazrisiT, rom Cven vigebT ra sakiTxebi warmo-adgenda qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawilis interesis sferos, radgan Ziri-Tadad iTargmneboda is wignebi, romlebSic asa-xuli iyo socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis aspeqtebi. eseni iyo: v. leninis, g. plexano-vis, p. kropotkinis, l. martovis, p. maslovis k. kauckis, p. lafargis, a. bebelis, vil. dreperis, da sxva. politikur partiaTa programebSi warmod-genili iyo TiToeuli maTganis xedvebi saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis samomavlo ganviTarebaSi.

4. dabolos, cxadia, vemyarebi saarqivo do-kumentebs, romlebSic xSir SemTxvevaSi asaxu-lia is saidumlo monacemebi, romlebic xelmi-sawvdomi ar iyo aRniSnuli periodis sazogado-ebis farTo fenebisTvis, gansxvavebiT zemoT aR-niSnul wyaroTa sistemisagan. amitom es infor-macia dReisaTvis ormagad saintereso da mniS-vnelovania.

5. erovnuli problemis irgvliv sxvadasxva gamokvlevebi arsebobs, rogoricaa iuri kaWara-vas, `qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konsolidaci-is etapebi,~4 guram yoranaSvilis, `erovnuli sa-kiTxi,~5 misive ~eTnikuri TviTSegneba da tradi-ciebi,~6 da `eTnofsiqologia da tradiciebi,~7

4i. kaWarava, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli konsolidaciis etapebi, Tbilisi, 1996 5 g. yoranaSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1997 6g. yoranaSvili, eTnikuri TviTSegneba da tradiciebi. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1984

20

rismag gordezianis, `qarTuli TviTSegnebis Ca-moyalibebis problema~,8 akaki surgulaZis, `eris cnebisa da revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis etape-bis Sesaxeb,~9 daviT malazonias, `qarTuli is-toriografiuli azrovneba XIX saukunis II naxe-varSi~,10 Tumca, qarTuli identobis istoriis kvlevas bolo dros daeTmo yuradReba qarTul istoriografiaSi.

rogorc aRvniSne, saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi problemaa dReisaTvis damuSavebuli. qarTuli identobis istoriis Sesaxeb specia-luri literatura jer kidev sakmaod mcireric-xovania. Tumca arsebobs mniSvnelovani gamok-vlevebi, romlebic saqarTvelos istoriis sxva-dasxva periodis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazre-bebs da daskvnebs gvTavazoben. maTgan aRsaniSna-via: giuli alasania, `TviTidentifikacia Sua sa-ukuneebis saqarTveloSi (mTelisa da nawilis urTierToba),~11 mariam CxartiSvilis, `qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi~,12 lela pa-

7g.yoranaSvili, eTnofsiqologia da tradiciebi, Tbilisi, 1983 8 r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tbilisi, 1993 9a.surgulaZe eris cnebisa da revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis etapebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 1970 10d. malazonia, qarTuli istoriografiuli azrovneba XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, Tbilisi: qronografi, 2001 11g. alasania, TviTidentifikacia Sua saukuneebis saqar-TveloSi (mTelisa da nawilis urTierToba), kr. `qarTveluri memkvidreoba~, #VIII, quTaisi: ena da kul-tura, 2003 12m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis

21

tariZis, `politikuri da kulturuli identoba-ni IV-VIII saukuneebis qarTul erTobaSi: `qar-Tlis cxovrebis~ samyaro~,13 zurab kiknaZis, `qarTli gaqristianebis gzaze: adamianebi da siwmindeebi~,14 mariam CxartiSvilisa da qeTevan manias, `qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo~,15 saqarTvelo aTaswle-ulTa gasayarze,16 `qarTveli eris dabadeba~,17 TinaTin bolqvaZis, `qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrToba: ilias ìveria~,18 zaal kikvi-Zis, èna, genderi da nacionalizmi~19 da sxva, romlebic erovnuli identobis calkeuli sa-kiTxebis kvlevas mieZRvna. aRniSnuli gamokvle-vebi mowmobs imas, rom identobrivi kvlevebi-sadmi interesi didia. erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faseulobebis ganxilva cal-calke Tu erTad aRebuli qarTveli mecnierebis kvlevis sagani xdeba. epoqaSi, Tbilisi: kavkasiuri saxli, 2009 13l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII saukuneebis qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis cxovrebis samyaro~, Tbilisi: kavkasiuri saxli, 2009 14z. kiknaZe qarTli gaqristianebis gzaze: adamianebi da siwmindeebi, Tbilisi: univer-sali, 2011 15m. CxartiSvili, q. mania, qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo, Tbilisi: universali, 2011 16 saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tbilisi, 2005 17qarTveli eris dabadeba, Tbilisi: ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba 2009 18T. bolqvaZe, qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrToba: ilias ìveria~, Tbilisi: universali, 2010 19z. kikviZe, ena, genderi da nacionalizmi, Tbilisi: universali, 2010

22

dasaxelebuli naSromebi miuTiTebs imas, rom mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia avtorTa yuradRe-bis centrSi moqceuli. amjerad yuradRebas va-maxvileb sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis, jufe-bis cnobierebaze da maT mdgomareobaze. qar-Tul istorografiaSi socialuri istoriis Ses-wavla bunebrivia siaxles ar warmoadgens, Tum-ca kvleva mimarTulia sazogadoebriv aRqmebze.

23

Tavi pirveli

qarTuli sinamdvile da erovnuli idea rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli Cven-jgufis

wevrebi erTobad Tavs moiazrebdnen iseT faseu-lobebze dayrdnobiT rogoricaa samSoblo, qar-Tuli ena, qristianoba da mefobis instituti. swored amitom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan moyo-lebuli ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gauqmebis Semdeg mTavari Zala mimarTa qarTuli erTobis arsebobis tradiciuli elementebis: mefobis in-stitutis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da qarTuli enis gauqmeba-Sesustebisaken.

ruseTis gavlenaSi myof saqarTvelos cxov-rebaze Tavis asaxvas poulobda imperiaSi mimdi-nare movlenebi da gansazRvravda xSir SemTxve-vaSi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris mimarTu-lebas da, bunebrivia, erovnul TviTSegnebazec gavlenas axdenda. XIX saukuneSi ruseTis dam-pyrobluri politikis Sedegad saqarTvelos axal sistemaze mouwia gadasvla, rac qveynis cxovrebis yvela sferos Seexo. erT-erTi problemuri CvenTvis aRmoCnda ruseTis saimpe-ratoro karis mier mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis Sedegad kuTxurobis gaZliereba. qarTvelebis cnobiereba radikalurad Seicvala da ukve XIX saukunis II naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZe wers: `aba daiZaxe qarTvelo-Tqo, Tu Savi zRvidam moyole-buli kaspiis zRvamde marto Rip-gadmogdebulma qarTlelis metma Semoxedos vinmem da Tu gaWir-da, iqneba kaxelmac Tavisi sxvili kiseri Senken moiRrijos, sxvani ki yursac ar gaTxoveben,

24

TiTqo amaT ar eZaxio, TiTqo isini ki qarTvele-bi ar ariano~.20 es problema met simwvaves iZens rogorc XX saukunis pirvel, ise meore aTwle-ulSi. Jurnal `mogzaurSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Cvene-bur kacs, vinc unda iyos is, rom SexvdeT da kiTxoT, vina xaro? getyvis Tu kaxelia kaxeli varo, Tu raWvelia _ raWvelio da sxva amgva-rad. samarcxvinoa CvenTvis, rom dRemdis ver Segvignia Tu vina varT. rodesac Cven, rogorc erTi kaci, ise yvela vityviT, Cven qarTvelni varTo, maSin, mxolod maSin mogveniWeba Cven RvTiuri Zala, mxolod maSin ityvis Cveni mteri, rom Cvenc ramed misaCnevi varT sxva erTa So-ris.~21 1911 wels Temi werda: `hkiTxeviT pirvel Sexvedril megrels qarTveli xo ara xaro? _ daufiqreblad getyviT: ara batono me megreli varo. aseve getyviT imereli, aseve fiqrobs fSa-veli. qarTleli imerlobas Takilobs, kaxeli kidev orives erTad.~22

imis saCveneblad Tu rogori gansxvaveba iyo Sua saukuneebisa da ruseTis mier dapyro-bil saqarTvelos Soris naTlad aCvenebs Semde-gi faqti, kerZod, svaneTis erT-erTi Temis la-talis patara soflis lailis eklesiis xatis XI saukunis warwera: wmidao mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden mefeni bagratonianni, dadia-ni da didebuli da erTobili saqarTvelo da

20 i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani oc tomad, t. V. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1991, gv. 164 21Jurn. mogzauri, 1904, #304, gv. 164-165 22 gaz. Temi, 1911, #33, gv.1

25

erTobili suanni...~23 rodesac am warweras vkiT-xulobT SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, es xom erTia-ni saqarTvelos periodia da bunebrivia aseTi aRqma sazogadoebis mxridan? magram Tu im lo-gikiT vixelmZRvanelebT, rom Sua saukuneebSi sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris kavSiri ar iyo da yvela sakuTari regionis keTildReobaze zru-navda da kapitalizmis Semosvlis Semdeg ukav-Sirdeba erTmaneTs calkeuli kuTxeebi. maSin svaneTSi, mTis nawilSi, romelic yovelTvis gankerZoebiT idga xelisuflebisagan, ratom iyo aseTi suliskveTeba erTiani saqarTvelos mimarT? anu zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi mow-mobs, rom es aris ruseTis mier Seqmnili ideo-logia. vaxuSti batoniSvili wers: “erT-mefoba-sa warmoaCinebs awca samni xilulni eseni: pir-veli ukeTu hkiTxoT visme qarTvelsa, an ime-relsa, mesxsa, her-kaxsa, `ra rjuli xar~, wams mogigebs `qarTveli~. meored, ars maT yovelTa wigni da ena erTi da igive farnaoz pirvelsa mefisagan qmnuli da hkiTxos maT win-TqmulTa kacTa: `ra ena da wigni uwyi~, mogigebs myis `qarTuli~, rameTu ar ityvis arca sjulsa, ena-sa da wignsa imerTasa anu mesxTa da her-kaxTa-sa, aramed qarTulsa. mesame ara sadme vixilavT didTa SenebulTa da eklesia-monasterTa anu xatTa da jvarTa ZvirfasTa, romelTa zeda iyo sxuaTa mefeTa saxelni Tvnier _ `Cven mefeman saqarTvelosaman anu qarlisa da afxazeTisaman _ `romelni zedmiwerili arian quaTa, xatTa da

23g. gasviani, uZvelesi qarTveluri enis Zegli (svanuri leqsikoni), Jurn. Aanalebi, #1, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 94

26

juarTa zeda~.24 aqac SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, vaxuSti batoniSvili xom elitis warmomadgene-lia da SeiZleba is qmnis am ideologias? mag-ram jer erTi, igi sakmaod akritikebs qarTul xasiaTs da uaryofiT mxareebsac usvams xazs da meore, rogorc viciT Sua saukuneebSi sazoga-doebis farTo fenebma ar ician wera-kiTxva da verc vaxuStis dawerili faqti gaxdeboda im pe-riodis sazogadoebis yuradRebis sagani. XIX saukunis II naxevris da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi ki kulturuli da politikuri elita farTo fenebisTvis qmnis ideologias da ilia WavWavaZis mier Camoyalibebuli idea epo-qis gamoZaxilia.

jer kidev XVII saukuneSi, rodesac Jan Sar-denma imogzaura saqarTveloSi, samegrelos aR-weris dros igi aRniSnavs, rom sakmaod gavrce-lebuli yofila bazrobebi sadac ikribeboda sxvadasxva mxaris warmomadgenlebi. `14 seqtembe-ri wifuriaSi sadResaswaulo dRea, imarTeba bazroba, romelsac sipiasobas uwodeben. igi orSabaTidan kviramde grZeldeba. am dRes Tavi-anT eklesiebSi Tavze dadebuli miaqvT wminda giorgis xatebi. radganac am dResaswaulze baz-robis gamo Zalian bevri xalxi Camodis, maT So-ris mravali ucxoelia, romelTa umetesi nawi-li somexi, qarTveli da ebraeli vaWrebi arian. aq gacxovelebuli vaWroba warmoebs yovelgvari sursaT-sanovagiT, samkaulebiT, qsovilebiT, romlebic adgilobrivi saqonlis gverdiT iyi-

24 v. bagrationi, qarTlis cxovreba, IV. teqsti dadgenili da gamocemuli yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 265

27

deba.~25 agreTve saintereso dokumenti 1819 wels Tbilisis policmaisteris ioseb Sagubatovis aRweris monacemebi, sadac sxvadasxva sakiTxeb-Tan erTad aqcenti gakeTebulia saSinao bazris aRweraze. yuradRebamisaqcevia is garemoeba, rom am periodSi kapitalisturi sistema ar iyo dam-kvidrebuli da rusebis Semosvlidan am mokle xanSi verc gzebis gayvana moeswreboda im mas-StabiT, rom vaWrobas aseTi xasiaTi mieRo. misi cnobebidan Cans, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos erTmaneTTan farTo savaWro urTi-erTobebi akavSirebda. `CamonaTvalis mixedviT saq-arTvelos es ori mxare erTmaneTSi mraval-ferovani asortimentis produqcias cvlida, rac TavisTavad xels uwyobda qveyanaSi erTiani Si-da bazris ganviTarebas. arsebuli savaWro ur-TierTobebi aRwerilia ara zogadad, aramed Ca-moTvlilia calkeul regionebSi warmoebuli savaWro produqcia.~26

aRweris mixedviT Tbilisis bazarTan dakav-Sirebuli yofila yvela regioni _ `Sida qar-Tlidan da ananuridan TiflisSi Camotanili gasayidi saqonlis nacvlad cota fuls iReben. ufro metad miaqvT saqoneli: lekuri nabdebi, xarebi da sxva, rac maTTan ar aris, an Zalian cudia.

25Jan Sardeni, teqsti frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi dauTmo mzia mgalobliSvilma, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1975, gv. 195 26 a. TabuaSvili, g. JuJunaSvili, `saqarTvelo da imereTi~ ioseb Sagubatovis 1819 wlis aRweris mixedviT. moxseneba wakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoriis institutis yovelwliur samecniero konferenciaze (2011), gv. 4

28

qiziyeli da kaxeli glexebi ki Camotanili Rvinis sanacvlod bevr fuls iReben da amasTan msxvilfexa saqonlis garda imave saqonels yi-duloben, rasac qarTlelebi.

keTilSobili gvariSvilebi imereTidan, qar-Tlidan da kaxeTidan, aseve aRalarebi yazaxi-dan, SamSadilusa da borCalos distanciebidan tfiliseli vaWrebisagan da meduqneebisagan yi-duloben mravali saxis Semotanil saqonels, romelsac iyenebs orive sqesi samosad da sxva.~27

faqtobrivad zemoT moyvanili masala mow-mobs, rom qarTuli erTobis wevrebs Soris kav-Siri arsebobda yovel epoqaSi, Tumca sxvadas-xva formiT iyo gamoxatuli. zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxis siswores adasturebs saqarTvelos de-mokratiuli respublikis samxedro ministris grigol lorTqifaniZis mosazreba: `ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTvelos saxeli politikur da geografiul leqsikonidan amoSala da mxolod imperatoris titulSi da egzarxis wodebaSi dastova. saqarTvelo rusul guberniebad da mazrebad dasWra, xolo qarTveli eris arseboba gaazRapra, aseTi nacia TiTqos ar arsebobda, misTvis iyo qarTlelebi da gurulebi, megrele-bi da kaxelebi, imerlebi da svanebi, aWarlebi da xevsurebi da ase bolomde. amiT dampyro-belT undodaT qarTveli eris gaxrwna da daS-la. am, miznisaTvis didis TavgamodebiT muSaob-da rusuli eklesia da ai, manac uZlieresi ie-riSebi saqarTvelos ganapirebaze miitana.~28 27 iqve, gv. 4 28g. lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi:

29

rogorc vxedavT, kuTxurobis gamoxatuleba iyo ara mxolod kapitalizmis ararsebobis da ugzoobis mizezi, aramed ruseTis saimperatoro karis mizanmimarTuli antiqarTuli politikis Sedegi.

rusuli gavlenis Sedegad erovnuli cnobi-erebis Sesustebas Tan daerTo mTeli rigi so-cialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmne-bi, rac batonymobis gauqmebas, glexobis, ro-gorc axali Tavisufali fenis statusiT gaCe-nas, kapitalizmis damkvidrebas, burJuaziis da proletariatis Camoyalibebas, revoluciebis mravalricxovnobas da gansxvavebuli ideolo-giebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. axali gamowveve-bis winaSe aRmoCenili gauTviTcnobierebeli sa-zogadoebis arsebobas isic emateboda, rom sa-erTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis nacvlad gau-Tavebel Sida dapirispirebas axmardnen drosa da energias. amasTan dakavSirebiT 1876 wlis ga-zeT `droebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `qarTvelebs rom saRi erovnuli Segneba hqondeT, mtkiced idgnen im rwmenaze, rom erovnebis gareSe miuwvdomelia kultura, maSin Seqmnidnen iseT sulier erov-nul wres, romelic winaaRmdegobas gauwevda ga-regan borotebas, erovnuli vinaoba ar daiCag-reboda ise sastikad da SesaZlebeli iqneboda pirovnebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba, miuxeda-vad garegani dabrkolebisa. amis nacvlad, ojax-Si, sazogadoebaSi, kerZoobaSi Cven vxedavT mxo-lod miswrafebas erovnuli wris mospobisadmi. gareSeebis devnils Cven TviTon ara nakleb

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem-loba, 1995, gv. 57

30

vdevniT da vaZlierebT im pirobebs, romlebic uaryofen Cvens arsebobas.~29

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT axali etapi iwyeba XIX saukunis II naxevridan, rodesac sa-moRvaweo asparezze gamodian samocianelebi ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT da maTi mTavari mi-zani xdeba ilias mier damkvidrebuli lozungis: `mamuli, ena sarwmunoeba~ SenarCunebisTvis brZo-la. es aris idea, romelic, faqtobrivad mTlia-nad gasdevs XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX sau-kunis dasawyisis qarTuli kulturuli da poli-tikuri elitis nawilis brZolas erovnuli cno-bierebis amaRlebisaTvis mosaxleobis farTo fe-nebSi da erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. daviwyeb imiT, rom ilias mier erTian lo-zungad damkvidrebuli `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoe-ba~, saukuneebis manZilze istoriis sxvadasxva etapze epoqis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare dRis wesrigSi idga yovelTvis, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi romelime maTgani wina planze iyo wamoweuli da ganmsazRvrel adgils ikavebda.

ilias meTaurobiT periodulma gamocemam `iveriam~, Tavidanve gamokveTa Tavisi mimarTu-leba. aq Camoyalibebulia is ideebi, romelTac erovnuli datvirTva gaaCnda. pirvel adgilze dayenebulia samSoblo. `saZirkvels nacionalu-ris Zalisas Seadgens teritoria, miwa-wyali, ma-muli, samSoblo. miwa-wyali marto nivTieri faqtori ar gaxlavT. igi amasTan sulieria, cocxali arsebaa. Tu erTi mxriv igi ipyrobs

29 gaz. droeba, 1976, #102, gv. 1

31

gvamTa mama-papasaTa, meore mxriv masSi tria-lebs winaparTa didebuli suli da es suli acocxlebs, asuldgmulebs, acxovelebs Tanamed-rove Taobas. waarTviT ers misi miwa-wayli, misi teritoria da igi dahkargavs ara marto niadags arsebobisa, aramed moswydeba im didebul isto-riuls suls, romelic samSobloSi trialebs.~30

TiToeul statias, TiToeul sityvas gaaC-nda garkveuli datvirTva, rogorc erovnuli, agreTve politikuri. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom pirvel adgilze samSoblo, teritoriaa dayene-buli. saWiro iyo saxelmwifoebrioba dakargu-li qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi damoukidebeli miwa-wylis, sakuTari samSoblos qonis aucileb-lobis damtkiceba. samSoblos Semdeg meore erovnul simbolod `iveria~ miiCnevs qarTul enas, romelic eris arsebobis aucilebeli niSa-nia. qarTul enas saukuneebis manZilze didi datvirTva gaaCnda, Tumca ruseTis mier saqar-Tvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, rodesac mas gansa-kuTrebuli safrTxe Seeqmna, qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elitis mier sistematiurad ibeWdeboda presaSi qarTuli enis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. am mxriv gamonakliss arc `iveria~ war-moadgenda. `meore burji eris aRorZinebisaTvis gaxlavT samSoblo ena. eris ganviTareba pirda-pir damokidebilia enis ganviTarebaze. Tu ena erT wertilzea SeCerebuli, eris winmsvlelo-bac mospobilia, Tu ena ukanukan midis da Ra-takdeba, azrovnebac erisa qveiTdeba, uZlurde-ba, viTardeba, mdidrdeba formebiTa, eris az-

30 gaz. iveria, 1901, #116, gv. 1

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rovnebac welSi imarTeba, Zal-Rones iZens, ayva-vebis xana udgeba.~31

mesame `burjad~ miCneulia skola. `mesame burji eris warmatebisa gaxlavT skola. romel qveyanaSiac ki umravlebiaT skolebi, yvelgan maT mouxdeniaT saocari ZiriTadi cvlileba: eri gamdidrebula codniT, amaRlebula zneo-biT, aRvsila dovlaTiT. skolebs didi mniSvne-loba aqvT ara marto glexTaTvis, aramed ke-TilSobil wodebisaTvisac, radganac CvenSi wvrilmani aznauroba mravalricxovania da igi Tavis Svilebs saxalxo skolebSi zrdis.~32

sainteresoa, rom mesame adgilze skola, swavla-ganaTlebaa dayenebuli. rac Semdegi ga-remoebiT aris ganpirobebuli: 1. rogorc cnobi-lia, XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi iwyeba axali etapi, rac gulisxmobda SeiaraRebuli brZolis nacvlad, mtkiced SemuSavebuli erov-nuli ideologiis saSualebiT sazogadoebis cnobierebis gaerTgvarovnebas. 2. sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanasworad CarTva ganmaTavisuf-lebeli moRvaweobis procesSi. 3. skolas, swav-las ganaTlebis garda, aRniSnul epoqaSi erov-nuli funqciac mieniWa. skolis saSualebiT, erovnuli istoriis codniT unda momxdariyo sazogadoebis ganaTlebis, nacionaluri cnobie-rebis donis amaRleba.

meoTxe adgilzea dayenebuli qristianoba, romelmac publicistebis azriT mas Semdeg rac saqarTveloSi gavrcelda da gamocxadda saxel- 31 gaz. iveria, 1901, #116, gv. 1 32 gaz. iveria, 1901. #117, gv. 1

33

mwifo religiad qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava. qarTveloba da qristianoba saukuneebis manZilze erTian kon-teqstSi moiazreboda. `meoTxe burji eris war-matebisa aris eklesia. winad Cveni eklesia sasi-qadulod aRasrulebda Taviss maRals daniSnu-lebas. man Cvens erSi danerga Zlieri sarwmuno-ebrivi grZnoba, mohfina velni da mTani mdidari taZrebiT da monastrebiTa, Seqmna sasuliero literatura, SeaerTa qarTvelebSi erTad mac-xovris da mamulis mxurvale siyvaruli da TviT kavkasionis mTebic ki gaxada asparezad sa-xarebis Zlevamosili qadagebisa. eklesia da skola aris saTave xalxis zneobisa, keTilisa, xolo TviTon eTika, spetaki zne saZirkvelia xalxis arsebobisa, simtkicisa, keTildReobisa, warmatebisa.~33

aRniSnuli erovnuli programis Camoyalibe-ba SemTxveviTi ar yofila. es qarTvel moRvawe-Ta mTavari sabrZolo devizi gaxda. XIX sauku-nis I naxevarSi antirusuli ajanyebebis waruma-teblad dasrulebis Sedegad, qarTuli kultu-ruli da politikuri elita darwmunda im etap-ze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenis uperspeqtivobaSi da aqedan ga-momdinare XIX saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi, romelic epo-qis gamowvevebidan gamomdinare garkveul cvli-lebas ganicdida.

qarTulma politikurma da kulturulma elitam gaacnobiera, rom Tavisuflebis brZo-

33 iqve, gv. 2

34

lisTvis xalxis masebis mobilizebas mxolod lozungebi ver moagvarebda da arc gauTavebel SeiaraRebul, usistemo gamosvlebs moyveboda Sedegi. saWiro iyo xalxTan rac SeiZleba meti kontaqti da maTTvis gasageb enaze saubari. gar-da imisa, rom qarTvelebs TavisuflebisTvis un-da ebrZolaT, maT, agreTve uxdebodaT yovel-dRiuri brZola im cvlilebebTan, rac ruseTis xelisuflebam moitana saqarTveloSi. aucile-bel saWiroebas warmoadgenda axali gamowveve-bis miReba da masSi CarTuloba. es iqneboda so-cialuri, ekonomikuri Tu saganmanaTleblo.

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologebi Sem-deg miznebs isaxavdnen: 1. avtonomiis formiT ru-seTis qveSevrdomobaSi gaerTianebas; 2. qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobisa da saqarTvelos is-toriis, anu warsulis maxsovrobis propagandas. 3. erovnuli ekonomikis, saswavlo-saganmanaTleb-lo sistemis aRorZinebas. 4. erovnuli Tavisuf-lebis fenomenis atqualizeba.Yyovelive zemoTaR-niSnuli erovnuli idea Tu simbolo erovnul Tavisuflebamde misasvleli gza iyo.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli qarTveli politikuri da kulturuli elitis nawilis mizani mdgomareobda ilias mier Camoya-libebuli erovnuli programis ganxorcieleba-Si, romelic garkveul cvlilebas da ganaxle-bas ganicdida etapobrivad epoqis gamowvevebi-dan gamomdinare. aRniSnuli mizani ki qarTuli erTobis wevrebis erovnul sivrceSi mobilize-ba, samSoblos rolis gaazreba da misi Tavi-suflebis mopovebisTvis brZolaSi Cabma iyo.

35

XX saukunis dasawyisSi amas emateba arCil jorjaZis `saerTo moqmedebis niadagi~, rome-lic erovnuli Zalebis samoqmedo mizani gaxda.

`1901 wels gamoqveynebul werilebSi arCil jorjaZem Tavi mouyara ilia WavWavaZis, niko ni-kolaZis da sxva qarTveli moRvaweebis naazrevs da `saerTo moqmedebis niadagi~ erTiani Teori-uli sistemis saxiT Camoayaliba, romelic Sed-geboda xuTi punqtisagan, anu xuTi saerTo-erov-nuli miznisagan, rac qarTvel ers unda gane-xorcielebina: 1. qarTuli enisa da saerTod erovnul-kulturuli Rirebulebebis dacva; 2. erovnuli vaWroba-mrewvelobis Seqmna da ganvi-Tareba; 3. qarTuli miwebis, meurneobis qarTvel-Ta xelSi darCena; 4. inteligenciis saxalxo-kulturuli moRvaweoba; 5. qalaqTa TviTmmar-TvelobebSi qarTvelTa Careva da momZlavreba. Aam xuTi umTavresi miznis gansaxorcieleblad arCil jorjaZem `saerTo niadagze~ erToblivi moRvaweobisaken mouwoda saqarTvelos sxvadas-xva politikur partiasa da mimdinareobas.~34

nebismieri eris arsebobis istoriaSi teri-torias gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. myari erTobisTvis aucilebelia eris garkveul sazRvrebSi moqceva, romelzedac saukuneebis manZilze xalxis erToba ganicdis ganviTarebas, uyalibdeba erTiani zne-Cveuleba, mentaliteti, iqmneba erovnul RirebulebaTa Taviseburi sis-tema. swored amitom iyo, rom qarTuli kultu-ruli da politikuri elitis mxridan mudmivad keTdeboda aqcenti sakuTari teritoriis, saz- 34 saqarTvelos istoria XX saukune, Tbilisi: artanuji, 2001, gv. 20

36

Rvrebis saWiroebaze da qarTvelebis erTianoba-ze. gazeT `iveriis~ mier SemuSavebuli ideac am mosazrebis sajarod realizaciaa. radgan ruse-Tis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg misi koloniuri politika saqarTveloSi sami mimar-TulebiT warimarTa: politikuri, ekonomikuri, da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo. ruseTi samive mimarTulebiT ipyrobda qveyanas, politikurad _ iaraRiT, ekonomikurad _ warmoebis konsoli-daciiT da iafi nedleulis gadazidviT, kultu-rul-saganmanaTleblo mimarTuleba ki ZvelTaZ-veli qarTuli kulturis tradiciebis mospobi-Ta da ganaTlebis axali kerebis rusifikaciiT igegmeboda.

ruseTis xelisufleba dapyrobil qveyanas upirvelesad rusifikatoruli politikiT unda daufleboda. iaraRiT dapyrobili saqarTvelo qarTveli xalxis garusebiT Tu iqceoda imperi-is bunebriv Semadgenel nawilad, mxolod garu-sebuli qarTveloba Tu iqneboda rusuli guber-niebis morCili mosaxleoba. es mizandasaxuloba mxolod skolebiT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebu-liyo, Tuki am skolebidan sruliad ganidev-ne-boda mSobliuri ena da swavleba rusul enaze dawesdeboda.~35

1. samSoblo. imisTvis, rom sazogadoeba iyos erTiani da ibrZodes samSoblos Tavisuf-lebisTvis saWiroa naTlad hqondes gacnobiere-buli sakuTari roli eris arsebobis istoria-Si, safuZvlianad icnobdes qveynis istorias,

35al. bendianiSvili, al. dauSvili, m. samsonaZe, d. WumburiZe, o. janeliZe, rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi: universali, 2008, gv. 301

37

tradicias da am yovelivesadmi gaaCndes siyva-ruli. qarTuli inteligenciis mTavari mizani am grZnobis gaRviveba iyo. `samSoblos siyvaru-li erTi ZiriTadi grZnobaTagania adamianis bu-nebaSi, vinac samSoblos siyvaruls atarebs gulSi, mas uyvars deda-ena, samSoblo mxare, di-di pativiscema aqvs mas samSoblo gmirebisa, mwerlebisa. samSoblos siyvaruli rwmenad eqce-va kacs da es rwmena mis moqmedebas gansaz-Rvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs. cxadia, samSob-los siyvaruli acxovelebs adamians, unergavs mas energias, badebs masSi idealisadmi miswra-febas, iwvevs mas sagmiro saqmeebisaken.~36

eris konsolidaciisTvis aucilebel saWi-roebas warmoadgens sazogadoebis erToba, anu saerTo miswrafebiT gamsWvalva, raTa ufro naTlad gaacnobieros sakuTari mamulis, sam-Soblos roli eris arsebobaSi. `samSoblos damkargavi eri ver daicavs Tavis arsebobas da Tundac gaagrZelos, Tundac moipovos simdidre vaWrobiT da mrewvelobiT, maincdamainc yovlad ubeduri iqneba. igi daemsgavseba bogano mxvnel-mTesvels, romelsac sakuTari kera ar gaaCnia. igi ilawlawebs erTi qveynidan meoreSi, yvelgan igi iqneba ucxo, yvelgan moZulebeuli stumari, yvelasagan dabriyvebuli Robe, romelsac Te-lavs yoveli gamvlel-gamomvleli. ai risTvis saWiroa, ukiduresad saWiro rom qarTvelobam savsebiT SeirCinos Tavisi miwa-wyali, mamuli da sxva xalxis xelSi ar Caagdos.~37 saqarTve-loSi samSoblos Sesaxeb xSiri ganmarteba-mo- 36 gaz. imereTi, 1912, #28, gv. 2 37 gaz. iveria, 1909, #2, gv. 2

38

wodebebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom sazogadoeba amis saWiroebas ganicdida.

XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTve-loSi sabolood Camoyalibda kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli axali so-cialuri struqtura. qarTuli sazogadoeba gar-damaval xasiaTs atarebda da batonymuri siste-mis naSTebis likvidaciidan kapitalizmis sabo-loo gamarjvebisaken mimaval gzaze idga. sazo-gadoebis gamravalferovnebasTan erTad sxvadas-xvagvari gaxda sazogadoebis Semadgeneli soci-aluri fenebis, jgufebisa Tu klasebis intere-sebic. yvela maTgans sakuTari miswrafebebi ga-aCnda da cdilobda isini sxvadasxva gziT daek-mayofilebina.38 aseT viTarebaSi qarTuli kul-turuli da politikuri elita ormagad sapasu-xismgeblo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. saWiro iyo sworad SemuSavebuli da warmarTuli erovnuli programa, romelsac erTobis wevrebis homogeni-zaciisTvis unda Seewyo xeli da momavalSi ma-Ti konsolidacia uzrunveleyo. es pirvel rig-Si kulturis erTobiT unda gamoxatuliyo. sa-qarTvelos yvela kuTxis warmomadgenels unda hqonoda gancda imisa, rom `qarTveli eri erTia: kaxeli, imereli, qarTleli, fSav-xevsuri, mTiu-li, javaxeli, imereli, aWareli, megreli, guru-li da svani, yvela qarTvelia, yvelas udis qar-Tuli sisxli, yvela laparakobs qarTul enaze, yvelas erTad gamouvlia warsul saukuneebSi erTi da igive sixaruli da ubedureba. dRes yve-la erT tafaSi iwvis da yvelas uRvivis an unda

38 saqarTvelos istoria XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 9

39

uRvivodes erTnairi miswrafeba_kulturuli Ta-visufleba.~39 erTaderTi, rac anawilebs qarTve-lebs erTmaneTisgan mxolod geografiuli saz-Rvrebi da geografiuli saxelwodebebia. sinam-dvileSi ki saqarTvelo erTiani qveyanaa da is mxolod qarTveli eris kuTvnilebaa. qarTuli sazogadoebis nawili kargad acnobierebda kul-turis erTobis aucileblobas, sazRvrebis mos-pobas, ara marto calkeul kuTxeebs, aramed so-cialur fenebs Soris da saerTo, erovnuli ideologiis irgvliv gaerTianebas mouwodebda yvelas. `samSoblos siyvaruli ar Seadgens er-Ti romelisame klasis monopolias, is aris sa-erTo grZnoba da, rogorc aseTi dgas klasob-riv psixologiaze maRla. ra idealebis momxrec unda iyos gansazRvruli socialuri klasi, ra gamwvavebuli formac unda hqondes miRebuli klasobriv ganxeTqilebas, saerTo erovnuli in-teresebi mainc realuri faqtia, romlis uaris-yofa mxolod Zalad dabrmavebis momaswavebe-lia. es saerTo niadagi advilad dasanaxia gan-sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ers gareSe mtrisgan gansacdeli moelis da rodesac mTeli eri er-Tdeba erovnul individualobis dasacavad. ase-Ti momenti iwvevs erovnul enTuziazms da erov-nul ZalTa gaerTianebas. aseT dros klasobrivi winaaRmdegoba kargavs gamwvavebul formas, is droebiT qreba da eri mTel Tavis ZalRoniT sa-erTo mtris winaaRmdeg midis ieriSiT~.40

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-tis mxridan amgvari mowodebebi SemTxveviTi ar 39 gaz. iveria, 1909, #2, gv. 2 40gaz. iveria, 1905, #148, gv. 2

40

yofila. istoriis ganviTarebis aRniSnul monak-veTSi qarTul sazogadoebas erovnuli Segnebis amaRleba namdvilad esaWiroeboda. swored ami-tom ar darCenila arcerTi Jurnali da gazeTi, arcerTi erovnuli dawesebuleba, sadac am problemaze ar iqneboda saubari. giorgi gvaza-vas azriT, `pirveli moTxovnileba eris aRsad-genad aris misi erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRvi-Zeba. Tu calke piri vera grZnobs, rom igi nawi-lia erisa, rom misi bedniereba damokidebulia, Tu materialurad ara, sulierad mainc mTeli eris bednierebaze, ra Tqma unda yoveli erovnu-li xasiaTis Sromac SeuZlebelia.~41

swored amitom cdilobdnen nacionalizmis ideologebi erovnuli maxasiaTeblebis wina planze wamowevas da propagandas. istoriuli maxsovroba da tradicia koleqtiuri kulturu-li identobis erT-erTi aucilebeli atributia. XX saukunis I ocwleulSi qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elita mTlianad orientire-bulia qarTuli enisa da warsulis maxsovrobis da tradiciebis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebaze. `sam-Soblo xdeba istoriuli mexsierebisa da asoci-aciebis sacavi adgili, sadac `Cveni~ brZeni wi-naprebi, wmindanebi da gmirebi cxovrobdnen, Sromobdnen, loculobdnen da ibrZodnen. yove-live amis gamo mSobliuri miwa unikaluri xde-ba, misi mdinareebi, sanapiroebi, tbebi, mTebi da qalaqebi `sakralur~ mniSvnelobas iZens.~42

41 g. gvazava, Cexia (sociografiuli mimoxilva), Tbilisi, 1919, gv. 10 42e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba. inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2008, gv. 11-12

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rogorc mariam CxartiSvili aRniSnavs: `na-cionaluri identoba, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs `erTobis wevrebs Soris solidarobis iseTi kavSirebis arsebobas, rogoricaa saerTo warsu-li, miTebi da tradiciebi. istoriuli maxsov-roba, romelic koleqtiur kulturul idento-baze dafuZnebuli erTobis erT-erTi umTavresi markeria, inaxavs gardacvlil wevrTa saxelebs, ufro zustad ki, saxeebs. “simboloebi, gamogo-nili istoriebi iseve moqmedeben, rogorc rea-lurni. anu gamonagonic arsebobis Tvalsazri-siT realuria. is ikavebs niSas, romelsac ko-leqtiur mexsierebaSi Seesabameba ujredi `wina-pari~. rogorc marTebulad aris SeniSnuli spe-cialur literaturaSi, eTnikuri erTobebi mne-monikuri koleqtivebia. maTi arseboba swored maxsovrobiT aris gansazRvruli. ramdenad Zli-eria es maxsovroba, ramdenad Rrmaa igi, imdenad didia molodini imisa, rom eTnie Tavs SeinarCu-nebs da metic, SeZlebs miTebis gadatanas mo-dernul ideologiaSi.~43

istoriuli warsulis codna yvela eris-Tvis aucilebeli da saWiroa. magram es faqti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens dapyrobili eris cnobierebaSi. warsuli ubralo istoriu-li faqtebi ki aRar aris, aramed TiToeuli mov-lena sakralur datvirTvas iZens da xSir Sem-TxvevaSi eris gamaerTianebeli Zala xdeba. `gar-kveul teritoriasTan an missave farglebSi ro-melime adgilTan mimarTebas SeiZleba hqondes miTiuri da subieqturi xasiaTi. swored es kav- 43m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi. Tbilisi: kavkasiuri saxli, 2009, gv. 30

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Sirebi da asociaciebia ufro mniSvnelovani eT-nikuri identifikaciisTvis, vidre am teritoria-ze cxovreba an misi gankargva. es is adgilia, romelsac mivekuTvnebiT. xSirad es aris sakra-luri miwa, Cvens mama-papaTa, rjulmdebelTa, me-feTa, brZenkacTa, poetTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa miwa da amitom aris is Cveni samSoblo. Cven ise-ve vekuTvniT mas, rogorc is Cven gvekuTvnis. garda amisa, samSoblos sakraluri centri Tavs uyris eTnies wevrebs.~44 aqedan gamomdinare qar-Tuli kulturuli elitis mTavari orientiri saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis ararsebobis pirobebSi qarTuli nacionalu-ri tradiciebis da im istoriuli pirebis wina planze wamoweva xdeba, romlebmac saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis brZolas Tavi Seswires. is faq-ti, rom xSirad keTdeba aqcenti istoriul pi-rebze, maT damsaxurebaze eris arsebobis Senar-CunebaSi, qarTul wes-Cveulebebze, tradiciaze da im ZiriTad erovnul maxasiaTeblebze, roo-ricaa ena, sarwmunoeba, mianiSnebs maT did rols qarTuli cnobierebis istoriaSi. `qarTu-li gazeTis~ erT-erTi statiis `qarTvelebis erovnuli mdgomareoba~, avtori svams kiTxvas `ra iyo mizezi, rom erTma muWa qarTvelma xal-xma ori aTasi wlis gaWirvebasa da mterTagan musvras gauZlo da Tavisi erovneba dRemdis mo-itana?~ _ da TviTonve pasuxobs _ `erTi umTav-resi mizezi, sxva bevr mizezTa Soris aris is Zala, romelsac saxelad ewodeba erovnuli su-li. am sulis konkretuli gamomxatveloba aris 44 e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba. inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2008, gv. 29

43

ena, zne-Cveuleba, gansakuTrebuli wesi azrovne-bisa, literatura, xelovneba...~45 mariam CxartiS-vili wers: `nacionalizmis ideologiebisaTvis saerTos warmoadgens warsulis idealizacia. yuradRebis gamaxvileba erTobis warsulis òq-ros xanaze~ did socialur mniSvnelobas iZens. amiT xazi esmeba erTobis gangrZobadobas. ag-reTve, isaxeba sasurveli saerTo momavlis per-speqtivac. rogorc marTebulad miuTiTeben, na-cionalizmis ideologia, erTdroulad moiaz-rebs samive dros: awmyos, romelic mosawoni ar aris (àr gvwyalobs~), warsuls, romelic dide-buli iyo da momavals, romelic imedia, rom kargi iqneba, raxan erTobis cxovrebaSi iyo pe-riodi, romlis drosac man gamoavlina Tavisi didebuleba da sicocxlisunarianoba. arsebi-Tad momavlis dasafuZvlebas emsaxureba koncep-ti òqros xana~ da, amdenad, igi, agreTve nacio-naluri konsolidaciis erT-erT umTavres indi-kators warmoadgens.~46

erovnuli cnobierebis asamaRleblad isto-riuli pirebis Rvawlis warmoCena beWduri medi-is mTavari mizani xdeba. `daxasiaTeba romelsame istoriuli pirisa anu ambisa, srulis simar-TliT da SaravandediT, Cven migvaCnia ukeTes sa-Sualebad sazogadoebisa da xalxis keTilSobi-luris azrebiT, miswrafebiT da xasiaTebiT ga-samWvaleblad da aRsazrdelad. RvawlT da moq-

45 gaz. qarTuli gazeTi, 1916, #6, gv. 5 46m. CxartiSvili, q. mania, qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi: iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo, Tbilisi: universali, 2011, gv. 30

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medebiT farnavazisas, mirianisas, vaxtang gor-gaslisas, giorgebisas, bagratebisas, daviT aR-maSeneblisas, Tamarisas; aTonis wminda mamaTas, rusTavelisas da sxvaTa maT msgavsTa, gamoTqmu-lia istoriuls werilebsa Tu poemebsa da moT-xrobebSi didi aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba aqvT.~47

XX saukunis I ocwleuli presis mraval-ricxovnebiT da Tematuri mravalferovnebiT ga-moirCeva. miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi so-cialuri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi gansakuTre-bul aqtualobas iZenen da TiTqmis yvela Jur-nalsa Tu gazeTSi amazea saubari, arsebobda na-cionaluri mimarTulebis organoebi, romlebic mTlianad mimarTuli iyo qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisken. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia gazeTebi: ìveria~, ~Temi~, `saqar-Tvelo~, `samSoblo~, ìmereTi~, Jurnali `mogza-uri~ (1900-1904w.w.). gazeT `Temis~ 144-e nomerSi vkiTxulobT: ìstoriulma msvlelobam dagvim-tkica, rom es patara saqarTvelo yovelgvar ga-saWirs da gansacdels gauZlebs da marTlac is eri, romelmac warmoSoba: rusTaveli, mTawmin-delebi, gorgaslani, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, giorgi saakaZe da sxva maTi msgavsi, gana sasikvdiloa?~48 epoqis arsidan gamomdinare, garda imisa, rom beWduri media saerTo naciona-luri ideebis propagandas eweoda, aseve aqcen-tirebuli iyo ùbralo xalxis~ TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebaze, radgan momxdariyo erTobis wev-rebs Soris daaxloeba da saerTo saqmis pro- 47 Jurn. mogzauri, 1901, #1, gv. 8 48 gaz. samSoblo, 1916, #384, gv. 3

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cesSi yvela socialuri fenis Tanabari ZalebiT CarTva. saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili pirov-nebebis, wmindanebis Tu sxvaTa Rvawlis gaSuqe-bas erovnuli grZnobis amaRlebis datvirTva gaaCnda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom gamorCeuli me-feebis istoriis da moRvaweobis gaSuqebas mniS-vnelovani adgili eTmoboda presis furclebze, kulturuli da politikuri elitis mTavari mi-zani warsulis detaluri gacnoba da saWiroe-bis SemTxvevaSi am gamocdilebis Tanamedroveo-baSi gadmotana da realizeba iyo. amasTan iseTi gmirebis xelaxla aRzrda, romlebmac saqarTve-los erTianobisTvis brZolas Tavi Seswires. `ubralo xalxmac unda ikiTxos istoria. igi Searigebs mas arsebul wesTa usrulobas, vi-Tarca Cveulebriv movlenasTan yvela saukuneeb-Si, anugeSebs samefo ubedurebaSi, umtkicebs ra rom uwinac yofila aseTi ambebi da ufro usa-Sinlesebic da samefo ki mainc ar darRveula. bevri saSineli wami unaxavs Cvens xalxsa da er-sa, susti adamiani susti xalxi maSinve Sehrige-bia mtersa da dauTmia misTvis Tavisi alami _ ase ar iqceoda qarTveli: igi gmirulad umklav-deboda mters da xSirad sZlevda kideca mas.~49 es mowodebebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoe-ba garkveulwilad gadaRlili da uimedo iyo ruseTis imperis winaaRmdeg uSedego brZole-biT. socialuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebma ki axali satkivari da problema gauCina ara mxolod kulturul da politikur elitas, aramed Ti-Toeul qarTvels. aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli

49 Jurn. mogzauri, 1901, #1, gv. 10

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erTobis identobis SeswavlaSi presis monaceme-bi did informacias Seicavs da pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba. Jurnal-gazeTebSi mocemu-lia calkeuli raionebis istoriul-geografiu-li da arqeologiur-eTnografiuli daxasiaTebe-bi. sistematurad ibeWdeboda saqarTvelos isto-riasTan dakavSirebuli sta-tiebi, didi yurad-Reba eTmoboda mefeebis, saxelmwifo moRvaweTa, wmindanTa da sasuliero wodebis warmomadge-nelTa cxovreba-moRvaweobis mimoxilvas. gamoq-veynebulia, agreTve, xalxuri leqsebi, zRaprebi, legendebi. mniSvnelovani adgili ekava Tanamed-rove qarTul literaturas, ibeWdeboda leqse-bi, moTxrobebi, piesebi. istoriuli warsulis gaxseneba-propagandasTan erTad mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoboda sxvadasxva sazogado moRvawe-Ta biografiuli cnobebis gaSuqebas, rac qar-Tuli erTobis wevrebs Soris saerTo qarTuli sivrcis Seqmnisa da gancdisaken iyo mimarTuli. TiTqmis yvela publikaciaSi aRniSnul proble-mebze iyo saubari. saqarTvelos istoriis sa-fuZvliani codna, qarTuli kulturuli da po-litikuri elitis azriT, gmiruli ambebis gax-senebasTan erTad warsulSi Cadenil Secdomeb-sac axsenebs sazogadoebas. es yovelive ki moma-valSi swori moqmedebis saSualebas miscems qve-yanas da rac mTavaria, daanaxvebs imas, rom war-sulSic yofila Znelbedobis dro, magram erTi-anobas, brZolis Jins da samSoblos siyvaruls qarTveloba mtris winaaRmdeg daurazmavs da swored maTi damsaxurebaa saqarTvelos arsebo-ba. `marTalia bevr winaaRmdeg faqtebsac war-mogvidgens Cveni warsuli da awindeli cxovre-

47

ba, bevrs magaliTebs vxedavT maTSi Zmisas da qveynis Ralatisas, sakuTaris xeliT yelis ga-moWrisas, sul ubralo saqmis gaugebrobasa, TiTqmis velurobasa, magram arc amaTi Seswav-laa urigo da umniSvnelo: igini gvamcneven Cvens naklsa da manksa, gvZenen sibrZnesa da ga-mocdilebas, ganaviTareben Cvens moqalaqurs xa-siaTsa da moqmedebis unarsa.~50

e. smiTis mixedviT, nacia adamianTa iseTi erTobaa, romlis safuZvelsac koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba warmoadgens: “rogorc sa-xelwodebidanac Cans, amgvar identobebs gansaz-Rvravs mocemuli erTobis anu koleqtivis kul-tura. naciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kulturis gansakuTrebuli tipi _ sajaro kultura anu kultura, romlis umaRlesi gamovlinebani Ta-nabrad xelmisawvdomia mocemuli erTobis yve-la wevrisaTvis. nacionalizmis ideologiis kulturuli aspeqti Zalian mniSvnelovania. na-cionalistis TvalTaxedviT xom nacia is erTo-baa, romlis wevrebsac gacnobierebuli aqvT Ta-vianTi kulturuli erToba da TavdadebiT iR-vwian nacionaluri kulturis meSveobiT nacio-naluri individualobis ganviTarebisaTvis.”51

nacionaluri ideologia xels uwyobs er-Tobis wevrebis saerTo nacionaluri fsiqolo-giis ganmtkicebas, amitom kulturuli elitis mTavari orientiri yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi

50 Jurn. mogzauri, 1901, #1, gv. 4 51m. CxartiSvili, nacionalizmis ideologiis universa-liebi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebasa da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. ilia WavWavaZe 170, saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 225

48

warsulis faseulobebis propagandaa eris mo-mavlis arsebobisaTvis. modernul epoqaSi am funqcias asrulebs beWduri media. es faqti dRes ukve aRaravisTvis siaxles ar warmoad-gens. XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSic gacno-bierebuli hqondaT qarTvel sazogado moRvawe-ebs misi saWiroeba. faqtobrivad aRniSnul epo-qaSi mTavari sakontaqto saSualeba xalxTan swored media iyo. amitomac swored aq Cndeba mowodebebi samSoblos Sesaxeb. `yovel adamians, ragind umecari iyos igi, Seugneblad mainc uy-vars Tavis eri da samSoblo. magram es ar kma-ra! saWiroa adamians Segnebulad uyvardes isi-ni, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca mas kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli Tavis warsuli da awmyo. aseTi adamiani fxizlad uyurebs Tavis eris istoriis msvlelobas, is namdvili moqa-laqea da mamuliSvili, is aqtiuri moqmedi pi-ria. samSoblos Segnebuli siyvaruliT gaJRen-Tilia mTeli misi arseba. aseTi siyvaruli di-debuli moZravi Zalaa, es adamianis moqmedi di-namoa. am siyvarulis gziT is hqmnis saero mwer-lobas, xelovnebas, mecnierebas, aviTarebs enas, is hqmnis WeSmarit eris kulturas, mis brwyinva-le momavals.~52 Jurnal-gazeTis publicistebi warsulis codnis aucileblobas Zlieri qveynis Seqmnas da ukeTesi momavlis aSenebas ukavSirebdnen: `yovel ganaTlebul qveyanaSi da yovel ganaT-lebul adamianisaTvis warsulis gacnoba saval-debulod iTvleba _ igi SeuZleblad xdis er-

52 gaz. Temi, 1912, #54, gv. 2

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Txel Cadenil Secdomebis gameorebas da Sem-degSi samoqmedo gzasac gvinaTebs, warsulis gacnoba gvaCvevs awmyoSi kargsa da avis garCe-vas da warsuls pativiscemaze zrdis momaval bednierebas da gamarjvebis imedebs. iq, sadac es warsulis pativiscema ar aris, sadac yoveli Taoba axlad iwyebs saqmes da warsuli gamoc-dilebiT sargeblobas ar etaneba _ iq winsvla da ganviTareba saeWvo aris da damarcxeba _ au-cilebeli.~53 qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis mier pre-sis saSualebiT erovnuli maxasiaTeblebis pro-paganda erT mizans emsaxureboda_qarTvelTa er-Tianobas. `yvela, visac qarTveli eris kultu-ruli aRorZineba surs, unda ecados moispos samudamod yvelaferi, rac acalkevebs erTmaneT-Si qarTlsa da kaxeTs, imereTsa da amereTs, gu-riasa da samegrelos, aWarasa da svaneTs. erTi azriT, erTi miswrafebiT unda iyos gamsWvalu-li yvela qarTveli saqarTvelos kidiT kidemde. am saerTo grZnobebis gasaRviZeblad da gasamag-reblad aucileblad saWiroa saerTo erovnul-kulturul dawsebulebaTa Seqmna, rom yvela kuTxis qarTveli am dawesebulebebSi erTmaneTs xvdebodes da saerTo moqmedebas eCveodes. saWi-roa qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznauroba SeTanxmebiT iwyebdes sxvadasxva saqmes. Tbilisis qarTuli gimnazia, quTaisis gimnaziasTan erTad da SeTan-xmebiT eweodes Tavis diad saqveyno saqmes, Tbi-lisis qarTuli gazeTebi quTaisis qarTul ga-zeTebTan saqmes iWerdnen da yoveli Tbilisi-

53 gaz. Temi, 1911, #29, gv. 1

50

saken mcxovrebi qarTveli Tavis movaleobad sTvlidnen quTaisisaken qarTul-erovnuli da sazogado cxovrebis majiscemas Tval-yuri adev-nos ise, rogorc quTaisis yoveli qarTvelis Tvali Tbilisisaken unda iyos mipyrobili, rom yvelam erTmaneTis Wiri da varami Tanasworad icodes, rom am Wirsa da varams yvela Tanaswo-rad grZnobdes da Tavis sakuTar Wirad da vara-mad miiCnevdes.~54

is faqti, rom yvela socialuri fena, Tu socialuri jgufi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamda samSoblos da saerTo azri ar arsebobda buneb-rivia rTuli iyo brZola erovnuli Tavisufle-bisTvis. amitom saWiroeba moiTxovda yvela so-cialuri fena mTlianobaSi erTi miznis _ damo-ukideblobis mopovebisken wasuliyo.

nacionaluri ideis aRqma da ganviTareba sxvadasxva epoqaSi garkveul cvlilebas ganic-dis da drois moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare yu-radReba eqceva im erovnul simbolos, romlis SenarCunebas eris arsebobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1900-1921 wlebSi aRniSnuli problemisadmi sazoga-doebis aRqma etapobriv cvlilebas ganicdis, 1900-1917 wlebis ideologia erTgvari winapiro-baa demokratiuli respublikis periodSi Seqmni-li movlenebis. xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom am dros erovnuli sakiTxisadmi da konkretulad, samSoblos ideisadmi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs kulturul da politikur elitaSi, rac Tavis asaxvas poulobda sazogadoebis far-

54 gaz. Cveni droeba, 1913, #30, gv. 2

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To fenebSic. swored amitom erovnuli Zalebis mier SemuSavebuli programa mTlianad iyo mi-marTuli socialuri fenebis im nawilze, ro-melTac yvelaze metad sWirdeboda sakuTari ad-gilis da rolis gacnobiereba qarTveli eris nawilad. amitom saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eris cxovrebaSi kulturuli da politikuri elita brZolis axal gzas adgeba, rasac sabo-loo jamSi Tavisuflebis mopoveba unda moyo-loda, romlis monawile unda yofiliyo qarTu-li erTobis yvela wevri.

`yvela nacionalur sakiTxTa Soris, ueWve-lia, sakiTxebi erovnuli skolisa, enisa da kulturis Sesaxeb udidesi mniSvnelobis sakiT-xebia, vinaidan erovnuli aRzrda-ganaTleba, ena, kultura, _ es iseTi faqtorebia eris cxovreba-Si, romlebic xSirad akavSireben eris sxvadas-xva nawilebs erTmaneTTan, romelic aZlevs ers uflebas TviTarsebobisas.~55

amisaTvis saWiro iyo yvela socialuri fe-nis daaxloeba da gaerTianeba erTi saerTo saq-misaTvis. `droa SevignoT, rom calke gaweva Cve-ni eris wodebaTa: glexTa, TavadaznaurTa, vaWar-Ta, samxedroTa da sxvaTa xeirs ar dagvayris da amitom droc aris dauyovneblad SevudgeT eris erTianobis am ZirismomTxreli mizezebis frTe-bis Sekvecas.~56 sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenaTa da wodebaTa daaxloveba, Jurnalis publiciste-bis azriT, mxolod maSin SeiZleboda `roca Cven sameurneo saqmes Cvenis bneliT moculis glexis

55 nacionalizmi da demokratiuli interesebi, Tbilisi, gv. 2 56 Jurn. mogzauri, 1904, #3-4, gv. 167

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daxmarebiT vawarmoebT, roca mas Cven humanurad xels gavuwvdiT da gverdSi amoviyenebT im saqme-Si, romelic mas mTeli aTasi wlebiT aqvs Sew-vneuli, roca mas gverdiT davisvamT da masTan erTad davlevT Cais.~57 socialur fenaTa daaxloeba uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli saerTo nacionaluri cnobi-erebis CamoyalibebasTan. solidarobis gancda erTobis wevrebs Soris erTi miznisaTvis brZo-las gaaadvilebda: `upirveles yovlisa saWiroa, rom Cvenma xalxma erTi garkveuli da naTeli azri da Sexeduleba iqonios Tavisi yofa-cxov-rebis gaukeTesebis pirobebze da saSualebebze, raTa Cveni yoveli sazogado moqmedeba im mxriT iyos erT sul da erT xorc.~58

2. qarTuli ena, ganaTleba, erovnuli ekono-mika. rogorc aRvniSne, qarTuli ena, ganaTleba da erovnuli ekonomikis erTian konteqstSi mo-azreba epoqis mTavari gamoZaxilia, radgan qar-Tul enaze ganaTleba-miRebuli da ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mcodne qarTveli ufro meti energi-iT Ddaicavda sakuTar teritorias da SeinarCu-nebda erovnul cnobierebas.

XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-rivi damoukideblobis gauqmebis Semdeg, ruse-Tis xelisuflebam mTavari dartyma qarTul ena-sa da marTlmadidebel eklesias miayena, rac ma-Ti rusifikaciiT gamoixata.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis reformebs, rac gamowveuli iyo garkveul socialur-politiku-

57 iqve, gv. 9 58 Jurn. mogzauri, 1903, #11-12, gv. 795

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ri Tu ekonomikuri viTarebiT, mohyva reformebi ganaTlebis dargSic, marTalia, TviTmpyrobelo-ba iZulebuli iyo gaexsna skolebi, gaezarda ma-Ti ricxvi, mieca codnis erTgvari minimumi axalgazrdobisaTvis, magram es imdenad, ramde-nadac aucilebeli iyo gabatonebuli fenebisaT-vis, memamuleebisa da kapitalistebisaTvis. gar-da amisa, skolas ruseTis xelisufleba Tvlida Tavisi politikis gatarebisa da arsebuli sa-xelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis ganmtkicebis iara-Rad. skolas is akisrebda politikur amocanebs, romelsac unda aRezarda TviTmpyrobelobis mo-na-morCili da erTguli adamianebi, gaerusebina ararusi mosaxleoba, ewarmoebina brZola revo-luciuri ideebis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, sa-xalxo ganaTlebis organoebs ufro politikuri funqcia ekisreboda, vidre kulturul-saganma-naTleblo.59

saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo centrebi yovelTvis erovnul idealebze aRzrdas iTva-liswinebda. saukuneebis manZilze am process sa-TaveSi edga qarTuli marTlmadidebeli ekle-sia. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis Semdeg ki saqarTvelos eklesiam es funqciebi dakarga da paralizebuli gaxda. es procesi bunebrivia uaryofiTad aisaxa qveynis kulturul Tu poli-tikur mdgomareobaze: `skolebSi deda-enis Se-sustebam gonebriv daClungebasTan erTad ukve dasca da gaaTaxsira CvenSi qristianuli sar-wmunoeba da zneoba, sjuli, grZnoba. is sarwmu-

59s. sigua, narkvevebi saxalxo ganaTlebisa da pedagogiur ideaTa ganviTarebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 22

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noeba, romelic ase didmniSvnelovania _ ro-gorc kerZod CvenTvis, ise mTeli qveynebisaTvi-sac ki. diax, skolaSi deda-enis Sesustebas udevs am arasasurvel movlenaSi wili.~60

rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi mTavari sakiT-xi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda am epoqaSi _ es iyo masebis uwignurobis mospoba da farTo fenebis ganaTleba. jer kidev 1876 wels gazeTi `droeba~ wers: `gavida is dro, rodesac yovel qarTvelis vali imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xmliT xelSi daecva Tavisi sayvareli mamuli auarebeli da mZvinvare mtrebisgan. gavida is dro, rodesac qarTvels ar SeeZlo, droTa viTa-rebis gamo, gaexsna TviT bunebisgan miRebuli ni-Wi, ezruna axali rusTvelebis dabadebisaTvis. piriqiT, dadga dro, roca yvela qarTvelis va-lia, rom rbilSi da xorcSi gamjdari qarTve-lis siyvaruliT, Seudges mama-papebis sisxliT morwyuli mamulis ganaTlebis, misi Svilebis sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis gaxsnas.~61

am periodSi skolas ekisreba erovnuli funqcia, romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdari-yo saerTo nacionaluri cnobierebis formireba. `rogorc zneobrivi da gonebrivi ganviTareba, ise nivTieri keTildReobis interesebi daJine-biT moiTxoven xalxis brbos ganaTlebas, rac dafuZnebulia ganaTlebis saSualebebze, aq er-Tdebian saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi intere-sebi. ganaTleba amaRlebs xalxis Zalas da am-ravlebs simdidres. brbos uvicoba aris xalxis ubedureba, rac avad cxaddeba kerZo piris, sa- 60 Jurn. mogzauri, 1904, #1-2, gv. 47 61 gaz. droeba, 1976, #102, gv. 1

55

zogadoebis da saxelmwifos cxovrebis yovel mxareebze. gonebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi aRzrda da yvelasaTvis xelmisa-wvdomi pirveldawyebiTi swavla-ganaTleba warmoadgenen qveynis im safuZ-vels, romelic uzrunvelyofs nivTier da go-nebriv keTildReobas.~62

ganaTlebis sakiTxis wina planze wamoweva ukavSirdeba epoqis moTxovnilebas. garda imisa, rom qarTveli nacionalistebis mizani iyo wig-nieri Taobis aRzrda, es istoriuli aucileb-lobidanac gamomdinareobda. XIX saukunis II na-xevari da XX saukunis pirveli ocwleuli aris dro, rodesac msoflio masStabiT iwyeba axali gardaqmnebi rogorc politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, aseve kulturuli Tvalsazrisi-Tac. ganaTlebul sazogadoebis saWiroeba axal-ma politikurma wyobamac moiTxova. gansxvavebiT Zveli periodisgan, rodesac msoflio mxolod omebiT iyo dakavebuli da amasTan miwaze mimag-rebul glexs arc dro da arc saSualeba ar hqonda ganaTlebis miRebis, kapitalisturma wyo-bam mTlianad Secvala arsebuli situacia. mo-dernul epoqaSi ganaTleba yvelasTvis savalde-bulo gaxda. `skolam sruliad unda mospos Ta-vis kedlebSi wodebrivi gansxvaveba. SeZlebiTi uTanasworoba kidev ufro sagrZnobelia dRes. skola ar unda uwyobdes xels SeZlebulTa egoizmis ganviTarebas. ar unda zrdides maTSi raime Tavisebur egoizms, romelic SeZlebuls agrZnobinebs Tavis viTomda upiratesobas. ami-tom dawyebiTi skola yvelasaTvis saerTo unda

62 Jurn. mogzauri, 1903, #11-12, gv. 622

56

iyos, rom Rarib muSis Svili da milionerisa Tanasworni iyvnen aRzrdis winaSe. es Seamci-rebs gankerZoebas, orive mxares SeaCvevs erTma-neTis metis pativiscemas.~63

qarTuli enis da ganaTlebis erTian konteq-stSi ganxilva SemTxveviTi ar yofila. axal epoqaSi tradiciul erovnul maxasiaTeblebs daemata ganaTlebis sakiTxi, romlis saSualebi-Tac unda momxdariyo qarTuli enis, tradicie-bis, istoriuli warsulis SenarCuneba da amas-Tan sazogadoebis sameurneo-samrewvelo donis amaRleba. ruseTis xelisufleba ki yovel Ro-nes xmarobda qarTuli enis ufleba da funqcia Sekvecili yofiliyo. rac mTavaria axali epoqis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, ganaTleba da ekonomikis ganviTareba urTierTdakavSirebuli aRmoCnda. codnis gareSe ekonomikis aRmavloba SeuZlebeli gaxda. amisTvis saWiro iyo skole-bis didi raodenobiT gaxsna, romelTa saSuale-biT codnis micemasTan erTad sameurneo ganaT-lebis donis amaRleba unda momxdariyo. Tu ga-davxedavT XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi gan-viTarebul movlenebs, davrwmundebiT, rom ga-naTlebis, saswavlo-dawesebulebebis mniSvnelo-ba upiratesia. swored maTi saSualebiT cdi-lobs da nawilobriv axerxebs kidec kulturu-li da politikuri elita sazogadoebis farTo fenebis CarTulobas qveynis cxovrebaSi.

kapitalisturi sistemis damkvidrebam saqar-TveloSi xeli Seuwyo axali etapis dawyebas ekonomikuri, Tu kulturuli mniSvnelobiT. ka- 63k. kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, t.1. parizi: d. xelaZis gamocema, 1935, gv. 18

57

pitalizmma epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekono-mikuri formebis da samrewvelo-teqnikuri iara-Rebis damkvidreba moiTxova, romlis aTvisebis da gaazrebuli ekonomikuri politikis warmoe-bis gareSe saqarTvelo Seferxebuli gziT wavi-doda. erovnul programaSi ki samocianelebs da mis Semdgom Taobas erovnuli ekonomikis ganvi-Tareba saqarTvelos arsebobis erT-erT aucile-bel pirobad miaCndaT. swored amiT aixsneba kulturuli da politikuri elitis Tavdauzo-gavi brZola skolebis raodenobis gazrdisTvis, romelic garda zogadi inteleqtis amaRlebisa, ekonomikuri codnis micemasac Seuwyobda xels, rac TavisTavad dadebiTad aisaxeboda qveynis mdgomareobaze. `skola Tanamedrove ganviTare-bis aucilebel iaraRad gadaiqca, Tanamedrove kapitalizms sWiria xalxis maRali ganaTleba, vinaidan uamisod msxvili warmoebis rTuli mar-Tva-gamgeobis aparati ver imuSavebs. amas saWi-roebs, rogorc qalaqis fabrikis proletari, ise soflis glexi da soflis muSa.~64 qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis aqtiuri brZola sazogadoebis wigniere-bisTvis SemTxveviTi ar yofila. jer erTi, msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebis Sedegad moxda Rirebulebebis garkveuli gadafaseba da masebis ganaTlebis problema yvela qveyanaSi mTeli simwvaviT daisva da, bunebrivia, evropul ideebs ziarebuli qarTuli inteligencia cdilobs sa-qarTveloSi axali sistemis danergvas; da meo-re, qarTuli erTobisTvis ormagad mniSvnelova-

64 gaz. naperwkali, 1906, #4, gv. 2

58

ni iyo saerTo cnobierebis farglebSi qveynis aRorZinebisTvis moqmedeba, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli SemdgomSi saqarTvelos Tavisufle-bis mopovebisa. `ZiriTad sakiTxs Seadgens sa-xalxo ganaTleba da sazogadoebrivi aRzrda. keTili zne-Cveulebebis danergva, amaRleba ga-naTlebiT brbosi, miwodeba misTvis ganaxlebu-li da ganmaviTarebeli gasarTobebis, gaRviZeba xalxis sulieri interesebisa, brZola mis sib-nelisa da uvicobis winaaRmdeg _ ai ras unda veswrafodeT sxva zomebTan, saSualebebTan er-Tad, Tu gulwrfelad gvsurs xalxisaTvis keTi-li, Tu gvinda maT namdvilad davexmaroT.~65

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis sakiTxiT daintereseba gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavari dasayrdeni qarTvelebis garusebis sferoSi swored skole-bi iyo. samson fircxalava igonebs Tavis memua-rebSi: `... gvikrZalavdnen Cveni TavisTvis qar-Tvelebi gvewodebina. ai, amis erTi magaliTi: me-eqvse klasSi erTi mowafe rusuli enis maswav-lebels puSkinis `poltavas~ Sinaarss uyveboda da iq, sadac ambavia rusebis da Svecielebis omis, imis magier, rom eTqva rogorc avtors aqvs, `Cven~ (e.i. rusis jari), mowafem Tqva `ruse-bi~, maswavlebelma maSinve SeaCera da hkiTxa: ratom `rusebs~ ambob da ara `Cven~? mowafem mi-ugo: me xom rusi ara var da rogor unda vTqva `Cven~. `rogor Tu rusi ara xar!~ _ Seuyvira maswavlebelma, pedagogiur sabWoSi daabezRa da mowafe ramdenime saaTiT karcerSi Casves.~66 65 Jurn.Mmogzauri, 1903, #7-8, gv. 549 66s. fircxalava, mogonebaTa furclebi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa

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iakob gogebaSvili werda: `kavkasiis saswav-lo olqis ober-prokurorma dasavleT saqarTve-loSi mogzaurobisas inaxula baTumis erT-erTi saswavlebeli, sadac 8 wlis ymawvils mimarTa: `Sen vin xar ?~ qarTveli _ sTqva pasuxad bav-Svma. _ qarTveli ki ara, rusi xar. _ sTqvi, rusi varTqo! bavSvi gaSterda da sdumda. revizorma ifiqra aq namdvilad separatistobaa damalulio. gawyra, gagulisda, waavlo xeli bavSvs, anjRrev-da da gajavrebT gaiZaxoda Tavisas. SeSinebulma bavSvma Zlivs wailuRluRa: rusi var...~67

ukve aRvniSne, rom es periodi nacionaliz-mis da socializmis qadagebis droa da amitom gansxvavebuli ideebi arsebobda. yvela mimdina-reoba, Tu organo sakuTari ideologiis moxve-vas cdilobda xalxze. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc skola iyo. ramdenadac erovnul moRvaweebs skolis saSualebiT nacionaluri, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo ideebis qadageba surdaT, imdenad ruseTis xelisufleba sakuTari mizne-bis ganxorcielebisTvis iyenebda. maSin, rode-sac damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis brZolaSi yvela socialuri fenis CarTva gaxda saWiro dRis wesrigSi dadga sazogadoebis erTian idea-ze SekavSireba. es funqcia skolas unda Seesru-lebina. `erTaderTi saSualeba saxelmwifos gan-mtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis swavla-ganaTle-baa. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ver uSvelis saq-

saqarTvelo, 1988, gv. 18 67 i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, t. 2, Tbilisi:saxelgami, 1940

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mes, Tu xalxi, massa moklebulia TviTSegnebas, gaTviTcnobierebas.~68

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli ena, qristiano-basTan erTad qarTveli eris istoriaSi gansa-kuTrebul rols TamaSobda. 1900-1921 wlebSi qarTuli enis SenarCunebisTvis brZola saqar-TveloSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebidan ga-momdinareobda.

rac Seexeba skolebs, es sruliad axali movlenaa XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX sau-kunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb-rivi damoukidebloba da qarTveli eris mTavari loialobis obieqti mefe aRar arsebobda, aseve saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avto-kefalia, sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebs seriozuli dabrkolebebi SeeqmnaT saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli uflebebis realiza-ciisTvis. xalxTan mTavari damakavSirebeli da erovnuli ideebis matarebeli yovelTvis iyo samRvdeloeba. am uflebis CamorTmevis Semdeg, bunebrivia nawilobriv, radgan ruseTma mainc ver SeZlo saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebu-li kavSiris sruli aRmofxvra xalxsa da ekle-sias Soris, saWiro gaxda axali organos Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobda xalxTan kavSirs da rac mTavaria, erovnuli ideebis qadagebas. sko-la garda imisa, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-leba iyo, mas axali epoqa axal moTxovnilebebs uyenebda. 1. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, gle-xebma moipoves piradi Tavisufleba da saWiro

68 gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1920, #41, gv. 3

61

iyo maTi sazogadoebasTan dakavSireba. 2. ganaT-lebis qarTul enaze warmarTva ganaTleba. 3. skolebis saSualebiT unda momxdariyo ekonomi-kuri, sameurneo ganaTlebis amaRleba.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. qarTulma sazoga-doebam ver gadalaxa XIX saukunis II naxevridan qveyanaSi Seqmnili cvlilebebis Sedegad war-moqmnili problemebi. erTi mxriv, glexebis da qarTuli inteligenciis mTavar survils da moTxovnas warmoadgenda batonymobis gauqmeba. glexisTvis piradi, iuridiuli, ekonomikuri Ta-visuflebis miniWeba umTavresi moTxovna iyo. magram, meore mxriv, qarTuli sazogadoebis mo-lodini ar gamarTlda. glexebis ganTavisufle-bis sakiTxi arc ise advili gadasalaxi aRmoC-nda, rogorc erTi SexedviT Canda. batonymobis gauqmebas axali problemebi mohyva. saWiro gax-da glexis, rogorc Tavisufali socialuri fe-nis sazogadoebasTan dakavSireba. amas Tan er-Tvoda is faqti, rom saukuneebis manZilze gle-xis feodalur sistemaze morgebuli cnobiereba ase advilad ver Seegua kapitalizmisTvis dama-xasiaTebel moTxovnebs. nebismieri saxis gardaq-mna saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis umtkivneulod ar xdeba da miTume-tes gaunaTlebel, axali epoqis mimarT gauTviT-cnobierebel nawilSi. Zveli politikuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuri wyobilebis SecvliT ver Seicvala xalxis cnobiereba. cvlileba ganica-da saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebulma sa-xelmwifoebrivma wyobam da bunebrivia sazoga-doebisTvis bevri ram gaurkvevli da miuRebeli

62

aRmoCnda. `Cvens ekonomiur sisustes mravalgva-ri mizezi da safuZveli aqvs, magram Tu maT sa-TiTaod davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom TiTqmis yvela am kerZo mizezebs erTi mTavari, farTo Sinaarsisa da ufro zogadi mniSvnelobis gare-moeba Seicavs. es garemoeba aris Semdegi: `qar-Tveloba, Tavis praqtikul saqmianobiTa da Sina-gani psixikiT, dResac ver Seswyobia da ver Seh-guebia Tanamedrove moqalaqobriv anu kapita-listur cxovrebis azrsa da moTxovnilebas. we-si Cveni saqmianobisa da xasiaTi psixikisa imgva-ria, rom srulebiT ar Seesabameba kapitalis-tur drois arc saqmianobasa da arc psixikas.~69 swored amitom iyo, rom samocianelebma skolas da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs istoriu-li misia daakisres. am gzis gamgrZeleblebi XX saukunis dasawyisSic cdilobdnen sazogadoebis cnobierebis formirebas da sameurneo-ekonomi-kuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas. `istoriam Cvens dros da Cvens qveyanas mravali axali praqtikuli saqme dausaxa Tvalwin. gavrceleba saskolo da skolis gareSe ganaTlebisa mdabio xalxSi, racionaluri aRzrda axali Taobisa, ganviTareba momxmareblebis da mwarmoeblebis kooperaciebisa, amaRleba sasoflo sameurneo texnikisa, SerCena saqarTvelos mkvidrTa xelSi amoZravebul miwisa da mravali sxva msxvili da wvrili saqme yvela erTad Txoulobda gaZ-Rolas, asrulebas.~70

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-ta naTlad acnobierebda yvela im problemas, 69 Jurn. saqarTvelos moambe, 1909, #4, gv. 2 70 gaz. isari, 1908, #39, gv. 1

63

rac ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sem-deg warmoiSva. magram, amavdroulad Zal-Rones ar iSurebda qarTuli sazogadoebis gadayvanis-Tvis drois axal moTxovnebze. XX saukunis da-sawyisidan, rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli sazoga-doebis garkveuli nawili axerxebs ganaTlebis miRebas ruseTsa da evropis sxvadasxva qalaqeb-Si. sadac isini yuradRebiT adevneben Tvalyurs evropis masStabiT mimdinare gardaqmnebs saxel-mwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela nawilSi da sam-SobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mTeli ZalisxmeviT eswrafvian am axali ideebis danergvas. maT So-ris ekonomikis sferoSi, radgan damoukideblo-bis aRdgenisTvis brZola azrs kargavs, Tu qveya-nas ar gaaCnia saTanado ekonomikuri saxsari da amasTan ar icis misi gamoyeneba. ase rom, erovnu-li ekonomikis aRorZineba sxva mraval faqtor-Tan erTad epoqis mTavari moTxovnileba gaxda. swored amitom iyo, rom XX saukunis pir-vel ocwleulSi ase aqtualuria samrewvelo sagnebis skolaSi swavleba. Jurnali `mogzauri~ da misi redaqtori ivane rostomaSvili erT-er-Ti pirvelia vinc aRniSnul sakiTxebs erTian konteqstSi moiazrebs. misi SexedulebiT, `sko-la unda iZleodes ara marto wignur ganaTle-bas, aramed praqtikul momzadebasac. skolaSi swavla-aRzrdis saqme ise unda moewyos, rom man uzrunvelyos momavali Taobis daaxloeba bune-ba-cxovrebasTan, maTi SeiaraReba iseTi codniT, romelic cxovrebaSia saWiro, gauadvilebs maT Sromas, miscems saSualebas racionalurad mo-

64

awyos meurneoba da amiT uzrunvelyos mTeli qveynis ekonomikuri ayvaveba da aRorZineba.~71

1909-1912 wlebSi gamodioda Jurnali `mosa-vali~, romlis redaqtori iyo v.i. rcxilaZe. aq ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda yvela im sakiTxze, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sameurneo codnis da teqnikis gavrcelebasTan. 1909 wels `mosa-valSi~ e. ioseliani werda: `raT aris xalxi teqnikas CamorCenili, meurneoba raTa rCeba ukan, amaze Cven exla dawvrilebiT ar vilapara-kebT, mxolod imas ki aRvniSnavT, rom roca xalxi moklebulia ubralo wera-kiTxvas, iq me-urneobis ganviTarebis dapirdapireba texnikis ganviTarebasTan SeuZlebelia.~72 qveynis ekonomi-kuri aRorZineba uSualo kavSirSia sameurneo teqnologiebis aTvisebasTan. saerTo masobriv saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi sameurneo sagnebis Setana am procesis warmatebas ganapirobebda. `CvenTvis aucileblad saWiroa SevignoT da Zvalsa da rbilSi gavimdinaroT igi azri, igi rwmena, rom sasoflo meurneoba da mis mrewve-loba erTaderTi bunebiTi da amitom utyuari faqtoria adamianuris cxovreba-simdidrisa. droa SevignoT, rom Cveni yoveli ubedureba iqi-dam warmosdgeba, rom Cveni xalxi or did jgu-fad aris gayofili: erTis mxriv, dgas muSaobis mcodne, magram ganuviTarebeli, uswavleli gle-xi da, meores mxriT, _ muSaobis ar mcodne nas-wavli, romelic sruliad moklebulia damouki-debel, TviTmomqmed moRvaweobas miwazed da ami-tom gamosadegia mxolod moxeleobaSi, sxvis 71gaz. samSoblo, 1916, #256, gv. 685 72 Jurn. mosavali, 1909, #1, gv. 5

65

samsaxurSi da iq jamagiris aRebaSi.~73 ucodina-ri meurne yovelTvis problemebis winaSe iqneba da ver gadalaxavs im dabrkolebebs rac awu-xebs. `sanam meurne swavliT ar SeiTvisebs nam-dvil sameurneo codnas, ar SeeCveva varjiSobiT mamulis, mcenaris da pirutyvis wesierad movla-moSenebas, manamdis igi welSi ver gamagrdeba da yovelTvis xelmokle iqneba.~74

amisaTvis ki zogad ganaTlebasTan erTad skolaSi sameurneo-teqnikuri sagnebis swavle-bac aucileblad miiCneva: `xalxis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTareba marto wera-kiTxvis codniT da sazogado ganaTlebis doniT ar ga-nisazRvreba. Tanamedrove texnikis ganviTarebam axali pirobebi Seqmna cxovrebis gasaumjobeseb-lad da axali saSualebani saarsebo brZoli-saTvis. xalxisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna wera-kiTxvi-sa da sazogado ganaTlebis imisTana swavla-ga-naTleba, romelic mas arsebobisaTvis brZolas gauadvilebs.~75

sazogadoebis gaunaTlebloba warmoSobs Caketilobas da siaxlisadmi Seugueblobas. sa-zogadoebrivi ganviTarebis etapze, sxvadasxva istoriul epoqebs ki Tavisi moTxovnilebebi aqvs, romlebzec uaris Tqma _ qveynis winsvlis Semaferxebelia. sworad warmarTuli saganmanaT-leblo sistema ki, Jurnalis publicistebis az-riT, ara marto kulturul, aramed ekonomikur aRorZinebasac gamoiwvevs: `wera-kiTxvis mcodne ufro gamosadegia muSaobaSi mometebuls mim-

73 Jurn. mogzauri, 1903, #1-2, gv. 7-8 74 gaz. isari, 1908, #39, gv. 1 75 gaz. Temi, 1913, #118, gv. 1

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xvdarobiT da gamWriaxobiT, igi ufro sazria-nad, faqizad da rigianad muSaobs, mets awarmo-ebs, ufro iTvisebs axalSemoRebas SromaSi da ufro keTilsindisierad epyroba namuSevars, mas SeuZlia gaigos moxatuloba, gegma, sixalisiT ekideba axal rames, miwis samuSevar iaraRebs. im dros, roca wera-kiTxvis ucodinars yovelive miqarvaT miaCnia, garda mama-papur saxnisisa da farcxisa.~76 Jurnali qveynis ekonomikur waruma-teblobas ara marto rusuli xelisuflebis gavleniT xsnis, aramed sazogadoebaSi arsebuli nihilisturi damokidebulebiT: `Cven vCiviT Cve-ni ojaxis dacemas, gaTaxsirebas... an ki sxva ras unda gamoelodos Cvens mdgomareobaSi myofi eri, Cvenis ucxo idealebis patroni! yvelafers ipovniT CvenSi, yovel azrs, yvelafrisaTvis gacxadebul baass, brZolas, mecadineobas, ver ipoviT diasaxlisebs, rom nakvexurad miaCndeT Tavisi ojaxis da mamulis meurneobis samagali-Tod mowyoba, ver ipovniT maTSi ubralo mot-rfialeTac ki.~77 rogorc Cans, XX saukunis da-sawyisSi ekonomikuri sakiTxi metad aqtualuria da kulturuli da politikuri elita naciona-luri konsolidaciis pirobad erovnul simbo-loebTan erTad ekonomikis ganviTarebas miiC-nevs. amitom arsebuli viTarebis kritikiT isini mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas cdilobdnen: `mTe-li aTasi wlebia am miwazed vzivarT, vxnavT, vTesavT, vmkiT, vrgavT, vkrebT, magram mainc ver vityviT rom Cven miwad-moqmedi xalxi varT, uf-ro marTali iqneba vTqvaT, rom Cven mxolod da 76 Jurn. Mmogzauri, 1903, #11-12, gv. 543 77 Jurn. Mmogzauri, 1903, #1-2, gv. 5

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mxolod miwis mflobelni varT. aixsneba es imiT, rom miwas Cven mxolod rogorc Cvens sam-flobelos vucqeriT, mas Cven ufro rogorc Cvens sakuTrebas vafasebT, rogorc Cvenis Tavs Sesaferebels budes, masSi muSaoba-garjas Cven vuyurebT rogorc sxvaTa Soris saqmes da ara rogorc Cvenis cxovrebis umTavres wyaros.~78

sazogadoebis arcerTi jgufi sasoflo-sa-meurneo muSaobaSi ar Rebulobda monawileobas, rac `mogzauris~ azriT, qveynis dacemas uwyob-da xels: `mTeli Cveni Tavad-aznauroba, dididam pataramdis, friad mcire ricxvis garda, sru-lad ar misdevs sasoflo meurneobas, aqtivurs monawileobas ar iRebs mamulis ukeT da Tana-medrovulad mowyobaSi, ar muSaobs, sakuTar ofls ar Rvris masSi!.. Cveni Tavadaznaurobis da mravali glexis Svilebic ki TveSi aTs da TxuTmets maneTs jamagirs rCeoben sadme saxel-mwifo Tu kerZo samsaxurSi, vidre laRad da Tavisuflad mamulSi yofnas, misTvis Tav-dade-bas.~79 Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavlis Zie-bas gazeTi mizanmimarTul moqmedebaSi xedavda da saprogramo gegmas sTavazobda sazogadoebas. `1. saWiroa davukvirdeT Cvens bunebas, am bune-bis gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, Cvens mcenareulo-bas, mis gamoyenebas, Cvenis qveynis Tvisebas da bevrs amgvars. 2. saWiroa movikriboT Zala da SeerTebulis ZaliT vakeToT is, rac gancalke-vebulad ar SegviZlia. 3. saWiroa movawesrigoT vaWroba da mrewveloba da gamovikvlioT ra

78 iqve, gv. 4 79 Jurn. mogzauri, 1903, #1-2, gv. 4

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kvalze unda davayenoT igi da ra Zala unda va-muSaoT, rom Cveni eri ekonomiurad gamagrdes.~80

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli inte-ligenciis brZolam Sedegi gamoiRo da XX sau-kunis dasawyisSi, 1905 wlis guriis glexTa ga-mosvlis dros, glexebTan mosalaparakeblad gagzavnil krim-gireis mosaxleobam mimarTa: `Cven swavla gvinda. sxva qveynebSi wera-kiTxvis aramcodnes ver naxavT, CvenSi ki wera-kiTxvis mcodne sanTliT saZebaria, maSin, rodesac swav-lis gadasaxadiT suls gvxdian. swavla gvinda ufaso, sayovelTao-savaldebulo 16 wlamde, qa-lebisa da vaJebis erTad.~81 erovnuli ekonomi-kis aRorZinebisTvis brZola jer kidev XIX sau-kunis II naxevridan daiwyo, romelsac ilia Wav-WavaZis meTaurobiT Tergdaleulebi xelmZRvane-lobdnen. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis axali formiT aRmavloba, ganaTlebis da erov-nuli faseulobebis wina planze wamowevasTan erTad ekonomikis sakiTxi aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda. XX saukunis dasawyisidan am mi-marTulebiT sakmaod aqtiurobda beWduri media, sadac aqcenti keTdeboda mudmivad ekonomikuri ganaTlebis problemebze. TiTqmis yvela beWdur organoSi iyo mowodebebi, praqtikuli rCevebi imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu rogor unda aRorZine-buliyo da ganviTarebuliyo ekonomika. zemoT ganxiluli masalebi swored amas mowmobs.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan arsebiTi cvli-lebis Sedegad, kerZod, batonymobis gauqmebis

80 gaz. Temi, 1912, #93, gv. 4 81 f. gogiCaiSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, t. 1. Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1974, gv. 30

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Semdeg ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, qarTuli er-Toba axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. kapi-talisturi urTierTobis farTod gavrcelebam samrewvelo-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTveli in-teligenciisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom glexTa saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesSi aucilebe-li iyo sameurneo-teqnikuri rolis wina planze wamoweva da saswavlo programaSi Setana.

swored es problemebi iqca XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis erT-erT mTavar gamowvevad. rogorc Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSne, mTavari da aucilebeli moTxovnileba swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba iyo, romlis saSualebiT unda gadaw-yvetiliyo yvela is sakiTxi, rac epoqis moTxov-nilebas warmoadgenda. ganaTlebis gavrcelebas sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi xeli unda Seewyo sameurneo codnis amaRlebisTvis da saboloo Sedegi ekonomikuri warmateba yofiliyo. saer-Tod, ki swavla-ganaTlebas mniSvnelovani adgi-li ekava modernul epoqaSi. skolebs, saswavlo dawesebulebebs mTavari misia ekisrebodaT ara mxolod erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebis, aseve politikuri cnobierebis amaRlebis da eko-nomikuri winsvlis gadawyvetis sakiTxSi. 3. sarwmunoeba. swored zemoTqmulidan ga-momdinareobda is faqti, rom sarwmunoeba daye-nebuli iyo meoTxe adgilze. mas Semdeg rac ga-uqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da ru-suli mmarTveloba damyarda, axali etapi daiw-yo ara marto politikuri, aramed religiuri TvalsazrisiTac. qarTuli sazogadoebis molo-dini, rom erTmorwmune ruseTi gansxvavebul

70

gzas airCevda da saqarTvelos mimarT dampyrob-lur politikas ar ganaxorcielebda ar gamar-Tlda. aseTive viTareba aRmoCnda qristianobas-Tan mimarTebaSic. ruseTma 1811 wels gaauqma sa-qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtoke-falia da seriozuli reformebi ganaxorciela, rac mis rusifikacias isaxavda miznad. eklesia-Si rusi sasuliero pirebis moyvanis da rusul enaze wirva-locvis SemoRebis Semdeg xalxSi Seirya rwmena. qarTveli samRvdeloeba am prob-lemis aRmofxvras qarTvel sazogado moRvawe-ebTan erTad presis saSualebiT Seecada, rom-lis saSualebiTac xSirad mouwodebdnen qris-tianobis SesanarCuneblad.

samRvdeloeba aqtiur nabijebs dgamda ro-gorc eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad, ise saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis rolis warmoCenisTvis. amisTvis maT hqondaT sxvadasxva beWduri organo. qarTveli sasuliero fenis in-teresebs gamoxatavda gazeTi `Sinauri saqmeebi~. 1909 wlis #4-Si vkiTxulobT: `saWiroa gavac-noT xalxs Cveni mSobliuri eklesiis xasiaTi, misi Rvawli ara marto qristes cxovelmyofeli moZRvrebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebaSi, aramed qarTveli xalxis erovnulad gaZlierebis saqme-Sic. man Seinaxa Cveni eri, sarwmunoeba amxneveb-da mas mraval saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi auare-bel mtrebTan brZolis dros, aZlevda Zalas ga-mosuliyo am uTanasworo brZolidan gamarjve-bulad, Seenaxa mas Tavisi erovneba. TvalsaCino iyo Zveli saqarTvelos kultura, romlis Seq-mnaSi umTavresi wili udevs Cvens mSobliur ek-lesias. Zveli kulturis daviwyeba ki xalxis-

71

Tvis ar aris saxeiro. is xalxi, romelsac Ta-vis warsuls istoriul cxovrebasTan kavSiri gauwyvetia, momavalSi warmatebas ar unda moe-lodes.~82 qristianobasTan dakavSirebuli TiTo-euli statia mimarTuli iyo qarTvelebSi rwme-nis amaRlebasa da eklesiis rolis dasabuTeba-ze. `eklesia warsulSi didi erovnuli movlena iyo, eklesiis garSemo iyrida Tavs saxelmwifo-ebrivi energia, iq iyo elementi _ eris SemaerTe-beli da erovnuli simdidre, erovnuli kultura umTavresad eklesia-monastrebSi grovdeboda. ber-monazonTa kolegia iyo mTavari matarebeli sulieri kulturis da es qmnida samRvdeloebis batonobas. dRes sulieri kulturis meTauroba maTi imdenad dakargulia, rom warsulSic maTi aseTi roli bevrs ara sjera. magram qonebrivi kultura ki didia mogrovili eklesia-monas-trebSi. es qoneba ekuTvnis ers, mTel xalxs da ara eklesiis msaxurT ber-monazonT. igini dRem-de mxolod mcvelia am qonebis.~83

grigol lorTqifaniZe Tavis memuarebSi yu-radRebas amaxvilebda qristianobis rolze sa-qarTvelos istoriaSi. igi warsulSi eklesiis da qristianobis mniSvnelobas epoqidan gamomdi-nare miiCnevda. `qarTuli eklesiis erovnul-moge-riebiTi moRvaweoba wina saukuneebSi, erTis mxriT, ramdenimed gaadvilebuli iyo imiT, rom maSin saqristiano saqarTvelos saqme qonda is-lamTan, am ori sarwmunoebas Soris gauvali uf-skruli iyo, mdgomareoba da urTierToba metad naTeli, mkafio da gansazRvruli, amitom am xa- 82 gaz. Sinauri saqmeebi, 1912, #30-31, gv. 1 83 gaz. erToba, 1920, #158, gv. 1

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nebSi SeuZlebeli iyo mtrisaTvis qarTul ekle-siaSi megobrisa da Zmis qurqiT Sesvla da misi Signidan gadagvareba da moSla. xolo ruseTis mflobelobis dros am mxriT mdgomareobas ar-Tulebda is garemoeba, rom axali mpyrobeli TviT iyo qristiani da isic marTlmadidebeli. am garemoebam metad gauadvila ruseTs, saqarTve-los eklesiasTan brZola. anaforaSi gadacmuli rusuli nacionalisturi imperializmi erTmor-wmuneobis sababiTa da niRbiT advilad SeiWra qarTul eklesiaSi da mis garusebas Seudga.~84

dResdReobiT aravisTvis aRar aris sakama-To, rom qristianoba da qarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze erTian konteqstSi moiazreboda da qarTvelebisTvis qarTvelobis dacva qristiano-bis SenarCunebas udrida da piriqiT. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi es Tvalsazrisi didi xania damkvidrebulia, amitom problemis am mi-marTulebiT Seswavla siaxles ar warmoadgens. magram, calke sakiTxia ra kuTxiT ganicdida cvlilebas qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimarT qarTuli sazogadoebis, TiToeuli socialuri fenis Tu jgufis cnobiereba.

Sua saukunebSi, rodesac sxvadasxva sarwmu-noebis xalxi modioda saqarTvelos dasapyro-bad, mTavar dartymas swored qristianobisken mimarTavda. 1900-1917 wlebSi qarTvelebis mTava-ri moTxovna religiasTan mimarTebaSi saqarTve-los marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena iyo da ara mxolod brZola qristiano-bis dasacavad. e. i. rogorc vxedavT, am etapze 84g. lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem-loba, 1995, gv. 52

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erovnuli faseulobebisTvis brZola garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis da epoqis moTxovnile-bidan gamomdinare sxva erovnuli Rirebulebe-bis SenarCuneba xdeba mniSvnelovani. SemTxvevi-Ti ar iyo, rom gazeTma ìveriam~, romelic sa-qarTveloSi nacionalizmis mTavari ideologi iyo sarwmunoeba meoTxe adgilze, xolo teri-toriis Semdeg, meore da mesame faseulobad qarTuli ena da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebe-bi daayena. aRniSnul sakiTxebs kidev erTxel mivubrundebiT Sesabamis TavSi, sadac samRvde-loebazea saubari.

4. erovnuli Tavisuflebis fenomeni. cneba Tavisufleba ara erTgzis aris gamoyenebuli samecniero literaturaSi. magaliTad, èrov-nulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba,~ èrovnuli Tavisufleba~, `qarTveli xalxi yovelTvis ib-rZoda erovnuli TavisuflebisTvis~ da a. S. magram naklebad keTdeba aqcenti imaze, Tu ras niSnavda qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi erovnuli Tavisufleba da rogor aRiqmeboda es sakiTxi. radgan `damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi warma-tebis misaRwevad mxolod samSoblos siyvaruli da misTvis Tavdadeba ar kmara. cxadia, rom brZolisaTvis, upirvelesad saWiroa raciona-lur politikaze agebuli moqmedebaTa kompleq-si, sadac emociebis gamoxatvas mxolod damxma-re roli SeiZleba miekuTvnos.~85 akaki surgu-laZe aRniSnavda: èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

85a. surgulaZe, eris cnebisa da revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebeli moZraobis etapebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1970, gv. 72

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moZraoba, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, im eris moZraobaa, romelic erovnul Tavisuf-lebas moklebulia da misi mopovebisaTvis ib-rZvis. am moZraobas gaaCnia Tavisi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebi, rac mas sxva xasiaTis moZraoba-Tagan ganasxvavebs.~86

rogorc e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `garkveul teri-toriasTan an missave farglebSi romelime ad-gilTan mimarTebas SeiZleba hqondes miTiuri an subieqturi xasiaTi. swored es kavSirebi da asociaciebia ufro mniSvnelovani eTnikuri ide-ntifikaciisaTvis, vidre am teritoriaze cxov-reba an misi gankargva. es is adgilia, romelsac mivekuTvnebiT. swored es aris sakraluri miwa, Cven mama-papaTa, rjulmdebelTa, mefeTa, brZen-kacTa, poetTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa miwa da ami-tom aris is Cveni samSoblo. Cven iseve vekuT-vniT mas, rogorc is Cven gvekuTvnis. garda ami-sa, samSoblos sakraluri centri Tavs uyris eTnies wevrebs.~87 erTianobis gancdas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. nacionaluri konsolidaciis-Tvis erTianobis nacionalisturi ideali mrav-lismomcvelia. nacionalistur enaze `erToba~ niSnavs socialur erTsulovnebas, naciis yvela wevris `Zmobas~. erTobis nacionalisturma ideam Sors mimavali Sedegebi gamoiRo. man biZgi misca naciis ganuyofelobis ideas da kulturuli da politikuri homogenurobis interesebidan gamom-dinare gamarTleba mounaxa yvela Sualeduri rgolisa da lokaluri Taviseburebebis amoZir-

86 iqve, gv. 73 87e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba. inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2008, gv. 94

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kvas, xSirad Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki.~88 1900-1917 wlebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod aqtualuri iyo erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. marTalia, qar-Tveli kulturuli da politikuri elitis war-momadgenlebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena im etapze SeuZleb-lad esaxebodaT, magram gansxvavebuli brZolis meTodebidan, romelTac TiToeuli politikuri partia sTavazobda qarTvel sazogadoebas erov-nuli Tavisuflebis lozungs mniSvnelovani ad-gili ekava.

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-ta TavisuflebisTvis brZolisken yovelTvis mo-uwodebda pirdapir Tu iribad qarTvel sazoga-doebas. Tumca erovnuli Tavisuflebis idealis aRqmam axali datvirTva SeiZina ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi erovnuli ajanyebis kraxiT dasrule-bis Semdeg, XIX saukunis II naxevridan erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis. es dakavSirebulia saswav-lo-saganmanaTleblo procesis srulyofasTan da sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi gavrceleba-dam-kvidrebasTan. qarTuli kulturuli elita ori-entirebulia qarTuli erTobis nacionalur konsolidaciaze, rac saerTo, erovnuli prog-ramiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. amavdroulad kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawili Ta-visuflebis ideis farTo propagandas iwyebs. aRniSnul movlenas ukavSirdeba erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari lideris

88 iqve, gv. 94

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ilia WavWavaZis fraza `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gve-yudvnes~. sainteresoa, aseve aRiniSnos ganmaTavi-suflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi aqtiuri monawi-lis vaJa-fSavelas Tvalsazrisi Tavisuflebis idealze: `iq vin naxa Tavisufleba, saca me Cems deda-enaze laparaks miSlian: arc maswavlian, arc maubneben, arc mamRereben, arc magalobeben?! ra guli unda mqondes maSin? ras unda vgrZnob-deT?! _ sxvas arafers garda zizRisa, mZulvare-bisa. mowamlul-moSxamulia Cemi sicocxle, vgrZnob mxolod usiamovnebas, siZulvils da vwyevli im Zalebs, romelnic yvela zemore aR-niSnul saqmeSi xels miSlian, win meRobebian da vucdi marjve SemTxvevas Sevmusro isini. roca es dro dgeba da mec moqmedebas viwyeb am ZalTa Sesamusravad, dasaTrgunad, maSinve iwyeba Cemi Tavisufali cxovreba. aq aris dasawyisi Tavi-suflebisa da ukeTu viTmen xmas ar viReb, ara-fers vambob, maSin var mona, ara mZuls Cemi mCagvreli Zala, iqneba mZuls kidec, magram am mZulvarebas gulSi vmalav, maSin var laCari, sazizRari, vidre monaa. ara, mZulvareba roca ukiduresobamde midis, maSin laCruli grZnoba ispoba, maSin ambobs adamiani: an movkvdebi, an vZlev Cems mtanjvelT!...~89

erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi mxolod SeiaraRebu-li brZoliT ar gamoixateboda, es faqti vlin-deba kulturuli da politikuri elitis sagan-manaTleblo moRvaweobaSi. ganxiluli sakiTxebi swored aRniSnulis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.

89 vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani. IX, Tbilisi, 1964, gv 410-411

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ganaTlebuli da sakuTari nacionaluri simbo-loebis mniSvnelobas mixvedrili qarTveli uf-ro meti SemarTebiT daicavda samSoblos. erov-nuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda ase-ve avtonomias. `saqarTvelos avtonomia niSnavs saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas Tavisi Sinaur saqme-ebis mowyobaSi. qarTveli xalxi cxovrobs gan-sazRvrul miwa-wyalze, anu teritoriaze. mTels im miwa-wyals, im teritorias, romelzedac qar-Tveli xalxi cxovrobs, saqarTvelo qvia. qar-Tli, kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, afxazeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, fSa-veTi, aWara-qobuleTi, yvela es adgilebi erTad Seadgenen erTs qveyanas, - saqarTvelos, rome-lic dasaxlebulia an qristiani an mahmadiani qarTvelebiT. es aris Cveni samSoblo-saqarTve-lo, romelsac unda mieniWos ufleba, Tavis Si-naur saqmeebs TviTon gauZRves.~90 SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom gaTviTcnobierebas da codnas did datvirTvas aniWebs Jurnal `ekalis~ publicis-ti: `gadis ager sami weliwadi ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraobis aqtiurad dawyebidan da brZo-las, gamarjvebas bolo ar uCans. da es mitom rom xalxi jer kidev uvicia da uvicoba ki Ta-visuflebis mosisxle mteria. uvici da ganuvi-Tarebeli xalxi ver aris kargi mebrZoli: mis brZolas ar moaqvs Sesaferi nayofi. Tavisufle-ba marto fizikuri brZoliT, marto iaraRiT jer aravis moupovebia arsad; mis mopovebas upirvelesad yovlisa ganviTareba, codna, momza-deba da Segneba unda... vinc xalxis, masis ganvi-

90 saqarTvelos avtonomia, baTumi, 1917, gv. 5

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Tarebis da gaTviTcnobierebis saqmes emsaxure-ba, iman mas unda miawodos, sityviT Tu weriT, sistematiurad dawyobili, xalxuri eniT mkafi-od da mokled gamoTqmuli codna ama Tu im mec-nierebidan.~91

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTve-loSi erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxis gansaz-Rvra arc ise martivia, gamomdinare iqidan, rom TavisuflebisTvis yvela socialuri fena Tu jgufi gansxvavebuli gziT ibrZoda. erovnul TavisuflebaSi isini sxvadasxva rames gulis-xmobdnen. `dRes qarTvelebSi ornairi moTxovni-lebaa wamoyenebuli: erTi Txoulobs iseT ur-TierTobis damyarebas saxelmwifos da ers So-ris, romelic uzrunvelyofs nacionaluri kul-turis ganviTarebas, meore Txoulobs iseT ur-TierTobas, romelic Seqmnis saqarTvelos avto-nomiur saxelmwifos, avtonomiur marTva-gamgeo-bas. pirvelis pirdapiri mizania nacionaluri kultura, meoris pirdapiri mizania nacionalu-ri mTavroba. es ori mimdinareoba erTmaneTs eb-rZvis samkvdro-sasicocxlod da ipyrobs saer-To yuradRebas. pirveli gagrZelebaa mesamoce wlebis pirveli meoTxedisaken, roca avtonomiu-ri mTavroba brZolis lozungiT gamocxadda.~92 amis paralelurad arsebobda politikuri Tavi-suflebis sakiTxi. `sxvadasxva klasebs politi-kuri Tavisufleba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis sWiri-aT. gabatonebul klasebs Tavisufleba imitom undaT, rom gaaumjobeson da samudamo batonoba moupovon kapitalistur weswyobilebas. Segnebu- 91 Jurn. ekali, 1907, #2, gv. 14 92 gaz. ganTiadi, 1913, #19, gv. 2

79

li muSebi ki imitom ibrZvian politikuri Tavi-suflebis mosapoveblad, rom imis saSualebiT male daamxon es weswyobileba da ganaxorcie-lon socializmi.~93 social-demokratebis mi-er es sakiTxi ase moiazreboda: `politi-kuri Tavisufleba muSebs unda ara Tavis Tavad, ara-med rogorc saSualeba ufro farTe miznisaT-vis. daqiravebuli Sromis mosaspobad da muSaTa xelSi yvela sazogadoebrivi simdidrisa da sa-warmovo saSualebaTa SesarCenad. Tavisufleba Cven gvinda socializmisaTvis sabrZolvelad, radgan mxolod socializmi ganaTavisuflebs milion muSebs lukma-puris mosapoveblad kapi-talistebisagan. xolo socializmisaTvis sab-rZolvelad CvenTvis saWiroa yovlad sruli po-litikuri Tavisufleba, e.i. Tanasworoba ara marto sasamrTlos winaSe, romelsac mogvcemen Cven liberalebi, aramed sruli Tanasworoba yvelasi saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva-gamgeobaSi. amas ki Cven nebiT aravin mogvcems, es brZoliT unda movipovoT.~94 faqtobrivad, aq ikveTeba Ta-visuflebisaTvis brZolis ori gansxvavebuli gza, romelsac politikuri elita sTavazobs qarTul sazogadoebas. social-demokratebis-Tvis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi moiazreboda ekonomikuri da socialuri Tavisufleba, erov-nuli mimarTulebis partiebisaTvis (erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi) ki _ erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. `ra Tavisufle-bisTvis kvdebodnen? sruli TavisuflebisTvis! iseTi TavisuflebisTvis, romlis Semdeg ar iq- 93 iqve, gv. 3 94 gaz. brZola, 1901, #1, gv. 3

80

neboda mtarvaloba erTi meoris carcva-gleja warmoebis mizeziT, ar iqnebodnen batonebi, mo-nebi, aramed Tanasworuflebiani-Tanasworad Ta-visufali adamianebi, ar iqnebodnen jaSuSebi, Jandarmebi, ar iqneboda Zmebis da megobrebis mkvleli mxedroba, ar iqneboda sapyrobileebi, jalaTebi, mdidrebi, Raribebi.~95 gazeTi `megoba-ri~ 1906 wels wers, rom aucileblobas warmo-adgens ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mopoveba po-litikurTan erTad. `dRevandeli kapitalisturi wes-wyobilebis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, sxvaTa Soris is aris, rom man wamoayena axali klasebi _ burJuazia ekonomiurad gabatonda, igi batoni Seiqneba politikuradac. amrigad, ekonomiur mo-nobidan, iuridiulad Tavisufali proletari, politikur monobaSiac gadadis. TavisTavad cxa-dia, rom am monobidan proletari manamde ver ganTavisufldeba, sanam burJuaziisagan qonebri-vad damoukidebeli ar gaxdeba, e.i. sanam ar mo-axdens socialur revolucias, romelic erT-er-Ti Tavdebia sruli Tavisuflebisa da Tanaswo-robisa.~96

Tavisuflebis ideis propagandis sferoSic ikveTeba nacionalistebis da socializmis mom-xreebis brZola. qarTveli nacionalistebi, rom-lebic mTlianad mimarTuli iyvnen erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisaken da qarTuli, nacio-naluri faseulobebis dacvisaken, Tavisuflebis brZolis lozungad pirvel rigSi erovnuli Ta-visuflebis mopovebas ayenebdnen. maTi mTavari mizani qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli 95gaz. muSa, 1906, #13, gv. 1 96 gaz. megobari, 1906, #3, gv. 2

81

warsulis SenarCuneba iyo, rac skolis da pre-sis saSualebiT unda momxdariyo. amasTan beW-dur medias da saswavlo dawesebulebebs xeli unda Seewyo erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis amaRlebisaTvis, romlis saboloo ga-moxatuleba iyo Tavisufleba _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. `dRes qarTvelebSi ornairi moT-xovnilebaa wamoyenebuli: erTi Txoulobs iseT urTierTobis damyarebas saxelmwifos da ers Soris, romelic uzrunvelyofs nacionaluri kulturis ganviTarebas, meore Txoulobs iseT urTierTobas, romelic Seqmnis saqarTvelos av-tonomiur saxelmwifos, avtonomiur marTva-gam-geobas. pirvelis pirdapiri mizania nacionalu-ri kultura, meoris pirdapiri mizania naciona-luri mTavroba. es ori mimdinareoba erTmaneTs ebrZvis samkvdro-sasicocxlod da ipyrobs sa-erTo yuradRebas. pirveli gagrZelebaa mesamoce wlebis mimarTulebis, meore dabrunebaa mecxra-mete saukunis pirveli meoTxedisaken, roca av-tonomiuri mTavroba brZolis lozungiT gamoc-xadda.~97

qarTuli sazogadoebis meore nawili maqsi-malurad cdilobda xalxis farTo fenebis po-litikuri cnobierebis amaRlebas. maT CarTu-lobas politikur movlenebSi, rasac Sedegad socializmis ganxorcieleba unda moyoloda. sadac yvela Tanaswori iqneboda da ar iarse-bebda socialur fenaTa Soris gansxvaveba. ga-zeT `proletariatis brZolaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `Tavisufleba Cven gvinda socializmisaTvis

97 gaz. ganTiadi, 1913, #13, gv. 2

82

sabrZolvelad, radgan mxolod socializmi ga-naTavisuflebs milion muSebs lukma-puris mosa-poveblad kapitalistebisagan. xolo socializ-misaTvis sabrZolvelad CvenTvis saWiroa yov-lad sruli politikuri Tavisufleba, e.i. Ta-nasworoba ara marto sasamarTlos winaSe, ro-melsac mogvcemen Cven liberalebi, aramed sru-li Tanasworoba yvelasi saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva-gamgeobaSi. amas ki Cven nebiT aravin mog-vcems, es brZoliT unda movipovoT. CvenTvis sa-Wiroa, rom kanonebis gamocema da saxelmwifo saqmeebis damqaSebisagan gadavides ara marto erT misgan amorCeul memamuleTa da sazogadod `xazeinebis~ xelSi, aramed wodebisa da mdgoma-reobis ganurCevlad. yoveli moqalaqe Tanaswo-rad unda Rebulobdes monawileobas mTavrobisa da kanonmdeblobis arCevaSi _ da ai, swored amas qvia demokratiuli wes-wyobileba.~98

yvela socialur fenas Tavisuflebis mopo-veba sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis sWirdeba. `sxvadasxva klasebs politikuri Tavi-sufleba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis sWiriaT. gaba-tonebul klasebs Tavisufleba imitom undaT, rom gaaumjobeson da samudamo batonoba moupo-von kapitalistur wes-wyobilebas. Segnebuli muSebi ki imitom ibrZvian politikuri Tavisuf-lebis mosapoveblad, rom imis saSualebiT male daamxon es wes-wyobileba da ganaxorcielon so-cializmi.~99

swored amitom iyo, rom qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elita sxvadasxva saSuale- 98 gaz. proletariatis brZola, 1904, #7, gv. 3 99 Cveni moTxovnilebebi, Tbilisi, gv. 6

83

biT cdilobda eris cnobierebis amaRlebas da erovnuli Tavisuflebis brZolis saWiroebis damtkicebas. magram sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad erovnuli Zalebis aqtiurobisa so-cial-demokratiuli partia sul ufro da ufro popularuli xdeboda xalxSi da mravalricxo-van momxreebs iZenda. es garemoeba SemTxveviTi ar iyo, social-demokratebi yovelmxriv aqtiu-robdnen sakuTari gegmebis realizaciisTvis. amasTan isini aqcents akeTebdnen socialuri uTanasworobis mospobaze, rac xalxis farTo fenebis simpatias imsaxurebda. rogorc cnobi-lia, qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia so-cializmis ganxorcielebisTvis ibrZoda. maTi erT-erTi mTavari ideologi noe Jordania aR-niSnavda: `namdvili Tavisufleba rogorc pi-rovnebis, ise eris, SesaZlebelia momaval sazo-gadoebaSi, sadac klasTa brZola aRar iqneba da mis alags daiWers brZola bunebasTan adami-anis keTildReobis ukeT mosawyobad. dRes ki Cven vibrZviT iseTi nacionaluri Tu politiku-ri urTierTobisaTvis, sadac Sesustdeba Cagvra, rogorc eris, ise pirovnebis.~100

1917 wlidan qarTuli erTobis konsolida-ciis axali periodi iwyeba. qarTul cnobiereba-Si Tavisuflebis idealma aqtualoba SeiZina pirveli msoflio omisa (1914-1918) da 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg.

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi da aseve misi dasrulebis Semdeg qarTul beWdur media-Si meti intensivobiT Cndeba mowodebebi erovnu-

100n. Jordania, erovnuli kiTxva, Tbilisi, 1922, gv. 17

84

li erTianobis aucileblobaze: “Cveni Zala kulturul SemoqmedebaSia da imis Segnebis mo-axloebaSi, rac pirdapir gvianderZa dRevandel-ma omma. erovnuli TviTSegneba da erovnuli er-Tianoba unda gaxdes Cveni moqmedebis qvakuTxe-dad, romelzedac unda aSendes mTavari kedlebi mTliani erovnuli cxovrebisa. amas gveubneba Cveni dRevandeli omi. amas aswavlis gansakuTre-biT wvrili erebis dRevandeli saSineli sis-xlisRvra ganaTlebul da kulturul kacobri-obisa.~101

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg qarTveli in-teligencia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb meti aqtiuro-biT fiqrobda da werda presaSi. iqneboda is av-tonomiuri ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Tu ara, ro-gori unda yofiliyo es avtonomiuri uflebebi da ra samarTlebrivi safuZveli eqneboda mas. inteligenciis nawils miaCnda, rom avtonomiis ZiriTadi safuZveli 1783 wlis traqtati unda yofiliyo.102 `ra didi codva iqneba, rom ganax-lebulma ruseTma aRadginos Zveli mTavrobis mier darRveuli xelSekruleba da daubrunos saqarTvelos 1783 wlis traqtatiT gansazRvru-li avtonomiuri TviTmmarTveloba, romelic sruliadac ar aRemateba Tavisi gareSe Semcve-lobiT finlandiis, avstraliis, axali zelan-diis da sxva avtonomiebis uflebaT.~103

101 gaz. Temi, 1915, #203, gv. 2 102 d. WumburiZe, istoriuli portretebi. dasawyisi XX saukunisa, Tbilisi: universali, 2008, gv. 239 103gaz. saqarTvelo, 1917, #37, gv. 2

85

gansxvavebiT 1900-1917 wlebisgan, drois am monakveTSi qarTuli erToba nacionaluri kon-solidaciis ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis da mTavari orientiri koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi Tavi-suflebis ideali xdeba. saqme isaa, rom erovnu-li identobisTvis damaxasiaTebel mTavar ori-entirebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, religia, isto-riuli mexsiereba, Tavisuflebis ideals mTava-ri adgili ukavia: `Tavisuflebis idealma dasa-bami misca nacionalur TviTgamorkvevas da er-Tobliv brZolas nacionaluri nebis realiza-ciisaTvis. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeZlebda sazogadoeba sakuTari `Sinagani ritmis~ ayo-las, Tavisi `Sinagani xmis~ gagonebas da wminda da pirvandeli mdgomareobis dabrunebas. avTen-turi sazogadoeba da avTenturi gamocdileba aris sruli avtonomiis winapiroba, radgan mxo-lod avtonomias SeuZlia saSualeba misces na-cias da mis wevrebs, Tavisi Tavi avTenturi sa-xiT ganaxorcielon. aucilebelia, rom yovel nacias sruli TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba da av-tonomiuroba hqondes. avtonomiis nacionalur ideals aqvs ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimo-logiurad avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTve-lobas, Sida kanonebis an ritmebis qonas, saku-Tari Sinagani xmisTvis yuris migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas mivyavarT koleqtiuri nebis da individualobis realize-bis maZiebeli, sakuTari koleqtiuri `me~-s cne-basTan.~104 104e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba. inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2008, gv. 95

86

beWduri media, romelmac erovnul-ganmaTa-visuflebel moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, did adgils uTmobs mowodebebs Tavi-suflebisa da damoukideblobis brZolisaTvis. beWduri mediis saSualebiT qarTuli kulturu-li da politikuri elitis mier Tavisuflebis idealis propaganda SemTxveviTi ar iyo. 117 wlis manZilze rusul gavlenaSi myofi qarTve-li xalxis cnobiereba garkveulwilad Seicva-la, amavdroulad saqarTveloSi arsebul yvela socialur fenas gaaCnda gansxvavebuli fsiqo-logia. `glexobaSi dabali iyo patriotuli, mo-qalaqeobrivi SemarTeba, Sesabamisad dabali iyo saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis done. mis Segneba-Si miwa da Tavisufleba SeduRabebuli iyo. glexi Tavisuflebas miwis mosapoveblad iyeneb-da.~105 rac Seexeba muSebs, maTi didi nawili klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sepyrobili da erovnul cnobierebas warsulis mavne gadmonaS-Tad Tvlida. muSebi Tavis misias klasobrivi cnobierebiT Sepyrobili politikuri elitis mxardaWeraSi xedavdnen da ara saxelmwifos er-TgulebaSi106

saglexo reformisa da burJuaziuli refor-mebis gatarebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi XIX sauku-nis II naxevarSi Cndeba axali socialuri fena burJuazia, romelic ZiriTadad araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili. sazogadod burJuazias Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda da erovnuli sa-kiTxiT naklebad iyo dainteresebuli. am Sem-

105g. qiqoZe, erovnuli energia, Tbilisi, 1919, gv. 72 106v. guruli, erovnuli cnobiereba-saxelmwifoebrioba. politikuri orientacia, Tbilisi: universali, 2008, gv. 26

87

TxvevaSic burJuazia saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi ar monawileobs.

erTaderTi nawili qarTuli sazogadoebisa, romelic mizanmimarTulad moqmedebda saqarTve-los ganTavisuflebisaTvis da gacnobierebuli hqonda problemis arsi iyo samRvdeloeba da kulturuli da politikuri elita. swored isi-ni Seecadnen saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis safuZvelze Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris erTiano-bis gancda CaenergaT. rac arc ise advili iyo. rogorc mixako wereTeli aRniSnavda: `oriod kacis garda, Zvelebsa da axlebs ver warmoud-geniaT urusoT qarTuli Tavisufleba.~107 ro-gorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTve-lobis damkvidrebis Semdeg qarTuli, erovnuli cnobiereba radikalurad Seicvala. sxvadasxva socialuri fena gansxvavebulad afasebda ru-sul mmarTvelobas. erTi nawilisTvis ruseTi ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo, meorisTvis _ dampyro-beli. mTlianobaSi ki saukunis ganmavlobaSi rusulma gavlenam Tavisi daRi daasva qarTul suls. erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis brZo-lis gasaRviveblad ki saWiro iyo ara marto ajanyebebi, aramed mtkiced SemuSavebuli erov-nuli ideologia. rogorc mixako wereTeli wers: `bevri ar aris iseTi, rom Tavis samSob-lod gulwrfelad mTels saqarTvelos Tvli-des, aramed misTvis samSoblo an kaxeTia, an qarTli, an imereTi, samegrelo, guria da sxva. CvenSi jer ar aris maSasadame damTavrebuli sruli kohezia erisa, magram am mxriT didi 107m. wereTeli, eri da kacobrioba, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990, gv. 21

88

erovnuli muSaoba swarmoebs amJamad Cven Soris. da rodesac Cveni erovnuli erTobis Segneba iq-neba ganxorcielebuli da ara mxolod sasurve-li idea, Cveni bedic sxvanairad datrialde-ba.~108

erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis da Se-narCunebis aucilebel pirobad giorgi gvazava mixako wereTlis msgavsad saerTo nacionaluri ideis arsebobas miiCnevda. `Tu calke piri vera grZnobs, rom igi nawilia erisa, rom misi bedni-ereba damokidebulia, Tu materialurad ara, su-lierad mainc mTeli eris bednierebaze, ra Tqma unda, yoveli erovnuli xasiaTis Sromac SeuZ-lebelia, ramdenadac adamiani gonebiT dabla dgas, imdenad igi warmoadgens ubralo massas, misi gardaqmna da gadakeTeba ufro advilia.~109 erovnuli gamoRviZebis mTavari motivi ki misi azriT inteligenciis da samxedro Zalis Seq-mnaa. es faqti SemTxveviTi ar aris, radganac na-cionaluri dadginebis stadiaze aucilebel pi-robas warmoadgens Zlieri kulturuli da po-litikuri elitis arseboba. XIX saukunidan mo-yolebuli qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa mTava-ri orientiri aRniSnuli sakiTxis mogvareba iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi es ideebi axal aq-tualobas iZens da rogorc mixako wereTeli, aseve giorgi gvazava swored am gzis gamgrZe-leblebi arian. `yoveli Zal-Rone Segnebul da ganviTarebul pirebisa unda iyos miqceuli am

108m. wereTeli, eri da kacobrioba, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990, gv. 110 109 g. gvazava, Cexia (sociografiuli mimoxilva), Tbilisi, 1919, gv. 33

89

erovnuli gamoRviZebisaken. jer saWiroa TviT am pirebis SeerTeba. am SeerTebam unda Seqmnas Taviseburi ideuri kera, unda wamoanTos Tavise-buri cecxli da mohfinos naTeli irgvliv. ami-tom sul pirveli nabiji gaxlavT inteligenci-is Seqmna. ufro saWiroa adgilobrivi brZola, muSaoba TviT eris wiaRSi da momzadeba misi kulturuli da samxedro Zal-Ronisa.~110 Tavi-suflebas giorgi gvazava mixako wereTlis msgavsad istoriuli procesis mTavar mamoZrave-bel Zalad miiCnevs. `es Rirebuleba, es diadi mizani, romlisken miiltvis mTeli kacobrioba da romelic Seadgens Sinagan azrs mTeli isto-riuli procesisa, aris Tavisufleba. gamoaca-leT es idea saerTaSoriso omebs, klasobriv brZolas, individualur Sromas da Tavganwiru-lebas da Tqven dagrCebaT mxolod uazroba is-toriuli procesisa.~111 misi msjelobani XX sa-ukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mov-lenebis gamoZaxilia da politikuri datvir-Tvac gaaCnia da rusuli gavlenis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. noe Jordania Tavis memuarebSi wers: `roca wamovayene debuleba saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobisa, erTi glexi ad-ga da momaxala _ awi Cven tyved syidvas ver da-vubrundebiTo!~112

sazogadoebis umetes nawilSi, gansakuTre-biT socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenleb-Si ruseTTan xelSekruleba maT usafrTxoebas

110 iqve, gv. 33-34 111 g. gvazava, ZiriTadi principebi sakonstitucio uflebisa, Tbilisi, 1920, gv. 81 112 n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990, gv. 15

90

niSnavda da amitom arsebuli viTarebis Sec-vliT da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdge-niT maTi mdgomareoba uaresobisken Seicvlebo-da. iakob mansvetaSvili memuarebSi igonebs ili-asa da glexebis saubars. es ukanasknelni swo-red rusuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeras gamoxa-tavdnen. `adre gareT ver gamovdiodiT. sofels rom gavcilebuliyaviT, an leki dagvixvdeboda an Sinauri avi kaci. sisxli iRvreboda. mosvene-ba ara gvqonda, Svela arsaidam iyo. Ai, daloca RmerTma rusis xelmwife: exla ra gviSavs, ai, qalaqSic CamovdivarT samuSaod. Tu ram gasayi-di an sasyideli gvaqvs xels vmarTavT. gzaSi xels veravin gvaxlebs.~113 qarTvelebSi jer ki-dev ar arsebobda erTianobis gancda. `gurule-bisTvis saqarTvelo _ qarTlels, xandaxan _ ka-xelsac niSnavda. erTi mTliani qarTveli eris, erTi mTliani saqarTvelo mis warmodgenaSi srulebiT ar arsebobda. is mudam fiqrobda Ta-vis dacvaze TaTrebisagan.~114

zemoT moyvanil mosazrebebTan erTad qar-Tul sazogadoebaSi sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazri-sebi arsebobda. rogorc saqarTvelos damouki-deblobisaTvis erT-erTi aqtiuri mebrZoli Salva qarumiZe werda: `saqarTveloSi iyo xal-xi, romelTaTvisac ruseTis erTguleba samSob-los Ralati iyo da romelTa azriT samSoblos bedniereba da momavali mxolod ruseTis nan-grevebze aSendeboda... am xalxis TvalSi ruseTi da saqarTvelo erTad ver Tavsdeboda da qar-

113 i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTv-elo, 1985, gv. 125 114 n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990, gv. 15

91

Tveli kacis winaSe sakiTxi amnairad ismeboda _ an samsaxuri ruseTs da Ralati saqarTvelos, anda Ralati ruseTs da ganwirva mSobeli eri-saTvis.~115

rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg qarTve-lebis erTi nawilis protesti bunebrivia im na-cionaluri ideologiis Sedegi iyo, romelic kulturulma elitam SeimuSava. qarTuli poli-tikuri elitis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomad-genlis arCil jorjaZis azriT: `qarTveli eri yovelTvis ebrZoda xolme yvelas, visac ki misi politikuri damonaveba surda. riT aixsneba am-gvari garemoeba? xalxi Seviwrovebuli da Sexu-Tulia, xolo moadgeboda ra mas gareSe mteri, igi iviwyebda Tavis varams, xels aZlevda Tavis mCagvrels (feodals _ n. s.) da masTan erTad mters ebrZoda. etyoba is gareSe mteri mas uf-ro mavnebel mtrad miaCnda, vidre Sinauri bato-ni, rom miuxedavad nivTieri uTanasworobisa, qarTveli glexi raRaciT dakavSirebuli iyo sxva wodebebTan da mas Tavisi Sinauri monoba erCivna, gareSe Zalis monobas. es `raRac~ iyo _ ena, zne-Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tra-dicia. maSasadame, qarTvelebi icavdnen Tavis mi-was, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela amisi dacva mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da gareSe mters ise uyurebda, rogorc imis sicocxles da Tavi-suflebis damamxobels.~116

115o. janeliZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiu-li partiis istoriidan, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 2002, gv. 226 116a. jorjaZe, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990, gv. 315

92

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTava-ri figura giorgi kvinitaZe mogonebebSi wers: `ubralo xalxsac daatyo kvali istoriulma warsulma da maT sulsa da gonebasac aforiaqeb-da Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobaze fiqri imis miuxedavad, rom rusTa xelisuflebis bato-noba ukve saukuneze met xans grZeldeboda, arc sazogadoebasa da arc xalxSi ar igrZnoboda rusuli kulturisken swrafva, piriqiT, sul uf-ro da ufro metad ucxoobdnen am kulturasac da, bunebrivia, mis Semoqmeds rus xalxsac.~117

damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis brZolis mzadebas Rrma safuZveli hqonda sworad SemuSa-vebuli nacionaluri ideologiis wyalobiT. `xalxi amasobaSi TandaTanobiT Zalas ikrebda da ukve karga xania, Sesaferis dros eloda Ta-visi Selaxuli uflebebis xmamaRla dasacavad. im msxverplis miuxedavad, romelic priviligi-rebul klass unda gaeRo, yvelanairi Seviwroe-bis, devnis da mkvlelobebis miuxedavad, rome-lic bunebrivi Sedegia revoluciisa da axali wes-wyobilebisa, yvelam Tavadaznaurobam, mosam-saxureebma, romelTa mTavar nawils samxedroebi Seadgendnen, vaWrebma, mewarmeebma, muSebma, xal-xma _ axali liderebis garSemo moiyara Tavi. muSebi TavianT socialistur beladebs uWer-dnen mxars, glexoba, romelic mxurvaled gamo-exmaura maT mowodebebs.~118

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro ministris grigol lorTqifaniZis az-riT, qarTvelebis aseTi erTianoba istoriuli 117 g. kvinitaZe mogonebebi, t. 1, Tbilisi: lomisi, 1998, gv. 17 118 iqve, gv. 18

93

warsuliT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan saqarTve-los brZolis mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba hqonda. `qarTveli xalxi erTi uZvelesi da kulturuli xalxia. man jer kidev ramdenime sa-ukunis maRali erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli skola gaiara, sanam miaRwevda Ta-vis oqros xanas Tamaris epoqaSi. qarTvelma gai-ara maRali saxelmwifoebrivi skola qristianu-li organizaciisa da monarqiuli centralizmi-sa. masSi dagrovili iyo da aris mraval sauku-neTa erovnuli gancda, politikuri da saxel-mwifoebrivi mSeneblobis gamocdileba. qarTve-li xalxis es Sinagani gaZliereba _ ganZi isto-riis grZel Sara gzaze xan inacreboda da iC-rdileboda gareSe Zalebis Zalmomreobis gamo da xan ki didis brwyinvalebiTa da siZlieriT Cndeboda xolme. magram TviT xalxSi ganuwyvet-liv, TviT usaSinles saxelmwifoebriv daqsaq-svisa da gapartaxebis drosac ki Rvioda es xan-grZliv politikuri gamocdilebis ganZi, Sinaga-ni erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi potencia.~119

1917 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg beWdu-ri media sul ufro da ufro xSirad saubrobs damoukideblobis aRdgenis saWiroebaze. `avto-nomia _ ai is mkveTri sityva, romelic exla el-vasaviT gadadis mTel saqarTveloze da auci-leblad moaqcevs Tavis cecxlis rkalSi yvela mamuliSvils, mas win, vnaxoT Tu vinme aRudge-ba.~120

119g. lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995, gv. 36 120gaz. saqarTvelo, 1917, #37, gv. 2

94

kulturuli da politikuri elita saxel-mwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare Tavisuf-lebis ideis propagandis mizniT xSir SemTxveva-Si warsulis idealizebas cdilobda: `bevrjer miuyvania ulmobel istoriul qartexils Cveni xalxi Savi jurRmulis pirad, bevrjer dausvams mis cvalebad cxovrebas misTvis samkvdro-sasi-cocxlo sakiTxi, magram, sabednierod, survili sicocxlis SenarCunebisa yovelTvis TvalsaCi-no yofila. am eris cxovrebaSi. sagani _ Tavi-sufleba, risTvisac es erTi muWa xalxi ebrZo-da yovelgvar dabrkolebas. risTvisac is vaJka-curad umklavdeboda karze momdgar ubedurebas _ yovelTvis xatad da jvarad hqonia qarTvel ers da amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic am eris sasargeblod iWreboda _ Tavdeboda. fizikuri SenarCunebis alRos xom TviT udides kritikul wuTebSic Ca-mouyvia Tavi qarTvelebis cxovrebaSi da mouwo-debia Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovreb-ni xeli-xel Cakidebuli moqmedebisaken.~121 ga-zeT `saqarTvelos~ publicistebis azriT yo-velTvis arsebobda qarTuli erTobis wevrebis gaerTianebis mTavari safuZveli – saqarTvelo. `erovnuli safrTxis winaSe erovnul ZalTa ga-erTianeba-SekavSirebas, mravaljer dauxsnia Cve-ni samSoblo da daucavs qarTveli eris arsebo-ba da Tavisufleba. qarTvel ers dRes aseTi safrTxe da gansacdeli moelis da rogorc mravaljer Zvelad, ise exlac, mas mxolod erovnuli mTlianoba, erovnul ZalTa gaerTia-

121gaz. saqarTvelo, 1918, #43, gv. 4

95

neba ixsnis gasaWirisgan. patara eri Zlieria, rodesac is Tavis arsebobas icavs, magram susti da umweoa, Tu man yvela Tavisi Zalebi ver gaa-erTiana am arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. saqarTve-lo kuTxeebad, olqebad da mazrebad aris dayo-fili. qarTveli eri klasebisa, sazogadoebrivi jgufebisa da partiebisagan Sedgeba. magram sa-qarTvelo erTia da erT mTlian erovnul arss warmoadgens.~122

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwi-foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, rogorc kulturuli, agreTve politikuri eli-ta zemoT aRniSnuli nacionaluri simboloebis dacva-SenarCunebasTan erTad iwyebs muSaobas damoukidebeli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li atributebis SemuSavebas. rogorc britane-li mecnieri e. smiTi aRniSnavs: `es ideebi _ da-moukidebloba, identoba, avTenturoba, erToba ayalibebs Sinagan kavSirSi myof enasa Tu dis-kurss, romlis gamoxatvis saSualebac aris ce-remoniebi da simboloebi. maTSi moiazreba naci-ebis aSkara atributebi _ droSa, himni, aRlumi, fulis niSnebi, deda qalaqebi, folkloris mu-zeumebi, sabrZolo memorialebi da sxva, anu yve-la is gansxvavebuli wes-Cveuleba, Rirebuleba, stilis, moqmedebisa da grZnobebis Tavisebure-ba, romelic aerTianebs istoriuli kulturis mqone sazogadoebis wevrebs.~123

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-ta damoukideblobis aRdgenas miiCnevda axali

122 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1918, #45, gv. 1 123e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, inglisuridan Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi: logos-presi, 2008, 96

96

epoqis dawyebad saqarTvelos istoriaSi da ami-tom saqarTvelos sruluflebian qveynad dam-kvidrebisaTvis saerTaSoriso sarbielze saWi-rod Tvlida im reformebis da RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rac am miznisaken mimaval gzaze ar-sebiTi da gadamwyveti iqneboda: `aRiarebuli damoukidebloba saqarTvelosi aris pirveli gverdi saqarTvelos axali istoriisa. Tu es aris dasawyisi saqarTvelos aRorZinebisa, amave dros es iqneba qarTvelTa politikur da ekono-mikur damoukidebeli cxovrebis unaris maCvene-beli momavalSi. Ddamoukideblobis SenarCuneba da Cveni gaZliereba Cvens xelT aris, Cvens muSa-obazed aris damokidebuli. Tu gvinda Sevinar-CunoT sapatio adgili kulturul saxelmwifo-Ta Soris, Cven unda SevqmnaT sakuTari mrewve-loba, sakuTari jari.~124

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis gaZliere-basTan erTad rogorc kulturuli, aseve poli-tikuri elita mTeli ZalisxmeviT cdilobs sa-zogadoebis umravlesobaSi im damaxinjebuli cnobierebis Secvlas, risi kvalic rusulma gav-lenam daatyo. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebe-li saxelmwifo, axali gamowvevebis winaSe aR-moCnda. amitom saWiro iyo Tanmimdevruli Ronis-Ziebebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero-Si. es procesi arc ise advili iyo. qarTuli er-Tobis wevrebis umravlesobas ar hqonda gacnobi-erebuli Tavisuflebis arsi. beWdurma mediam da saerTo saganmanaTleblo sistemam ver SeZlo problemis sabolood gadaWra. `ara marto mopo-

124 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1920, #40, gv. 4

97

vebuli Tavisufleba, saqarTvelos miwa-wyali da dovlaTi, aramed TviT eris arseboba, misi fizi-kuri arseboba ganicdis gansacdels da moiT-xovs dacvas. saWiroa qarTveli eris yvela Zal-Ronis Semokreba da mobilizacia.~125 amasTan er-Tad aucileblobas warmoadgenda erTobis wev-rebSi saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis ganmtkicebis da Tavisuflebis dacvisTvis brZolaSi yvela socialuri fenis CarTva. `SevZlebT piradi anga-riSebis daviwyebas da erT droSis qveS gaerTia-nebas: ratom aris es saeWvo? imitom rom arc ise Zvirad gvxvdeba magaliTebi Cveni fsiqikis mowam-lisa da sulieri `me~-s dawvrilmanebisa. da ex-la roca saqme da mdgomareoba moiTxovs yvelaf-ris gadalaxvas, SeerTebis yiJinas gavcemT Sesa-fer pasuxs da gavCndebiT iq, sadac mogvTxovs moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba da gavanaRdebT sam-Soblos imedebs. ai, ra kiTxvebi ibadeba Cvens cxovrebaSi! ai, ras mogvTxovs Cven momavali da Tu umtyuneT Cven mas, Tu CvenSi raindulma sul-ma ver gaiRviZa, maSin isev uimedobis burusi dah-faravs Cvens samSoblos da miss cxovrebas da vin icis, egeb kideca Cagviqres mze didebisa.~126 aseT pirobebSi gazeTis publicistebis azriT, Zlieri liderebis irgvliv gaerTianeba SeaZle-binebda sazogadoebas swori gziT siaruls `viw-ro klasobrivi, proletaruli rwmena ver aR-Zravs erSi maRal patriotul grZnobas, ver aq-cevs qarTvels Zvelebur lomTas! saqarTvelos dRes eWirveba sul sxva beladni. mas unda dRes quji da farnaozi, ivane maruSiZe da giorgi saa- 125 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1918, #43, gv. 1 126 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1918, #4, gv. 4

98

kaZe. mas eWirveba dRes erovnuli grZnobiT zar-xozni, gmirni mamuliSvilni, rom aRZran eris su-li, auxilon Tvali da daayenon istoriis swor gzaze.~127

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenam dRis wesrigSi daayena qveynis saSinao da sagareo viTarebis mowesrigeba da gaumjobeseba. `eris Tavisuflebisa da damouki-deblobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris am damouki-deblobis gamocxadeba: saWiroa misi ganmtkiceba Signidan da garedan, Sinagani ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiroa, rom damoukidebeli eris cxovreba sa-xelmwifoebriv formebSi Camoyalibdes da sa-marTals daeqvemdebaros. garegani simtkice ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom didma saxelmwifoebma misi damoukidebloba icnan, orive es metad Zne-li gansaxorcielebelia yovelgvar pirobebSi, miT umetes iseT pirobebSi, rogorSiac Cveni da-moukidebloba warmoiSva.~128

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba acnobierebda ra rogorc sagareo mdgomareobis sirTules, aseve qveynis SigniT arsebul viTarebasac, rac gamoixateboda mTav-robis mowinaaRmdege Zalebis aqtiurobiT Caer-ToT sazogadoebis farTo fenebi xelisuflebis mimarT ukmayofilebis gamoxatvebSi. maqsimalu-rad cdilobda orientacia aeRo dabali fenis warmomadgenlebze, glexebze, muSebze. aqcenti gaekeTebina maTTvis saWiro sakiTxebze da saku-Tari dasayrdeni gamxdariyo. `Cveni respublikis mTeli momavali, Cveni xsna da Cveni daRupva Cve- 127 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1918, #7, gv. 2 128 gaz. erToba, 1919, #17, gv. 1

99

ni mSromeli xalxis xelSia. me mivmarTav Cvens mSromel xalxs da gansakuTrebiT imis Rirseul medroSes _ proletariats, muSebs: saqarTvelo Tqven gaanTavisufleT. Tqven gadaaqcieT is sa-kuTar samSoblod da Tqven icavT mas sxvadas-xva mtrisagan. bevri agitaniaT, kidev bevri unda aitanoT, magram mters rodis SeSinebixarT, rom axla SeuSindeT?~129

beWduri media, romelmac modernuli qarTu-li naciis formirebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTa-maSa, aramarto kulturuli da politikuri elitis ideaTa realizatoria, aramed TvalsaCi-nod gamoxatavs mTeli sazogadoebis saxes, ker-Zod, socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul-poli-tikur viTarebas. beWdur mediaze dakvirveba sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom XX saukunis da-sawyisidan moyolebuli ruseTSi Seqmnili viTa-rebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo, rogorc mis gavlenaSi myofi qveyana 1900-1917 wlebSi, da sa-qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis period-Si qarTuli erTobis cnobiereba garkveul ze-wolas ganicdis. qarTvelebis umravlesobaSi, kerZod, socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgen-lebSi gaurkvevlobasac aqvs adgili. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli politikuri elita damouki-deblobis aRdgenis Semdeg mopovebuli Tavisuf-lebis SenarCunebas cdilobda, ar hqondaT Semu-Savebuli saerTo, erovnuli programa da maTi umravlesoba rusuli ideebis gavlenas ganicdi-da. `unda gavagebinoT xalxs, rom SimSili da wyurvili gamowveulia sul sxva mizeziT, rom

129 gaz. Tavisufali gza, 1919, #1, gv. 2

100

es Sedegia ara politikuri Tavisuflebisa, pi-riqiT, swored imisa, rom es Tavisufleba jer ar aris sruliad damyarebuli da gatarebuli cxovrebaSi da saerTaSoriso ganyofilebaSi. ar aris Tavisufleba momavlis, aReb-micemobis, vaW-robis da sxva. Sin jer kidev ar aris ganmtkice-buli avtoriteti Cveni mTavrobisa, imis moqme-debas jer kidev win eRobeba sxvadasxva mowina-aRmdege elementebi. jer kidev ara varT yvela-sagan cnobili rogorc damoukidebeli saxel-mwifo, amitom rogorc Sin, ise saerTaSoriso areSi areulia da awewil-dawewili ekonomiuri da kulturuli Zalebi. Tavisufleba swored imitom gvinda, rom bolo moeRos amisTana mdgo-mareobas.~130

damoukideblobis xanaSic, saqarTvelos si-namdvilidan gamomdinare nacionaluri simbo-loebis propagandas isev aqtualuri mniSvnelo-ba eniWeboda, radgan saerTaSoriso sarbielze damkvidrebas saerTo erovnuli faseulobebiT homogenizirebuli qarTuli erToba Tu SeZleb-da. nacionalur-konsolidaciaSi ki qristiano-bas didi roli eniWeboda. `Cven vxedavT, rom kulturul kacobriobas da Tundac ara kultu-rul kacobriobas imdenad ainteresebs rusis xalxi, ramdenadac igi fizikur safrTxes war-moadgens Zvelsa da axal kulturisaTvis, xolo axlad ganTavisuflebuli erebi imdenad Seadge-nen interess kacobriobisas, ramdenadac am erebs axali motivi da axali gamarTleba Se-aqvT kacobriobis istoriaSi.


101

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo yvelaze uf-ro privilegiur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, radga-nac igi xidia evropasa da azias Soris, mtkice iqneba qarTveli xalxi nacionalurad, miT uf-ro yuradRebiT moepyrobian mas mezobeli da Soreuli saxelmwifoebi _ Tanac saqarTvelo jer kidev imdenad ar gamagrebula erovnulad da saxelmwifoebrivad, rom SeiZlebodes erov-nul brZolaze xelis aReba.~131

amdenad, Tavisuflebis idealisTvis brZola qarTuli erTobis cnobierebaSi istoriuli war-sulidan gamomdinare qarTuli enis, qristiano-bis, tradiciis SenarCunebasTan igivdeboda. Tavi-suflebis idealis am saxiT propagandis mTavari mesveuri iyo kulturuli da politikuri elita.


102

Tavi meore

glexi

qarTul istoriografiaSi didi adgili eT-

moba glexobis, rogorc erT-erTi socialuri fenis sakiTxis Seswavlas (al. bendianiSvili, il. mircxulava da sxv.), Tumca naklebi aqcenti keTdeba imaze, Tu ra cvlilebebs ganicdis misi Rirebulebebi. ramdenad aqvs ganviTarebuli erovnulobis Segneba. rodesac 1900-1921 wlebis movlenebs vafasebT, vexebiT politikur Tu so-cialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebs, pirvel rigSi ga-saTvaliswinebelia epoqis raoba da epoqis gav-lena sazogadoebaze da piriqiT. nawili amdagva-ri naSromebisa da umravlesoba sabWoTa peri-odSia dawerili da ZiriTadad statistikuri monacemebia glexTa raodenobis, kategoriebis, Semosavlebis, maT sakuTrebaSi myofi miwis far-Tobebis da a.S. magram amasTan erTad, saintere-soa ganisazRvros Tu vin aris glexi da ras warmoadgens igi 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi. aRniSnul periodSi glexis cnobierebis ganvi-Tarebam ganvlo yvelaze rTuli da mravalmxri-vi gza, epoqis cvalebadi movlenebidan gamomdi-nare. am qronologiur monakveTSi TiTqmis yove-li weli axali movlenis dasawyisia. amasTan es aris politikuri partiebis ideologiaTa mudmi-vi Widilis da socialuri klasebis: burJuaziis da proletariatis Camoyalibeba-damkvidrebis epoqa. glexi kargavs Tavis istoriul funqcias, is unda gardaiqmnes da axali epoqis Svili gax-des, SeZlos kavSiris damyareba proletariat-

103

Tan, romelzec mudmivad miuTiTeben, rom masTan kavSiria saWiro. erTi sityviT, es aris glexis cnobierebis da funqciebis gardaqmnis epoqa. ga-zeTi `social-demokratiuli furceli~ 1905 wels werda: `sityviT SesaZlebelia glexobas bevri qomagi yavdes, magram saqmiT misi erTader-Ti amxanagi proletariatia. glexobas mxolod Tavisi imedi unda hqondes da proletariatis. proletariati dRevandel pirobebSi aris gay-vlefili, glexic gayvlefilia, glexobac Sro-mis warmomadgenelia. proletariatis marjvenaze damyarebulia dRevandeli cxovreba, glexis marjvena kvebavs kacobriobas. orive eseni Sro-mis Svilni arian da amitom Sromis interesebi orives interesia, Sromis gabatoneba orive amaTTvis erTnairad sasargebloa.~132

Sua saukuneebSi feodalis da glexis urTi-erToba agebuli iyo ekonomikur politikaze da glexi maT uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebo-da. yvelas gacnobierebuli hqonda sakuTari funqcia da morgebuli da miCveuli iyo im sis-temas, romelic damkvidrebuli iyo. batonymobis gauqmebam da kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidrebam Secvala arsebuli viTareba. ekonomikuri urTi-erTobis Secvlam didi gardatexa Seitana gle-xis cnobierebaSi. feodalizmis epoqa dasrulda da saWiro iyo glexi CarTuliyo axal cxovre-baSi, rac arc ise martivi aRmoCnda. cvlileba ganicada saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebulma wes-Cveulebebma. glexi axali epoqis axali wev-ri gaxda. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg proble-

132gaz. social-demokratiuli furceli, 1905, #5, gv. 1

104

ma uceb ar mogvarebula, piriqiT. amdenad, 1900-1921 wlebSi qarTuli kulturuli da politiku-ri elita mTlianad mimarTulia CarTos sofeli erovnul procesebSi da moxdes axal standar-tebze gadasvla, Segueba kapitalisturi wyobi-sadmi. `sofeli es dedaboZi Cvenis cxovrebisa, dRemde Seuswavlelia. ar viciT, rogor cxov-robs Cveni glexkaci, ra iaraRiT ebrZvis dRe-vandels unugeSo mdgomareobas, ra awuxebs, an ris imediT suldgmulobs, ra damokidebuleba aqvs TavadaznaurobasTan, samRvdeloebasTan da im auarebel saxelmwifo moxeleebTan, romel-nic gars exvevian, hnatroben, hzrunaven maTis cxovrebis gankargebisaTvis da amasTan imaTve naSroms hkrefaven saxelmwifos sasargeblod da saerobo dawesebulebaTa Sesanaxad. arc erTi movlena Cvenis soflis cxovrebisa ise gamok-vleuli ar aris, rom mis Sesaxeb erTi da igive WeSmariti azri iqonios yvelam.~133 soflis war-matebis damabrkolebel mizezad gazeTi `iveria~ Semdeg faqtorebs miiCnevda. `ra abrkolebs sof-lis warmatebas? pirveli. umetesi nawili Cveni mamulebisa ar aris gamijnuli da amis gamo aua-rebeli davaa gamarTuli. meore. droebiTi val-debuleba. mesame. ar gvaqvs gonivruli mowyobi-li saxelosno saxalxo skolebi, sadac bavSvebs SeeZloT namdvil pedagogiurs safuZvelzed swavlis miReba.~134 rogorc gazeTi `iveria~ aR-niSnavda miwis problema iyo mosagvarebeli. `vinc cotaTi mainc icnobs Cveni soflis cxov-rebas da sofleli xalxis mdgomareobas, ueWve- 133 gaz. iveria, 1902, #26, gv. 2 134 gaz. iveria, 1902, #2, gv. 2

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lad ecodineba, Tu rogori didi simcirea miwi-sa CvenSi. xalxi TandaTan mravldeba, sxvadasxva saxelmwifo gadasaxadi matulobs, kulturuli moTxovnileba izrdeba, xolo miwa, ra Tqma un-da, winandeli sivrcisaa da Cveni meurne xalxi SimSiliT amowydeboda, rom igi ase Tu ise ar axerxebdes sofels gared raime samuSaos Sov-nas. da gareSe SemosavliT miwis naklebobis co-taTi mainc Sevsebas.~135

sofeli XX saukunis dasawyisSi metad mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. marTalia XIX sauku-nis II naxevridan moyolebuli qarTuli kultu-ruli da SemdegSi politikuri elitis mier mudmivad keTdeboda aqcenti kapitalisturi sis-temisTvis damaxasiaTebel procesze gadasasvle-lad. Tumca es yovelive arc ise advilad da swrafad gadawyda. gansakuTrebiT rTuli misa-Rebi iyo kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli we-sebi soflis mosaxleobisTvis, glexisTvis. mar-Talia, qalaqSic mtkivneulad mimdinareobda es procesi, magram sofelTan SedarebiT ufro win wasuli iyo. Tu saukunis dasawyisSi soflis-Tvis seriozul problemas warmoadgenda axal ekonomikur sistemasTan Segueba, TandaTan eli-tis moRvaweobis Sedegad mdgomareoba radika-lurad Seicvala. soflis macxovreblebma gaac-nobieres axali epoqis gamowvevebi da metnakle-bad cdilobdnen sakuTari mdgomareobis gaum-jobesebas sameurneo codnis amaRlebiT. am yove-livem ganviTarebis garkveuli safexurebi gan-vlo. Tavdapirvelad sazogadoeba gulgrilad

135 gaz. iveria, 1905, #8, gv. 1

106

uyurebda rogorc ganaTlebis miRebas, ise same-urneo codnis amaRlebas. nel-nela es mdgomare-oba ukeTesobisken Seicvala da 1917 wels gaze-Ti `saxalxo saqme~ werda: `erTi garemoebaa di-dad yuradsaRebi soflad. asea Tu ise dRes po-litikuri muSaobaa, xalxSi politikuri Segneba Sedis, xalxi politikurad iRviZebs, gamodis sa-xelmwifoebriv sarbielze. magram amasTan erTad kidev ufro grZnobs kulturul-ekonomikuri mu-Saobis saWiroebas. politikaze aranakleb swyu-ria soflis ekonomika, meurneobis aRorZineba, ganviTareba, codnis, ganaTlebis gavrceleba, sofeli momwifebulia amisTvis, mzadaa, elis mouTmenlad. uamisod misi mdgomareoba arsebi-Tad ar Seicvleba.~136

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saqarTvelo XX sau-kunis pirvel ocwleulSi garkveul cvlile-bebs ganicdis, rac dakavSirebulia ara mxolod Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebTan, aseve msoflioSi arsebul gardaqmnebTan. sazRvarga-reT ganaTleba miRebuli qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita maqsimalurad cdilobs qarTuli sazogadoebis axal sistemaze gadayva-nas da rac mTavaria xalxSi Tavisuflebis ide-is propagandas. bunebrivia am sferoSi arc so-feli warmoadgens gamonakliss. politikur gar-daqmnebs ekonomikuric Tan axlda da amitom es yovelive urTierTkavSirSi iyo. feodalizmis gadmonaSTebi yvelaze metad swored sofelSi arsebobda. saWiro iyo am yovelives aRmofxvra da soflis mosaxleobis politikuri da ekono-

136 gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1917, #33, gv. 1

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mikuri donis amaRleba. rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli ek-lesia da sasuliero pirebi uzrunvelyofdnen erovnuli ideebis popularizacias sazogadoeba-Si. modernul epoqaSi samRvdeloebasTan erTad am mimarTulebiT moRvaweoba skolas da maswav-leblebs daekisra. skolebi, garda ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa yvela im problemis aqtualizebas eweoda, romelic awuxebda sazogadoebas. am fonze ki soflis keTildReobaze zrunva aRniS-nul periodSi inteligenciis mTavar problemas warmoadgenda. soflis warmatebas, maTi azriT, TviT glexebi Seuwyobdnen xels sakuTari cod-nis amaRlebiT sameurneo sferoSi.

swavla-ganaTleba da sameurneo-samrewvelo codnis ganviTareba urTierTkavSirSi iyo da aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamovyoT mTavari sakiTxebi, romlis ganviTareba sofels esaWiro-eboda. 1. ganaTlebuli moRvaweebi, romlebic na-cionaluri ideebis popularizebas SeZlebdnen. mosaxleobas sakuTari qveynis tradiciebs, is-torias gaacnobdnen da erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebisTvis saTanado pirobebs Seqmnidnen. 2. Sesabamisi codniT aRWurvili pirebi, romle-bic Seitanen sofelSi axal sameurneo iaraRebs, axal kulturas, daarseben specialur skolebs, sadac glexebi daeuflebian teqnikur ganaTle-bas, romelic xels Seuwyobs sofelSi mosavli-anobis gazrdas da saboloo jamSi uzrunvel-yofs ekonomikis aRmavlobas.

is movlenebi, romlebic mimdinareobs XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi bunebrivia garkveul asaxvas pou-

108

lobda glexis cnobierebaze da gansazRvravda mis mimarTulebas. XX saukunis damdegs glexis aRqma da midgoma sxvadasxva sakiTxebisadmi, ker-Zod, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva radika-lurad icvleba, rac qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis moRvaweobis Sedegia. am pe-riodisaTvis social-demokratiis moRvaweobis Sedegad glexebi gadadian politikur moTxov-nebze, amasTan sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT ufro aqtiurebi xdebian. isini Tamamad iTxoven samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebas da xelfasis momatebas da a. S. rac mTavaria is ndoba, rac maT mefis mimarT gaaCndaT TandaTan sustdeba. marTalia qarTul da rusul social-demokrati-ul ideebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa, magram saerTo _ mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobaa. bu-nebrivia maTi brZolis meTodebi da midgoma gan-sxvavebulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli so-cial-demokratia Tavidan anu moRvaweobis sawyis etapze antiqarTul poziciaze idga, magram imis-Tvis, rom sakuTari ideologia gaevrcelebina sazogadoebaSi da mravalricxovani momxreebi hyoloda garkveul daTmobaze unda wasuliyo, es gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda maSin, rodesac 1918 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi soci-al-demokratebi movidnen. qarTuli sinamdvili-dan gamomdinare maTi mTavari dasayrdeni amje-rad proletaris nacvlad gaxda glexi.

glexobis politikuri donis amaRlebis-Tvis, sxvadasxva RonisZiebebTan erTad aucile-bel moTxovnas warmoadenda glexTa kavSirebis daarseba. rogorc cnobilia, aseTi kavSirebi

109

sakmaod popularuli iyo evropis masStabiT, aseve ruseTSi. amitom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita beWduri mediis saSualebiT sazogadoebas mis saWiroebaze amaxvilebinebda yuradRebas. `kavSiris umTavresi sagania glexe-bis siRatakis da monobis mospoba. am monobisa-gan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba sruliad socia-lizmis damyarebiT da kavSiris saqmea moamza-dos miwis muSa da gza gaukvalos socializmis samefosaken.~137 social-demokratiuli ideebis popularobas sazogadoebaSi ganapirobebda is faqti, rom maT yuradReba gamaxvilebuli hqon-daT ekonomikur sakiTxze. saqarTveloSi Seqmni-li movlenebidan gamomdinare ki, glexis ufle-ba-funqcia Seicvala da gardaiqmna. amitom maTi mTavari mizani sakuTari privilegiebis mopoveba iyo. `glexTa kavSirma Tavis bairaRze aRniSna marto ori sityva: `miwa da Tavisufleba~. mniS-vneloba rogorc erTisa, ise meorisa ise mSve-nivrad aqvs Segnebuli glexkacs, rom TviT Seg-nebuli glexisaTvis amis Sesagoneblad metia xolme propaganda. miwa imitom unda, rom Sia, xolo Tavisufleba imitom, rom uamisod cxov-reba SeuZlebelia.~138 rogorc ukve aRvniSne qarTul da rusul social-demokratiul programebs Soris arsebi-Ti gansxvaveba iyo, rac saqarTvelos da ruse-Tis saxelmwifoebrivi statusidan gamomdinare-obda. `rusi da qarTveli glexi erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdebian. oriveni erT uRelSi arian Sebmulni, oriveni erTnairad 137gaz. miwa, 1907, #7, gv. 1 138 Jurn. mwyemsi, 1906, #3-4, gv. 14

110

itanjebian mTavrobisagan, memamuleebisagan, po-liciisagan da yazax-rusebisagan. magram maT So-ris gansxvavebac aris. rusebi skolebSi, sasa-marTloSi da yvelgan samSoblo enaze lapara-koben. qarTvelebi ki movaleni arian rusuli ena iswavlon, Torem sasamarTloSi da sxvaga-nac qarTulad aravin ilaparakebs. rusis bavSvi skolaSi Tavis samSoblo enaze swavlobs, qar-Tveli bavSvi ki samoTx weliwads rusul enaze Tavs imtvrevs da itanjeba. ruseTSi SemoRebu-lia eroba, ese igi xalxs neba aqvs TviTonve ga-nagos Tvisi Sinauri saqmeebi.~139

glexis cnobierebis ganviTarebaSi gamov-yofdi 4 etaps: 1. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdgo-mi periodi da samocianelTa moRvaweobis Sede-gad glexis erovnuli Segnebis, ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri donis amaRleba; 2. glexis Se-ukavSirebeli da usistemo brZola mebatoneebis winaaRmdeg miwis mosapoveblad; 3. social-de-mokratiuli partiis moRvaweobis Sedegad gle-xis politikuri cnobierebis amaRleba da Cabma `imperiis~ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 4. damoukideb-lobis wlebi da glexis CarTuloba saxelmwi-foebrivi cxovrebis Senebis procesSi.

rogorc Tavidanve aRvniSne 1900-1917 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi gamoirCeva Tavisi sir-TuliT da bunebrivia glexis mdgomareobac ar aris stabiluri. jer kidev ar aris dasrulebu-li da mimdinareobs qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawilis brZola glexis erovnuli, politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi az-

139 gaz. glexi, 1906, #5, gv. 1

111

rovnebis amaRlebisaTvis. aRniSnuls Tan erTvis da arTulebs TviTon politikuri elitis gan-sxvavebuli damokidebuleba glexisadmi. gazeTi `miwa~ 1907 wels werda: `glexi aris burJua, me-sakuTre, ambobs social-demokrati. miwis muSa glexi araa burJua, ambobs socialist-federa-listi. glexi sakuTrebis moyvarea da socia-lizmis winaaRmdegi, gvaswavlis social-demok-rati. glexs uyvars miwa da unda, rom miwa mi-wis muSebis iyos, glexi socializmis momxrea, gvaswavlis socialist-federalisti.~140

gazeTi `glexis~ 1906 wlis 1 nomerSive ga-moTqmulia mosazreba glexis Sesaxeb. `vin aris glexi? glexi is adamiania, romelic dRe da Ra-me muSaobs, dRe da Rames asworebs, sisxlsa da ofls Rvris, romelmac ar icis arc Zili da arc mosveneba, romlisTvis ar arsebobs arc zamTari da arc zafxuli, romelic muSaobs dRidan dRemde, wlidan wlamde da mainc vera-sodes ver gauTavebia es muSaoba.~141

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi ruseTis winaaR-mdeg ganxorcielebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebeli moZraobis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita darwmunda, rom SeiaraRebuli brZolis nacvlad axal taq-tikaze unda gadasuliyo.

mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma gaauqma saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebrioba, glexis loialobis mTavari obieqti mefe aRar arsebobda. gavlenas moklebuli Tavadaznauroba sakuTar keTil-dReobaze fiqrobda. glexoba warmoadgenda ara- 140 gaz. miwa, 1907, #7, gv. 1 141 gaz. glexi, 1906, #1, gv. 1

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organizebul, gaucnobierebel krebuls, rome-lic erTis mxriv, verc Zveli drois tyveobidan gamodioda da verc axal moTxovnebs egueboda. erTi sityviT, srul gaurkvevlobaSi iyo. miTu-metes, rom ruseTis SemosvliT davkargeT ara mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aramed saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, samRvdeloebas SeezRuda uflebe-bi da is veRar asrulebda im rols im masSta-biT, rac saukuneebis manZilze gaaCnda. qarTul-ma enam dakarga Tavisi funqcia. XIX saukunis II naxevridan am yvelafers daemata isic, rom ba-tonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg mkvidrdeba kapita-listuri sistema, Semodis axali ekonomikuri formebi. glexis cnobiereba alRos ver uRebs axal epoqas da vardeba meore ukiduresobaSi. 1911 wlis `mosavalSi~ vkiTxulobT: `roca Cven glexkacs raime rCevas miscem Sesaxeb imisa, an riT moxnas, an rogor moxnas, an ra daTesos da sxva, mudam erT da igive pasuxs gvaZlevs: Cven mamapapasac batono, ase uxnav-uTesiaT rogorc Cvena vxnavT da SimSiliT ki aravin momkvdara Seni Wirime. ase TqmiT hgoniaT iseT WeSmarite-bas ambobs, romlis winaaRmdeg mTeli dedamiwis zurgze aravis aRaraferi sabuTi ar SeuZlia wamoayenos. mas fiqradac ar modis, rom Cven wi-naparTa cxovreba Cven cxovrebas aRar waagavs, rac maTTvis SesaZlebeli iyo, rom is CvenTvis SeuZlebeli da autaneli gaxda.~142 es mxolod erTi nimuSia imisa, rac SeiZleba iTqvas, epoqis mTavari problemaa da TiTqmis yvela beWdur

142 Jurn. Mmosavali, 1911, #1, gv. 5

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organoSi am sakiTxzea msjeloba. nacionaluri ideologiis propagandis Semdeg XX saukunis dasawyisSi politikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibe-bisTvis iwyeba brZola, romelsac social-de-mokratia xelmZRvanelobs. ilia mircxulavas azriT, `1864-1904 wlebis saqarTvelos glexTa moZraoba, reformamdeli glexTa moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT, roca glexoba ibrZoda piradi Ta-visuflebisaTvis, mimarTuli iyo miwis mopovebi-saken. miwisTvis brZola glexis sikvdil-sicoc-xlis sakiTxad gadaiqca. 1864-1904 wlebis glex-Ta moZraoba saqarTveloSi agraruli xasiaTis iyo da miznad isaxavda feodalizmis naSTebis mospobas, magram igi umTavresad stiqiur xasi-aTs atarebda, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi 1902-1904 wlebis glexTa moZraobas dasavleT sa-qarTveloSi, romelic stiqiuri, araorganizebu-li glexTa moZraobidan organizebuli politi-kuri moZraobisaken gardamavali safexuri iyo. es moZraoba social-demokratiulma partiam da-ukavSira muSaTa moZraobas da politikuri xasi-aTi misca mas.~143 ase rom, rodesac amgvar mov-lenebs vafasebT, pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswine-belia is faqti, rom qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita sakuTari ideebis realize-bas cdilobda beWduri mediis saSualebiT. amas-Tan, zemoT Tqmuli mowmobs, rom nacionaluri ideebis aqtualizebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovani adgili ekava socialistur ideologias, rom-lis ganxorcielebas eswrafvoda social-demok-ratia. isini cdilobdnen glexebis CarTvas am 143i. mircxulava, agralur-glexuri sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1900-1917w.w. t. I, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 145

114

procesebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSi, fondi 83, saqme #46 daculi informacia, romel-sac aRwers kavkasiis policiuri sammarTvelos ufrosi da daTariRebulia 1905 wlis 3 oqtom-briT. `es axali moZraoba, miRebuli bolo xa-nebSi revoluciuri agitaciis Sedegad, arale-galuri brZolis gamo Secvlili mimarTulebiT, daiwyo senakis mazris sofel xorginSi da swrafad gavrcelda sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi daikaves mazris TiT-qmis yvela dasaxlebuli punqti. glexTa Soris areulobis gamavrceleblebs es gamowveva miyavT uwesrigobisken. isini warmoadgenen iatakqveSa komitetebis agentebs, upiratesad soflis mas-wavleblebs, baTumis qarxnis muSebs, yofil studentebs da maT, visac swavla sruliad ar aqvs dasrulebuli, daTxovnilni sxvadasxva sa-Sualo saswavlo dawesebulebidan areuloba-Si monawileobis gamo, maTSi gaerTianebuli arian glexebi, ufro energiulebi iTviseben re-voluciur ideebs glexTa Soris xelmZRvanelo-bisTvis.~144 revoluciur agitatorebs Soris arian Semdegi pirebi: `1. 8 klass daumTavrebeli, quTaisis guberniaSi uwesrigobaSi monawileo-bisTvis _ spirdon kedia; 2. zugdidis mazris sofel Cakvinjis mcxovrebi, yofili maswavlebe-li meliton gobeCia; 3. niqozis skolis maswav-lebeli _ maqacaria; 4. peterburgis universite-tis studenti Tavadi levan Sengelia; 5. zugdi-dis saqalaqo saswavleblis agronomiuli ganyo- 144 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi (SemdegSi scsa), f. 83, aRw. 1, saqme #46, furc. 116

115

filebis maswavlebeli _ dondua; 7. sofel ka-xaTSi mcxovrebi glexi, qarTuli gazeTis ko-respodenti _ pavle akobia. yvela es pirebi Sem-Cneuli iyvnen politikuri xasiaTis agitaciur moRvaweobaSi.~145 es dokumenti Seexeba glexTa 1904-1905 wlebis gamosvlebis periods, romlis mizani xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan erTad glexebis organizeba da gaerTianebaa. aseve sainteresoa amave fondSi daculi monace-mebi, kerZod saqme #2, romelic glexTa moZrao-bebs da `glexTa kavSirs~ exeba. es aris poli-ciis departamentis mimarTva gubernatorebisad-mi: `arsebuli cnobiT, imperiis sxvadasxv adgi-lebSi warmoSobili agraruli moZraoba warmo-adgens umravles SemTxvevaSi revoluciur nia-dagze aRmocenebul socialist-revolucionuri partiis glexTa `kavSiris~ da ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis waqezebis niadag-ze, gamodis propagandis da agitaciis amocane-biT glexebs Soris, gaerTianebis saxelwodebaa profesionaluri `glexTa kavSiri~, romelic Tavisi partiuli interesebidan gamomdinare, re-voluciuri agitatorebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis surviliT amzadebs glexebSi SeiaraRebul gamosvlas. am mxriv `kavSiri~ av-rcelebs revoluciur literaturas, xels uw-yoben soflis muSebis gaficvebs, boikots ucxa-deben miwaTmflobelebs.~146 glexebis politikuri Segnebis amaRlebis-Tvis dawyebuli brZolis Sedegebs naTlad aCve-nebs scsa fondi 153, aRwera 1, saqme #1782, rome- 145 iqve, furc. 126 146 scsa, f. 83, aRw. 1, saqme #2, furc. 9

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lic quTaisis guberniis glexebis politikuri sandoobis mdgomareobas gamoxatavs. kerZod, sof. didi jixaiSi, aleqsandre konstantines Ze vaSakiZe (26 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, ucolo), glexi amave guberniis, Sorapnis mazra, sof. mu-xura-galaqtion onisimovis Ze barbaqaZe (26 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, ucolo) da glexi, qa-laq quTaisidan galaqtion giorgis Ze gabriCiZe (21 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, ucolo). miRebuli cnobebidan Cans, rom aleqsandre vaSakiZes, ami-erkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnos mxaz-vels aqvs kavSiri SantaJist-mZarcvelebTan, misi binis Cxrekis Sedegad aRmoCnda saeWvo dokumen-tebi. misi fardulis karebze ki iyo warwera: `Zirs nikolozi, gaumarjos konstituciur mmar-Tvelobas~. barbaqaZis binaSi aRmoCnda RumelSi 30 broSura qarTul enaze. gabriCiZes ar daum-tkicda politikuri arasandooba...~147 saintere-soa 1904-1905 wlebis movlenebis aRwerisas ro-gor aRiqvamdnen rusi moxeleebi qarTvelebis gamosvlebs saimperatoro karis winaaRmdeg da rogor esaxebodaT maTi SeCereba. `eWvgareSea, pirveli rom imerlebi, megrelebi da gurulebi, mcxovrebni quTaisis guberniaSi, bunebiT arian guladebi, raindebi, saerTod ki naturiT mSvi-dobismoyvare xalxi, cnobil situaciamde (igu-lisxmeba 1905 wlis gamosvlebi – n.s.), meore po-litikur urTierTobebSi isini arian keTilsai-medoni, ise rom umaRlesi manifesti, kavkasiaSi da maSasadame quTaisis guberniaSi, ro-gorc msxvili nawili kavkasiis, iTvleba gvirgvinosa-

147 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, same #1782, furc. 1

117

ni imperatoris saukeTeso margalitad. ra unda momxdariyo am simpatiuri xalxis cxovrebaSi, rom Secvliliyo maTi saukuneobrivi mrwamsi? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTo mdgomareoba Seic-vala ruseTSi da quTaisis guberniis mosaxleo-bam gacura saerTo mdinarebidan. mravaljer ara! mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba ruseT-Si arafers SesamCnevs, aRsaniSnavs uqadis qar-Tvel tomebs. ufro sarwmunoa, rom yvela re-formebs, romlebsac ruseTis xalxis cxovreba ukeTesobisaken miyavs, iqnebodes gavrcelebuli imerlebSi, megrelebSi, gurulebSi, arasdros ar iarsebebda gansxvaveba qarTvelebsa da ru-sebs Soris. Tu adgilobrivi avtoritetebi suf-Tad Seasruleben Tavis samsaxurebriv movaleo-bas da ar Sexedaven adgilobriv mcxovreblebs, ise rogorc Tavis pirad mtrebs, ufro metic, maT unda sjerodeT, rom Tavis droze gaigeben, rom xalxi win midis, antisaxelmwifoebriv pro-pagandas sisxlis Rvra ar moyveba. propagandis-tebi ar warmoadgenen dabrkolebas, daubrko-leblad vrceldeba maTi cru moZRvreba brboSi, daarwmuneben maT imaSi, rom guberniis miwebi glexebisaa...~148

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis TviTmpyrobe-loba maqsimalurad cdilobda saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo donis daqveiTebas, radgan uvici da gauTviTcnobierebeli sazogadoebis marTva ufro gaadvileboda. `rad sCadioda ase Zveli mTavroba? pasuxi naTelia: qarTulad nas-wavli glexi qarTulad azrovnebas daiwyebda,

148 scsa, f. 83, aRw. 1, saqme, #46, furc. 2

118

masSi qarTuli suli gaidgamda fesvs, is Tavs qarTvelad icnobda, Tavis Wir-varams mixvdebo-da, mter-moyvares gaiTvaliswinebda, misken mi-marTul sityva-saqciels aswon-daswonida da mixvdeboda, Tu ramdenad iyo Zveli daxavsebuli reJimi misi gadagvarebis mosurne da rasakvirve-lia sakadris pasuxsac gascemda.~149 swored ami-tom kulturuli elita aqtiurobs glexebis sa-ganmanaTleblo donis amaRlebis, istoriuli warsulis, tradiciebis SenarCunebis sakiTxSi. amisTvis ixsneba skolebi saqarTvelos sxvadas-xva kuTxeSi, soflebSi, qalaqebSi. ibeWdeba da vrceldeba didi raodenobiT wignebi, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, sadac glexisTvis saWiro movleneb-zea saubari. amis paralelurad politikuri elita politikuri Segnebis ganviTarebisTvis ibrZvis. politikuri donis amaRleba partiebis nawils sWirdeba imisTvis, rom Tavisuflebis brZolisaTvis niadagi moamzados, nawils ki imisTvis, gansakuTrebiT social-demokratias, gaaerTianos da SeakavSiros muSebi da glexebi da socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis Seqmnas pirobebi. 1906 wels gazeTi `glexi~ werda: `gle-xi yvelaze mets muSaobs, yvelaze ufro gaWir-vebulia; glexma unda moipovos miwa da Tavi-sufleba, rom Tavi daaRwios SimSils da gamwa-rebuls cxovrebas. glexma unda ibrZolos miwi-sa da TavisuflebisTvis. magram kmara miwa da Tavisufleba? glexi unda dakmayofildes, raki moipovebs miwas da Tavisuflebas? bednieri iq-neba da sxva araferi dasWirdeba? ara, amxanage-

149 gaz. jariskaci, 1917, #2, gv. 1.

119

bo! glexisaTvis ar kmara marto miwa da Tavi-sufleba! aucilebeli saWiroa erTic da meo-rec, xolo es ver daixsnis glexs yvelanairi Seviwroebisagan da manamde ar eRirseba tkbil da mosvenebuls cxovrebas, sanam dedamiwaze ar damyardeba WeSmariti erToba_socializmi.~150 am ideis matarebelni iyvnen qarTveli social-de-mokratebi da maTi mTavari dasayrdeni proleta-riati iyo. maTgan gansxvavebiT socialist-fede-ralistebi glexis idealizacias axdendnen. `Cve-ni qveyana Tavisi struqturiT glexuri qveyanaa. arc aris axlo momavalSi imedi glexobis gaq-robis, proletarizaciisa da koncentraciisa. saqarTvelo warmoadgens soflis meurneobis qveyanas da proletaruli, isic Semcdari socia-lizmi mas ar egueba. da mxolod iseTi socia-listuri moZRvrebaa, romelsac agrarizmi axa-siaTebs da romelic proletariats da glexo-bas erTmaneTs ar upirdapirebs~. swored amitom, rodesac amgvar sakiTxebs vswavlobT es garemo-ebebia gasaTvaliswinebeli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, batonymobis gauqme-bis Semdeg axali etapi daiwyo saqarTvelos is-toriaSi. saWiro gaxda Tavisufali fenis ara mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT dakmayofi-leba, aramed maTi CarTva erovnul-sazogadoeb-riv sferoSi. glexi unda gamxdariyo Tavisuf-lebis mopovebisTvis brZolis erT-erTi mTavari monawile. swored amitom, gasakviri ar aris, rom aRniSnul periodSi glexobis, rogorc Ta-visufali fenis sakiTxi aqtualuria. iakob man-

150 gaz. glexi, 1906, #1, gv. 1

120

svetaSvilTan vkiTxulobT: `... mdabio xalxis-Tvis, muSa-glexobisaTvis unda vizrunoT. Cvens movlas, Cvens zrunvas fasi eqneba mxolod ma-Sin, Tu imaTi eniT daviwyebT laparaks, Tu Cveni sityva imaT yurs miswvdeba, imaT guls moxvdeba. ai gegma Cvenis muSaobisa. ai, visTvis unda vfiq-robdeT, visTvis unda vzrunavdeT, visTvis unda vwerdeT.~151 G glexebis politikuri cnobierebis amaRle-bisTvis mniSvnelovan nabijebs dgamda qarTuli social-demokratia. `bolo dro aRiniSna sxva-dasxva revoluciuri organizaciebis gansakuT-rebiT Zlieri agitatoruli moRvaweobiT, mimar-Tuli upiratesad glexebis zemoqmedebaze, miz-niT miaRwion Tanxmobas mTavrobasTan moqmede-biT, agreTve yuradReba gamaxvilebulia miwaT-mfloblebTan urTierTobaze. miznis misaRwevad es borotganmzraxvelebi mimarTaven sxvadasxva saSualebebs, iwyeben ganzrax araswori informa-ciis gavrcelebas umaRlesi xelisuflebis mo-sapoveblad. maTi dapirebiT gaizrdeba glexTa keTildReoba, zarali miadgeba yovel miwaT-mflobels, bolos farTod gavrceldeba arse-buli gamocemebi, romlebic gamoasworeben ga-Wirvebul mosaxleobis unugeSo mdgomareobas. policiis departamentisTvis cnobilia msgavsi gamocemebi: 1. `moTxrobebi ruseTis istoriidan~. istoria iwyeba Tavidan da modis petre pirve-lamde. Seicavs Zvel xelnawerebs xalxis ke-TildReobaze. niSniT `damtkicebuli da reko-mendirebuli saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros 151 i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1985, gv. 78

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saswavlo komitetis mier. `moskovi~, 1901, stamba `sazogadoeba~. broSuraSi axsnilia, rom xalxis istoria ar dgas erT adgilze, da iseve ro-gorc yvelaferi icvleba bunebaSi, aseve saxel-mwifoebrivi sistema ganicdis cvlilebas... bro-Sura Seicavs azrs, rom yvelas marTavs xalxis mier arCeuli piri da TiToeuls aqvs saarCevno xma... yuradReba misaqcevia gansakuTrebiT adgi-li, sadac laparakoben saxelmwifo xelisufle-bis arsze, saxelmwifo iwodeba matyuarad, sa-dac mefes ar SeuZlia gauZRves mTel xalxs da gadasca xelisufleba Tavis Cinovnikebs, rom-lebsac ezizRebaT da Zarcvaven xalxs. Ees mog-vardeba maSin, roca mefe TviTon gamoscems ka-nonebs. 2. `saubrebi miwaze~, broSuraSi xalxis-Tvis axsnilia miwis flobis moqmedebis mimar-Tuleba, romelsac ewodeba `miwis sakuTreba~. es sakuTreba Seicavs glexis yvela ubedurebas. ar SeiZleba erTi adamiani iyos mmarTveli meo-reze, aravis ar aqvs ufleba amuSaos meore ada-miani. Semdeg aRwerilia batonymobis istoria, rodesac batonebi flobdnen ara marto miwas, aramed adamianis sulsac... broSuris bolos miTiTebulia, rom marTalia batonymoba aRar arsebobs, magram rusi glexi jer kidev ar aris Tavisufali, Tavisufleba gamocxadda 1861w. mag-ram ara namdvili Tavisufleba. Nnamdvili Tavi-sufleba rusi xalxisTvis iqneba maSin, roca eq-neba miwa. roca dawynardeba xalxi da daicavs Tavi simarTles. maSin miiRebs rusi xalxi nam-dvil Tavisuflebas.~152 motanili dokumenti me-

152 scsa, f. 17. aRw. 1, saqme #4652, furc. 9

122

tad mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcvelia da glexTa cnobierebis ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps gamoxatavs. ̀ ... glexebs esaWiroebaT daxmareba, isini moiTxoven: 1. saxelmwifo, samonastro-saek-lesio miwebi da venaxebi gadascen yvelas ufa-sod. rom mebatoneebma daubrunon fuli im gle-xebs, romlebmac iyides Tavisi miwebi. Aai ras iTxoven glexebi. Gguriis da qarTlis glexebi iTxoven igives. isini ewinaaRmdegebian mTavrobas da es mTavroba aris rusuli soflis kazakebi, romlebic anadgureben glexebs. Mmagram glexebi agrZeleben brZolas. isini arafers ar moelian manifestisgan, maT TviTon surT moipovon Tavi-si Tavisufleba. isini Cven gvTxoven da gveZaxi-an daxmarebisTvis. gavigoT Zmebo mSobliuri xmebi Cveni mSoblebis da davexmaroT maT. gaver-TiandeT Zmebo. erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela er-TisaTvis.~153

socialist-federalistebi Semdegnairad mi-marTaven glexebs: `qarTvelo glexo, Sen unda iyo Senis Tavis patroni da Sens bed-iRbals, Sens unugeSo cxovrebas Sens meti veravin gamo-gibrunebs. Ggaige, rom es weswyobileba, romel-sac ase mZlavrad CasWidebia xelmwife mTelis Tavisis amaliT da mebatoneebiT, ukuRmarTia. Ggaige, rom es weswyobileba mdidrebisaTvis aris mxolod xelsayreli da rom es mdidrebi xalxis ugunurebasa da Seugneblobazed iSene-ben TavianT pirad bednierebas; gaige rom es weswyobileba, romelsac mTeli saukuneebi uvi-cobasa, siRaribesa da gaWirvebaSi yavxar Caf-

153 scsa, f. 156, aRw. 1, saqme #4, furc. 79

123

luli, Sens sakeTildReod ar aris gaCenili. Ggatyueben usircxvilod da uRmerTod Ralato-ben svinidiss, vinc Sen giqadageben morCilebas da xelmwifisa da taxtis erTgulebas! welSi ver gaiSlebi, manam ar gadigdeb da ar miangrev im oqros taqts, romlis boZebi mZimed dagwo-lia kiserzed! gana dRes mebatone gabedavda xalxis urCobas da Tu gabedavda, gagiWirdebo-da qalamnebiT maTi Caqolva, rom xelmwife ar wamosarCleboda?! xelmwife esarCleba maT da imisi jari. is jari, romlis Sesanax fuls gax-devineben, romlis gasaZliereblad gulidan Svilsa gglejen., ai es jari Senis ofliT ga-mokvebili da SeiaraRebuli, Sensave winaaRmdeg, Senis uflebis gasaTelad, Sens dasamunjeblad da dasamoneblad arsebobs! ver aRidgen Sens uflebas, Tavisuflad Sens gaWirvebas vervis SesCivleb sanam es jari xelmwifes Sens sul-TamxuTavad eyoleba. vera, ver gaiSlebi welSi, manam Sens marjvenas pativi ar eqneba, manam Sro-ma ar gabatondeba, manam miwa sayovelTao kuT-vnilebad ar Seiqmneba da muqTaxorebs Tavgasu-li brZanebloba da TviTneboba ar waerTmevaT. gaxsovdes, rom Senis Tavis mSveleli da patro-ni marto Sen xar~.154

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aRdgenis Semdeg sacialuri sakiTxi Ta-vis aqtualobas ar kargavs. saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis procesSi qarTuli erTobis yvela wevris Tanabrad CarTva aucilebeli movlena iyo da maT Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani socia- 154 qarTvel glexs (socialist-federalisturi partia), 1905, gv. 15-16

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lurad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebis: glexe-bis, muSebis. saWiro iyo TiToeul maTgans eg-rZno saxelmwifos mxardaWera da Tavi usaf-rTxod da ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilad Ca- eTvala. epoqis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare aRniSnuli periodis TiTqmis yvela wyaroSi socialuri sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis farTo fenebis, masis CarTva erovnuli ideis aRorZinebisTvis sirTules warmoadgenda. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo. miT umetes, rom 117 wlis manZilze rusul Rirebu-lebebs ziarebuli eris qarTul, saxelmwifoeb-riv azrovnebaze gadayvana martiv sakiTxs ar warmoadgenda. noe Jordanias azriT, `mTavari iyo xalxSi ar qonoda gasavali moskovelTa propagandas, ar momxdariyo azrTa da gzaTa arev-dareva, yofiliyo farTe masebis mier gage-buli da Segnebuli Cveni da maTi wyobis da cxovrebis (e.i. rusebis _ n.s.) wesebis gansxvave-ba. Cveni xelmZRvaneli azri iyo, saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa did umravlesobas _ glexobas dae-naxa, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobam mas mo-utana miwa, misca cxovrebis axali saSualebani. ase rom, agraruli reforma gaxda uaRresaT na-cionaluri reforma CvenSi.~155 sainteresoa aRi-niSnos, rom jer kidev damoukideblobis gamoc-xadebamde saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo aqtiu-rad cdilobda glexebis moTxovnebis dakmayo-filebas, anu im problemebis gadaWras, rac maT sasicocxlo aucileblobas warmoadgenda. sa- 155 n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990, gv. 107

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qarTvelos erovnuli sabWos merve krebis rezo-luciaSi aRniSnulia: `erovnuli sabWo scnobs: revoluciis gasamarjveblad da soflad anarqi-is mosaspobad mTavrobam gadasdgas energiuli da mtkice nabijebi. dauyovnebliv miRebul iq-mnas saWiro zomebi, raTa usasyidlod mieces mSromel xalxs is adgilmamuli, romelic mas aReTqva amierkavkasiis dekretiT.~156 mxolod sa-soflo meurneobis maRla aweviT davexmarebiT Cven, rogorc respublikas, ise mis moqalaqeTa 90-%, Cvens glexobas da Rrmad CavunergavT mas gulSi, rom statistika dgeba ara marto maTze gadasaxadebis gaweris mizniT, aramed maTi Sro-mis maRla asawevaT, maTi ekonomiuri mdgomareo-bis gasaZliereblad.~157

1918-1921 wlebSi xelisuflebis mTavari mi-zani iyo sazogadoebis farTo fenebis CarTva politikur procesebSi, gansakuTrebiT glexebis politikuri moRvaweobis gaaqtiureba. am mizniT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi arsdeboda specialuri organizaciebi. am mxriv sainteresoa propagandist xaniSvilis moxseneba Tbilisis sasoflo komisiisadmi, romelic 1919 wlis 21 agvistoTi TariRdeba. `dRidgan Cemi muSaobisa xevis raionSi (yazbegi) me davaarse oTxi soci-al-demokratiuli organizacia, saxeldobr: snos, gergeTis, sionis, yazbegis. oTxive organi-zaciaSi wevrebi iricxeba, jerjerobiT 80 kaci. muSaoba oTxive organizaciaSi swarmoebs norma-luraT, aqvT TavianTi beWdebi, sawevro wignake-bi, ixdian sawevro gadasaxadebs, axdenen kre- 156 scsa, f.1836, aRw. 1, saq. #12, furc. 116 157 scsa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saqme #418, furc. 10

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bebs, sistematiurad sxvadasxva partiuli kiT-xvebis gadasawyvetad da eCvevian partiul saqmi-anobas. moxeveebi Zalian TanaugrZnoben Cvens partias, romelic saTaveSi udga mTel saqarTve-los. isini pirdapir aRmerTeben noe Jordanias, CxeiZes da wereTels.~158 calke sakiTxia, ramde-nad gasaziarebeli da misaRebia CvenTvis es faq-ti, magram erTi ram cxadia, social-demokratiu-li partia sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan dakav-Sirebas eswrafvoda. saqarTvelos demokratiu-li respublikis xelisuflebis mizani maqsima-luri siaxlove hqonoda glexobasTan da yurad-Reba gaemaxvilebina maT problemebze da rac mTavaria, mTavrobisadmi rwmena Caenerga Sem-TxveviTi ar yofila. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTul xelisuflebas ufro meti prob-lema Seeqmna, maT mudmivi Tu aSkara brZola ux-debodaT saqarTvelos mtrebTan, romlebic cdi-lobdnen ideologiuri Tu praqtikuli moRvawe-obiT xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyoT sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. swored amitom iyo, rom social-demokratiuli partia xelisufle-baSi mosvlis Semdeg qarTuli politikis gata-rebaze gadadis. gansakuTrebiT glexebis mimarT icvlis damokidebulebas, Tumca glexobaSi ara-erTgvarovani damokidebulebaa mTavrobis mi-marT. `mas Semdeg bevri ubedureba moxda. 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi droc Seicvala da erTi me-ores veRara vcnobTo. maSin rasac gvaswavlid-nen mitingebze social-demokratebi dRes yvela imis winaaRmdegia. maSin gveubnebodnen: Tavadaz-


127

naurebi, memamuleebi da Zveli mTavroba Camovag-doTo da miwebi da tyeebi miwis muSa glexebs dagrCebaT usasyidloTo. moxda revolucia, so-cial-demokratebma gaimarjves. mTavroba da Ta-vadaznauroba CamovagdeT, magram dRes igive so-cial-demokratebi gveubnebian: miwebi fuliT un-da iyidoTo. bolSevikebi gveubnebian bolSevike-bi unda gaxdeTo. radgan bolSevikebi Rarib glexebs miwas usasyidlod mogcemeno. Tavidan menSevikebic ase gveubnebodnen. ar viciT zogi-erTma glexma vis unda mivmarToT. orwyalSua varT. Tu balSevikebs mivmarTeT, mTavroba gve-muqreba, Tu mTavrobas mivmarTeT, balSevikebi wagvaxdenen.~159

demokratiuli respublikis periodSi gle-xebis mdgomareobas da maT damokidebulebas sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT naTlad aC-venebs fondi 1825, saqme #13 daculi monacemebi. aq saubaria saqarTvelos calkeul regionebSi gamokiTxvis Sedegebze, romelic glexebis saer-To ganwyobilebas asaxavs. aseve subaria regio-nebis, soflebis Sesaxeb, partiuli muSaobis, glexTa damokidebulebis, sxvadasxva politiku-ri partiebis, saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebTan da-kavSirebiT, glexebis problemebze da a.S. Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela gamokiTxvaSi mTava-ri adgili swored miwis sakiTxs ukavia. faq-tobrivad es problemebi isev aqtualuria. `glexkacoba CvenSi erTaderTi saimedo klasia, romelic erovnul sakiTxis gadaWras re-al SesaZleblobis niadagze radikalurad svams.


128

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba Cveni eris moTxovni-lebis stiqiaa... proletariati arasodes ar yofi-la sruli erovnuli Segnebis matarebeli Cvens cxovrebaSi da is momavalSiac ver gaxdeba ase-Tad. saqarTvelosTvis sruli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis miniWeba SeuZlia mxolod glexkaco-bas. is yvelaze metad grZnobs mamulis siyva-ruls, miwaze mijaWvuloba am grZnobas erTi orad aZlierebs. Pproletariati ki moklebulia am upiratesobas da masSi mamulis uSuamavlo siy-varuli qarTveli eris kulturuli mTlianobis psixologiurad gancdas Seucvlia. Cveni valia xeli SevuwyoT glexobis damoukideblad daraz-mvas. damoukideblad SekavSirebuli da Tavis klasiuri mdgomareobis mcnobi glexkacoba SeZ-lebs qarTveli eris politikur uflebis sakiT-xis radikalurad gadaWras. Aar aris CvenSi kla-si, romelic ise dainteresebuli iyos saqarTve-los sruli ganTavisuflebiT, rogorc glexka-cobaa.~160

provinciis organizaciebis warmomadgenleb-Tan TaTbiris amsaxvel masalebSi Cans xelisuf-lebis damokidebuleba socialuri sakiTxe-bi-sadmi. `TevzaZe: glexis da muSis fsixologias unda gavuwioT angariSi. balSevikebma revolu-cias bevri mosTxoves, CvenSi ki xalxi Txou-lobda, magram moeloda. dRes glexi kontrre-voluciisaken ixreba, imitom rom bevri ver mii-Ro. Cven davangrieT da nangrevebze ki TiTqmis veraferi avaSeneT. glexma myudro cxovrebas ver miaRwia. Tu soflebSi administracia ver

160gaz. Cveni respublika, 1917, #2, gv. 3-4

129

SevqmeniT, verafers sxvas ver gavakeTebT. wa-valT-davbrundebiT, fuls davxarjavT da saqme ki win ar waiwevs.~161 demokratiuli respublikis periodSi sakma-od miRebuli gaxda soflis propagandistebis moRvaweoba da maTi angariSebi mTavrobis winaSe. amgvari faqtebi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo. bu-nebrivia, aq srulad ver moviyvanT yvelas, Tumca ramdenime magaliTi naTlad gamoxatavs proble-mis arss. miT ufro, rom aq warmodgenili prob-lema TiTqmis yvela regionisTvis iyo damaxasia-Tebeli:

1. romel raionSi muSaobda? abaSis raioni, senakis mazra

2. arsebobs Tu ara adgilobriv organizacia da ra saxis; Tu ar arsebobs ra zomebia miRebu-li mis dasaarseblad? arsebobs social-demok-ratiis organizacia.

3. wevrTa ricxvi, Tavmjdomaris da mdivnis sa-xeli da gvari, agreTve misamarTi organizaciisa. 254 partiis wevri, abaSis raionis soc. Ddemok. koleqtivi meliqovis saxelo?

4. ra da ra partiebi moqmedeben da romeli partiis gavlena ufro Zlieria?

Tavidan arsebobda soc. demok. partia. dRe-sac xalxis did umravlesobaze aqvs gavlena. arian mobolSevike yofili jariskacebi esereb-Tan erTad. maT organizacia ar aqvT.

5. romel soflebSi iyo? sefeiTi, ontofo, qolmani, samiqio, gulseTi, maidani, gugunayafi

161 scsa, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saq. #13, furc. 10

130

6. ramdeni kreba moaxdina? Svidjer partiu-li kreba organizaciebSi. oTxjer massiuri kreba

7. ra Temebze ilaparaka? momenti erobis Se-saxeb. miwis sakiTxi. anarqia da masTan brZola

8. rogoria glexTa damokidebuleba? mom-xrea kerZo sakuTrebis, ufasod gadacemis xar-jis anazRaurebiT.

9. ra SekiTxvebs iZleodnen glexebi? ruseTi-dan gamoyofa da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. usursaToba, siZvire, farCeuloba, mTavrobis orWofuli politika borotganmzraxvelTa wina-aRmdeg, siZvire

10. saerTo STabeWdilebebi damakmayofilebe-lia da saimedo. xalxs urCevnia magari mTavro-bis xelSi yofna. krebebs xalisiT eswrebian, mxolod kiTxvebs winandelze ufro kritiku-lad uyureben, e.i. akritikeben da Segnebuli daskvna gamoaqvT.162

amdenad, 1. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdi-nare, saqarTvelos istoriis srulyofilad da detalurad Sesaswavlad aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis cno-bierebis ganviTarebis Sefaseba da maTi damokide-buleba erovnul, socialur, politikur, saxel-mwifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. amasTan ga-saTvaliswinebelia isic, rom elita qmnida ideo-logias da Semdeg beWduri mediis Tu proklama-ciebis saxiT sTavazobda sazogadoebas. 2. 1900-1921 wlebis sxvadsxva movlenebis Sesafaseblad ga-saTvaliswinebelia epoqis gamowvevebi da sazoga-doebis cnobierebis cvlileba.

162 scsa, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saq. #13, furc. 13

131

Tavi mesame

proletari saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Semosvlis Sem-

deg, XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan Cndeba axali socialuri fena proletariati da saWiro xdeba misi funqciebis gamokveTa. glexis msgavsad isic sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis iw-yebs brZolas da erTveba drois saerTo mdina-rebaSi.

proletariatis Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela ti-pis wyaroSia saubari sxvadasxva kuTxiT. qarTu-li kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawili dadebiTad afasebs proletaris rols istoriis msvlelobaSi, magaliTad, social-demokratiuli partia, nawili ki, socialist-federaliste-bi_uaryofiTad, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom saqar-TveloSi glexia mTavari socialuri fena da swored maTze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli yvela erovnuli miznis ganxorcieleba. Tumca erTi ram faqtia, proletaris Tema xdeba erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi XX saukunis pirveli ocwleu-lis saqarTveloSi.

qarTul istoriografiaSi aRniSnuli sakiT-xis kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. sabWo-Ta periodis literaturaSi proletaris roli gazviadebulia. erTi mxriv, is warmoCenilia ro-gorc Cagruli fena, romelic burJuaziis msxverplia da meore mxriv, yvelaze gaTviTcno-bierebuli sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris, romelmac mTavari roli itvirTa revoluciis msvlelobaSi.

132

specialuri gamokvlevebi uZRvnes aRniSnul sakiTxs mecnierebma: grigol margianma, a. far-sadanaSvilma, ediSer xoStariam, k. doliZem, mamia jijeiSvilma, m. naTmelaZem da sxva. arse-bul gamokvlevebSi ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba kapitalizmis gavrcelebasa da muSaTa klasis brZolis sakiTxze sakuTari uflebebis mosapo-veblad da materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjo-besebisaTvis.

rogorc cnobilia ruseTSi batonymobis ga-uqmebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis II naxevridan mkvid-rdeba kapitalizmi da bunebrivia saqarTveloSi, rogorc ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi myof qveyana-Si gavrcelebas iwyebs axali ekonomikuri sis-tema, romelmac xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod ekonomikuri formebis Secvlas, aramed mTeli rigi gardaqmnebi gamoiwvia rogorc po-litikur cxovrebaSi, aseve sazogadoebis farTo fenebis cnobierebis radikalurad Secvla gana-piroba. batonymobis gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala arsebuli viTareba ruseTsa da saqar-TveloSi. `ruseTSi Sedegad mohyva fabrikebis, qarxnebis, rkinigzebis, sazRvao da samdinaro navsadgurebis mSenebloba. kapitalisturi mrew-velobis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeboda pro-letariatis raodenoba. 1865 wels ruseTSi msxvil fabrika-qarxnebSi da rkinigzebze iT-vleboda 706 aTasi muSa. 25 wlis Semdeg 1890 wlisaTvis, muSaTa raodenobam miaRwia 1 milion 433 000, xolo 90-ian wlebSi 2 milion 792000.~163

ruseTis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic mTeli 163d. maisuraZe, ruseTis pirveli revolucia, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 6

133

rigi cvlilebebi mohyva kapitalisturi siste-mis damkvidrebas. `saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis formireba saglexo reformebis Semdeg period-Si xdeba. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba umiwaw-ylod darCenili glexobisagan iyo gamosuli, xolo misi rezervi gaproletarebuli xelosno-ba iyo. saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis rigebs ru-seTidan Camosuli muSebic avsebdnen. XX sauku-nis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi 35. 402 samrewvelo muSa iyo. romelTagan qarTvelebi Seadgendnen 70%, Semdeg modiodnen somxebi, rusebi da a.S.~164 rogorc glexis, aseve proletaris kul-turuli da politikuri cnobierebis ganviTare-bisTvis zrunavda qarTveli inteligencia. am pe-riodSi mimdinare gardaqmnebis Sedegad, rome-lic sazogadoebrivi Tu politikuri cxovrebis yvela mxares Seexo, axali moTxovnebi da gamow-vevebi dadga dRis wesrigSi. am cvlilebebma ara mxolod prole-tariatis, rogorc axali socia-luri fenis warmoSoba, aramed misi saSualebiT socializmis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZola gana-piroba. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis pir-veli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi erTmaneTs dau-pirispirda ori ideologia: nacionalizmi da socializmi. qarTuli politikuri elita soci-al-demokratiis xelmZRvanelobiT socializmis damkvidrebisTvis mTavar Zalad proletars mi-iCnevda, romelsac glexobasTan kavSiris Sede-gad am istoriuli misiis ganxorcieleba unda etvirTa. swored amitom yvela mimarTulebiT,

164a. ebraliZe, saqarTvelos bolSevikebis brZola burJuaziuli nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg 1903-1917, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1968, gv. 9

134

romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleboda aRniSnuli ideebis propaganda qarTuli social-demokratia Zal-Rones ar iSurebda sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi realizebisTvis. am mxriv gamoirCeoda maTi mimarTulebis beWduri media da is prok-lamaciebi, romlebic mTeli imperiis masStabiT vrceldeboda da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, qar-Tuli social-demokratiuli Zalebis meSveobiT. social-demokratia sakuTar Tavs prole-tariatis xelmZRvanel Zalad miiCnevda, romlis meSveobiT imedovnebda socializmis ganxorci-elebas. `social-demokratia aris proletaria-tis politikuri partia, romlis mizania demok-ratiuli wyobilebis saSualebiT proletaruli socializmis ganxorcieleba, amisTvis is aer-Tebs mTel proletariats da muSa yavs Tavis fargalSi. imxrobs yvela im ukmayofilo klasT, romelnic iTviseben proletariatis TvalTaxed-vis isars da cnoben proletariatis meTauro-biT kapitalizmis dalewvas. social-demokrati-is droSis qveS dgeba naciis didi umravlesoba da miT xdeba is nacionalur partiad.~165 sainte-resoa rogoria proletaris gan-sazRvra XX sa-ukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi. noe Jordanias azriT: `proletariati _ es aris is erTaderTi klasi, romelic moklebulia sakuT-rebas da iZulebulia mxolod Tavis ZalRonis gayidviT icxovros. rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis ganxorcielebuli uaryofa, is principialurad sxvavdeba ara marto SeZlebulTagan, aramed wvrili burJuaziis yvela nawilebisaganac. mxo-

165 gaz. social-demokrati, 1905, #1, gv. 4

135

lod proletariatia pirdapir damokidebuli ka-pitalistebisagan, _ damokidebuli, rogorc ma-Ti simdidris Semqmneli da TviTon mudam gay-vlefili.~166

gazeTi `social-demokrati~ 1905 wels pro-letars Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `proletari ewodeba im adamians, romelic yovelive sakuTre-bas moklebulia da Tavis sarCenad iZulebulia Tavisi fizikuri Zal-Rone fulis patrons miyi-dos, mieqiraos da aqedan aRebuli qiriT icxov-ros. maSasadame misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa: sakuTrebis uqonloba da fizikuri Sroma. pro-letarTa Soris sakuTrebis mxriv sruli Tanas-worobaa, arc erTs is ar moereva, aseTive Ta-nasworobaa Sromis mxriv _ yvela cxovrobs SromiT, maTi erTaderTi Zala _ Sromaa. cxadia, proletariatis gamarjveba niSnavs am principe-bis _ ekonomiuri Tanasworobis gamarjvebas. masSi uaryofilia kerZo sakuTreba, isic uar-yofs amas sxvebSi da amyarebs sazogado sakuT-rebas. masSi uaryofilia uSromloba, isic uar-yofs sxvaSi muqTaxorobas da yvelasaTvis awe-sebs Sromas, misi gabatoneba Sromis gabatone-baa, xolo Sroma ki adamianis Tandayolili Tvisebaa, maSasadame, proletariis gabatoneba adamianis, kacobriobis gabatonebaa. batonoba mamulis iyo, batonoba memamulis, batonoba kapi-talis kapitalistTa batonobaa, batonoba Sro-mis iqneba batonoba mSromelTa anu yvela adami-anTa. aqedan aSkaraa, socializmis gamarjveba SeiZleba mxolod proletariatis gamarjvebiT. 166 n. Jordania, safrangeTis revolucia, 1848, Tbilisi, 1917, gv. 26

136

socializmi mxolod proletariatis cxovrebis gamoxatulebaa, is mxolod misi filosofiaa.~167 es lozungi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas gasdevda Tan muSaTa moZraobas. aucileblobas warmoadgen-da proletaris miznebis gamokveTa da Cabma soci-alizmis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolaSi. amisTvis saWiro iyo sxvadasxva eris muSebisTvis saerTo ideologiis Seqmna da saerTo mtris xatis dasax-va. maT unda daenaxaT, rom sxvadasxva eris muSebs aerTianebT mxolod erTi satkivari da erTi mi-zani: brZola TviTmpyrobelobis da burJuaziis winaaRmdeg da iseTi saxelmwifos Seqmna, sadac maTi uflebebi ar iqneboda Selaxuli. 1919 wel-sac ki aseTi ideologia isev aqtualuria, miuxe-davad imisa, rom garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. gazeT `erTobaSi~ vkiTxulobT:: `ubralo muSa var. micxovria da vcxovrob muSaTa wreebSi. Cemi bina fabrika-qarxnebSia, Cemi maswavlebeli TviT cxovrebaa. mimuSavnia saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis samrewvelo qalaqebSi, ruseTSi. erTad miwevia Sromis mZime uReli somex, TaTar, rus, ebrael, polonel muSebTan. maTTan erTad gvibrZolia Cveni uflebisaTvis, Cveni didi momavlisaTvis. ganviTarebis istoriam CvenSi Seqmna fsiqologiu-rad saerTo Zmoba-erTobis Tvisebebi, proletaru-li moZraobis gaerTianebis aucilebloba. Cveni grZnoba, Cveni brZolis moTxovnileba aris uar-yofa ekonomiur-politikur monobisa da ekliT mosil Cvens saval gzaze win miviwevT iqiT, sa-dac mosCans Cveni saboloo mizani Sromis same-fo.~168 167 gaz. social-demokrati, 1905, #1, gv. 2 168 gaz. erToba, 1919, #10, gv. 2

137

rogorc cnobilia, 1900-1921 wlebSi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo social-demokratiuli partiis mier gamocemuli Jurnal-gazeTebi, sa-dac aqcentirebulia maTi partiuli programebi da miznebi. rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTvelo-Si muSaTa sakiTxi aqtualuri iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc nacionaluri, aseve socia-lizmis ideologiis Camoyalibebas da sazoga-doebaSi gavrcelebas elita xelmZRvanelobda, muSaTa moZraobis dawyebas epoqis gamowvevad da gardauval movlenad miiCnevdnen, romelic is-toriuli msvlelobis aucilebel nawilis war-moadgenda. rogorc rusuli, aseve qarTuli so-cial-demokratiis mizani mdgomareobda TviT-mpyrobelobis damxobaSi proletariatis meSveo-biT da socializmis ganxorcielebaSi. aRniSnu-lis msvleloba ki mxolod mSvidobiani formiT ver warmoedginaT. swored amis gamoxatuleba iyo is saprotesto gamosvlebi TviTmpyrobelo-bis winaaRmdeg, romelic mudmivad mimdinareob-da 1900-1917 wlebSi da romelsac social-demok-ratiuli Zalebi xelmZRvanelobdnen.

rogorc yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi, amjera-dac sxvadasxva politikuri mimarTulebis jgu-febs sakuTari Sexedulebebi da amocanebi gaaC-ndaT revoluciasTan mimarTebaSi, rac gansaz-Rvravda maTi brZolis xasiaTs da rols revo-luciaSi. M mudmivad iyo mowodebebi saimperatoro ka-ris winaaRmdeg, raTa mesame wodebas ebrZola sakuTari uflebebisaTvis.`... Tqven Cumad xarT, Tqven iTmenT, Tqven imedi gaqvT! imedovnebT, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, keTili sityva daipyrobs

138

msoflios, rom sabolood, datrialdeba isto-riis borbali da dadgeba ukeTesi dReebi, uke-Tesi situacia, wesrigi. es ar iqneba Tqvens mier gagzavnili adresebiT da peticiebiT. ra miiReT Tqven amiT? Tqven dagaviwydaT mefis sityva li-berali deputatebis koronaciis dros `azrs moklebul ocnebaze?~ nuTu gadaxedva yvela Cven saswavlo saqmeSi ar aris naTeli, rom mTavrobis gegmebSi ar Sedis araviTari serio-zuli reforma? ras elodebiT?

aseT damyayebul atmosferoSi, TviTmpyrobe-lobis batonobis reaqcionul vakxanaliaSi, mxolod revoluciuri proletariati da opozi-ciurad ganwyobili studentebi maRla daikave-ben Tavisuflebis droSas. Mxolod maT ver moe-reva veraviTari represia: verc jariskacebis tyviebi, verc kazakebis maTraxi, verc saSineli gadasaxleba, katorRa da saxrCobela, ar SeuZ-lia SeaCeros moZraoba da xeli SeuSalos ru-seTis politikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxis daye-nebas.~169

ruseTis social-demokratiis mier mudmivad keTdeboda aqcenti imaze, rom muSebis erToba aucilebeli piroba iyo momavali gamarjvebisa. `manifestaciam dagvanaxa, rom Cven, amxanagebo, mTavroba ver unda gvaSinebdes. piriqiT, Cven mxareze iseTi Zalaa mogrovili, romelTanac winaaRmdegobas mTavroba ver gabedavs. sakmarisi Seiqna mcire jgufis manifestantebisas aefria-lebina droSa erevnis moedanze da daeZaxa: `Zirs TviTmpyrobeloba~ _ rom es naqebi poli-


139

cia damfrTxaliyo, Tavzari dascemoda da gza-kvali abneoda. Mmanifestaciam aSkaraT hyo, is Seuryeveli WeSmariteba, rom Cveni Zala SeerTe-baa, Cveni Zala es Cvenive organizaciaa da kerZo mkvlelobas, terors araviTari sargebloba ar moaqvs, piriqiT, is arRvevs da Slis Cven erTo-bas, saukeTeso Zala sul ganze ixarjeba. Mmani-festaciam niRabi axada mTavrobas da gamoaSka-rava misi samarcxvino da sazizRari Zalmomreo-ba. Mmxolod marto ruseTia, sadac gamefebu-la aRvirwaxsnili, TavaSvebuli da dausjeli mTavroba, mxolod marto ruseTia, sadac Tavi-suflebas, pirovnebis xelSexeblobas adgili ar aqvs, sadac adamianis wmidaTa wmidas fexqveS sTelaven da miwasTan asworeben.~170

`saWiroa moviqceT sxvagvarad, ise rogorc es aris sxva saxelmwifoSi. iq mefe ar aris da mis nacvlad aris parlamenti da parlamenti es aris iseTi adgili, sadac xalxi TviTon irCevs xalxs oTxi wlis vadiT da ambobs: ai, Cven Tqven agvirCieT da Tqven unda gviTxraT ra un-da mogceT Tqven. Aai es parlamenti gamoscems kanonebs. muSebi amboben, Cven ar gvinda mefe da mTavroba. Dda roca is moxdeba, mTeli ruseTis muSebi, nacionalurobis gansxvavebis miuxedavad gaerTiandebian. Amitom gamodian exla quCaSi da iTxoven parlaments.~171 XX saukunis dasawyisSi yalibdeba sxva-dasxva politikuri partiebi. maT saqarTvelos samomavlo ganviTarebis sakuTari xedvebi da gzebi gaaCniaT. `socialist-federalistebis 170 iqve, gv. 83 171 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, saqme #3615, furc. 127

140

mTavar mizans warmoadgenda _ erovnul-terito-riuli avtonomia, socialuri Tanasworoba, ev-ropuli tipis demokratiuli socializmi, anu kapitalizmis pirobebSi socialisturi refor-mebis TandaTanobiTi ganxorcieleba. agrarul sferoSi miwebis socializacia~.172

`socialist-revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan iseTi partia, rome-lic SeZlebs sami klasis: inteligenciis, glexebis da proletari-atis interesebis dacvas. maTi programa iyofa or nawilad: politikuri da ekonomikuri. pirve-liT isini moiTxoven demokratiul wyobilebas. isini burJuaziul revolucias etrfian, saxel-mwifos burJuaziul formas iTxoven da ai am Sexedulebas erTianad ewinaaRmdegeba agraruli programa. iTxoven iseT ekonomiur reformebs, romelic pirianad arRvevs kerZo sakiTxebis princips, Zirs uTxris burJuaziis batonobas.~173 `social-demokratia aris proletariatis politikuri partia, romlis mizania demokrati-uli wyobilebis saSualebiT proletaruli so-cializmis ganxorcieleba, amisaTvis is aerTebs mTel proletariats da muSa yavs Tavis far-galSi. imxrobs yvela im ukmayofilo klasT, romelnic iTviseben proletariatis meTaurobiT kapitalizmis dalewvas. social-demokratiis droSis qveS dgeba naciis didi umravlesoba da miT xdeba is nacionalur partiad.~174

172 saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis programebi (1906-1921), kr. I, Tbilisi: axali azri, 2008, gv. 21 173gaz. sxivi, 1905, #5, gv. 2 174 gaz. social-demokratiuli furceli, 1905, #5, gv. 4

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erTi ram faqti iyo, rom proletariatis roli sakmaod iyo wamoweuli sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis procesSi. farTo fenebSi am idee-bis realizebas xels uwyobdnen social-demok-ratebi.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iT-qvas, rom proletariatis cnobierebam ganviTa-rebis mniSvnelovani etapi gaiara da SemdegSi miiRo man Camoyalibebuli saxe.

`muSaTa moZraoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda, mrewvelobis sul axalaxal dargebs moicavda. sawarmoebSi iqmneboda aralegaluri wreebi, sa-dac muSebi iZendnen politikur codnas. prole-tariatis klasobrivi, politikuri Segnebis zrdas mowmobs mZlavrad gaCaRebuli sagaficvo moZraoba. me-19 saukunis damlevs muSaTa moZrao-ba ruseTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelova-ni faqtori gaxda. sagaficvo brZolebsa da ma-sobriv politikur gamosvlebSi muSaTa klasi iZenda carizmisa da kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg revoluciuri brZolis gamocdilebas. muSaTa moZraobis ganviTarebis niadagze ruseTSi iqmne-bian pirveli marqsistuli organizaciebi.~175 so-cial-demokratiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba, romel-ic miznad isaxavda xalxis saganmanaTleblo da politikuri donis amaRlebas. erT-erTi aseTi iyo baqoSi momqmedi sazogadoeba `Suqura~. Mmis mizans warmoadgenda: `sazogadoebas mizani aqvs xeli Seuwyos Tavis wevrebs TviTganaTlebaSi,

175k. doliZe, burJuaziul-demokratiul revoluciaSi proeltariatis hegemoniis sakiTxisaTvis, baTumi: saxelgami, 1959, gv. 10

142

agreTve saerTo ganaTlebis gavrceleba yvela Tavisi formiT, umaRlesi, saSualo da skolam-deli. amisTvis sazogadoeba beWdavs wignebs, broSurebs, periodul gamocemebs, marTavs teq-nikur da saerTo saganmanaTleblo leqciebs, SemecnebiT mecadineobas, literaturul saRamo-ebs, organizebas uwevs biblioTekebis, samkiT-xveloebis, skolebs, sabavSvo baRebs, awyobs sa-Caieebs, speqtaklebs, koncertebs, aqvs Tavisi wevrebisaTvis biblioTeka da kabineti kiTxvi-saTvis.~176 yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi amgvari kavSirebis sa-Wiroeba XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiniSneba, rodesac muSaTa gaerTianebul da organizebul moZraobebs eyreba safuZveli. `1900 wlis maisSi Catarda Tbilisis stambis muSebis gaerTianebu-li kreba sadac gadawyda, rom erToblivad imoqmedon mTavrobis da maTi batonebis winaaR-mdeg.~177 aqcenti keTdeba mudmivad imaze, rom mu-Sebis ukiduresi mdgomareobis mizezi mTavroba da burJuaziaa. saWiroa proletariatis organi-zebuli gaerTianeba TviTmpyrobelobis dasamxo-bad. social-demokratiuli partia xazs usvamda im faqts, rom proletariati yvelaze Segnebuli fenaa, romelic naTlad acnobierebs yvela im problemas, romelsac TviTmpyrobeloba uqmnis ara mxolod maT, aramed mTel sazogadoebas, amitom istoriuli procesis Sesacvlelad mTa-var dasayrden Zalad muSebs miiCnevdnen.

176 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, saqme #19241, furc. 78 177 gaz. brZola, 1901, #1, gv. 8

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marTalia, qarTuli social-demokratia ru-sul niadagze idga da sawyis etapze ufro me-tad iyo gamokveTili maTSi antiqarTuli ideo-logia, magram unda iTqvas, rom erovnul gan-sxvavebulobas da qarTul sinamdviles isini ar gamoricxavdnen. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT erT nimuSs. `ruseTis muSaTa moZraobas rom davak-virdeT, aSkarad davrwmundebiT, rom mas amJamad marto ekonomiuri an socialuri xasiaTi ara aqvs. muSebma uwinares yovlisa monarqiul wyo-bilebas gamoucxades brZola da ekonomiuri sa-babi dRes maTTvis mxolod sababia politikur brZolis gamocxadebisaTvis da es agrec unda yofiliyo. proletariati uZluria gaaumjobe-sos Tavisi ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, Tu am pro-letariats brZolisaTvis Sesaferi politikuri niadagi ara aqvs safuZvlad. politikuri Tavi-sufleba, Tavisufal dawesebulebaTa damyareba aucilebeli pirobaa proletariatis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis. yovelive es ruseTis muSebma Seignes da amitom misces TavianT moZraobas po-litikuri xasiaTi.

Tu ruseTSi magrea, Cvenma muSaTa moZraobam rogoriRa mimarTuleba unda miiRos? ra unda iyos dawerili mis droSaze? dRemde Cvenebur muSaTa moZraobas iseTive xasiaTi hqonda, rogo-ric ruseTis moZraobas aqvs e.i. CvenSiac muSeb-ma monarqias gamoucxades omi, CvenSiac muSaTa partiam awindel reJimis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. Cven am moZraobas suliT da guliT Tanavug-rZnobT, radgan, marTlac da, CvenSiac, rogorc mTel ruseTSi, monarqiuli wesi aris xalxis damCagvreli, mis ekonomiur cxovrebis gaumjobe-

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sebis Semaferxebeli. xolo, Cvenis azriT, Cvene-bur muSaTa moZraobas adgilobrivi elferic un-da etyobodes... imgvari elferi, romelic unda iyos nayofi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Sua arse-bul erovnul sxvadasxvaobisa. qarTvelma muSa xalxma angariSi unda gauwios saqarTvelos mo-maval politikur organizacias. saqarTvelo ru-seTis ubralo guberniad ver darCeba.~178

social-demokratiis mizani iyo, rom muSebs gaecnobierebinaT maTi kavSiris aucilebloba saerTo mtris, TviTmpyrobelobis da burJuazi-is winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi warumatebloba gardauvali iqneboda. social-demokratiuli partiis mTavari mizani iyo soci-alizmis ganxorcieleba, romlis realizatori unda gamxdariyo muSaTa klasi. faqtobrivad es iyo erTgvari ideologia, romelsac qarTuli politikuri elitis nawili _ social-demokra-tia qmnida. es sruliad axali epoqis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. saqarTvelos centralur sais-torio arqivSi, fondi 153, aRwera 1, saqme # 1782, daculia saintereso cnoba muSebis erTia-nobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb. èrT mSvenier dRes, rodesac mzem gaanaTa mSobliuri miwa, me am dros ramodenime nacnobTan erTad wavedi yana-Si, sadac moewyo doRi, sadac Cven ganvixileT sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da vidre mimdinareobda sa-kiTxis ganxilva, ras niSnavs sityva àmxanagi~ _ am sakiTxma miiRo seriozuli mimarTuleba, yo-veli gamoxatavda Tavis Sexedulebas, erTni am-tkicebdnen, rom sityva àmxanagi~ niSnavs erTma-


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neTis motyuebas, es aris brma iaraRi, sxvebi am-tkicebdnen, rom amxanagi iwodeba maSin, rode-sac midixar raimes Sesagroveblad. am sityvebis mere me daviwye Cemi azris gamoTqma da imis mtkiceba, rom me myavs Zalian bevri amxanagi da Cven varT ganuSoreblad. Semdeg moviyvane maga-liTi merkvilaZis gmirobis, romelmac srolis dros ar datova bedis anabara Tavisi daWrili amxanagi da man Tavi gawira amxanagebisaTvis. da-vumtkice maT, rom amxanagoba Tanamedrove dRes ufro SemWidrovda, vidre adre... marTalia Tana-medrove dRes yvelgan kapitalisturi wyobaa da muSebi yovel nabijze iCagrebian, magram dadgeba iseTi dro, rodesac muSebi daiwyeben sxva ro-lis TamaSs. rodesac dadgeba socialisturi wyoba, maSin amxanagebi iTamaSeben sxva rols.~179 ra ganapirobebda qarTuli social-demok-ratiis ideebis aqtualobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi rusuli social-demokratiis poziciaze idga. pasuxi naTelia social-demokratia sazo-gadoebis farTo fenebs pirdeboda srul ekono-mikur da socialur Tanasworobas, TviTmpyrobe-lobis marwuxebisgan ganTavisuflebas da soci-alizmis ganxorcielebas, sadac yvela socialu-ri fena xelSeuxebeli da uzrunvelyofili iq-neboda.

garda imisa, rom social-demokratiuli partia beWduri mediis saSualebiT cdilobda sakuTari ideebis aqtualizacias sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi, amasTan mTavari saSuleba iyo proklamaciebi, sadac Camoyalibebuli iyo maTi


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programa da yuradReba maxvildeboda im mZime mdgomareobaze, romelSic muSebi imyofebodnen. saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSi da-culi informacia naTlad aCvenebs am process. `... Tqven Cumad xarT, Tqven iTmenT, Tqven icdiT, Tqven imedi gaqvT! imedovnebT, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, keTili sityva daipyrobs msoflios, rom sabolood datrialdeba istoriis borbali da dadgeba ukeTesi dReebi, ukeTesi situacia, wes-rigi. es ar iqneba Tqvens mier gagzavnili adre-sebiT da peticiebiT. ra miiReT Tqven amiT? Tqven dagaviwydaT mefis sityva liberali depu-tatebis koronaciis dros `azrs moklebul oc-nebaze?~ nuTu gadaxedva yvela Cven saswavlo saqmeSi ar aris naTeli imisa, rom mTavrobis gegmebSi ar Sedis araviTari seriozuli refor-ma? ras elodebiT?~180 sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom 1917 wlamde gamosuli proklamaciebi Ziri-Tadad ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis saxeliT vrceldeboda da gamodioda. amave fondSia daculi Semdegi informacia: `miu-xedavad imisa, rom yoveli fexis gadadgmaze sastikad gvdevnian da gviTvalTvaleben, miuxe-davad imisa, rom cixeSi gvamwyvdeven, gvasaxle-ben, katorRaSi gvagzavnian da miT cdiloben Cven SeSinebas da galaCrebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni manifestantebi gandevnes da gada-asax-les, _ mainc TandaTan Zlierdeba Segneba poli-tikuri Tavisuflebis mopovebis survilisa.~181 bunebrivia xSir SemTxvevaSi es iyo ideologia, romelsac qmnidnen muSebis brZolisunarianobis 180 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, saqme #3615, furc. 55 181 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, saqme #3615, furc. 83

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asamaRleblad. Tumca XX saukunis dasawyisis-gan gansxvavebiT Semdeg periodSi ukve aSkarad SeimCneva proletariatis organizebuli gamos-vlebi. `muSebma daiwyes politikuri cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, revoluciuri moqmedeba. saWiroa brZola yoveldRiuri lozungiT da Segnebuli muSebis winaSe dgas kiTxva proletariatis brZolis mizanze, amocanebze da formaze. muSa arasdros ar gamova, ar gadadgams praqtikul nabijs winaswar, ar Secvlis Tavis taqtikas. mu-SaTa klass sxvadasxva qveynebSi aqvs Tavisi mu-SaTa klasobrivi politikuri organizacia so-cial-demokratiuli partia, romelic flobs klasobriv politikas... unda vibrZoloT samefo xelisuflebis dasamxobad, radgan gvqondes Ta-visufali gza Cveni namdvili miznisTvis _ so-cializmisTvis. imisTvis, rom momaval brZolas hqondes Zala da gavlena xalxis masaSi, rom uxelmZRvaneloT maT, Cven gvWirdeba magari da gamZle proletariatis organizacia.~182 Tu saw-yis etapze social-demokratiuli Zalebi mxo-lod gaficvebis gamosvlis moTxovniT kmayo-fildebodnen, 1905 wlidan ukve brZolis aqtiur etapze gamodis da proletariats SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisken mouwodebs.

1905 wels gamosul proklamaciebSi aqcenti keTdeboda yvela socialuri fenis gaficvis sa-Wiroebaze. aucilebel motivad miiCnevdnen sxva-dasxva socialuri fenebis gaerTianebas da or-ganizebul gamosvlebs mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. `vinc CvenTan araa, is Cveni winaaRmdegia, is


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mTavrobis laqiaa da mis beds gaiziarebs. ar kmara marto gaficva. saWiroa brZola Tavis da-sacvelad da mtris mosagerieblad. mTavrobas unda gaficvis gatexa da amiT revoluciis Caq-roba. maS SeiaraRdiT yvelani, SeiaraRdiT, ri-Tac SegiZliaT, mudam mzad iyaviT brZolis velze gamosasvlelad. Setakeba aucilebelia. reaqcia modis, mas versad gaeqcevi, versad dae-malebi. maS ra dagvrCenia? iaraRiT xelSi gamo-videT social-demokratiis pirvel mowodebisTa-nave adamianobis da Tavisuflebis dasacve-lad.~183

erTi sityviT muSaTa moZraobam XX sauku-nis dasawyisidan moyolebuli garkveuli gza ganvlo. aRniSnul moZraobas axali mimarTule-ba misca pirvelma msoflio omma. rac Seexeba 1918-1921 wlebs, rodesac xelisuflebaSi movid-nen qarTuli demokratiuli Zalebi, maTi moRva-weobis paralelurad bolSevikebi cdilobdnen xazi gaesvaT xelisuflebis araswor damokide-bulebaze muSebisadmi da Tavis mxareze gadaebi-rebinaT. amisTvis vrceldeba sxvadasxva prok-lamaciebi. `Tqven amxanago muSebo, kmayofili ara xarT samuSao drois maqsimumiT, Tqven ver gakmayofilebT sakatorRo Sromis dacva! Sro-mis pirobebi kidev ufro gauaresda, Tqven ar gagaCniaT Tavisufleba kavSirisa, gaficvis Ta-visufleba, ara gaqvT Tavisufleba krebisa, sit-yvisa, beWdvisa. Tqven, amxanago glexebo, dakma-yofilebuli ara xarT miwiT, is verc axla uz-runvelyofs Tqvens adamianur arsebobas, Tqven


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ganwiruli xarT mudam SimSilis da sicivis msxverpli iyoT. Tqven mogispes ufleba Tqvens Wir-varamze ilaparakoT. sakmarisia odnavi eWvi aiRon, rom Tqven uaryofiT uyurebT, sisxliT gaTxupnul Jordanias da jalaT ramiSvilis mTavrobas, rom Tqven, amxanago muSebo da gle-xebo, dagatusaRon, Cagylapon cixeSi da an gaga-Zevon Tavis sabrZaneblidan.~184

faqtobrivad, yvela proklamaciaSi saubaria imaze, rom xelisufleba ver asrulebs Tavis movaleobas da ver akmayofilebs sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs da amitom xalxs mouwodebdnen gamosuliyvnen xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. marTa-lia bevri iwereboda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom muSas ar aqvs samSoblo da sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebma unda ibrZolon erTi miznis-Tvis da es _ socializmis ganxorcielebaa, mag-ram Tu kargad davakvirdebiT dReisaTvis arse-bul istoriul masalebs, naTlad davinaxavT, rom es sakiTxi gansxvavebulad aRiqmeboda. Kjer kidev gazeTi `Sroma~ 1906 wels werda: `mTeli dedamiwis zurgze ar moipoveba muSaTa iseTi jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavs ar akuTvnebdes ama Tu im ers. iseTi ganviTarebuli proletariatic ki, rogoric germaniaSia, patriotuli grZnobe-biT aris gamsWvaluli. muSa xalxi ibrZvis Ta-vis klasobriv interesebis dasakmayofileblad da amave dros ar iviwyebs, rom igi ama Tu im ers ekuTvnis, da Tu imis ers raime xifaTi moe-lis, igi mzad aris ibrZolos am eris dasacve-lad. es erovnuli brZola imdenad bunebrivi da


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Zlieria, rom muSa xalxi xSirad daiviwyebs xolme Tavis klasobriv antagonizms da erov-nul niadagzed brZolaSi uerTdeba mowinaaR-mdege klasebs.~185 garda amisa, qarTuli politi-kuri speqtri socializmis ganxorcielebis au-cilebel winapirobad miiCnevda Tavisufali, da-moukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobas. `socia-listuri partia cdilobs sxvadasxva eris muSa xalxi SeaerTos erTs Zlier klasobriv armiad: umisod SeuZlebelia socializmis moaxloeba. magram im saxelmwifoSi, sadac erTi eri gamefe-bulia, xolo sxvebi daCagruli, SeuZlebelia es SeerTeba, radgan daCagrul eris muSa xalxi yo-velTvis grZnobs Tavis erovnul daCagvras, ami-tom imis klasobriv brZolas nacionaluri brZola uerTdeba. muSa xalxi mxolod maSin Se-uerTdeba mWidrod sxva erebis muSebs, rodesac imisi eri iseTive Tavisufali iqneba, rogorc sxva eri.~186 gazeTi `zvirTi~ ki 1915 wels aRniS-navda: `muSaTa klasi Tavis samSoblosTan mar-to grZnobiT ar aris dakavSirebuli. samSoblo is kuTxea, sadac mTeli misi sulieri da qoneb-rivi kultura iqmneba. muSas aviRebT, Tu glexs _ yvela mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tavis sam-SoblosTan.~187

stiven jonsi naSromSi `socializmi qar-Tul ferebSi~ wers: `1905 wels damtkicda, rom qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba erov-nulic iyo da internacionaluric. imavdrou-lad, man erovnuli da kulturuli sakiTxebis

185 gaz. Sroma, 1906, #11, gv. 2 186 iqve, gv. 2 187 gaz. zvirTi, 1915, #2, gv. 1

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irgvliv gaaerTiana qarTvelebi da SeZlo anti-caristuli frontis mobilizeba, romelSic so-mexi vaWrebi, qarTveli glexebi da rusi muSebi Sediodnen. social-demokratia qarTvelebisTvis erovnuli kulturisaTvis brZolas niSnavda, in-teligenciisTvis _ demokratiisTvis, xolo mu-Sebisa da glexebisaTvis _ ekonomikisaTvis brZolas.~188

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT arsebul monace-mebs, davinaxavT, rom proletariatis erovnul grZnobebze saubari aramxolod 1918-1921 wleb- Sia, rodesac xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen social-demokratebi da arsebuli politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare garkveulwilad Secva-les Tavisi programa, aramed manamdec. `Cvenma muSebma ver unda gaarCion, sad iwyeba samSoblo da sad Tavdeba Tavisi keTildReoba. Cven unda SevaduRoT muSa da samSoblo, erT xorcad da erT sulad vaqcioT muSa-samSoblo da muSaTa keTildReobiT avagoT Cveni respublikis simag-reni. Cven unda mivceT muSebs maqsimumi risi mi-cemac SeiZleba dReindel pirobebSi. Cven unda vicodeT, rom erTaderTi damcveli Cveni samSob-losi aris muSaTa klasi da mTeli samSobloc amave klass unda emsaxurebodes. muSa da glexia Cveni jari, muSa da glexia Cveni majiscema. Cve-ni samSoblo muSisa da glexis qveyanaa da Tu gvinda muSa da glexi gamovides samSoblos sa-darajoze da ToxiTa da weraqviT daicvas yove-li naWeri miwisa, vizrunoT masze.~189

188s. jonsi, socializmi qarTul ferebSi, Tbilisi: ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007, 189 gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1920, #814, gv. 2

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is faqti, rom proletariatis erovnuli cnobierebis ganviTareba prioritetulia niSnavs imas, rom qarTuli social-demokratia gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs am sakiTxs. miuxe-davad imisa, rom proletariatis interesi kla-sobrivi iyo da maT sawyis etapze maTi ekonomi-kuri mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg unda ebrZolaT, SemdegSi aucilebeli iqneboda muSis erovnuli Segnebis amaRleba, radgan maTi gamarjveba iqne-boda saerTo saxalxo, raSic yvela socialuri fena unda yofiliyo CarTuli. amisTvis, garda politikuri donis amaRlebisa aucilebel saWi-roebas warmoadgenda muSaTa kulturuli Segne-bis amaRleba. ganaTlebuli proletariatis ga-reSe es mizani ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda. am TvalsazrisiT iqmneba sxvadasxva organizaciebi, romelTa amosavali swored aRniSnulis mowes-rigebaa. `muSa xalxis kulturis samefoSi Seyva-na, misi gakulturosneba udidesi nacionaluri saqmea. am miznis misaRwevad saWiroa ara marto kulturuli saunjis qoneba, aramed misi xal-xisTvis xelmisawvdomad gadaqceva. rad gindaT skolebi, wignebi, gazeTebi, Teatrebi da sxva. Tu muSa-kaci amiT ver sargeblobs, is isargeb-lebs amiT maSin, roca mas Sesaferi saSualebac miecema. Tu kaci dReSi 15 saaTs muSaobs da mci-re xelfass iRebs, is veraviTari kulturis mo-nawile ver gaxdeba. muSis ekonomikuri mdgoma-reobis gaumjobeseba badebs mis kulturul ga-umjobesebasac. Tanamedrove proletariatis brZola aris brZola kulturisaTvis. samuSao dRis Semokleba, qiris momateba, Sromis samfar-velo kanonmdebloba, Tavisufali krebebi, pro-

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fesionaluri kavSirebi, muSaTa organoebi da sxva. ai, ra qmnis xalxis kulturas.~190 swored aRniSnulis gamoxatuleba iyo muSaTa klubis Seqmna, romelsac sakuTari mkveTrad gamoxatu-li mizani hqonda. `demokratiul saxelmwifoeb-riv cxovrebisaTvis ori umniSvnelovanesi da pa-suxsagebi sakiTxTagania proletaruli massis kulturuli ganviTarebis saqmis wesierad daye-neba. demokratiuli saxelmwifo e.i. xalxis sru-luflebianoba SeiZleba gamagrdes da ganmtkic-des mxolod da mxolod xalxis Segnebis zrda-ganviTarebaze. Segnebis zrdaze da sazogadoe-bis gaTviTcnobierebaze emyareba agreTve sazo-gadoebis momzadeba socializmisaTvis. garda aseTi saerTo debulebebisa kacobriobis mimdi-nare cxovreba mkafiod ukarnaxebs demokratiis mesveurebs mouwodon farTo masebs xelT igdon da socialurad gardaqmnan mebatone klasTa mi-er Seqmnili erovnuli kultura. es sakiTxi mwvaved aris dayenebuli dedamiwis yvela qvey-nebSi. saqarTvelos demokratiisaTvis, romelic sWedavs erovnul-demokratiul saxelmwifos es sakiTxi kidev ufro mwvaved da daJinebiT moiT-xovs did ganviTarebas.~191

istoriuli moTxovnilebidan da epoqis ga-mowvevidan gamomdinare, proletariati gaxda mTavari socialuri fena, romelsac axali sa-xelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi gadamwyveti monawileoba unda mieRo. marTalia muSaTa kla-sis mTavari xelmZRvaneli Zala social-demok-ratia rusuli ideologiis gavlenis qveS imyo- 190 n. Jordania, erovnuli kiTxva, Tbilisi, 1922, gv. 180 191 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saqme #9, gv. 158

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feboda da maTi ideali iseTi socialisturi sa-zogadoebis Seqmna iyo, sadac yvela Tanaswori iqneboda ganurCevlad sqesisa da erovnebisa, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli situacia (da ara mxolod aq) ar iZ-leoda imis saSualebas, rom maTi mizani gan-xorcielebuliyo, saWiro xdeba qarTul sinam-dvileze morgeba, gansakuTrebiT 1918 wlidan xe-lisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. aqedan moyolebu-li ufro meti yuradReba eqceva muSebis erovnu-li TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. da rac mTavaria erovnul enaze arsebuli literaturis gacno-bas. rasac saboloo jamSi unda moyoloda erovnuli cnobierebis amaRleba. ivane gomarTe-li werda: `ra aris saWiro, rom muSa xalxma klasobrivi brZola nayofierad awarmovos? uwinares yovlisa saWiroa Segneba. Segnebuli muSa xSirad kapitalistis xelSi brma iaraRia, romelsac kapitalisti proletariatisave sawi-naaRmdegod xmarobs. Seugnebeli muSa ki mtki-ced dgas klasTa brZolis niadagze da mas ve-ravin moatyuebs. amgvari SegnebisaTvis saWiroa kiTxva, codna, ganviTareba. romel enaze SeuZ-lia muSa xalxs codna-ganviTarebis SeZena? er-TaderTi ena muSa xalxisaTvis, romlis saSua-lebiTac mas SeuZlia ganviTardes, klasobrivad gaiwvrTnas, aris mSobeli ena. mSobliur enaze ganviTareba, mSobliur enaze mwerloba aravis-Tvis imdenad saWiro ar aris, ramdenadac muSa xalxisTvis.~192 1917 wels gamovida socialist-federlis-

192 Jur. mosavali, 1909, #1, gv. 5

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turi partiis broSura saTauriT `ra esaWiroeba muSa xalxs?~, sadac sxvadasxva problemasTan erTad saubaria mSobliuri enis saWiroebaze: aq aRniSnulia is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac moaqvs dapyrobili xalxisTvis ucxo enaze warmoebul samoqalaqo Tu saganmanaTleblo procedurebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze metad iCagreba muSa xalxi. `muSam ar icis sxva ena, ver kiTxulobs ucxo enaze gamocemul wignebsa da gazeTebs. da-beCavebuli da daCagrulia dedaena _ mwerloba erTaderTi saSualebaa, romliTac SeuZlian da-ewafos kulturul cxovrebas, miiRos ganaTle-ba, ganviTareba. damCagvreli saxelmwifo uar-yofs mis dedaenas, kanonebi gamocemulia mis-Tvis gaugebar enaze skolasa, sasamarTlosa da sxva dawesebulebebSi gabatonebulia ucxo ena...~193

muSebis saxelmwifoebriv saqmeSi CarTvis mowodebaze miuTiTebs Semdegi dokumenti: `...masa unda amoZravdes da ajansaRdes ideurad, amisaT-vis ki saWiroa ideuri xelmZRvaneloba. Tu Zve-li organizaciebi da komitetebi susti iyo amis mizezi aris, rom saerTod Cven organizaciebSi kavSiri, kontaqti ar arsebobs. Aam mxriv axalma organizaciebma meti fxa unda gamoiCinon da mWidrod gadaebmian erTmaneTs yvela sakiTxebSi, yvela kiTxvebi, romlebic zeviT irCeva: damfuZ-nebel krebaSi Tu centralur komitetSi, mas Cvenc unda varCevdeT, rom gavigoT Tu ra xdeba saxelmwifoSi da Cven xelmZRvanel wreebSic. Tbilisi muSebis yvela sakiTxSi unda iyos po- 193 ra esaWiroeba muSa xalxs? (socialist-federalisturi partia), qarTli, 1917, gv. 10

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litikur kursis mimcemi, Tu erTnairi kontaqti ar iqneba Cven organizaciebs Soris, Znelia par-tiuli masis ideuri xelmZRvaneloba. rac Seexe-ba sxva praqtikul kiTxvebs aqac erTnairi mWid-ro kavSiria saWiro. magaliTad, yovelive dadge-nilebis oqmebi Tu sxva ram unda igzavnebodes komitetidan raionebSi da piriqiT, yvela raio-nebi TveSi erTxel mainc unda axdendes sazoga-do krebas. Tu es krebebi ar moewyo, masaSi Seg-neba naklebad Seva da is yovelTvis ryevisa da orWofis gzas daadgeba. ZiriTadi SeerTebuli sxdomebic unda xSirad xdebodes, sadac Cveni xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi unda gamodiodnen da acnobdnen wevrebs dRevandel politikur viTa-rebas da saWiro nabijis gadadgmas. Ggarda ami-sa, unda xdebodes krebebi qarxnebSi, saxelos-noebSi da sxva aseT dawesebulebebSi unda Seiq-nes kadri Cveni mowinave muSebisa, romlebic xelmZRvanelobas unda uwevdes ufro dabal sa-fexurze mdgar amxanagebs. unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cveni mowinaaRmdege politikuri partiebi ar ewevian saxelmwifoebriv aRmSeneblobiT muSao-bas da mTel Tavis Zalas dRes imas axmaren, Ca-igdon xelSi fabrika-qarxnebi da Tavisken gai-yolion muSebi. Ees rom ar moxdes Cven didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs.~194

amasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT dokumentSi aRniSnulia `demokratiul saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebisaTvis erTi umniSvnelovanesi da pa-suxsagebi sakiTxTagania proletaruli masis kulturuli ganviTarebis saqmis wesierad daye-


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neba. demokratiuli saxelmwifo e.i. xalxis sru-lufle-bianoba SeiZleba gamagrdes da ganmtkic-des mxolod da mxolod xalxis Segnebis zrda-ganviTarebaze. Segnebis zrdaze da sazogadoe-bis gaTviTcnobierebaze emyareba agreTve sazo-gadoebis momzadeba socializmisaTvis. garda aseTi saerTo debulebebisa kacobriobis mimdi-nare cxovreba mkafiod ukarnaxebs demokratiis mesveurebs mouwodon farTo masas xelT igdon da socialisturad gardaqmnan, mebatone klasTa mier Seqmnili erovnuli kultura. es sakiTxi mwvaved aris dayenebuli dedamiwis yvela qvey-nebSi. saqarTvelos demokratiisaTvis, romelic sWedavs erovnul demokratiul saxelmwifos, es sakiTxi kidev ufro mwvaved da daJinebiT moiT-xovs did ganviTarebas. me aq ar vexebi saxalxo universitetebs, romlebic iTvleba momqmedad TiTqmis yvela dabaqalaqebSi an sxva saxalxo _ sakulturo dawesebu-lebebs sadac agreTve ver aris savsebiT kargad dayenebuli mSromel masa-Si kulturulad muSaobis saqme, radganac meore da ara nakleb mniSvnelovani safuZveli _ muSa-Ta klubebi muSaTa kulturuli ojaxebia. saqar-TveloSi muSaTa klubi moipoveba mxolod Tbi-lisSi da aqac maTi cxovreba aranormalur da Sesabralis mdgomareobas warmoadgens. Tfili-sis muSaTa klubebi exla mxolod cudi da uxe-irod dadgmuli piesebiT cxovroben. Mmsaxiobebi umTavresad ganuviTarebeli scenis moyvareni arian. TamaSoben ise rom xelovnebisas verafers ipovis adamiani. saqmis aseTi dayenebiT klubebi

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umTavresad xalxSi kulturis daxSobas emsaxu-rebian da ara amaRlebas.~195 sazogadoebis gar-kveuli nawilis umTavresi mizani iyo muSaTa sa-ganmanaTleblo da kulturuli cnobierebis amaRleba. amisTvis, garda praqtikuli nabijebi-sa iqmneboda specialuri proeqtebi. `...studias-Tan gazraxulia sasceno sainstruqtoro skola, romelic yovelive kulturul dasawyiss da ga-mocdilebas gadaitans raionebSi. ganzraxulia mTeli rigi sxvadasxva sainstruqtoro skolebi mozard TaobaSi kulturuli muSaobis sawarmo-eblad. proletar bavSvTaTvis da mozrdilTaT-vis gonier gasarTobebis mosawyobad. studia xe-lovnebis istoriisa da Teatris gasacnobad Zerwvis, xatvis da musikis, rogorc saerTaSori-so, ise qarTulis Sesaswavlad. Aaqve ganzraxu-lia sagundo (xoris) simRerebis da muSaTa or-kestrebis mowyoba...~196

social-demokratia xelisuflebaSi mos-vlis Semdeg cdilobda sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkicebas da masTan muSa xalxis mimxrobas, radgan ideuri dapirispireba isev grZeldeboda sxvadasxva Zalebs Soris. `... erT wuTsac ar un-da daiviwyoT, rom Tqveni erTguli damcveli, Tqveni erTaderTi mosarCle yvelas winaSe sa-qarTvelos social-demokratiul muSaTa parti-aa, romlis windaxedulma wevrebma gadaarCines Cveni samSoblo, dRemde mainc, TaTrebis Semose-va, `komunist~ paiWaZeebis liderebi dganan dRes Cveni samSoblos saTaveSi da Tqven winaSe yove-li Tavis nabiSji agebs pasuxs, SeiZleba rome- 195 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saq. #9, furc. 158 196 iqve, furc. 158

159

lime moxelem an TviT ministrma daaSava rame, ver moiqca ise, rogorc Tqven ukarnaxebT? Se-giZliaT dauyonebliv moiTxovoT misi gadayene-ba da Tqveni moTxovna sisruleSi mova. maS vis xelSi yofila Zalaufleba? rasakvirvelia mu-Sebis xelSi. Tqven Tu moiTxovT dResve gadad-geba mTeli mTavroba. imitom, rom is Tqveni amorCeulia, Tqven gemsaxurebaT da ra ufleba aqvs, rom erTi saaTi moicados mis Semdeg roca Tqven amomrCevlebi gadayenebas moiTxovT?~197

Sromis saministros monacemebiT muSaTa statistika aseTia: `muSaTa saerTo ricxvi mTel saqarTveloSi /garda soflis muSebisa/ aRwevs 75. 000 adamians. Aadgilebis mixedviT ase nawil-debian: Tbilisi _ 35 000, quTaisi _ 2000, foTi _ 2000, soxumi _ 1500, tyibuli _ 2000, WiaTura _ 300/ 1000/, borjomi _ 1500, rkinisgza _ 15 000, samtredia _ 500, sxva adgilebSi /gori, Telavi, winandali da sxva/ _ 5000.

`TiTqmis yvela muSa gaerTianebulia profe-siul kavSirSi, kavSirebis ricxvi aRwevs _ 40, aseTebia: rkinisgzis muSebis kavSiri da saqar-Tvelos rkinisgzis mosamsaxureebis, WiaTuris muSaTa kavSiri, aseve WiaTuris marganecis kav-Siri, meliToneebis, tramvais mosamsaxureebis, mbeWdavebis, diasaxlisebis, farmacevtebis, eleq-trikosTa, Rvinis, mSenebel msaxurTa, mzareul-Ta, mkeravTa, parikmaxerTa, mZRolebis, musikose-bis da sxva.~198

`muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis kulturul-saganma- 197 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saqme #52, furc. 32 198 scsa, f. 2016, aRw. 1, saqme #12, furc. 41

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naTleblo ganyofilebis ganawesi q. Tbilisi. 1.) muSebsa da armias Soris wera-kiTxvis da ganaT-lebis gavrcelebis xelSewyoba, rogorc sxva-dasxva sferos ganviTarebis azriT, aseve xelov-nebis da sxva, radgan am moZraobis mizans war-moadgens muSebis da jariskacebis Soris poli-tikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba. 2. kulturul-saganmanaTleblo ganyofilebis miznis misaRwevad saWiroa: a) ganaTlebis sko-lebis mowyoba, saxalxo universitetebis, erov-nuli Teatrebi da sabavSvo baRebi b) xelSewyo-ba meomrebsa da muSebis TviTganviTarebisaTvis g) politikuri klubebis daarseba 3. aRmasrule-beli komitetis iniciativiT mitingebis xelSew-yoba d) saerTo-saganmanaTleblo komitetis moRvaweobis konspeqtebi, leqciebi da gegmebi e) daarseba biblioTekebis da samkiTxveloebis v) gamosces furclebi, broSurebi da saagitacio politikuri literatura z) moewyos eqskursie-bi, kinos Cveneba, sporti, saxalxo seirnobebi da sxva T) yvela kulturul-saganmanaTleblo ganyofileba unda iyos adgilobriv enaze.~199

saTaTbiros mSromelTa jgufis programa: `1. mSromelTa jgufi aRiarebs, rom aucileb-lad saWiroa, rac SeiZleba Cqara gadawydes mu-Sebis saqme ise, rogorc ara erTxel mouTxovi-aT muSebs 2. Uunda SemoRebul iqmnas 8 saaTis samuSao dRe, ise ki, rom qira ar unda Semcir-des da dawesdes kviraSi 42 saaTis Seuwyveteli mosveneba. zogierT xelobaSi da warmoebaSi, ro-melic metad mavnebelia adamianis janmrTelobi-


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saTvis, samuSao dReE unda iyos kidev ufro nak-lebi 2. unda dawesdes umciresi samuSao qira adgilobrivi muSebis mier adgilobrivi pirobe-bis mixedviT. 3. unda dacul iqmnes qalis da bavSvis Sroma. 4. srulad unda aikrZalos zed-meti muSaoba 5. Uunda akrZalul iqmnas Ramis muSaoba garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac teqnikur pirobebis gamo es SeuZlebelia 6. Saxelmwifo dazRveva muSebisa mwarmoebelTa xarjiT 7. unda daisajos mwarmoebeli, rodesac daarRvevs Sro-mis dacvis kanons 8. sruliad unda Seicvalos safabriko inspeqcia, mas unda daemorCilos yo-velgvari Sroma, inspeqcia unda imyofebodes ad-gilobrivi muSaTa zedamxedvelobis qveS 9. ufa-so savaldebulo daxmareba muSaTa da maTi oja-xebisaTvis: adgilobrivma TviTmmarTvelobam Tvalyuri unda adevnos, rom muSebi cxovrob-dnen higienur pirobebSi. 10. unda dawesdes Sema-rigebeli kamerebi ukmayofilebis mosaspobad muSaTa da mwramoebelTa Soris, kameraSi orive mxridan Tanasworad unda iyvnen arCeuli wevre-bi 11. savaldebulo ganaTleba muSebisa skolis gareSe da biblioTeka-samkiTxveloebis gamarTva qaxnebsa da fabrikebTan 12. mospoba jarimebisa, gamoricxvebisa da gaCxrekisa.~200

amdenad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom proletari axali epoqis war-momadgenelia da iqidan gamomdinare, rom XX sa-ukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli kulturuli da po-litikuri elita Tavad qmnida ideologias da gansxvavebuli ideebis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZo-

200 gaz. glexi, 1906, #1, furc. 9

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da, proletaric garkveulwilad ganicdida maT zegavlenas da maTi aRqma gamomdinareobda SeTa-vazebuli ideologiidan. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom social-demokratiuli Zalebi prole-taris klasobrivi cnobierebis Semqmnelebad mo-iazrebodnen, ganxiluli masala aCvenebs, rom qarTuli social-demokratia erovnul sakiT-xsac ar gamoricxavda.

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Tavi meoTxe

jariskaci

qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod mniSvne-lovani adgili ukavia samxedro istoriis sa-kiTxebis Seswavlas. am problemas araerTi sain-tereso gamokvleva mieZRvna, sadac ZiriTadad aqcenti gakeTebulia sabrZolo xelovnebaze, jaris Camoyalibebis saWiroebaze, sxvadasxva sa-xelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omebis xa-siaTze da a.S. Tumca aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Ses-wavlasTan erTad aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa jariskacis erovnuli cnobierebis Sefaseba. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sa-kiTxebTan erTad istoriuli movlenebis anali-zisTvis aucileblobas warmoadgens imis gan-sazRvra Tu ra gza ganvlo jariskacis cnobie-rebis ganviTarebam XX saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-moukideblobis aRdgenamde da ra rols Tama-Sobda igi qarTuli, erovnuli saxelmwifos mSe-neblobis procesSi 1918-1921 wlebSi.

erovnuli sakiTxis srulyofilad Seswavla sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis Tu socialuri jgufebis cnobierebis gaanalizebis gareSe Se-uZlebelia. maT Soris mniSvnelovania jaris da jariskacis adgilis gansazRvra da Sefaseba. rogorc Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSne, problemis Seswavlas mivyvebi ori gansxvavebuli epoqis 1900-1917 wlebis da 1918-1921 wlebis SedarebiTi analiziT. pirvel periodSi saqarTvelo imyofe-boda ruseTis imperiis daqvemdebarebaSi da gar-kveuli struqturebi gansakuTrebiT ganicdidnen

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garusebis politikas. maT jgufSi iyo jari, ro-melic ruseTis imperatoris dasayrden saSuale-bas warmoadgenda da xSir SemTxvevaSi iyenebda xalxis winaaRmdeg saprotesto gamosvlebis, Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan arsebuli movle-nebi ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sedis, rac gamo-ixata sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis Camoya-libebiT da maTi ideologiis propagandiT sa-zogadoebaSi. am mimarTulebiT rogorc araer-Txel aRvniSne aqtiurobda social-demokratiu-li Zalebi, romelic sakmaod popularuli iyo ruseTSi da qarTuli social-demokratia, rome-lic maTi ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda maq-simalurad cdilobda sakuTari ideologiis re-alizebas xalxSi. sawyis etapze maT saerTo in-teresi hqondaT, orive qveynis partiis mizani iyo: mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxoba, raSic aq-tiuri monawileoba unda mieRo yvela socialur fenas da maT Soris jariskacs. mTeli imperiis masStabiT vrceldeboda ruseTis social-demok-ratiuli muSaTa partiis proklamaciebi, sadac iyo mowodeba aRniSnul procesSi CarTulobaze.

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri eli-tis nawili yovel Rones xmarobda 1905-1907 wle-bis revolucia gamoeyenebina qarTveli eris sab-rZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebisTvis da erov-nuli Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis garkveuli winapirobebi Seeqmna, radgan naTeli iyo swrafi qmedebebiT ar iqneboda sasurveli Sedegi. `ru-seTis revoluciis momentis erT umTavres mov-lenas Seadgens jaris gamoRviZeba, mis gacnobie-rebis gzaze dadgoma. yovel dRe sxvadasxva

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kuTxidan da qalaqebidan depeSebi gvacnobeben, rom jariskacebi dRes ise brma iaraRs aRar warmoadgenen mTavrobis xelSi, rogorc es aqam-dis iyo.~201

politikuri da kulturuli elita acnobie-rebda im faqts, rom mTavrobis siZlieris ga-rantia iyo misi morCili jari, amitom maqsima-lurad cdilobda maTi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da imperiis winaaRmdeg gamoyvanas. gazeTi `talRa~ 1906 wels werda: `pirveli ime-di mTavrobisa aris jari. Tu jari erTguli eyoleba, mTavroba ar SeuSindeba araviTar re-voluciurs mozRvavebas, araviTar mgznebare Za-xils agitatorebisas, erTguli jari revoluci-as xalxis sisxlSi CaaxSobs. magram erTi pata-ra garemoeba aviwydeba mTavrobas: jari imav xalxis Svilebidan sdgeba, SeuZlebelia xalxis moZraobis talRebi jarsac ar moxvdes da mas-Siac ar gamoiwvios iseTive ltolvileba, rome-lic xalxs aRelvebs.~202 swored amaze akeTeb-dnen aqcents proklamatorebi, rom jariskacic, muSac da glexic erTia. jariskaci glexis an muSis ojaxidan aris da amitom aris maT Soris aseTi kavSiri da saWiroa organizebuli gaerTi-aneba mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. `Tqven, ra Tqma unda getyodnen, rom Cven gvsurs jariskacebis simSvi-dis darRveva. ar aris es marTali, Zmebo, ar ir-wmunoT es. amas laparakoben iseTi xalxi, rom-lebic rogorc TqvenTvis, aseve CvenTvis erTa-derTi mteria, es aris _ mefis mTavroba da po-licia. Tqven TviTon gansajeT: roca aris sur- 201 Ggaz. axali cxovreba, 1906, #2, furc. 2 202 gaz. talRa, 1906, #2, gv. 1

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vili datovo sakuTari ojaxi da gamoxvide qu-CaSi, rom gcemon joxebiT, kazakebma maTraxe-biT... saqme imaSia, Zmebo, rom Cveni Zmebis muSe-bis cxovreba ase aRar SeiZleba. saqme imaSia, rom sadac Cveni muSebi moawyoben gaficvebs, iq ufrosis moTxovniT gaCndebian policia, guber-natori da kazakebi da iwyeben cemas, Tan ambo-ben: ar ginda muSaoba? Cven gaiZulebT muSaobas! kidev kargia, Tu mxolod amiT damTavrdeba saq-me, aq Cndeba jariskacebis didi nawili da es-vris muSebs.~203 yvela proklamaciaSi, romlebic vrceldeboda xalxSi, iyo mudmivi mowodeba ja-riskacebis gaerTianebisa mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. faqtobrivad, es procesi grZeldeba mTeli 1900-1917 wlebis manZilze, metnaklebi intensivobiT. am periodSi jariskacTan mimarTebaSi aseTi mo-sazreba arsebobda: `vin aris qarTveli jariska-ci? is ruseTis mxedrobis nawilia, mxedaria, magram is qarTvelia, guSindeli glexi, soflis muSa, is wevria im didi sazogadoebisa, romel-sac saqarTvelo ewodeba da amitomac rac ga-daxda mTel ers, ganicada qarTvelma jariskac-mac, magram qarTvel jariskacs, rogorc qar-Tvel mxedars aqvs sxva Wrilobac, rac specifi-kur Tvisebas Seadgens mis samsaxurisas.~204 ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavari dasayrde-ni jari da jariskaci, rom iyo amas araerTi faqti mowmobs da saqarTvelos gaZlierebis mTavar faqtorad qarTveli jariskacis erov-nul ideis samsaxurSi Cadgoma miaCndaT: ` am Tvis (1905 wlis aprili _ n.s.) 3 ricxvSi, Suad- 203 scsa, f. 153, aRw. 1, saqme #3615, furc. 127 204 gaz. jariskaci, 1917, #2, gv. 1

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Ris 2 saaTze Seikribnen: zaqaria maziaSvili, daviT jangulaSvili, gegena kracaSvili, ala-verda kracaSvili, aleqsandre kracaSvili, le-vani jangulaSvili, sof. nukrianis mcxovrebi sosiko nadiraSvili da sxva. Ddaiwyes propagan-da Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cven qarTvelebs unda gvqondes erTianoba, gaverTiandeT, gavagdoT yvela uvxoqveyneli saqarTvelodan, gansakuTre-biT rusebi, ar mivceT ufleba gadmosaxlebu-lebs Cvens miwaze aSenebis, gavanadguroT poli-cielebi, ar gauSvaT Cveni Svilebi samxedro samsaxurSi, rom saqarTvelo gvekuTvnis Cven da rusebs araferi ar esaqmebaT CvenTan. Nnu geSini-aT brZolis, radgan yvela iaraRi datenilia fuWi vaznebiT, ar daveqvemdebaroT araviTar xe-lisuflebas da Tu aRmoCndeba vinme policie-lidan, romelic Segvaferxebs Cven, movklaT. Aar gadaixadoT araviTari gadasaxadi...~205

ufro mravalricxovania informacia 1918-1921 wlebSi qarTveli jariskacis Sesaxeb. saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdge-nis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi mosulma qarTulma, erovnulma Zalebma mTavari aqcenti gaakeTes Zlieri da organizebuli jaris Camoyalibebaze, romelic ara mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT iqneboda mowesrigebuli, aramed gansakuTrebu-li yuradReba daeTmoboda jariskacis erovnu-li TviTSegnebis amaRlebas.

qarTveli jariskacis da zogadad, jaris Sesaxeb saintereso informaciaa daculi memua-rul literaturaSi. sakmaod cnobilia giorgi


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kvinitaZis, giorgi mazniaSvilis cnobebi da ma-Ti Sexedulebebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTe-baSi. araerTxel yofila damowmebuli maTi mo-sazrebebi samxedro taqtikasTan Tu samxedro xelovnebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. magram aseve sainteresoa maTi damokidebuleba jaris erovnuli aRqmis Sefasebisas da maTi Tvalsaz-risi jaris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. giorgi kvi-nitaZe `armias~ eris cxovrebaSi did mniSvnelo-bas aniWebs. mas miiCnevs sarked, romelSic eris istoria, Tvisebebia areklili. igi wers: `TiTo-euli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi SeiaraRebul Za-lebs uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvT. kritikul, gadamwyvet momentebSi es mniSvneloba kidev uf-ro izrdeba da qveynis bedi armiis xelTaa. ase iyo dRemde da ase iqneba mudam. SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, armia xalxis sulis sarkea. xalxi Tavis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi asaxavs Tavis yvela Rir-sebas, yvela Tavis naklovanebas, mTel Tavis kulturas, mTel Tavis ganviTarebas. es imdenad gardauvali kanonia, rom armia TermometriviTaa _ armiis mixedviT SeiZleba swori daskvna gamo-vitanoT xalxis kulturaze, mis simZlavresa da ganviTarebaze cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.~206 ai, ras wers igi qarTvel jariskacebze: `qarTvele-bi uciloblad meomari xalxia, oRond erTi Ta-viseburebiT: mas ar gaaCnia Semtev-dampyroblu-ri Jini, rac Cveulebriv Tan sdevs agresiul xalxebs, qarTvelebi arasodes ar ibrZodnen da-sapyrobad, an omis siyvaruliT; isini mxolod sakuTar samSoblos, erovnulobasa da rwmenas 206 g. kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t.1, Tbilisi: lomisi, 1998, gv. 20

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icavdnen. arasodes ar iwyebdnen oms dasapyro-bad, ama Tu im raions euflebodnen mxolod sa-kuTari, sasicocxlo sazRvrebis uzrunvelsayo-fad da damarcxebulTa mimarT lmobierebiT ga-moirCeodnen.~207

miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli jariskacis cno-bierebaSi garkveuli gardatexa moxda da sawyis etapze mas uWirda qarTul realobasTan Segue-ba. akaki surgulaZis azriT: `udidesi mniSvne-loba hqonda im mkveTr gardatexas, romelic re-volucias mohyva. azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis uflebas moklebuli jariskacTa masebi uecrad politikuri Tavisuflebis winaSe aRmoCndnen, pirvelad istoriaSi jariskaci adamianad iqna aRiarebuli da mas samSoblos bedisaTvis pasu-xismgebloba daekisra.~208 magram arc ise advili iyo erovnuli jaris Camoyalibeba, romelsac naTlad eqneboda gacnobierebuli erovnuloba da sakuTari samSoblos interesebs daicavda. ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnam sxva-dasxva uaryofiTi Sedegebis motanasTan erTad jariskacis araorganizebuloba da samSoblo-sadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebac moitana. `rusis jari saqarTvelos ucqeroda, rogorc ucxo qveyanas da amitom aramcTu Tu advilad stovebda mas. adviladac anadgurebda Tu saSua-leba nebas miscemda. mTeli tragizmi Cveni mdgomareobisa is aris, rom qarTveli jariska-cic ise ucqeris saqarTvelos, rogorc ucxo

207 iqve, gv. 11 208a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1954, gv. 110

170

qveyanas. TviTeul jariskacs SesaZleblad miaC-nia daepatronos an Tavis sakuTrebad gamoac-xa-dos yvelaferi, rac eris saerTo SromiTaa Seq-mnili da amitom mTel ersac unda ekuTvno-des.~209 akaki surgulaZe wers: `jariskacs pir-vel rigSi ainteresebda misTvis usargeblo, ga-manadgurebeli omis damTavreba da saxlSi dab-runeba, igi revoluciisgan moeloda zavs, rome-lic saSualebas miscemda enaxa wlobiT mitove-buli da upatronod gapartaxebuli ojaxi. axa-li mTavroba ki isev oms ganagrZobda. jaris-kacs, romelic omamde an memamulis uRelqveS gminavda, an warmoebaSi kapitalistis eqsploa-tacias ganicdida, ainteresebda miwa, romelsac igi Tavis survilisamebr daamuSavebda, aintere-sebda eqspluataciis mospoba, normaluri muSa-obisa da dasvenebis uflebis mopoveba, axali mTavroba ki miwebs kvlav memamuleebs, xolo fabrika-qarxnebs kapitalistebs unarCunebda.~210 faqtobrivad, 1918-1921 wlebSi arc ise martivi Canda qarTuli armiis organizeba, rogorc erTi SexedviT Canda. rusulma mmarTvelobam bevri uaryofiTi Sedegi moitana saqarTvelosTvis, rac qveynis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi ga-moCnda. `jarSi mewvrilmanur-anarqistulma sul-ma iCina Tavi, rodesac igi frontidan Sin mor-boda: gzaSi anadgurebda yvelafers, rac ki mox-vdeboda, anadgurebda ara marto maSin, rodesac TviTon sWirdeboda, anadgurebda ganadgurebi-saTvis, ugunurad, uazrod, yvela kulturis na-

209 gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1918, #158, gv. 2 210 a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1954, gv. 11

171

yofs, angrevda rkinisgzas, vagonebs, itacebda, rac ki xelSi moxvdeboda da yvela amas gzaSi yidda.~211 giorgi mazniaSvili amasTan dakavSire-biT aRniSnavda: `frontidan dabrunebul dezer-tirebs ufro meti gaxrwna Sehqonda jariskaceb-Si. eseni aramc Tu TavianT ufrosebs, qalaqis miliciasac ki ar emorCilebodnen. axlad Sem-dgari erovnuli nawilebi erTmaneTs ejibre-bodnen, vin ufro met wils igdebda xelSi sa-xelmwifo qonebidan.~212

swored zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saqar-Tvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma amosa-val miznad daisaxes qarTuli jaris gardaqmna, ara mxolod samxedro-profesionaluri Tval-sazrisiT, aramed maTi saganmanaTleblo da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebiT. manamde, anu 1918 wlamde qarTveli jariskacisTvis aseTi ram warmoudgeneli iyo, isini ruseTis saimperato-ro karis uSualo dasayrdens da misi nebis Sem-srulebels warmoadgendnen. erovnulma mTavro-bam ki pirvel rigSi jariskacis erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas miaqcia yuradReba. `mas (jariskacs) unda hqondes elementaruli warmodgena mainc ucxo mxareebze, did saxel-mwifoebze da ufro dawvrilebiTi codna Tavisi samSoblo mxaris geografiisa, unda gaecnos Ta-visi eris istorias. unda icodes mimdinare eko-nomiuri da socialuri perspeqtivebi Tavisi qveyni-sa. gansakuTrebuli garkveviT valdebulia icodes Tavisi samSoblos saxelmwifoebrivi

211 gaz. erToba, 1918, #78, gv. 3 212g. mazniaSvili, mogonebebi, baTumi: sabWoTa aWara, 1990, gv. 5

172

wyobileba, gansxvaveba saxelmwifos Zvel da axal politikur da socialur weswyobilebas Soris. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samSoblos warCinebuli pirebis, anu Tanamedrove saqarTve-los moRvaweTa Rvawlis Seswavla, rac Zlier Seuwyobs xels patriotul grZnobis gaRvivebas. ganTqmuli samxedro moqmedebani, Tugind patara meomrebisa, gansakuTrebiT xels Seuwyobs mxed-ruli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobis gaZlierebas, rac aucilebelia yvela saqmis warmatebisaTvis da Tanac aZlierebs TiToeul mxedarSi samSob-losadmi siyvaruls.~213 qarTul politikur da kulturul elitas swamda, rom Tavisuflebi-saTvis da samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis brZola mas SeeZlo, visac gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisuflebis arsi, amitom kulturul muSaobas jarisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebo-da. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqtic, rom giorgi mazniaSvili jarSi wesrigisa da brZolisunari-anobis amaRlebas mTavarsardlis damsaxurebad miiCnevda da amitom am funqciis Sesruleba sa-patio movaleobad da pasuxismgeblobad miaCnda. imisTvis, rom jari iyos Zlieri da samSoblos moyvaruli, jariskaci mudmivad formaSi unda iyos da rac mTavaria gaaCndes maRali kultu-ruli da inteleqtualuri Segneba.

sainteresoa iunkerTa skolis yofili mos-wavleebis n. maTikaSvilis da m. kvaliaSvilis mogoneba: `skola orwlian swavlebas iTvalis-winebda. pirvel kursze msmeneli eufleboda sa-erTo samxedro xelovnebas Teoriulad da praq-

213 Jurn. respublikis jari, 1918, #1, gv. 6

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tikulad. Mmeore kursze ki gayofili iyvnen: qve-iTTa jaris, cxenosanTa, saartilerio da mesan-greTa dargebad. Ppirveli kursi amoqmedda 1919 wlis Semodgomaze, meore_1920 wlis Semodgoma-ze. leqciebs Teoriul dargSi gvikiTxavdnen cnobili qarTveli generlebi. praqtikul dargs gvaswavlidnen saTanado dargis rCeuli aficre-bi. amaTgan mexseierebaSi CamrCnen: rotmis-tri_sulxaniSvili, kapitnebi_CaCua, Savdia, xoS-taria, leitenanti ToiZe. skolis ufrosad Tavi-danve polkovniki aleqsandre CxeiZe iyo, am dar-gSi didad gamocdili da daxelovnebuli. sas-wavlo programis Teoriul dargTagan gvaswav-lidnen: samxedro istorias, taqtikas, topogra-fias, fortifikacias. am dargTa maswavleblebi iyvnen generlebi: kvinitaZe, andronikaSvili polkovniki vaxvaxiSvili da sxvebi... gvyavda eriskaci maswavlebeli. Ees iyo cnobili mwera-li da sazogado moRvawe vasil barnovi. gvikiT-xavda is leqciebs qarTul istoriasa da lite-raturaSi da Tavisi saxovani, gulSi Camwvdomi qarTuliT gvinergavda samSoblos uzomo er-Tgulebasa da siyvaruls. skolis saboloo mi-zani iyo mieca msmenelTaTvis sakmarisi Teoriu-li da praqtikuli codna samxedro xelovneba-ze, Caenerga mkacri disciplina da fizikurad moemzadebina mZime samuSaoTa amtanobisaTvis~.214 saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri jari nebismi-eri saxelmwifos Zlierebis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo, gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda saqarTveloc. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg ki dRis wes- 214 n. maTikaSvili, m. kvaliaSvili, iunkrebi, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 5

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rigSi dadga qarTuli jaris axali formiT aRorZineba. qarTuli kulturuli da politiku-ri speqtri acnobierebda ra saqarTvelos wina-Se dasmul mraval gadauWrel sakiTxs da im problemas, romelic saqarTvelos yoveli mxri-dan emuqreboda gadamwyvet pirobad miiCnevda qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis Zlieri jaris Seq-mnas. amis gamoxatuleba iyo pirvel rigSi is faqti, rom aRmofxvriliyo dezertiroba da qarTveli jariskaci samSoblos samsaxurSi Cam-dgariyo. `saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam sa-Wirod scno jariskacTa ganaTleba. man daaarsa samxedro ganaTlebis 2 skola, romelTa saTave-Si dganan CvenSi kargad cnobili: polkovniki, tite arTmelaZe da pedagogi aleqsandre JorJo-liani. TiToeul brigadas miuCines TiTo in-struqtori, xolo razmebSi ki TiTo maswavle-beli, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT gundis aficeri jaris kacT aswavlis wera-kiTxvas da angariSs. razmis maswavleblebi pirvel-meore safexuris skolebSi baasis saSualebiT aswavlian jaris-kacT qarTul literaturas, saqarTvelos isto-rias da geografias da ebaaseba mecnierebis sxva dargebidanac. TiToeul razmSi aqvT sakuTari biblioTeka-samkiTxvelo, mowyobilia Teatri, sadac jariskacni sistematiurad awyoben war-modgenebs da leqciebs sagangeboT mowveuli pi-rebis daxmarebiT. nabiji gadadgmulia. jarSi Rrmad ikidebs fexs kultura-ganaTlebis saqme. saWiroa meti yuradReba, muSaobis gaaskeceba da axlo momavalSi Cveni mxedroba Tavisi ganviTa-reba-ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofs Cveni eris ke-

175

TildReobis da revoluciis mier mopovebul Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebas.~215

marTalia Tavdapirvelad qarTul jarSi ar iyo sasurveli mdgomareoba, magram xelisufle-bis mxridan dauRalavi moRvaweobis Sedegad si-tuacia garkveulwilad gamosworda. amasTan da-kavSirebiT sainteresoa agreTve saarqivo doku-mentebi, sadac statistikuri informaciaa moce-muli. saWiroa arsebuli informaciis Sejereba da kompleqsuri analizi. isic gasaTvaliswine-belia, rom sami wlis ganmavlobaSi arc ise ad-vili iyo zogadad sazogadoebis, kerZod ki ja-riskacebis azrovnebis saxelmwifoebriv saz-RvrebSi moqceva. ai, ras vkiTxulobT fondSi 1863, saqme #9, `rogorc mosalodneli iyo de-mokratiul respublikaSi, mTavrobam didi yu-radReba miaqcia jarebis nawilebSi ganmanaTle-bel muSaobis xelis Sewyobas da unda iTqvas, rom dRevandeli samsaxuri jariskacisa didad gansxvavdeba SarSandel da SarSanwindel samsa-xurze. maxsovs Cveni aTaseulis cxovrebidan 1918-1919 wlebi, rodesac jariskacebi imitom ewe-rebodnen nawilSi, rom rac SeiZleba blomad da saCqarod mieRoT tansacmeli. raTa Semdeg meore nawilSi Caweriliyvnen, sadac aseve moiq-ceodnen, Semdeg mesameSid da aseT cuRlutobiT gaewiaT samsaxuri samSoblosaTvis. maxsovs 1918 wlis 1 aprili, rodesac gamogvicxades xval ba-TumSi mivalT da moemzadeTo. meore dRes aTase-ulis naxevari Semadgenlobac ar gamocxadebu-la daniSnul droze, maSin umetesi nawili ja-


176

riskacebisa TavianT binaze cxovrobdnen da aTaseulSi mxolod sadilis dros Tu movidod-nen, gavemgzavreT 15-mde jariskaci da ramodeni-me oficeri. TiTqmis yovel sadgurze gamoqceu-li jariskacebi gvxvdebodnen sxvadasxva nivTe-biT dajorgvili. Tofebs ki arsad tovebdnen, radgan ojaxSic gamoadge-bodaT. sofel lixau-ris raionSi osmalebis Semotevis dros jer mteri ar daenaxaT, rodesac # razmis jariska-cebma daSales tyviamfrqvevi, gaidves mxarze cal-calke nawilebi da gaudgnen gzas Sinisaken. yovelive es xdeboda im jariskacebis monawile-obiT, romlebic bevri maTgani dResac samsaxur-Sia. magram aseTi saqcielis Cadenas gulSidac ar gaifiqreben dRes. maSin araviTar Jurnal-ga-zeTebs samxedro nawilebi mTavrobidan ar Re-bulobdnen, araviTari ganmanaTlebeli muSaoba nawilebSi ar warmoebda, jariskacs ar esmoda daniSnuleba Tavisi Tavisa da samsaxurisa, ar icoda Tavisi samSoblo, misi warsuli da moma-vali da ra gasakvirvelia Zneli iyo laparaki aseTi jaris gamarjvebisa.~216 rogorc Cans, de-mokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier gata-rebuli reformebis Sedegad jariskacebis mdgo-mareoba arsebiTad gaumjobesda. rac pirvel rigSi maTi saganmanaTleblo donis amaRlebas iTvaliswinebda. `... jariskacebisTvis yovel dRe 11-dan 1 saaTamde garda kvira uqme-dReebisa ikiTxeba leqciebi. leqciebis sagnebi Semdegia: orSabaTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT _ saqarTvelos mimdinare mdgomareoba, samSabaTobiT da SabaTo-


177

biT _ qarTuli literatura, oTxSabaTobiT _ geografia da paraskevobiT saqarTvelos isto-ria.217

qarTuli samxedro xelmZRvaneloba cdi-lobda yvela samxedro SenaerTSi erTnairad ma-Ral doneze yofiliyo kulturuli da saswav-lo-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba. magaliTad sain-teresoa saistorio arqivSi daculi cnoba axalcixis sanapiro razmis Sesaxeb. `am axlo xanebSi Cvens razms ewvia kulturul-ganmanaT-lebeli saqmeebis instruqtori kapitani aleq-sandre gorgaZe. pirvel dRidanve igi Seudga razmSi kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saqmeebis mo-wesrigebas, Seadgina kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli gamgeoba, romlis wevrebia: maiori quTelia, Tav-mjdomare, kapitani mgelaZe, arCil avaliSvili da jariskaci gurgeniZe, gamgeobam miznad daisa-xa razmSi gaaCaRos kulturuli muSaoba, gaaw-yos, sadac SesaZlebelia leqciebi, saubrebi, yu-radReba miaqcios, rom razmSi sanapiro jarebis ufrosis brZaneba, romelic exeba savaldebulo wera-kiTxvis swavlebas, sisruleSi iqmnas moyva-nili.~218

agreTve: `saolqo saxalxo gvardiis Stabis xelmZRvanelobiT aq daarsebulia saxazino ja-riskacTa da gvardielTa instituti, Teatri da skola. Tema, warmodgenebi, riTac jariskacebi didi kmayofili rCebian, mecadineoba skolaSi ra Tqma unda mimdinare mdgomareobiT cota Se-ferxebulia da imedi gvaqvs, rom rodesac nor-maluri mdgomareoba dadgeba, aq mecadineoba 217 iqve, gv. 90 218 scsa, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saqme #9, furc. 197

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sistematiurad daiwyeba, did sargebels moutans Cvens jars da gvardias. agreTve aris aqve mo-Tavsebuli samkiTxvelo, sadac yvela mimarTu-lebis Jurnal-gazeTebis kiTxvas jariskacebi didi xalisiT ekidebian. Mmodis agreTve `saqar-Tvelos komunistic~, romlis kiTxva Cvens jars da gvardias arafrad ar epitnavebaT. Ees gazeTi saxeliT saqarTvelosia, saqmiT ruseTis Sesa-xeb. dRes, rodesac Cvens qveyanas didi gamarjve-ba aqvs Tavis Rirseuli mTavrobis xelmZRvane-lobiT, mis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos komunistis furclebze erTs striqonsac ki ver naxavT. Nnu Tu es aris saqarTvelos gazeTi.~219

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, bunebrivia ukma-yofilebac arsebobda garkveul nawilSi. `fron-tebis daTvalierebis dros (yvelgan SemoviareT ukve) Cven SevniSneT, jars mcire nawils garda yuradReba ar eqceva, jarSi arian saRi elemen-tebi, brZolis surviliT gaJRenTili, arian am-xanagebi, magram arian uvargisi, undoni da mxdalni. jariskacebi winandelTan SedarebiT ufro saRia, magram srulad ar aris gawmendi-li. maTSi moipoveba provokatorebi. sursaTi Za-lian mcirea. Ppuri, romelic moaqvT poziciebze Zalian cudia. iq-aq poziciebze vnaxeT jariska-cebi utansacmeloT. agreTve ver aris mowesri-gebuli poziciebze meomarTa smena da sayvedurs gamosTqvamen. sayvedurs ambobdnen agreTve, rom generali da sxva ufrosebi poziciebs ar uweven angariSs. Aar aris akofebis keTebis saqme mowes-


179

rigebuli da arc sxva samzadisi. Amazedac say-vedurs gamosTqvamen.~220

aqcenti keTdeboda jaris organizebis auci-leblobaze. `... Cven mudam viyaviT da varT arse-buli weswyobilebis damcvelni mimarTulebiT s.d. menSevikebi, da rogorc aseTebi winaaRmdeg-ni varT yvela im movlenebisa, romlebic Cirqs sxeben demokratiul respublikas da badeben jarSi misadmi siZulvils. Tqven ukeT iciT, rom dRes Cven vimyofebiT safrTxis winaSe da miT umetes exla saWiroa jarTan daaxloeba, maTda-mi zrdilobiani mopyroba da amiT maTSi samSob-losadmi da weswyobilebisadmi siyvarulis gaR-viveba. marTalia Cveni mTavroba amisaTvis saTa-nado zomebs iRebs, magram samwuxarod jaris zogierT nawilebSi es ar tardeba. Ppiradad, Cven radac ar unda dagvijdes Cveni respubli-kis dacva-ganmtkicebas xeli unda SevuwyoT, mag-ram Tu ki Cven davinaxavT vinmesgan amis sawina-aRmdego moqmedebas movaled vTvliT Tavs gamo-vaaSkaraoT. Mmogvyavs zogierTi magaliTebi:

1. Ooficroba da saerTod ufrosebi, jaris-kacebs epyrobian uxeSad. xSiria gineba da cema (gineba metwilad rusul enaze)

2. zogierTi ufrosebi mxolod udanaSau-lod sjian iseTebs, romlebic bunebas ar dau-jildoebiaT niWiTa, maxsovrobiT da an sxvadas-xva mizezebis gamo darCenilan uswavlelni. 3. jariskacebi moklebuli arian saSuale-bas Tavisufali dro moaxmaron kulturulad

220 scsa, f. 1824, aRw. 1, saqme, #8, furc. 3-4

180

TviTganviTarebas, Tavis xarjiT TeatrSi was-vliT da sxva aseTebiT.

4. jariskacebs ar SeuZliaT ufrosis winaSe raime ukmayofilebis gamoxatva da xSirad uda-naSaulod apatimreben.

5. gamefebulia nacnob-megobroba da amiT bevri udanaSaulod iCagreba.

6. xSiria rogorc lanZRva-gineba jariskace-bisa, ise Cveulebrivi laparaki rusul enaze, da bevri sxva wvrilmanebi, romlebis aq moyvana zedmetad migvaCnia. Uufrosebi jars mamobrivi siyvaruliT unda xelmZRvanelobdnen, rogorc iyo Zvelad saqarTveloSi. maSin qarTul laS-qarSi iyo disciplina da imave dros samSoblos siyvarulTan erTad ufrosebis siyvarulic.

aseTi mWidro kavSiri ufrosebsa da jars Soris aZlierebda da amxnevebda qarTvel mxed-robas. Aamitom iyo, rom qarTveli laSqari mud-mivad mamacad igeriebda Semoseul mters. vimeo-rebT, rom Cveni azriT saWiroa mWidro kavSiri ufrosebsa da jariskacebs Soris da demokrati-ul wyobilebasTan Sedarebuli disciplina. ax-landeli moqmedeba ufrosebisa ki (bevri raT-qmaunda gamonakliss Seadgenen) piriqiT aSorebs maT usazRvro manZilze erTmaneTisagan. Ees iw-vevs saerTo dasustebas. uxeSi ZaliT, iZulebiT omSi gayvanili jari ver gaimarjvebs. jariskaci Tavisive nebiT unda mieSurebodes brZolis ve-lisaken. Uuswavlel da Seugnebel jariskacs ki raT unda Seuyvardes weswyobileba, rodesac mas erTi sruliad umniSvnelo sityvis TqmisaT-vis scemen, apatimreben! raT Seuyvardes mas sam-Soblo, rodesac mas mkvdari dedis an colis

181

dasasaflaveblad ar uSveben da imav dros nac-nob-megobrobis saSualebiT sxvebi Tavisuflde-bian. Yyvelafer amas gTxovT miaqcioT yuradRe-ba.~221

agreTve: `saqarTvelos dedaqalaq TbilisSi aris nawili, romelsac mesangre aTaseuli ewo-deba. Ees ukanaskneli ganiyofeba oTx gundad: pirveli da meore mesangre gundi, pirveli da meore satelegrafo gundi. am nawilis daniSnu-lebas Seadgens samxedro moqmedeba, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, samxedro reparaciis dros misces qveiT jars sangari da amiT gauadvilos mtris damar-cxeba. am nawilSi iricxeba eqvsasamde jariska-ci. SesaniSnavi aris am nawilSi myof jariskace-bis sulieri ganwyobileba. Tu ramodenime Tvis winaT jariskacebi advilad wamoegebodnen pro-vokaciis ankesze, dRes isini ndobiT uyureben mTavrobas da maTSi aris siyvaruli samSoblo-sadmi. xSirad gaiZaxian TiTqmis suyvela jaris-kacebi: Tu Cven, Zveli reJimis dros, mowyvetili viyaviT Cvens samSoblos da im bunebas, romel-Siac Cven viyaviT dabadebulni da aRzrdilni da mivdiodiT Sors, sadac sul sxvanairi kli-maturi buneba da atmosferoa. dRes es suyov-lisferi moispo da gvixdeba samsaxuri im kli-matSi da atmosferoSi, romelSiac Cven daviba-deT da aRvizardeT. mas kido zed daumateT is, rom maSin iyo samsaxuris vada samidan xuTamdis da vemsaxurebodiT nikolozis xats, dRes ki samsaxuris vada aris weliwadi da rva Tvemdi da vemsaxurebiT samSoblos da mSromeli xal-

221 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saqme #25, furc. 25-26

182

xisagan amorCeul mTavrobas.. jariskacebis aseT sulier ganwyobilebas xels uwyoben zogierTi ufrosi xelmZRvanelni, oficrebi. gansakuTre-biT meore mesangre gundis oficrebi _ kapitan iziumski, leitenantebi: kaxiZe da qorqia. Eeseni, isini arian, romelnic demokratiis da samSob-los siyvaruliT arian gaJRenTilni da isini yovelTvis mimarTaven Tavis jariskacebs da maTSi aRviZeben im grZnobas, romelSiac gamoixa-teba siyvaruli samSoblos da ndoba mTavrobi-sadmi. Aai aseTi aris jariskacebis sulieri gan-wyobileba, romelic sasixaruloa qarTveli erisaTvis.~222

amas garda arsebobdnen iseTi pirebi, ro-melTac areuloba SehqondaT jarSi. `q. ozurge-Ti (guria). im dRidan, rac komunistebis gazeTi `komunisti~ gamovida, yvela dargSi azris sxva-dasxvaoba gamefda. me vityvi mxolod imis Sesa-xeb, rac xdeba aq jaris nawilebSi, am gazeTis gamosvlam saRad moazrovne mxedrebic ki Seawu-xa, magram saubedurod mxedrebs Soris arian iseTi amxanagebic, romlebic advilad mihyvebian komunistebs. Aam gamonakliss daeyrdno b-ni ko-munistebi da cdiloben Seitanon jarSi arev-da-reva da aacdinon isini im WeSmarit gzas, ro-melzedac isini adganan. xSirad SexvdebiT iseT SemTxvevas, sadac ena wavardnili komunistebi Tavisi demagogiiT savse gazeTiT dgas da raebs ar ambobs. zemoT aRniSnulma mxedrebis nawilma icis am vaJbatonebis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, ax-lad gawiTlebul aderbeijanSi da sxva kuTxe-


183

ebSi, sadac socializmis magier anarqia gaame-fes, magram nawili ki kidev gamourkvevelia. am garnizonSi Zalian naklebia iseTi oficrebi, romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdes amas da Sesafe-ri pasuxi gascen mowinaaRmdegeebs. Dda es aix-sneba im garemoebiT, rom jarSi politikur Te-mebze saubari modunebulia. Aadgilobriv saa-vadmyofoSi Sevxvdi jariskacebis saubars, rome-lic gamoewvia iq mwolare j.g. komunists. im dros miuswro, roca ambobda ra gaakeTa saqar-Tvelos demokratiam, anarqiiT moico saqarTve-lo da mTel Tavis Zalas mezobel patara ere-bis dapyrobas andomebso. Aavadmyofebi irgvliv Semoseulni yurs ugdebdnen. me mivedi da ganu-marte damswreT, rom saqarTveloSi anarqias TvalsaCino adgili ar hqonebia da Tu hqonda igic magaT unda mieweros meTqi. iq ki sadac es bneleTis mociqulni moRvaweoben anarqiiT aris moculi iqauroba. iq myofma avaTmyofma mxedar-ma meore kiTxvaze momaswro da ase upasuxa: Cven, patara erebis dapyrobas ar vlamobTo, piriqiT Cven vcdilobT mezobel erebTan keTilmezob-lur ganwyobilebis damyarebas ris faqtebic aris da Tu vinme Tavs gvesxmis Cven Tavs vicav-To. Aamrigad matyuara gamoaSkaravda, romelic imav wamSi gaSorda jariskacebs.~223

mudmivad keTdeboda aqcenti Tavisuflebaze: `Tavisuflebis dacva mxolod mas SeuZlia, vinc icis ra aris Tavisufleba. Cvens norC respub-likas daicavs jari respublikaneli, maSasadame, Tu gvinda mizans mivaRwioT jarSi, samxedro

223 scsa, f. 1830, aRw.1 saqme #47, furc. 9

184

varjiSoba da kulturuli muSaoba jarSi er-Tnairad unda swarmoebdes. jaris xelmZRvanel-TaTvis aseve saval-debulo unda iyos jaris gaTviTcnobiereba. jaris gaTviTcnobiereba, aka-demiuri codnis Setana, maTi garespublikeba mo-rig kiTxvad unda daisvas. wavida da aRarc mo-sula is dro, roca jariskacebi wignsa Tu Jur-nal-gazeTs ar iRebdnen. winaT jariskacs ubrZa-nebdnen: mokvdi mefisa da samSoblosTvis, mag-ram Tu ra iyo an mefe an samSoblo amas Tu ux-snidnen, uxsnidnen Taviseburad Zveli reJimis gasamtkiceblad, TviT jariskacis dasaCagrvad. dRes sul sxvaa. marTalia, didad saWiro da au-cilebelia disciplina, morCileba, magram ara brma, aramed is unda emyarebodes srul Segnebas Tavis movaleobisas da Sedegi unda yos urTi-erTSoris siyvarulisa da pativiscemis. jari da skolis miwafe erTidaigivea. Tu jariskaci dar-wmunda imaSi, rom mis ufross is uyvars, amave dros ufrosic aris samSoblos erTguli, amaSi darwmunebuli mas jariskacic ufro Seiyvarebs. sruli Tve naxevari vakvirdebodi q. ozurgeTSi dabinavebul mravalricxovan jariskacebs da maTma sanaqebo yofa-qcevam, iSviaTma discipli-nam, gamudmebulma samxedro da kulturulma varjiSobam, aramc Tu me, aramed mTeli guria moxibla, moinadira. Ees ki savsebiT miewereba pat. Ppolk. tite arTmelaZes.~224 an kidev: `rogorc mosalodneli iyo de-mokratiul respublikaSi, mTavrobam didi yu-radReba miaqcia jarebis nawilebSi ganmanaTle-

224 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saqme, 9, furc. 1

185

bel muSaobis xelis Sewyobas da unda iTqvas, rom dRevandeli samsaxuri jariskacisa didad gansxvavdeba SarSandel da SarSanwindel samsa-xurze. maxsovs Cveni aTaseulis cxovrebidan 1919 da 1918 wlebi. rodesac jariskacebi imitom ewerebodnen nawilSi, rom rac SeiZleba blomad da saCqarod mieRoT tanTsacmeli, raTa Semdeg meore nawilSi Caweriliyvnen, sadac aseve moiq-ceodnen, Semdeg mesameSi da aseTi cuRlutobiT gaewiaT samsaxuri samSoblosaTvis.~225

Zveli drosgan gansxvavebiT ukeTesi mdgoma-reoba SeiniSneba. `wineT TviTmpyrobelobis dros mefis mTavroba da gabatonebuli klasebi ise uyurebdnen jars, rogorc marto fizikur SeiaraRebul Zalas, romelsac saWiroebis dros ise moixmarda da gamoiyenebda, rogorc maT surdaT. jari imaT xelSi brma iaraRi unda yo-filiyo, mas ar unda scodnoda vis da risTvis icavda, saiT waiyvandnen da vis winaaRmdeg da rom maT aseTi jari yolodaT, amitom is mowyvi-tes sazogado cxovrebas, kazarmebSi gamoam-wyvdies da karebi magrad Cauketes. oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi mowyvetili saerTo cxovrebas da kazarmebSi Caketilebi manqanad aqcevdnen. Dda es asec unda yofiliyo. TviTmpyrobel mefis mTav-robis interesi Zirianad ewinaaRmdegeba mTel saxelmwifos, mTeli xalxis interesebs. is iyo marto gabatonebuli klasis neba-survilebis aRmasrulebeli. Dda ar aris gasakviri Tu aseT pirobebSi sasaldaTo axalgazrdobas WiriviT ezareboda samsaxurSi gasvla da yovel Rones

225 iqve, furc. 90

186

xmarobda, rom ramenairad Tavi daeRwiaT samxed-ro begarisTvis. dRes ki sruliad sawinaaRmde-gos vxedavT. dRevandeli Cveni demokratiuli respublikis socialisturi mTavroba savsebiT gamoxatavs Cveni eris, socialuri demokratiis interesebs. Cveni mTavroba mTel mSromel xal-xis neba-survilis gamomxatveli da aRmasrule-belia. Cveni xalxis interesebi ki moiTxovs, rom mas yavdes jari ara rogorc marto fiziku-ri Zala, jari unda warmoadgendes fizikur Za-lasTan erTad kulturul Zalasac. Cvenma ja-riskacebma kargad unda icodes vis interesebs emsaxuros. maT sisworiT da naTlad unda qon-deT garkveuli maTi arsebobis mizani, maTi mo-valeoba samSoblosa da demokratiis winaSe, isini Tvals unda adevnebdnen da swavlobdnen sazogadoebriv cxovrebis ganviTarebas. erTi sityviT jari unda iyos Segnebuli Zala, Segne-bulad damxmare mSvidobianobis da wesrigis dacvis mizniT. mTeli xalxis cxovrebis mowyo-basa da ganviTarebaSi, romlis Svilebi TviTon arian. ~226

agreTve: `samxedro saministrom daarsa kulturuli seqcia da kulturul-ganmanaTlebe-li ganyofileba... moewyo jarSi da gvardiis mudmiv nawilebSi wera-samkiTxveloebi, sadac Rebuloben jariskacebi da gvardielebi TiTqmis yvela periodul gamocemebs. gaixsna da sadac aris unda gaixsnas saRamos kursebi, saxalxo saxis universitetebi. imarTeba specialurad warmodgenebi, operebi, kinematografiuli sura-


187

Tebis Cveneba da sxva. Cveni respublikis jari srulebiT ar gavs TviTmpyrobelobisdroindel jars. Cvenma jarma mSvenivrad icis, kargad es-mis Tavisi movaleoba samSoblos winaSe. icis ras da vis icavs, icis, rom icavs ra samSoblos damoukideblobas, Tavisuflebas, mSvidobiano-bas, warsuls. amiT icavs mSromel xalxs, Tavis mamebs, dedebs, Svilebs, debs, Zmebs, ojaxebs da amiT saSualebas aZlevs CvenSi demokratiam ukeT moawyos da ganaviTaros Tavisi cxovreba. erTi sityviT, Cveni jari, fizikur SeiaraRebul ZalassTan erTad kuluturuli Zalac aris. Dda awi mas veRaravin moatyuebs, veRaravin aiyoli-ebs. Yvelas kargad gausinjavs kbilebs da kar-gad gaarCevs Cvens mtersa da moyvares. Cveni ja-ri ebrZvis yvela juris samSoblos mters da imave dros zarmacad ewafeba TviTganviTare-bas.~227

1917 wels `12 ivliss gaixsna muSaTa kole-giis mier biblioTeka-samkiTxvelo, am droisaT-vis igi iTvlis 2 300-ze met sxvadasxva dasaxe-lebis wigns... yvela wigni, katalogis Tanaxmad, moicavs 14 ganyofilebas: 1. Ppolitikuri ekono-mika _ 94 das. 2. samarTali, saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, politikuri partiebi _ 525. 3. Kkulturis istoria da sociologia _ 186. 4. muSaTa sakiT-xi, muSaTa klasis mdgomareoba, muSaTa moZrao-ba _ 300 das. 5. agraruli sakiTxi- 150 das. 6. re-voluciuri moZraobis istoria -175 7. krebulebi da Jurnalebi _ 350 das. 8. kritika, publicisti-ka, bibliografia _ 50 das. 9. Bbiografia, mogo-

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188

nebebi, Canawerebi _ 90 das. 10. Bbeletristika _ 255 das. 11. saerTo ganyofileba _ 100 das. 12. na-cionaluri kiTxva _ 35 das. 13. qalTa sakiTxi _ 25. 14. Kkooperacia _ 10.~228

sainteresoa fondi 1863, saqme # 1072-Si da-culi informacia, polkovnik tite arTmelaZis werili samxedro ministrisadmi, sadac igi aR-niSnavs, rom qveynis usafrTxoebis dasacavad aucilebelia sakuTari samxedro Zalis yola. amisTvis ki aucileblobad miaCnia jarSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rodesac samSoblos winaSe mo-valeobis moxda jariskacs sasaxelodac miaC-ndes da sasargeblodac. misi azriT, jarSi swavla iseTi formiT unda iyos dayenebuli, rom jariskacs saSualeba mieces msaxurebis dros samSoblos winaSec moixados movaleoba da codna-ganaTlebac SeiZinos. amisTvis iqmneba specialuri ganyofilebebi, romlebsac aRniSnu-li problemis mowesrigeba evalebaT. 1. sagundo skola. `sagundi skolebis texnikurad mowyoba evalebaT aTaseulebis ufrosebs. maTve evale-baT Tvalyuris devneba, raTa maTdami rwmunebu-li aTaseulis gundebSi ar darCes wera-kiTxvis ucodinari arc erTi jariskaci. sagundo sko-lebSi aswavlian wera-kiTxvas da angariSs afic-rebis aTaseulSi myof maswavleblis xelmZRva-nelobiT. 2. saaTaseulo skola. es skola warmo-adgens meore safexurs. aq swavleba swarmoebs saubris saSualebiT da SeuZlia ganviTarebis miReba rogorc wera-kiTxvis mcodnes da ara mcodnes, ise sam-oTx klas gaTavebul jariska-

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189

cebsac. saaTaseulo skola pirdapir damateba iqneba jariskacTa universitetisa. qarTuli sityvierebidan da saqarTvelos geografia-isto-riidan yovelive is, rac leqciis saxiT iqneba wakiTxuli jariskacTa universitetSi, windawin-ve axsnil-ganmartebul iqneba saaTaseulo sko-laSi, an da imave jariskacTa universitetis au-ditoriaSi _ maswavleblis mier saubris saSua-lebiT. aseTive iqneba am skolis roli yvela sxva dargebSiac.~229 3. jariskacTa universiteti. aq mTavaria leqtorma zustad saWiro informa-cia mianiWos jariskacs da misTvis gasageb ena-ze isaubros. leqciis wakiTxvisas leqtoris mi-zani unda iyos, erTis mxriv jariskacTa zneob-riv-gonebrivi ganviTareba da sazogadod maTi msoflmxedvelobis gafarToveba, meores mxriT movaleobaTa Segnebis Setana. da rac yvelaze mTavaria organizebuli jaris Camoyalibebas Se-uwyos xeli. jariskacTa universitetSi mecadi-neoba unda swarmoebdes Semdegnairad: I calke kiTxvebi Tanamedrove cxovrebidan:

1. saerTaSoriso omi da misi gamomwvevi mi-zezebi.

2. ruseTis revolucia, misi mizezebi ekono-mikuri da nacionaluri.

3. revoluciis ori periodi: droebiTi mTav-roba da oqtombris gadatrialeba.

4. bolSevikTa gadatrialebis mizezebi da Sedegebi.

5. ruseTis darRveva, jarebis mier frontis datoveba da amier-kavkasiis tragedia.

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6. amierkavkasiis seimi da misi uilajobis mizezebi.

7. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxa-debis aucilebloba.

8. istoriuli faqtebi am sakiTxisa. Zveli saqarTvelos ukanaskneli dReebi /irakli meore/.

9. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba, amis mi-zezebi.

10. ruseTis mier xelSekrulebis darRveva. 11. saqarTvelos mdgomareoba-ruseTis mfar-

velobis qveS-mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 12. ruseTis jaris mier kavkasiis frontis

datovebis istoriuli mniSvneloba. 13. ori gza: ruseTi da Cven. 14. demokratiuli respublika da sabWoTa

respublika. 15. Cveni eris saxelmwifoebrivi muSaoba: dam-

fuZnebeli krebis muSaoba. 16. ZiriTadi kanonebi da adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobani. 17. agraruli sakiTxi: SesaZlebeli formebi

misi gadawyvetisa. 18. dawvrilebiTi axsna CvenSi arsebuli ag-

raruli politikisa. kerZo sakuTrebis da gamo-yofis principi.

19. Cveni respublikis finansiuri mdgomareo-ba.

20. qaRaldis fuli da misi kursis dacemis mizezi. siZvire sursaTis da saqonlis nakleboba.

21. Cveni qveynis simdidreni. ra Sedegebi moh-yveba maT gamoyenebas.

22. versalis konferencia, zavi da Cveni saer-TaSoriso mdgomareoba.

191

23. ram Seuwyo xeli Cvens evropis mier cno-bas.

24. droebiTi xasiaTi Cveni saxelmwifos eko-nomiuri da finansiuri krizisisa.

25. agronomiidan. 26. medicinidan. 27. koperaciidan.230 calke mecnierebaTa dargidan. a) SoTa rusTaveli 1. vefxvistyaosanis mokle Sinaarsi zepir-mo-

yoliT, 2. pirveli da meore Tavis _ TviT leq-torisagan wakiTxva sanumiSod, 3. ramodenime sentencia zepirad.

b)n. baraTaSvili 1. ̀ bedi qarTlisa~. /Sinaarsidan sagulisxmo

adgilebis ganmarteba/. g) r. erisTavi 1. leqsi glexis cxovrebidan. /beruas Civi-

li, sesias moTqma da sxva... 2. aspinZis omi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema

da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

d)i. WavWavaZe 1. dimitri Tavdadebuli, kako yaCaRi, kacia

adamiani da glaxis naambobi, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

e)a. wereTeli 2. aleqsi, 2. bagrat didi, 3. Tornike erisTa-

vi, 4. naTela, 5. nacarqeqia da 6. kikolas naambo-

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bi. /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

v) a. yazbegi 3. elguja, 2. eliso, 3. moZRvari, /Sinaarsis

zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo ad-gilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

z) eg. ninoSvili 1. mose mwerali, 2. paliastomis tba, 3. gan-

karguleba, 4. gogia uiSvili, /Sinaarsis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

T) g. wereTeli 2. kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika, /Sinaar-

sis zepirad gadmocema da zogierTi sagulisxmo adgilebis sanimuSod wakiTxva/.

saqarTvelos geografia 1. ca da dedamiwa, zRva da xmeleTi. 2. mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi. 3. Rrubeli, wvima, setyva, Tovli, qari da ci-

sartyela. 4. siTbo dedamiwis gulSi, miwisZvra. 5. dedamiwis saxe da misi triali RerZis

garSemo. 6. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, mdinareebi, mTebi

da hava. 7. qarTli /fizikuri da kinografiuli mimo-

xilva/. 8. kaxeTi. 9. dasavleT saqarTvelo: a) imereTi, b) sameg-

relo, g) guria, d) svaneTi, e) aWara. 10. afxazeTi.

193

11. mezobeli xalxebis (saxelmwifoebis) somxeTis, aderbeijanis, osmaleTis, ruseTis mokle mimoxilva /SedarebiT saqarTvelosTan/.

12. mokle geografiuli, ekonomikuri da sa-xelmwifoebrivi cnobebi evropis da amerikis ga-naTlebul xalxTa cxovrebidan.

istoria. 1. Tamar mefe. 2. saqarTvelos danawileba samefoebad da

samTavroebad. 3. Sah abazis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos-

Tan. 4. giorgi saakaZis Tavgadasavali. 5. erekle mefe. 6. ruseTTan xelSekrulebis istoria /ame-

reTSi da imereTis samTavroebSi/. 7. ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola /mTiuleTi, ime-

reTi, TavadaznaurTa SeTqmuleba 1830 wlebisa/. saubris saxiT. 1. saidan warmosdga jari, ra aris discipli-

na. disciplina, rogorc aucilebeli piroba ja-ris arsebobisa.

2. jari da xalxi, maTi urTierTSoris damo-kidebuleba.

3. jarSi mtkice disciplinis arseboba TviT jariskacebis interess Seadgens.

4. rogori mniSvneloba aqvs mtris banakSi SiSis grZnobis aRZvras gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi.

5. mtris banakSi SiSis gamosawvevad rogori ieriSiT wasvlaa saWiro mterzed.

194

6. mogeriebis dros rogori moqmedebaa saWi-ro _ moieriSe jarSi SiSis grZnobis mniSvne-loba. mdebareobasTan Seguebis da barSi swra-fad gaSlis mniSvneloba brZolis dros.

7. wesrigisa da sulieri simSvidis SenarCu-nebis mniSvneloba ukan daxevis dros. uwesri-god ukan daxevis gamanadgurebeli Sedegi.

8. ieriSis Semdeg swrafad wesrigis aRdgeni-sa da mtrisTvis daSenis mniSvneloba gamarjve-bis SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

9. ra mniSvneloba aqvs gankargulebis swra-fad da sisworiT Sesrulebas TviT jariskacTa sicocxlis SenarCunebis saqmeSi da sxva.... mTavari xelmZRvaneli polkovniki arTmelaZe.231

jariskacTa erovnuli cnobierebis amaRle-bisTvis maqsimaluri brZola da praqtikuli na-bijebis gadadgma SemTxveviTi ar yofila. yvela-ze metad garusebas msxverpli SeiZleba iTqvas jariskaci gaxda, radgan is saimperatoro karis interesebs icavda da mis samsaxurSi iyo Camdga-ri. swored amis gamoxatuleba iyo is RonisZie-bebi, razedac visaubreT. Dda meore, bunebrivia nebismieri saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZveli jaria. motanili masala mowmobs demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis mcdelobebs gaeZli-erebina da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis mTavar dasayrdenad eqcia qarTuli jari. miuxe-davad mravali problemuri da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse kiTxvebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gaCndes da savsebiT marTebulad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesafaseblad pirvel rigSi unda gaviTvaliswi-

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noT is faqti, rom sami wlis ganmavlobaSi arc ise advili iyo centralizebuli da erovnuli grZnobiT aRsavse jaris Camoyalibeba, rasac Ta-visi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda da razedac uk-ve visaubre.

amdenad, vfiqrob zemoT ganxiluli monace-mebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ja-riskacis cnobierebis ganviTarebam garkveuli etapi ganvlo: ruseTis saimperatoro karis sam-saxuridan saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-likis movlenebamde. gansxvaveba ki didi iyo. mo-tanili masalis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom 1918-1921 wlebSi garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga jariska-cis erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisTvis.

196

Tavi mexuTe

samRvdeloeba

qarTul istoriografiaSi saqarTelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da qristianobis Seswavlas didi yuradReba eqceva da am mimar-TulebiT araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvlevaa Seqmnili. aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevam gansakuT-rebuli aqtualoba SeiZina sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, qarTvel samecniero sazogadoe-bas marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis safuZ-vliani Seswavlis SesaZlebloba mieca. dReisaT-vis arsebul gamokvlevebSi qristianobis da sa-qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis araerTi problematuri sakiTxia saTanadod gaSuqebuli da Seswavlili da sakmaod mravalricxovani literatura arsebobs. aravisTvis ucnobi ar aris is faqti, rom qarTuli sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebi qarTveli eris gamaerTianabel rols TamaSob-dnen, xolo qristianoba da qarTveloba ki ganu-yofeli cnebebi iyo yoveli qarTvelisTvis. qar-Tul samecniero da, ara mxolod literaturaSi es exeba uSualod eklesiis istoriis ganxilvas Tu ara, sadac qarTvel erzea saubari qristia-nobis da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli ekle-siis faqtoris aRniSvna gardauvalia.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da ru-suli mmarTveloba damyarda, axali etapi daiw-yo ara marto politikuri, aramed religiuri TvalsazrisiTac. qarTuli sazogadoebis molo-dini, rom erTmorwmune ruseTi gansxvavebul

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gzas airCevda da saqarTvelos mimarT dampyrob-lur politikas ar ganaxorcielebda ar gamar-Tlda. aseTive viTareba aRmoCnda qristianobas-Tan mimarTebaSic. ruseTma 1811 wels gaauqma sa-qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtoke-falia da reformebi ganaxorciela, rac mis ru-sifikacias isaxavda miznad. eklesiaSi rusi sa-suliero pirebis moyvana da rusul enaze wirva-locvis SemoReba sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi rwmenis Sesustebas isaxavda miznad. qarTveli samRvdeloeba am problemis aRmofxvras qar-Tvel sazogado moRvaweebTan erTad cdilobda da mudmivad mouwodebda sazogadoebas qristia-nobis SesanarCuneblad.

1900-1917 wlebis saqarTvelos marTlmadide-beli eklesiis araerTi saintereso sakiTxi saTa-nadod aris Sefasebuli da Seswavlili qarTul istoriografiaSi. Aaseve gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba eTmoba sxvadasxva sasuliero moRvaweebis biografiuli cnobebis saaSkaraoze gamotanas da maTi Rvawlis warmoCenas. Aamjerad or mniSvne-lovan sakiTxze minda gavamaxvilo yuradReba.

1. dResdReobiT aravisTvis aRar aris saka-maTo, rom qristianoba da qarTveloba saukunee-bis manZilze erTian konteqstSi moiazreboda da qarTvelebisTvis qarTvelobis dacva qristi-anobis SenarCunebas udrida da piriqiT. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi es Tvalsazrisi didi xania damkvidrebulia, amitom sakiTxis am mimar-TulebiT Seswavla siaxles ar warmoadgens. Mmagram, calke sakiTxia ra kuTxiT ganicdida cvlilebas qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimarT

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qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobiereba da rogor aRiqvamda sakuTar Tavs samRvdeloeba.

Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac sxvadasxva sar-wmunoebis xalxi modioda saqarTvelos dasap-yrobad, mTavar dartymas swored qristianobis-ken mimarTavda. 1900-1917 wlebSi qarTvelebis mTavari moTxovna religiasTan mimarTebaSi sa-qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtoke-faliis aRdgena iyo da ara brZola qristiano-bis dasacavad, radgan dampyrobeli marTlmadi-debeli iyo. Ee. i. rogorc vxedavT, am etapze erovnuli faseulobebisTvis brZola garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis da epoqis moTxovnile-bidan gamomdinare sxva erovnuli Rirebulebe-bis SenarCuneba xdeba mniSvnelovani. (Tumca bu-nebrivia sxva danarCeni aqtualobas ar kargavs). mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda saqarTvelos sa-xelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da qarTveli eris mTavari loialobis obieqti mefe aRar ar-sebobda, aseve saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, sasuliero wodebis war-momadgenlebs seriozuli dabrkolebebi Seeq-mnaT saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli uf-lebebis realizaciisTvis. xalxTan mTavari da-makavSirebeli da erovnuli ideebis matarebeli yovelTvis iyo samRvdeloeba. Aam uflebis Ca-morTmevis Semdeg, bunebrivia nawilobriv, rad-gan ruseTma mainc ver SeZlo saukuneebis man-Zilze Camoyalibebuli kavSiris sruli aRmof-xvra xalxsa da eklesias Soris, miuxedavad ami-sa, samRvdeloeba aqtiur nabijebs dgamda ro-gorc eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad, ise saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis rolis

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warmoCenisTvis. amisTvis maT hqondaT sxvadasxva beWduri organo. qarTveli sasuliero fenis in-teresebs gamoxatavda gazeTi `Sinauri saqmeebi~. 1909 wlis #4-Si vkiTxulobT: saWiroa gavacnoT xalxs Cveni mSobliuri eklesiis xasiaTi, misi Rvawli ara marto qristes cxovelmyofeli moZ-Rvrebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebaSi, aramed qarTve-li xalxis erovnulad gaZlierebis saqmeSic. Mman Seinaxa Cveni eri, sarwmunoeba amxnevebda mas mra-val saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi auarebel mtrebTan brZolis dros, aZlevda Zalas gamosuliyo am uTanasworo brZolidan gamarjvebulad, Seenaxa mas Tavisi erovneba. TvalsaCino iyo Zveli saqar-Tvelos kultura, romlis SeqmnaSi umTavresi wi-li udevs Cvens mSobliur eklesias. Zveli kul-turis daviwyeba ki xalxisTvis ar aris saxeiro. is xalxi, romelsac Tavis warsuls istoriul cxovrebasTan kavSiri gauwyvetia, momavalSi war-matebas ar unda moelodes.~232

qristianobasTan dakavSirebuli TiToeuli statia mimarTuli iyo qarTvelebSi rwmenis amaRlebasa da eklesiis rolis dasabuTebaze.

`eklesia warsulSi didi erovnuli movlena iyo, eklesiis garSemo iyrida Tavs saxelmwifo-ebrivi energia, iq iyo elementi – Eeris Semaer-Tebeli da erovnuli simdidre, erovnuli kul-tura umTavresad eklesia-monastrebSi grovde-boda. Bber-monazonTa kolegia iyo mTavari mata-rebeli sulieri kulturis da es qmnida sam-Rvdeloebis batonobas. dRes sulieri kultu-ris meTauroba maTi imdenad dakargulia, rom

232 gaz. Sinauri saqmeebi, 1912, #30-31, gv. 1

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warsulSic maTi aseTi roli bevrs ara sjera. magram qonebrivi kultura ki didia mogrovili eklesia-monastrebSi. es qoneba ekuTvnis ers, mTel xalxs.~233

grigol lorTqifaniZe Tavis memuarebSi yu-radRebas amaxvilebda qristianobis rolze sa-qarTvelos istoriaSi. igi warsulSi eklesiis da qristianobis mniSvnelobas epoqidan gamomdi-nare miiCnevda. `qarTuli eklesiis erovnul-mo-geriebiTi moRvaweoba wina saukuneebSi, erTis mxriT, ramdenimed gaadvilebuli iyo imiT, rom maSin saqristiano saqarTvelos saqme qonda is-lamTan, am or sarwmunoebas Soris gauvali uf-skruli iyo, mdgomareoba da urTierToba metad naTeli, mkafio da gansazRvruli, amitom am xa-nebSi SeuZlebeli iyo mtrisaTvis qarTul ekle-siaSi megobrisa da Zmis qurqiT Sesvla da misi Signidan gadagvareba da moSla. xolo ruseTis mflobelobis dros am mxriT mdgomareobas ar-Tulebda is garemoeba, rom axali dampyrobeli TviT iyo qristiani da isic marTlmadidebeli. am garemoebam metad gauadvila ruseTs, saqarTve-los eklesiasTan brZola. anaforaSi gadacmuli rusuli nacionalisturi imperializmi erTmor-wmuneobis sababiTa da niRbiT advilad SeiWra qarTul eklsiaSi da mis garusebas Seudga.~234

2. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, mrevlsa da ekle-sias Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobda saukunee-bis manZilze, Tumca es urTierToba ganviTare-bis axal fazaSi Sevida ruseTis mier saqarTve-

233 gaz. erToba, 1920, #158, gv. 1 234 lorTqifaniZe, g. fiqrebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 52

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los dapyrobis Semdeg. avtokefaliadakarguli eklesia paralizebuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis saim-peratoro kari naTlad acnobierebda im udide-si sulieri kavSiris mniSvnelobas, rac mrevlsa da sasuliero wodebas Soris iyo, amitom man miznad swored maTi gancalkeveba daisaxa. Mmiu-xedavad samRvdeloebis mcdelobisa SeenarCune-bina sakuTari uflebebi da sazogadoebasTan kavSiri, 1900-1917 wlebSi rusi egzarqosebis dros saimperatoro karis RonisZiebebis Sede-gad am problemam mTeli simwvaviT iCina Tavi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTul istoriog-rafiaSi samRvdeloebis rolis Sefasebas didi adgili ukavia, magram arsad ar gvxvdeba cnobe-bi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamda sakuTar Tavs samRvdeloeba 1900-1917 wlebSi da ra gana-pirobebda im cvalebad da araerTgvarovan damo-kidebulebas sazogadoebis mxridan maTi misa-marTiT. 1. rogorc cnobilia, beWduri organoe-bi gamoxatavdnen sxvadasxva politikuri partie-bis interesebs, romlebic sakuTari ideebis rea-lizebas sazogadoebaSi presis meSveobiT cdi-lobdnen. gansakuTrebuli mravalricxovnobiT gamoirCeoda social-demokratiuli partiis Jurnal-gazeTebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, gasagebi mizezebis gamo uaryofiTad Seafasebdnen sam-Rvdeloebas. (social-demokratiuli partia mar-qsistuli ideologiis partia iyo). SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, sxva politikuri partiebis or-ganoebSic xom iyo samRvdeloebis kritika? Ddi-ax, marTalia, magram erovnuli mimarTulebis jurnal-gazeTebSi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen eris arsebobis yvela aucilebel sakiTxze da

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amiT cdilobdnen arsebuli viTarebis gamoswo-rebas. ilia WavWavaZe swored, qarTvelTa uaryo-fiTi mxareebis aRmofxvras aseve kritikiT cdi-lobda.

`Cemzed amboben: `is siaves qarTvlisas am-bobs, Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi si-Zulvilia!~ briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSin-ve scnobs, am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvaru-lia!~235

beWdur mediaSi mudmivad iyo mimarTvebi sa-zogadoebis misamarTiT erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebisTvis. Mmouwodebdnen yvelas: glexs, muSas, students, Tavadaznaurobas, inteligenci-as, _ es ukanaskneli ki Tavad qmnida xSir Sem-TxvevaSi ideologias, magram arc erTmaneTis kritikas eridebodnen, amiT miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom mankieri mxareebi unda aRmofxvriliyo. 2. yvela epoqaSi, dampyroblis SemoWris SemTxveva-Si, rodesac saqarTvelo yofna-aryofnis winaSe idga, swored elitis warmomadgenlebs uwevdaT pirvel rigSi problemis gaanalizeba da mTeli dartymac swored maTze midioda. magaliTad, is-lamis miRebas jer meefeebs mosTxovdnen xolme, rom xalxisTvis `magaliTi~ miecaT. ase moxda ruseTis Semosvlis drosac, maT dartyma iqiT mimarTes, visi imedic yvelaze metad hqonda sa-zogadoebas. 3. is, rom samRvdeloebasa da xalxs Soris kavSiri gawyda da igi veRar asrulebda im rols im masStabiT, rac saukuneebis manZil-ze gaaCnda, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom `maTi qmedebebis~ gamo daekarga xalxs rwmena. am gare- 235 i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani oc tomad, t. I. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 120

203

moebas xeli Seuwyo sul sxva ram da es pirvel rigSi ekonomikuri faqtoridan gamomdinareobda. ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobam avtokefaliis gauq-mebisTanave CamoarTva miwebi eklesias da faqti-urad Semosavlis gareSe datova. maTi ZiriTadi sarCeni saSualeba iyo ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier ufro ukidures mdgomareobaSi Cavar-dnili farTo fenebi. rac mosaxleobis ukmayo-filebas iwvevda, anu mTavari problema swored amaSi mdgomareobda da ara imaSi, rom samRvde-loeba `garusda~. amitom Sesustda is kavSiri xalxTan, rac saukuneebis manzilze gaaCnda. ga-Wirvebuli xalxi ver inaxavda samRvdeloebas da mis mimarT uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamo-xatavda. es iyo swored rusifikatoruli poli-tikis erT-erTi gamovlineba, sxva mravalTa So-ris. `xalxis gulgriloba eklesiisadmi ekono-mikur sakiTxSi mdgomareobs. rogorc viciT, ek-lesia mTeli Tavisi SemadgenlobiT, xalxs awevs kiserze, man unda Seinaxos eklesia da ar-Cinos samRvdeloeba. am niadagze xSirad aRiZ-vris uTanxmoeba xalxsa da eklesiis warmomad-genelTa Soris. brZola arsebobisaTvis mTeli Tavisi sisastikiT aris gamefebuli Cvens droSi. xalxs ki Tavis gamokvebac uZneldeba. aramc Tu sxvis Senaxva. am mizeziT xalxi cdilobs Tavi daaRwios xarjebs da Sordeba eklesias.~236

sainteresoa kalistrate cincaZis mogoneba samRvdeloebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. `Cemi mRvdlobis pirvelsave dReebSi SevamCnie, rom Tbilisis samRvdeloeba gaTiSulad cxovrobda.

236 gaz. xma kaxeTisa, 1912, #100, gv. 3

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mRvdlebi erTmaneTs an sakeTilmoweso olqis oficialur krebebze xvdebodnen (weliwadSi orjer) an taZarSi sameufeo paraklisebze, an aRdgomasa da Sobas egzarqosis milocvisas, an qelexebSi _ SeZlebul pirTa ojaxebSi. arc erT am Sexvedraze ar SeiZleboda gvesaubra mRvdelmsaxurebaze, mqadageblobaze, saskolo saqmis gaZRolaze da sxva. amitom axalgazrda mRvdlebis (ToTibaZis, gamdliSvilis, maWavaria-nis da sxvaTa) iniciativiT gadawyda, Seqmniliyo sruliad legaluri dawesebuleba _ `Tbilisis samRvdeloebis urTierTdaxmarebis salaro~, romelic mRvdlebs SesaZleblobas Seuqmnida, erTad Sekrebiliyvnen da erTmaneTisTvis gaezi-arebinaT gamocdileba da codna mRvdelmsaxure-bis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. SeimuSaves `sala-ros~ wesdeba da dasamtkiceblad miarTves eg-zarqos vladimers, romelmac cota iyoymana, magram mainc daamtkica,~237 Tu rogori ZaliT mimdinareobda garusebis procesi amas naTlad aCvenebs kalistrate cincaZis kidev erTi mogo-neba. igi wers: `meufes (igulisxmeba paladi rae-vi_ n.s.) samrevlo skolebSi misvla uyvarda. iq qarTuli enis gakveTili mimdinareobda. meufem maswavlebls hkiTxa: ras aswavliTo? maswavle-belma moaxsena, saqarTvelos geografiaso. ro-meli saqarTvelosas, Tu gnebavT, TqvaT Tbili-sisa da quTaisis guberniebisaso? maswavlebeli airia, egzarqosma ki me Semomxeda, gamoxedvaSi sayveduri Tu kiTxva ukrToda. – meufeo, _ mivu-ge me, - ara Tbilisisa da guberniisas, aramed im

237k. cincaZe, Cemi mogonebebidan, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 44

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saqarTvelos geografias, romlis egzarqosic Tqven brZandebiT.~238

XX saukunis dasawyisidan samRvdeloeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda. swored am periods ukavSirdeba avtokefalistTa moZraoba. sainte-resoa isic, rom TviT sasuliero wodebis war-momadgenlebic ki ar eridebian samRvdeloebis im nawilis kritikas, romlebsac pasiurad miiC-neven, magram imasac aRniSnaven, rac yvelaze mTavaria, rom es mxolod maTi brali ar aris. 1906 wels jvari vazisa werda: `saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba uwin swored saerTo gaWirvebaSi iCenda xolme diads unars da mtrisagan welSi moxril ers, saerTo moqmedebisTvis fexze daa-yenebda. Tu warsul saukuneSi (XIX saukuneSi _ n.s.). Cvenma samRvdeloebam ver SeZlo gaWirveba-Si Tavisi unari gamoeCina, es marto maTi brali ar aris.~239 samRvdeloebis am mdgomareobaSi Cagdeba rusuli politikis warmoebam ganapiro-ba. es mdgomareobda sxvadasxva socialur fe-nebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetasa da erTmaneTze gadakidebaSi. `.... Tavadaznaurobac daeca, gaRa-ribda, dakarga Tavisi gavlena. batonymobis ga-davardnamde mamaSvilurad mcxovrebni Tavadaz-naurni da glexebi Semdeg erTmaneTis mtrebad gadaaqcia, axalma weswyobilebam erTmaneTis mo-qiSpeebad gardaqmna da samRvdeloebas mxari aukres erTmac da meoremac. Tavadaznauroba da-itvirTa didis xarjebiT, gadasaxadiT. ucxo cxovrebam glexebiviT xarjebi gauorkeca da sa-mamul-dedulo saqmeebi aewewa da TavSi sacemi 238 iqve, gv. 46 239 Jurn. jvari vazisa, 1906, #6, gv. 7

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gauxda... amisTana ubedurebaSi samRvdeloebam dakarga sasoeba ukeTesis mermisisa. imedi gada-uwyda da RmerTs miando Tavisi usamarTlod ga-nadgurebis samarTali. nuravin vityviT, rom Cve-ni ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba sruliad gaSorda eklesiasa da samRvdeloebas. qarTveli eri uwi-nac da exlac Rrmad morwmunea, Tavis dReSi urwmunoebas ar SeuSfoTebia misi guli.~240 garuseba yvela socialur fenas Seexo da es pirvel rigSi qarTuli enis uflebebis Sekve-cidan da rusulis gabatonebidan gamomdinare-obda. 1906 wels mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis redaq-torobiT gamosuli gazeTi `sityva~ qarTl-kaxe-Tis samRvdeloebis deputatTa krebasTan dakav-SirebiT werda: `samRvdeloebam unda gamoTqvas Tavisi azri saswavleblis tipis Sesaxeb da ra enaze unda iswavlebodes sagnebi... swavleba de-daenaze unda moewyos, es cxadia yvelasTvis, ra mimarTulebisac unda iyos kaci, miT umetes soflis mRvdlisTvis, romelsac sada aqvs imde-ni SeZleba, rom bavSvs rusuli ise Seaswavlos, rom gauWirveblad SeaZlebinos rusulaT sagne-bis swavla, xSirad rusis BbavSvebTan? Cven gvin-da ganaTleba da amis miReba mxolod dedaenaze SeiZleba.~241

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gazeTi `sityva~, qar-Tuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da samRvde-loebis interesebs icavda. pirvelive nomerSi redaqtorma gamoxata sasuliero gazeTis arse-bobis saWiroeba. `Tanamedrove cxovreba iTxovs yovel individuumis da miT umetes sazogadoeb- 240 Jurn. jvari vazisa, 1906, #6, gv. 11 241Ggaz. sityva, 1906, #1, gv. 1

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riv jgufebisagan gamoaaSkaraon Tavisi vinaoba, Sexeduleba da rwmena sazogadoebriv sxvadasxva saWirboroto movlenaTa Sesaxeb. samRvdeloeba-sac ar SeuZlia yuri moiyruos da xma ar amoi-Ros, es misi damamcirebeli iqneba. magram azre-bis TavisuflaT gamosaTqmelad saWiroa sakuTa-ri damoukidebeli organo. pirvel yovlisa mi-zani amisTana organosi aris Seitanos saRi Se-xedulebebi TviT samRvdeloebis farTo wreebSi Tanamedrove politikur da sazogadoebriv-saek-lesio kiTxvebze. bevrnairi mimarTuleba da partiebi gaCndnen, vin ras ambobs da vin ras. Cvenc ar SegviZlia gverdi avuxvioT am azrTa sxvadasxvanair dinebas. samRvdeloebaSi da mis Segnebul nawilis meoxebiT xalxSi mtkice po-litikur-sazogadoebrivi azrebis gavrceleba _ ai mizani am organosi. Cven gvwams, rom saqarTve-los samRvdeloebaSi, dawyebuli afxazeTidan saingilomde, sakmarisaT moiZebneba gonebrivi Zalebi, rom SeiZlon nayofieraT emsaxuron am gamoTqmul azrs.242~ gazeTis mizania samRvdelo-ebis Secdomebis kritika da maTi Semdgomi ga-mosworebisaken mowodeba. yvelaze sainteresoa is, rom TviT sasuliero fenis interesebis dam-cveli gazeTi ar erideba maTve kritikas. 1912 wels gazeTi `Sinauri saqmeebi~ werda: `asi wlis tyveobam didi ziani miayena saqarTve-los eklesias: dasca sarwmunoeba da zneoba xalxSi, Zirian fesvianad aRmofxvra Zveli qris-tianuli Cveulebani, gaabinZura samRvdeloeba, mospo cocxali metyveleba taZrebSi, ararad aq- 242 gaz. sityva, 1906, #1, gv. 1

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cia samSoblo saRvTismetyvelo mecniereba, gaa-camtvera SesaniSnavi naSTi Zveli qristianuli didebisa.~243

ivane gomarTelis azriT, saqarTvelos ga-sanTavisufleblad da marTlmadidebeli ekle-siis gasaZliereblad samRvdeloebis da xalxis kavSiria saWiro. `samRvdeloebis ganTavisufle-ba SeuZlebelia ise, Tu mTeli xalxi ar ganTa-visuflda, Tu arsebuli reJimi mTlad ar Seic-vala... samRvdeloebis sakiTxi mTeli xalxis sa-kiTxia da calke misi gadawyveta SeuZlebelia. SeuZlebelia raime saSualebiT samRvdeloebis aRdgena xalxis TvalSi ise, Tu arsebuli reJi-mi ar Seicvala.~244

XX saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebuli samRvde-loebis moZraoba garkveulwilad Seaferxa reaq-ciis xanam, Tumca 10-iani wlebidan ukve axali etapi iwyeba, ramac gamokveTili xasiaTi pirve-li msoflio omis dros da mas Semdeg ganviTa-rebuli movlenebis periodSi miiRo.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia Ta-visi arsebobis manZilze yovelTvis ebrZoda da ibrZvis erovnuli faseulobebis SenarCunebis-Tvis. es procesi ar Sewyvetila ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis periodSic. gavixsenoT anton II-is Tavdauzogavi mcdelobebi eklesiis uflebebis SenarCunebisTvis, Tumca saqarTve-los marTlmadidebeli eklesia avtokefaliis gauqmebas ver ascda. erTia, rodesac uflebebs zRudav da meore, rodesac mosaxleobis garuse-bisaTvis yvela pirobas qmni. ruseTis saimpera- 243 gaz. Sinauri saqmeebi, 1912, #30-31, gv. 11 244 gaz. samSoblo, 1915, #246, gv. 2

209

toro kari qarTvelebis gadagvarebas isaxavda miznad. swored amitom uspobda yvela im erov-nul simbolos Tu saSualebas qarTul sazoga-doebas, romelic maTi SekavSirebis aucilebe-li piroba iyo. miuxedavad ruseTis da saqarTve-los marTlmadideblobisa, saimperatoro karma gaauqma ara mxolod eklesiis avtokefalia, ara-med mTlianad SeuzRuda eflebebi samRvdeloe-bas, esec ar ikmara da mrevlTan kavSiris gasaw-yvetad yovelgvari piroba Seqmna: pirveli saf-rTxe ki wirva-locvis rusul enaze SemotaniT gamoixata. `saqarTvelos eklesias da mis sam-Rvdeloebas maTi masazrdoebeli mamulebi xe-lidan gamoacales, erovnuli samRvdeloeba aRar gvyavs, erovnuli skola ara gvaqvs, kaTed-ridan mSobliuri mzrunvelobiT gamTbari mama-Sviluri sityva aRar ismis, Cveni erovnuli ga-loba erT wertilze gaiyina, Cveni eklesiebi da-carielda, Cveni sasuliero literatura gaqra da eklesiaSi wignebic ki ar mogvepoveba da, ase gasinjeT deda-enaze metrikuli wignebis warmoe-bis nebac ki mogvespo. erTi sityviT, Cveni erov-nuli suli daixSo da misi maTbunebeli da ga-maRvivebeli saSualebebi moispo, aRmoifxvra. Cveni eri sxva ers Seuries, Cveni eklesia sxvis eklesias da maT Soris dRes araviTar gansxva-vebas ar xedaven da arc aris. aseTi erovnuli asimilacia xdeba Cven Tvalwin marTlmadideb-lobis saSualebiT dRes CvenSi da isic TiTqos Tavis-Tavad, bunebrivad.245~

245 gaz. samSoblo, 1915, #246, gv. 3

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1915-1916 wlidan samRvdeloeba axali ZaliT gamodis avtokefaliis moTxovnisTvis da qarTu-li, nacionaluri simboloebis SenarCunebisTvis. aRniSnul process xeli Seuwyo erTi mxriv, pir-velma msoflio omma da meore mxriv, 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiulma revolu-ciam. `quTaisSi momxdar imereTis eparqiis sam-Rvdelo krebebze gamotanili rezoluciebi eWvs gareSea karg STabeWdilebas datovebs qarTveli sazogadoebis im nawilze, romelic erovnul sa-xis SerCeniTa da erovnuli mTlianobis dacviT gulwrfeladaa daintersebuli. Cveni samRvdeloe-bis SedarebiT demokratiulma nawilma xsenebul krebebze naTlad daamtkica, rom bevr qarTvel mRvdelSi qarTuli suli meufebs da garda pira-di bednierebisa sazogado keTildReobaze zrun-vis unarsac ar aris moklebuli. daviwyoT iqidan, rom samRvdeloebam TiTqmis erTxmad scno saWi-rod saero saswavlebeli, sadac swavleba yvela sagnisa qarTul enaze iwarmoebs. gana saeWvoa ki-dev is garemoeba, rom Cveni erovnuli saxis gada-maxinjebas upirveles yovlisa enis gadagvareba gamoiwvevs, Tu droze ar viRoneT rame? da ra un-da iRonos qarTvelma xalxma gadagvarebis wina-aRmdeg Tu ara saswavleblebis gaxsna da misi sa-SualebiT xalxSi deda-enaze swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba. imereTis samRvdeloeba Caswvda yvela amas da warmoidgineT ise Sors wavida am mxriv, rom Tavis viwro wodebriv an profesionalur ra-obas gverdi auxvia da sazogadoebis farTo wre-Ta gasaTviTcnobiereblad saero saswavlebeli irCia. Cveni samRvdeloebis gamofxizlebis da sae-ro saqmeebiT dainteresebis niSnad unda CaiTva-

211

los yvela is dadgenileba, romelnic xsenebul krebebze iyo gamotanili da maT Soris axlad daarsebul seminariaSi qarTuli enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli survilic.~246

qarTveli samRvdeloebis aqtiurobas erov-nuli cnobierebis brZolisTvis aferxebda ara mxolod ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba, aramed qar-Tuli social-demokratiuli partia, romelic rusuli social-demok-ratiis ideebs iTvaliswi-nebda. maTi ideali ki socializmis damkvidreba iyo, sadac religiis adgili ar iyo. marTalia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, social-demokratiuli partiis ideebma garkveuli transformacia gani-cada, Tumca religiis mimarT maTi damokidebu-leba ucvleli darCa. bunebrivia aseTi damoki-debuleba qarTuli social-demokratiuli par-tiis mxridan kidev ufro arTulebda qarTveli samRvdeloebis brZolas marTlmadidebeli ek-lesiis uflebebis aRsadgenad. am problemam ki-dev ufr metad iCina Tavi demokratiuli respub-likis periodSi. qarTveli samRvdeloebis aqtiu-robas erovnuli cnobierebis brZolisTvis aferxebda ara mxolod ruseTis TviTmpyrobe-loba, aramed qarTuli social-demokratiuli partia, romelic rusuli social-demokratiis ideebs iTvaliswinebda. maTi ideali ki socia-lizmis damkvidreba iyo, sadac religiis adgi-li ar iyo. marTalia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, social-demokratiuli partiis ideebma garkveu-li transformacia ganica-da, Tumca religiis mimarT maTi damokidebuleba ucvleli darCa.

246 gaz. saxalxo furceli, 1916, #461, gv. 2

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`Tu dauaxlovdebiT xalxs, kargad gavecnobiT mis azrs, Sexedulebas da sulier miswrafebas, davrwmundebiT, rom is gulgrilobas iCens sar-wmunoebisa da eklesiuri sakiTxebisadmi. ekle-siis marTva-gamgeobis formis Secvlam demokra-tiul niadagze, rac moaxdina saeklesio krebam 1917w. veraviTari gavlena ver iqonia zemoTqmu-li movlenis gamosasworeblad. amitom bunebri-vad ibadeba sakiTxi, ra aris mizezi am movleni-sa, riTi aixsneba is. droebiT da gardamaval mi-zezebs, garda umTavres mizezad unda CaiTva-los is, rom xalxis sulier moTxovnilebas ver akmayofilebs Cveni eklesiis moZRvreba da wyo-bileba. xalxis goneba gaizarda, ganviTarda da gaaswro rogorc daZvelebul garegan formebs eklesiis wyobilebisa is gaimsWvala socialis-tur moZRvrebiT.~247 bunebrivia aseTi damokide-buleba qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis mxridan kidev ufro arTulebda qarTveli sam-Rvdeloebis brZolas marTlmadidebeli eklesi-is uflebebis aRsadgenad. am problemam kidev ufr metad iCina Tavi demokratiuli respubli-kis periodSi.

`ruseTis didma revoluciam Searyia Zveli wonasworoba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobisa da Cveni cxovreba Seayena klasTa sruli Camoyali-bebis gzaze. samRvdeloebac, yvelaze ufro da-Sorebuli cxovrebis moqmed elementTagan da yvelaze ufro dazaralebuli, ver ascda saer-To mimdinareobas da Tumca dagvianebulad isic Seudga Tavis cxovrebis Camoyalibebas. Zlevamo-

247 gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1920, #860, gv. 2

213

silma axalma cxovrebam mas auSala sakuTari bu-de da aiZula moenaxa axali kunWuli axal soci-alur SenobaSi. mis win aRimarTa dilema: axali Tu Zveli, sinaTle da sococxle, Tu sibnele da sikvdili. pirvel xanebSi, sanam igi Tavis Tavs moegeboda, angariSs miscemda, TiTqos ayva saxal-xo moZraobas da avtokefaluri eklesiis plat-formis niadagze _ gadadga win ramdenime nabiji. mosalodneli iyo, rom es moZraoba ufro gaR-rmavdeboda da antikefalur garegnobas, _ axali Sinaarsi daagvirgvinebda. pirveli saeklesio kre-ba, 1917 welSi, am mxriv pirveli cda iyo axali Sinaarsis gamoZebnisa...~248

miuxedavad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa rusuli gadmonaSTe-bi mainc arsebobda yvela mimarTulebiT da maT Soris, gamonaklisi arc eklesia iyo. qarTuli sa-Tadarigo cxenosanTa polkis mRvdeli aleqsan-dre ziraqiSvili qarTuli laSqris ufros mRvdels wers: `10-s TibaTves ama wlisa, sulis wmidis gadmosvlis dRes wirvazed polkis ekle-siaSi, mRvdelma al. Tuberozovma qadagebis dros galanZRa qarTveli eri da uwoda ukanasknels: ve-lurebi, mxecebi da sxva... mouwoda rus mrevls, rom ar daemorCilon araviTar brZanebebs adgi-lobriv da mTel qveynis mTavrobas saqarTvelo-sas, ar aasrulon araviTari brZaneba mTavrobisa Tu gankarguleba-dekretebi da ilocon, rom isev aRdges saqarTveloSi mpyrobeloba ruseTisa da sxva... arc erT dros locva-wirvisa ar ixseniebs saqarTvelos mTavrobas, kaTalikos-patriarqs, an

248 scsa, f. 1830, aRw. 1, saqme #9, gv. 74

214

episkopozs da sxva... samagierod ixseniebs isev rusis mTavroba-mpyrobelobas da samxedro uf-ross mRvdels Savelskis.~249

agreTve: `... saegzarqoso kancelariis moxse-nebis ZaliT rusi episkopozi Savi grigoli gan-devnes da ulukmapurod datoves is qarTveli mRvdlebi, romlebic maTi fiqriT, rusul mrev-lebSi msaxuroben. aseTive bedi ewia bevr samxed-ro uwyebaSi msaxur mRvdelsac, romelTaTvis srulebiT patroni ar moipoveba da dRevandeli qarTul polkSi arCeuli mRvdlebi, uorganizaci-od darCenilan, dadian ise, rom Tavi da bolo ar gaaCnia. samwuxarod, erovnul polkebSi mRvdle-bis daniSvna moxda uyuradRebod da utaqtikod. qarTveli mRvdlebi arian omis dawyebidanve ga-sulni poziciaze, ician samxedro saqme, Wiri da lxini, daumTavrebia kursebi seminariaSi, ician yvela is, rac jariskacs sWiria, magram maT arse-bobasac ki yuradRebas aravin aqcevs, aramc Tu codnas da gamocdilebas. ruseTis samxedro uwye-bis samRvdeloeba ki nel-nela erekeba qarTvel samRvdeloebas. qarTul jarebSi moyvnen iseTi mRvdlebi, romlebTac araviTari kavSiri ar hqo-nia jarTan, aramc Tu maTSi msaxurebdnen. Aan ori adgili uWiravs da an iseTi mRvdlebi, rom-lebsac pozicia srulebiT arc ki unaxavs.~250

samRvdeloebis mxridan ZiriTadad moTxovna iyo saRvTo sjulis swavlebaze skolebSi .`so-xumis saolqo saZmo sabWom 1918 wlis 18 oqtom-bers moaxdina samRvdeloebis kreba q. soxumSi, romelSic iqonia msjeloba samRvTo sjulis 249 scsa, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saqme #680, furc. 40 250 scsa, f. 1836, aRw. 1, saqme #32, furc. 158

215

swavlebisa saswavleblebSi da Cveni, samRvdelo-ebis nivTierad uzrunvelyofisa da erTxmad da-vadgineT: vinaidgan saqarTvelos respublikis eri ZvelTaganve istoriulad SeTvisebulia Ta-vis sjulTan. qarTveli eris didi nawili dRe-sac aris Rrma morwmune da sarwmunoebis codna miucilebeli saWiroa misi mTliani ganviTarebi-saTvis da Cven, samRvdeloebas mTavari Tu ara ukanaskneli adgili gveWira samRTo sjulis, qristianuli moZRvrebis mozard TaobaTa Soris ganmtkicebasa da aRzrdaSi, vsTxovT saqarTve-los erovnul sabWos, raTa samRvTo sjuli dar-Ces saqarTvelos yovelgvar saswavleblebSi sa-valdebulo sagnad da 2. vsTxovT saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos daCqarebiT mogvces damatebiTi jamagirebi, gamoTxovili misganve saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWos SuamdgomlobiT, vinaidan am autanel siZvireSi ganvicdiT ukidures mdgo-mareobas da amasTan, radganac saqarTvelos av-tokefaluri eklesia da Cven msaxurni ama ekle-siisa warmovadgenT saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelo-bis dawesebulebas da veweviT upiratesad saxel-mwifoebrivi samsaxurs, vTxovT saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos, rom Cven nivTierad uzrunvel-sayofad ganwesebul gveqnes Sesaferi sasyideli samsaxurisaTvis gansazRvruli jamagiris saxiT saqarTvelos respublikis xazinidan.~251

agreTve: `Cven, qvemore amisa xelismomwereb-ma q. soxumis mcxovreb-moqalaqeebma, mqonebelma sruli xmisa viqonieT msjeloba samRTo sju-lis swavlebisa Cvens saswavleblebSi da sam-

251 scsa, f.1935, aRw. 1, saqme #3, furc. 3

216

Rvdeloebis nivTierad uzrunvelyofisa da dad-genilebiT gadavwyviteT: 1. vinaidgan Cven saqar-Tvelos respublikis eri ZvelTaganve istoriu-lad SeTvisebulia Tavis sjulTan, qarTveli eris didi nawili dResac aris Rrma morwmune da sarwmunoebis codna miucilebeli saWiroa misi mTliani ganviTarebisaTvis, vsTxovT erov-nul sabWos, raTa saRmTo sjuli darCes saqar-Tvelos yovelgvar saswavleblebSi savaldebu-lo saswavlo sagnad 2. vsTxovT saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos daCqarebiT misces saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloebas damatebiTi jamagirebi gamoTxovili misgan saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWos SuamdgomlobiT, vinaidgan am autanel siZvireSi is ganicdis ukidures mdgomareobas da 3. radganac saqarTvelos avtokefaluri ek-lesia da am eklesiis msaxurni samRvdeloeba warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis da-wesebulebas da eweva upiratesad saxelmwifoeb-riv samsaxurs, vsTxovT saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos, rom Cveni eklesiis samRvdeloebis niv-Tierad uzrunvelsayofad ganwesebul iqmnes samRvdeloebis Sesaferi sasyideli samsaxuri-saTvis gansazRvruli jamagiris saxiT saqarTve-los respublikis xazinidan.~252

saRvTo sjulis swavlebis aucileblobis moTxovnas mowmobs Semdegi dokumenti: `mSobel-Ta (krebis) wris dadgenileba. iqonia msjeloba saRmTo sjulis swavlebis Sesaxeb gimnaziaSi

Tanaxmad saministrosgan miRebuli cirku-liaris. azrTa gacvla-gamocvlis Semdeg daad-

252 iqve, furc. 4

217

gina: miviReT ra mxedvelobaSi gardamavali ara Cveulebrivi istoriuli momenti, SkolebSi ara sasurveli, TiTqmis anarqiuli mdgomareoba, bav-Svebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi daqveiTeba maTi xSiri arasasurveli TviTneboba _ swavlis Sew-yveta, omSi viTomc da samSoblos dasacavad wasvla, mTavrobis da mSoblebis daukiTxavaT, indiferentiuli damokidebuleba swavla-ganaT-lebis saqmesTan, Cven mSoblebi qristianul swavlas vsTvliT maRal istoriul moralur faqtoraT skolebSi da darwmunebuli imaSi, rom marto Teoretiuli ganyenebuli codna, Tu masTan erTad ar viTardebian organiulad xasi-aTi, zne, Cveuleba-grZnoba namdvili adamiani ver Seqmnis da Cven norC saqarTvelos respub-likas namdvil maRal idealebis da aRWurvili moqalaqeebis nacvlad miscems ara sasurvel mavne elementebs. Yyovelive amis mixedviT mSo-belTa wre moiTxovs: 1. saRmTo sjuli iswavle-bodes survilisamebr, maswavlebels eqnes jama-giri im fulebidan, romelsac mSoblebi vixdiT ofliT da sisxliT naSovars swavlisaTvis 2) CaeTvalos StatSi samsaxuri, isTe rogorc sa-zogado muSebs ericxebaT Sroma da pensiiTda jamagiriT uzrunvelyofa kanondeba maTTvis Sromis saministrosgan. 3. iswavlebodes gansaz-Rvrul dros, roca midian swavlisaTvis, gimna-ziaSi amas moiTxovs pedagogiuri ZiriTadi principi da TvalTa sazrisi 4. roca mTavroba gamoscems rame saxelmZRvanelos maRal mora-lur swavlisas, eTikis dargidan, maSin eqneba adgili am saganze sakiTxs. dRes Cveni pedago-gebi dRidgan am sagnis gaZevebisa araviTar mo-

218

ralur darigebas bavSvebs ar aZleven. dabeji-TiebiT moviTxovT mSoblebi, rom Cvenma Svileb-ma saswavleblebSi iswavlos saRmTo sjuli, Tund ara savaldebulo.~253

1918 wels daba xobSi Sedga saolqo kreba, sadac daadgines: `a) vinaidgan saqarTvelos res-publikis eri ZvelTaganve istoriulad SeTvise-bulia Tavis sjulTan, im eris didi umravleso-ba dResac aris Rrma morwmune da sarwmunoebis codna miucilebeli saWiroT misi mTliani gan-viTarebisaTvis, vinaidan zneobrivi kanoni yvela kanonebze maRla dgas da zneobrivi WeSmarite-bis, kanonis codnaSi, aramed im zneobrivi Zal-Ta SeTvisebaSi, romelnic avaleben kacs Seud-rekelad mieswrafebodes zneobrivi kanonis Ses-rulebisadmi da misi zneobrivi sisrule da gan-viTarebisadmi da esreTi mada aris qristes sar-wmunoeba, eTxovos saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas raTa samRvTo sjuli saqarTvelos yo-velgvar saswavlebelSi isev iqnes miRebuli sa-valdebulo saswavlo sagnad, b) sarwmunoebis, eklesiis da samRvdeloebis Senaxva da ganmtki-cebisaTvis ueWvelad saWiroa da didad saWiroa izrunos saxelmwifo mTavrobam, samRvdeloeba ueWvelad unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili nivTie-rad. sruli saxelmwifo jamagiri samRvdeloe-bas _ ai saukeTeso forma samrevlosi. Eklesia ar unda iqnes gancalkevebuli saxelmwifosagan. eklesia ar aris calke gancalkevebuli kerZo sikeTe zogi gancalkevebul pirTa, aramed is warmoadgens fasdaudebel interess mTeli sa-


219

xelmwifo erTianobisas. eklesia warmoadgens ara kerZo instituts, aramed instituts sazoga-do uflebrivi xasiaTisas. eklesias unda eWi-ros saxelmwifoSi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareo-ba, unda iyos SeerTebuli saxelmwifosTan da ara gancalkevebuli... unda sargeblobdes sa-xelmwifo kanonebis mfarvelobis da materialu-ris mxriTac unda iyos uzrunvelyofili, zne-obrivi organizacia sazogadoebisa ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos Semweobis gareSe... qristianul sa-xelmwifoSi unda iyos usacilod qristianuli politika. qristianuli eklesia moiTxovs qris-tianul saxelmwifos... qristianul saxelmwifo-Si usacilod unda Seinaxos, ganamtkicos da mfarveloba gauwios sarwmunoebas, eklesias da samRvdeloebas da ukanaskneli uzrunvelyos nivTierad, zemoxsenebuli mizezia gamoeTxovos saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas aucilebe-li daniSvna samRvdeloebisaTvis jamagirisa sa-xelmwifo xazinidan.~254

zemoT ganxilulma faqtobrivma masalam naTlad aCvena is problemebi, rac qarTveli samRvdeloebis winaSe arsebobda. rogorc vxe-davT, qarTveli samRvdeloebis brZola saqar-Tvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis mimdinareobda or frontze: ruse-Tis saimperatoro karis da social-demokratiu-li partiis winaaRmdeg.


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Tavi meeqvse

Tavadaznauroba

XIX saukunis II naxevridan Seqmnili movlene-bis Sedegad XX saukunis dasawyiss saqarTvelo sxvadasxva siaxlesTan erTad axali socialuri fenebis: proletariatis da burJuaziis warmoSo-biT Sexvda. axalma politikurma da ekonomikurma gardaqmnebma sazogadoebis socialuri Semadgen-lobis garkveuli cvlilebebi ganapiroba. am fon-ze interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos Tavadaznaur-Ta cnobierebis da funqciebis cvlilebis Sefase-ba da gaTvaliswineba. miT ufro, rom qarTul is-toriografiaSi am qronologiuri periodis far-glebSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili speci-aluri gamokvlevebi ar gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad aq-centi keTdeba XIX saukuneze. marTalia, 1900-1917 wlebSi Tavadaznauroba aRar warmoadgenda Zli-er krebuls, Tumca beWdur mediaSi daculi in-formacia mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotanis sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs. `1897 wlis aRweriT Tavadaz-nauroba saqarTvelos 1 milion 919 aTasiani mo-saxleobis 5,6% Seadgenda.~255

Tavadaznauroba feodaluri saqarTvelos-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri fenaa, rome-lic saukuneebis manZilze privilegirebul da SeZlebul klass warmoadgenda. maTi uflebebi imdenad didi iyo, rom ara Tu didi pativiT sargeblobda samefo karze, aramed xSir Sem-TxvevaSi, politikur, Tu samxedro sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas mefe maTze iyo damokidebuli.

255 saqarTvelos istoria XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 16

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faqtobrivad Tavadaznauroba monarqiuli sa-xelmwifos arsebobis mTavari Semadgeneli nawi-li iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi `kvali~ 1906 wels werda: `mecxramete saukunes Tavadaz-nauroba srulebiT sxva guliT dauxvda, warsu-lis gamoTxovebam mas saSinlaT dawva guli, radganac warsulis bevri ram gayva iseTi, risi magieric awmyos araferi moutania. amis ukeT ga-saTvaliswineblad saWiroa gavixsenoT, rogori iyo Tavadis mdgomareoba mecxramete saukunem-din, rogor Seicvala is mecxramete saukuneSi. wineT mas garSemo exvia uricxvi ymebi, romelTa sulisa da xorcis erTaderTi patroni TviTon is _ Tavadi iyo, yvela vinc mas garSemo exvia, mas TvalwarbSi SeCereboda da misi yovelgvari Jinis asasruleblad yvela gamzadebuli iyo. erTaderTi mosamarTle Tavis sofelSi is iyo da iq yvelas bed-iRbals mxolod is atarebda. Tu samSoblos mteri Semoeseoda, mefe mas Txov-da, Seni kacebiT momeSveleo, is mefis marjvena xeli iyo, qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi is monawi-leobas iRebda, sasaxlis kari misTvis mudam Ria iyo, _ mefis saxlSi is TiTqmis mefis to-lad grZnobda Tavs, Tavis saxlSi _ ganusaz-Rvrel batonad. mecxramete saukunis damdegidan Tavadis amgvari mdgomareoba srulebiT Seicva-la. samSoblos marTva-gamgeobaSi mas yovelgva-ri mniSvneloba CamoarTves, mefe da misi sasax-le mas axlosac aravin daanaxva; Tavadis Tavi-sufal moqmedebas yovelmxriv frTebi Seekveca. yovelive aman is ara Tu qonebrivad daaqveiTa, Tavis SinaymaTa TvalSic ki saxeli gautexa. Ta-vadobam iwyo warsulis glova, moindoma misi

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dabruneba, magram cdam amaod Cauara. is iZule-buli gaxda Tavis xvedrs Serigeboda da erTma nawilma RvinoSi da qor-meZebrobaSi pova Tavisi ideali, meorem kalami aiRo xelSi da warsulis glovaSi moipova sulis simSvide, mesames sam-xedro samsaxurma daaviwyebia Zveli dideba.~256

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gauqme-biT, Tavadaznauroba erT-erTi da SeiZleba iT-qvas, yvelaze ufro uflebaayrili fena aRmoC-nda. man dakarga ara mxolod mamulebi da gav-lena, aramed XIX saukunis saqarTvelosTvis is sruliad zedmeti aRmoCnda. `rusuli mmarTve-lobis damyarebis Semdeg qarTveli Tavadebisa da aznaurebis (samefo, saTavado, saeklesio) mravalsaukunovanma sagvareulo wyobam rRveva iwyo. ruseTis mTavrobam ruseTis feodalur-ba-tonymur wyobilebasTan qarTuli wyobilebis socialuri unifikaciis mizniT Caatara mTeli rigi RonsiZiebebi. 1803 wels, ruseTis gubernie-bis TavadaznaurTa organizaciebis msgavsad, TbilisSi daarsda qarTvel TavadaznaurTa pir-veli wodebrivi organizacia _ Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa sakrebulo saTanado debulebiT. de-putatTa sakrebulo irCevda samazro da sagu-bernio TavadaznaurTa winamZRolebs (marSlebs). ruseTis mTavrobis Semdegi RonisZieba iyo vasa-lur-senioruli damokidebulebis mospoba sa-qarTveloSi da rus TavadebTan qarTveli Tava-debis uflebrivi gaTanabreba. amasTan, qarTvel Tavadebs memkvidreobiTi feodaluri Tanamdebo-bebi da sagadasaxado imuniteti mouspo, 1833

256 gaz. kvali, 1901, #36, gv. 793

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wlis kanoniT saTavado aznaurebi gaaTavisuf-les Tavadebisadmi vasaluri damokidebulebisa-gan, ris Sedegad xdeboda maTi qonebrivi gamij-vnac. 1838 wlis kanoniT ki Tavadaznaurobis de-putatTa sakrebuloSi arCevnebisas da Tanamdebo-bebis dakavebisas uflebrivi gansxvaveba Tavadeb-sa da maT yofil saTavado aznaurebs Soris mo-ispo, moxda maTi uflebrivi nivelireba.~257

TavadaznaurTa fena TandaTan paralizebu-li gaxda. jer erTi, es gamowveuli iyo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sedegad da meo-rec, XIX saukunis II naxevridan Seqmnili socia-luri da ekonomikuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebiT, kerZod, batonymobis gauqmebiT.

Tu XIX saukunis I naxevarSi Tavadaznauro-ba aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda da monarqiuli same-fos aRdgenisaTvis ibrZoda, bagrationTa same-fo ojaxis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, SemdegSi viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. aleqsandre bendianiSvilis azriT, `Tavadebis ukmayofileba iman gamoiwvia, rom maT dakarges politikuri gavlena, memkvidreobiT samxedro da administra-ciuli Tanamdebobani, riTac safuZveli gamoeca-la saTavadoTa sistemas. saTavados SigniT Seik-veca aznauris socialur-politikuri funqcia, mas CamoerTva Tavadis karis Tanamdeboba-ni, mo-uravoba, mdivnoba, boqaulTuxucesoba, glexTa zedamxedvelis movaleoba. qarTveli moxelis adgili centrSic da periferiebSic rusma moxe-lem daikava. amas ki ver Seegua qarTveli Tava-daznauroba da Tavis protests SeTqmuleba- 257h. kupraSvili, didi rusianoba saqarTveloSi (XIX saukunis I naxevari), Tbilisi: universali 2011, gv. 131-132

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ajanyebiT gamoxatavda.~258 XIX saukunis II naxevridan, batonymobis ga-

uqmebis Semdeg daiwyo axali etapi saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. Tavadaznauroba mixvda, rom saqar-Tvelos istoriaSi axali epoqa dgeboda, sadac misi istoriuli roli saWiro aRar iqneboda. swored amis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda Tava-debis politikuri xasiaTis gamosvlebis jer Semcireba da Semdeg Sewyveta. `XIX-XX saukunee-bis mijnaze qarTveli Tavadaznauroba ukve aRar warmoadgenda erTian wodebasa da klass, ukve momxdari iyo misi socialur-ekonomikuri diferenciacia. am dros ZirZveli Tavadaznauro-ba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 4%-s Seadgenda. magram naxevars dakarguli hqonda ekonomikuri SeZleba da politikuri wona. mewarme Tavadaz-naurTa gamravleba, rentisa da kreditis kapita-listuri formebis danergva arsebiTad cvlida Zvel wodebas. mimdinareobda feodaluri sakuT-rebisa da memamuluri meurneobis burJuaziuli evolucia. TavadaznaurTa erTi nawili kapita-listuri sazogadoebis miwaTmflobelTa klass qmnida, saerTod, miwaTmflobeli Tavadaznauro-ba ormagi bunebis iyo, _ feodaluri wodebisa da kapitalisturi klasis niSnebs aerTianebda. iyenebda, rogorc feodaluri, ise kapitalistu-ri eqsploataciis formebs.~259 TavadaznaurTa uflebebis Sekvecas ganapi-robebda sazogadoebis nihilisturi damokidebu-leba maTdami. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba XIX

258 m. axobaZe, glexTa moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60-90-ian wlebSi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970, gv. 31 259 gv 185

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saukunis II naxevridan. sazogadoebis farTo fe-nebisTvis, glexebisTvis Tavadebi maT mowinaaR-mdege klasad aRiqmeboda. aRniSnul periodSi Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita glexebis sa-zogadoebasTan dakavSirebas da axali saxelmwi-fos SenebisTvis moRvaweobas da brZolas iw-yebs. `sul sxvagvar niSnebsa da mimarTulebas gviCvenebs dRevandeli cxovreba. dRes aRar ar-sebobs Zveli batonymoba da mospobilia adamia-nis piradi uTavisufleboba. garTulebulia cxovreba da xalxis sazogadoebriv klasebad danawilebac. Tavad-aznaurobas dRes aRar aqvs Zveleburi social-ekonomikuri upiratesoba, radgan TviT mamuli aRar aris erTaderTi sax-sari ekonomiuris Zalisa da sazogadoebrivis dawinaurebisa. cxovrebis axals viTarebaSi kacs mamulis garedac SeuZlia SeiZinos qoneba da, raxan STamomavlobas winandeburad didi mniS-vneloba aRar aqvs, SeuZlia agreTve sazogadoe-baSic moipovos Zala da dawinaureba. ramdena-dac es `SeuZlia~ sinamdvile xdeba, ramdenadac Zveleburi wodebani erTmaneTSi iTqvifebian da axali, qonebisa da ara STamomavlobis safuZ-velze damyarebuli sazogadoebrivi klasebi vi-Tardebian, imdenadve Cvens cxovrebas ufro de-mokratiuli elferi edeba da Cveni eri warmate-bisa da aRorZinebis gzaze dgeba.~260 qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita naTlad ac-nobierebda axali drois moTxovnebs da ekono-mikur Tu socialur gamowvevebs, romelTa gada-

260 Jurn. Mmoambe, 1904, #6, gv. 73

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laxvis gareSe saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis da damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis pirobis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneboda. `swraf warmatebis gzaze mxolod is eri sdgas, romelSic gazrdilia Sromis sazogadoebrivi ganawileba, ganviTare-bulia gacvla-gamocvla da aRorZinebulia vaW-roba-mrewveloba. ramdenadac aseTi viTareba ama Tu im erSi fexs ikidebs, imdenadve Tavadaznau-robas ekargeba ekonomiuri upiratesoba, xolo sxvadasxva wodebaTagan Semdgar burJuazias ema-teba Zala da emCneva dawinaureba. es dawinaure-ba sCans sazogadod yvelaferSi da igi unda Cndes, kerZod swavla-ganaTlebis saqmeSic. ra Tqma unda swavlis SesaZenad saWiroa nivTieri SeZleba da amitom swavla-ganaTleba im wodeba-sa da klasSi ufro gavrceldeba, romelic eko-nomiurad wamoweulia da aqvs saWiro saSualeba. ara Tavadaznaur moswavleTa ricxvis gamravle-ba saswavleblebSi momaswavebelia imisi, rom Cveni cxovrebac moqalaqobrivobis gzazea dam-dgari da TandaTan viTardeba.~261

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sem-deg mTlianad Seicvala sazogadoebrivi da po-litikuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebi. damou-kideblobis dakargvasTan erTad, qarTveloba garusebis safrTxis winaSe dadga, romlis arse-biT maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenda qarTuli mar-Tlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba, qarTuli enis uflebebis SezRudva.

im molodinis gaumarTleblobis Semdeg, rac rusebis Semosvlas moyva saqarTveloSi,

261 Jurn. Mmoambe, 1904, #6, gv. 73

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sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi iwyeben SeiaraRebul Tu saprotesto xasiaTis gamosvlebs ruseTis saimperatoro karis winaaR-mdeg. Tavadazanaurobis ukmayofilebis mizezi maTi funqciebis da uflebebis SezRudvaSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi gauqmebaSi mdgomareobda. ime-di imisa, rom ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTve-los saSinao viTarebaSi ar Caereoda ar gamar-Tlda. amitom sawyis etapze gamoxatuli radika-luri formebi aRniSnulis dasturi iyo.

socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis gardaqmneb-ma, romelsac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis II na-xevris saqarTveloSi, qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita daarwmuna brZolis axali meTodis SemuSavebaSi. erT-erTi sakiTxi ki Tava-dazanurTa axali cxovrebis wesze gadayvana iyo. samocianelebi naTlad acnobierebdnen epo-qis im gamowvevas, romelSic mTeli evropa iyo CarTuli da cdilobdnen axali droisTvis fexi aewyoT, qarTul sinamdvileze moergoT da es yvelaferi saqarTvelos aRorZinebisaTvis gamoe-yenebinaT. Tavadaznaurobis didma nawilma ver SeZlo Segueboda sakuTari privilegiebis da-kargvas da `daqveiTebis gzas daadga~, meore na-wili e.w. Raribi Tavadaznauroba Seecada sazo-gadoebasTan kavSirSi yofiliyo da sakuTari TavisTvis TviTon Seeqmna pirobebi.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan Tavadaznauroba aRar warmoadgenda mravalricxovan da Zlier krebuls. amasTan politikurma da ekonomikurma gardaqmnebma maTi brZolisunarianoba dasca, Ta-nac qarTuli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili ukve axali saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis ibrZoda,

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sadac Tavadaznaurobas Zveli adgili aRar eqne-boda. amitom is iZulebuli xdeba nawilobriv Seeguos epoqis moTxovnebs da aRar mimarTos gamoxatvis radikalur formebs. 1908 wels gaze-Ti `ciskari~ werda: `marTalia, es mizezi muSa-obs ruseTis TavadaznaurobaSic, magram gacile-biT ufro nela, vinem CvenSi. iq mravali memamu-le Seewyo mamulis Sovnas. agreTve iq samsaxu-riT ivseben imas, rasac mamuli aklebs. cnobi-lia, rom mTeli maRali biurokratia memamulee-bisagan Sesdgeba. Cveneburi memamule ki swrafad valiandeba, sakuTreba eyideba da ase ekonomiu-raT mamuls didaT aRar afasebs, misTvis si-cocxles aRar swiravs. Tu SerCa mamuli, xom kargi, Tu ara da sul erTia _ mainc banks dar-Ceba. ase iqneba Tu ise, mamuli mainc CamoerTme-va. amitom isini mraval alagas glexebs uTmoben da brZolas Serigebas rCeoben.~262 qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis nawili TavadaznaurobasTan mimarTebaSi gazeT `ciskaris~ mixedviT aseTi iyo: `saqarTve-los nawilTa pirveli nacionaluri moZraoba iyo moZraoba Tavadaznaurobis Zveli wyobile-bis SesarCenad. glexoba aq iRebda monawileo-bas swored winaaRmdegi mizniT _ batonymobis uRlis Sesamsubuqeblad. e.i. aq feodalebi eb-rZodnen rusebs, xolo glexebi feodalebs da ramodenimeT samRvdeloebasac. ai Cveni naciona-lizmis tragizmi. ratom ase unda momxdariyo? cxadia ratom. Tavadaznaurobis nacionaluri droSa iyo droSa feodalTa gaZlierebis, gle-

262 gaz. ciskari, 1908, #1, gv. 1

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xobis dajabnebis, axali cxovrebis uaryofis, Zveli urTierTobis aRdgenis _ erTi sityviT es droSa ar iyo xalxis droSa. Tavadaznaurobis nacionaluri interesi ar Seicavda naciis inte-resebs.~263 iveria ki Semdegnairad aRiqvams am sa-kiTxs: `... vin iyo, an ra Zala iyo, is Zala, rom-liTac saqarTvelos gancalkevebulni jgufni SeerTdebodnen xolme da medgrad ebrZodnen sa-qarTvelos gareSe mters? maS vin daicva saqar-Tvelos teritoria, ena, sarwmunoeba? vin Sehqmna saqarTvelos Taviseburi kultura, literatu-ra? amis pasuxs yvela SesZlebs, Tuki gangeb ar daibrmavebs Tvalebs, ar daiyruebs yurebs da simarTles ar uRalatebs. es ZalTa-Zala iyo Tavadaznauroba. saqarTveloSi Tavadaznauroba rom ar yofiliyo, dRemde arc araviTari erov-nuli kultura, literatura, xasiaTi ar iqnebo-da da mTeli Cveni xalxi warmoadgenda marto jgufs, romelsac erad aravin CaTvlida.~264

1900 wlidan beWdur mediaSi Tavadaznauro-bis aSkara kritika iwyeba. faqtobrivad, es wo-deba saukunis dasawyisSi ukve aRar warmoadgens avtoritetul Zalas. qarTveli eris gaZliere-bis da ganviTarebis procesSi Tavadaznaurobis roli uaryofilia. `Cven ar SegviZlia Tavadaz-naurobisagan movelodeT eris aRorZinebas. Ta-vadaznauroba aris wodeba Seqmnili warsuli cxovrebis mier, misi arsebobis azri warsulSia, misi niadagi warsuli wes-wyobilebis nayofia. Tavadaznauroba, rogorc wodeba gvianderZa warsulma. magram igi arsebobs dRes, dRevan- 263 gaz. ciskari, 1908, #11, gv. 1 264 gaz. iveria, 1902, #252, gv. 1

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dels cxovrebis pirobebSi romelnic gaCndnen wodebani da wodebrivi ganwyobileba. Tavadazna-urobas _ wodebas ar ZaluZs daimorCilos axa-li cxovrebis pirobebi, piriqiT, TviTon emorCi-leba axal cxovrebas da nel-nela xSirad Seug-neblad, iRebs mis elfers da iTvisebs mis xasi-aTs.~265 mudmivad keTdeba aqcenti imaze, rom Ta-vadaznauroba ver erkveva sazogadoebriv prob-lemebSi, rac qmnis bariers mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan urTierTobebSi. `qarTveli Tavadaznau-robis moRvaweobas Tan sdevs erTi TvalsaCino nakli, romelic friad damaxasiaTebelia misi, rogorc wodebisa: politikuri gamourkvevloba da am gamourkvevlobasTan dakavSirebuli ide-uri gamourkvevloba da daqsaqsuloba. qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas naTlad ara aqvs Segnebuli, ra mizezebi iwvevs qarTveli xalxis erovnul dezorganizacias da ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro am dezorganizaciis mosaspobad.~266 mariam gari-yuli Semdegnairad axasiaTebda Tavadaznauro-bas: `TavadaznaurTa umetesoba usaqmurobaSi atarebda dros, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba. niadagi momcdari hqondaT fexqveS, samxedro as-parezze gmirobas da samSoblosaTvis Tavdade-bas maT aRaravin sTxovda. sameurneo Sromac ar Sedioda maT dRiurSi, swavla-ganaTlebas agre-rigad ar etanebodnen. maTi umetesobisaTvis mi-zani gimnaziis pirveli, meore da mesame klasi _ kursis damTavreba iyo. zogi maTgani aqamdisac ver miatanda. ra unda gaekeTebina am usaqmod darCenul axalgazrdobas? dRes SenTan, xval 265 gaz. cnobis furceli, 1903, # 2154, gv. 2 266 gaz. saxalxo gazeTi, 1910, #184, gv. 2

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imasTan, zeg duqanSi. loToba, Cxubi da davida-raba.~267 Tavadaznauroba male mixvda, rom Tana-medrove sazogadoebis nawili ver gaxdeboda, Tu dros fexs ar auwyobda.`... mesamoce wlebam-de cxovreba iyo martivi da mdore, mwerloba erTferovani, mxolod erTi klasis _ Tavadobis simpatia-idealebis gamomxatveli. radganac sam-xedro samsaxurma da Cinovnikobam Semodga Cven-Si fexi da orives didi motrfialeni gamouC-ndnen Cvens TavadobaSi, swavla-ganaTleba nel-nela aRorZinda da TbilisSi saswavlebelic ki daarsa mTavrobam keTilSobilTaTvis. axalgaz-rdobis erTma nawilma, romelsac maSindel drosTan SedarebiT rigiani ganaTleba mieRo, nel-nela ukuagdo piradi cxovrebis viwro far-glebi da gamovida sazogado asparezze, misma moRvaweobam Cvens cxovrebas suli STabera da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, romelic TiTqmis srulebiT aRar arsebobda, ormocdaaT wlebSi nel-nela aRorZinda, magram cxovrebis amoZrave-ba Suagulidan, TviT xalxidan, ki ar daiwyo, aramed zedapiridan – Tavadaznaurobidan.~268 ze-moT ganxiluli sakiTxebi, kerZod, saerTo eko-nomikuri sivrcis SeqmnisTvis brZola qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elitis mxridan mowmobs imas, rom maT saerTo mizans warmoad-genda kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel sistema-ze gadasvla. am procesSi yvela socialuri fe-nis CarTva da erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZineba. iseTi qarTuli, erovnuli politikis mawarmoe-

267 m. gariyuli, mogonebebi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1962, gv. 207 268 gaz. kvali, 1901, #36, gv. 793

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beli politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebic ki, rogoric iyo: erovnul-demokratiuli da so-cialist-federalisturi partia da zogadad, erovnuli mimarTulebis moRvaweebi iyvnen, sa-Wirod Tvlidnen axali ekonomikuri formebis qarTul sinamdvileSi danergvas da Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli samrewvelo struq-turis gamoyenebas.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis dasaw-yisSi Tavadaznauroba aRar warmoadgenda Zlier socialur fenas. maTi didi nawili ukve asimi-lacias ganicdida sazogadoebis farTo feneb-Tan. faqtobrivad im mcire nawilis garda, rom-lebic ruseTis imperatoris `erTgulebaze deb-dnen fics~ da misi meSveobiT cdilobdnen saku-Tari ekonomikuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebas da ara gavlenis, radganac am periodSi Tavadaznau-robas ukve ar gaaCnda gavlena sazogadoebaze. qarTveli inteligenciis Segnebuli nawilis mcdelobisda miuxedavad, Tavadaznau-robisTvis Seegnebinebina axali epoqis moTxovna da is gar-daqmnebi, rac kapitalizmma moitana uSedego aR-moCnda. yvelasTvis naTeli iyo, rom kapitaliz-mi mxolod ruseTisTvis da mis daqvemdebareba-Si myofi saqarTvelosTvis ki ar iyo damaxasia-Tebeli, aramed igi mTeli Tanamedrove epoqis realoba da axali etapis dasawyisi iyo. feoda-lizmi dasrulda da misi arseboba mxolod uka-nasknel dReebs iTvlida da misi saboloo war-momadgenelbi TavadzanaurTa is mcire nawili iyo, romelic drois gamowvevas ver egueboda. praqtikulad qarTveli sazogadoebis Segnebuli nawili darwmunebuli iyo arsebuli sinamdvi-

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lis gardauvalo-baSi da cdilobda arsebuli viTareba saqarTvelos sakeTildRod gamoeyene-bina.

1900-1917 wlebSi mimdinareobda brZola ara mxolod ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg, rac pirvel rigSi kulturiT, ganaTlebiT brZo-las gulisxmobda, aramed qarTveli sazogadoe-bis Zvel da axali Taobis warmomadgenlebs So-risac. Tavadaznauroba ki im wodebas ekuTvno-da, romelic warsuls aidealebda da Zveli drois dabruneba mxolod imitom surda, rom aRedgina is gavlena da privilegiebi, rac sauku-neebis manZilze gaaCnda. axali Taoba, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyvnen qarTveli moRvaweebis is birTvi, romlebmac memkvidreobiT miiRes samoci-anelebisgan axali saqarTvelos mSeneblobis de-vizi, mTlianad mimarTuli iyvnen SeeqmnaT Tana-medrove tipis saxelmwifo, sadac yvela socia-luri fenis warmomadgeneli iqneboda ekonomiku-rad da socialurad Tavisufali da rac mTava-ria icxovrebda damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, rodesac xelisuf-lebis saTaveSi movidnen social-demokratebi, maT demokratiuli qveynis aSeneba daisaxes miz-nad da monarqiuli wyoba ukve miuRebeli iyo aramarto maTTvis, aramed mravali qarTvelis-Tvis. rogorc cnobilia, social-demokratiuli partiis ideologiam garkveuli transformacia ganicada mTeli am wlebis manZilze da Tu Tavi-dan rusuli ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofebod-nen, Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT xelisufalebaSi mosvlis Semdeg sazogadoebis farTo fenebis

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gulismogebis mizniT TavianTi saxelmwifoebri-vi programa ufro erovnuli gaxades. maT mTa-var mizans warmoadgenda xalxSi ndobis mopove-ba da yvela im problemis mowesrigeba, rac sa-zogadoebis satkivari iyo. am miznis misaRwevad ki aucileblobas warmoadgenda dabali fenebis organizeba da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos upi-ratesobis danaxveba. gazeTi erToba 1919 wels werda: `dRes Cveni cxovreba daingra da Cveni samSoblo Cveni xalxis xelSia. mTeli mSrome-li xalxi, vinc ki saqarTvelos miwaze cxov-robs, dRes saqarTvelos gamge da patronia. gu-Sin Tqven iyaviT sxvis xelSi Semyureni, dRes ki xarT Tavisufali moqalaqeni da uTqvenod, Tqven daukiTxavad, Tu Tqveni survili, neba da dasturi ar iqna, ise Cvens qveyanaSi araferi ga-keTdeba. uwin CvenSi yvelaferi keTdeboda mema-muleebisaTvis, mdidrebisaTvis da yovelive amas akeTebda maTi mTavroba. dReidan ki CvenSi yove-lisferi gakeTdeba TqvenTvis, mSromeli xal-xisTvis da amas akeTebs Tqveni mTavroba.~269 am-denad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ba-tonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg dawyebuli Tavadaz-naurTa uflebebis SezRudvis procesi nel-nela mimdinareobda mTeli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi da XX saukunis dasawyisidan axal stadiaze ga-davida. aRniSnuli procesebis ganviTarebas Ta-vadaznaurobis sawinaaRmdegod xeli Seuwyo ka-pitalisturi sistemis damkvidrebam saqarTve-loSi. Tavadaznauroba 1900-1917 wlebSi ukve aRar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelic XIX sau-

269 gaz. erToba, 1919, #47, gv. 3

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kunis II naxevarSi gaaCnda. axalma ekonomikurma wyobam garkveuli gardaqmnebi ganapiroba da mo-dernuli epoqisTvis feodalizmisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli socialuri fena mTlianad miuRebeli aRmoCnda.

bunebrivia, ganxiluli sakiTxebi problemis mxolod erTi nawilia, Tumca, vfiqrobT war-modgenilma masalam saintereso daskvnebis gamo-tanis saSualeba mogvca.

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Tavi meSvide

burJuazia

kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidrebam axali socialuri klasebis: proletariatis da burJu-aziis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. batonymobis gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflio po-litikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri sistema. axal garemoSi axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi gaCnda. ara mxolod proletariati da burJua-zia, aramed mTeli sazogadoeba gardaqmnebs ga-nicdida.

batonymobis gauqmebas da kapitalisturi sistemis Semosvlas arc saqarTvelos sinamdvi-lisTvis Cauvlia uproblemod. da es gasagebic iyo. garda imisa, rom XIX saukunis dasawyiss saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis dampyrobluri po-litikis Sedegad mis daqvemdebarebaSi SesvliT Sexvda da jer kidev ver gamosuliyo qarTvelo-ba saimperatoro karis rusifikatoruli qmede-bebis ukiduresi formebis gaazrebidan, rac erovnuli simboloebis: sakuTari teritoriis, qarTuli enis, qristianobis dakargva-gauqmebaSi gamoixateboda, rom XIX saukunis II naxevridan Secvlas iwyebs feodalur sistemaze agebuli modeli da saqarTveelo axali gamowvevebis wi-naSe dgeba. rac mTavaria, es faqti modioda ukve ara ruseTidan, aramed evropidan da mis winaSe uZluri iyo TviT ruseTic.

feodalizmis periodis urTierToba agebu-li iyo batonsa da glexs Soris, kapitalizmis dros ki _ burJuaziasa da proletariats Soris yalibdeba kavSiri. kapitalizmma ganapiroba ara

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mxolod axali socialuri fenebis Camoyalibe-ba, aramed ekonomikuri formebisac. burJuazia kapitalisturi epoqis ganuyreli nawili gaxda. `dRevandel sazogadoebaSi umTavresad ori er-Timeoris mowinaaRmdege klasi ibrZvis, burJua-zia da proletariati, muSaTa klasi. burJuazi-is garSemo iyris Tavs yvela burJuaziuli fraqciebi: isini erTdebian da saerTo ieriSi miaqvT muSaTa klasze, muSaTa klasi sdgas mar-to, rogorc erTaderTi damcveli yovelgvar daCagvrisagan, damonebisagan. amitom is ebrZvis ara marto biurokratias, romelic sayovelTao sulTamxuTavad gamxdara, aramed mTel burJua-ziul wyobilebas, romelic daqiravebulTa gay-vlefiT cxovrobs da suqdeba.~270

kapitalizmis damkvidrebis da burJuaziis CamoyalibebasTan erTad ibadeba axali ~gaRata-kebuli~ da ~upovari~ fena proletariati da amasTan Cndeba am ukanasknelis `interesebis dam-cveli~ social-demokratiuli partia, romelic upirispirdeba burJuaziul wyobas da socia-lizmis ganxorcielebisTvis iwyebs moRvaweobas. ase rom, burJuazias proletariatTan WidilSi uxdeba arseboba. 1905 wels Jurnali `mogzauri~ werda: `sxvadasxva eris burJuazia arafriT gan-sxvavdeba erTi meorisagan, gansxvaveba SeiZleba iseT wvrilman rameebSi iyos, rasac srulebiT araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs da roca Tqven erTi eris burJuazias axasiaTebT, amiT ramdeni-meT axasiaTebT sxva eris burJuaziasac. burJua-ziis buneba, misi aRorZineba da zrda-ganviTare-


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ba daaxlovebiT yvelgan erTnairad, erTnairi saSualebebiT, erTnairi gziT xdeba. es saSua-leba, es gza mSromeli xalxis gayvlefaa, pro-letariatis ekonomiuraT da politikuraT damo-nebaa. magram burJuaziis aRorZinebasTan erTad, meti Tu naklebi siCqariT, xdeba proletaria-tis, rogorc calke sazogadoebrivi klasis ga-moRviZeba, misi klasobrivi Segnebis ganviTare-ba.~271 marTalia, qarTuli kulturuli da po-litikuri elitis didma nawilma gaacnobiera axali ekonomikuri sistemis fexis awyobis saWi-roeba da qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis morgeba, magram burJuaziis arseboba maTTvis miuRebeli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac farTo masebis ukidu-resi mdgomareoba sagangaSo xdeboda. `qarTveli burJuaziis ganviTareba progresulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is SeebrZoleba Sinaur fe-odalur-patriarqalur urTierTobas da mis nan-grevebze aaSenebs axal wyobilebas. meore mxriv, imave burJuaziis ganviTareba regresulia imde-nad, ramdenadac is imorCilebs `mSromel xalxs~ da misi ofliT TviTon batondeba.~272

saqarTvelosTvis burJuazia miuRebeli iyo imis gamo, rom maTi umravlesoba araqarTvele-bisagan Sedgeboda. Tumca isic faqti iyo, rom qarTveli burJuaziuli elementebis Camoyalibe-ba ver ganxorcielda nacionaluri gziT. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTareba ar iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom qarTveli vaWrebi gaZlierebuliyvnen. mudmiv omSi myofi qarTve-loba ver axerxebda vaWrobaSi CarTuliyvnen da 271 Jurn. mogzauri, 1905, #35 272 gaz. kvali, 1901, #25, gv. 60

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Tavis mxriv feodalsac xels ar aZlevda, ami-tom saqarTveloSi yovelTvis ucxo eris warmo-madgenlebis kompetencia iyo vaWroba. aseTive situacias vxedavT XX saukunis dasawyisis sa-qarTveloSi, burJuazia ZiriTadad araqarTvele-bisagan Sedgeboda, mxolod umciresoba iyo qar-Tveli. es faqti bunebrivia uaryofiTad aisaxe-boda Cveni qveynis cxovrebaze. es garemoeba bur-Juaziis mimarT arsebul uaryofiT damokidebu-lebas kidev ufro amZafrebda. miT ufro, rom igi TviTmpyrobelobis mTavar dasayrdenad miiC-neoda. rogorc cnobilia, 1900-1917 wlebis sa-qarTveloSi muSebis sakiTxi farTo ganxilvis sagani xdeba, romlis ideologs warmoadgenda social-demokratiuli partia. maTi mizani TviT-mpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan erTad proletariatis burJuaziis misamarTiT gamos-vlac iyo. sakuTari ideebis realizebas saqar-TveloSi social-demokratiuli xasiaTis Jur-nal-gazeTebis da proklamaciebis meSveobiT cdilobdnen. proletariatis interesebis dam-cveli gazeTi `muSa~ werda: `vin aris burJua-zia? vin da Cveni _ proletariatis mteri ro-gorc politikurad, ise ekonomiurad, is Cveni politikuri da ekonomiuri myvlefeli eqsplua-tatoria. misi warmoebis wesi misi kerZo sakuT-rebis da mwarmoeblis Cveni SimSilis, siRatakis gamaZlierebelia. risTvis ibrZvis burJuazia? is ibrZvis socialuri sayvlefi sistemis gasaum-jobeseblad. amisTvis, rom Tavisi myvlefelo-bis da carcvis sistema gaemagrebina da xan-grZlivi gaexada iman revoluciebic ki moaxdina xan Tavisi xan sxvisi mklaviT, xan zevidan xan

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qvevidan motyuebiT... burJuazia da saxelmwifo Cven monobaze damyarebul Tavisi Tavisuflebi-saTvis ibrZvis. is Cveni mteria. Cven ki rogorc mTeli kacobriobis simdidris, kulturis, civi-lizaciis mwarmoebelni vibrZviT mTeli qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis. Cveni ganTavisufleba mTeli qveynis, kacobriobis ganTavisufleba iq-neba.~273

kapitalisturma wyobam Zireulad Secvala saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mravali sakiTxi da rac mTavaria_ideologiac. ~axali kvali~ 1915 wels wers: `kapitalistur droSi omis um-Tavresi mizezia ara sarwmunoebrivi an naciona-luri gansxvaveba, aramed ekonomiuri Sejibreba, romliskenac sxvadasxva qveynis SeZlebuli kla-sebi TviT warmoebis Tvisebas miyavs. erTis mxriT, Tu kapitalizmi Sromis brZolis velze yovelTvis msxverplad iwiravs muSebis janRo-nes da sicocxles, meore mxriT, is sinodis Se-uwuxeblad Rvris maT sisxls, roca axali moge-bis gulisaTvis bazrebis dasapyrobad miil-tvis.~274 kapitalizmis dros burJuazia cvlis feodals. sazogadoebis farTo fenebi moder-nul periodSi epoqisaTvis Sesaferisi da dama-xasiaTebeli Zlieri socialuri fenis burJua-ziis gavlenaSi da daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCndnen. faqtobrivad batonymobis gauqmebam axali ara-feri moitana umravlesobisTvis, im gagebiT, rom isini feodalis nacvlad, romelic Sua saukune-ebSi mTavari Zala da samefo karis ZiriTadi da-sayrdeni iyo, is ki Tavis mxriv am privilegiiT 273 gaz. muSa, 1906, #30, gv. 1 274 gaz. axali kvali, 1915, #8. gv. 2

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xSir SemTxvevaSi gadametebulad sargeblobda, gaCnda burJuazia, TviTmpyrobelobis MmTavari sayrdeni. es ukanaskneli ki mTlianad mimarTu-li iyo sakuTari uflebebis gazrdisa da ekono-mikuri mdgomareobis gaZlierebisaken. saqarTve-loSi XIX saukunis II naxevridan gaCnda axali socialuri fena - burJuazia, romelic ZiriTa-dad eTnikuri araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgeni-li, romelTac Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda. burJuazias zogierTi politikuri par-tia seriozul erovnul Zalad ar aRiqvamda da ZiriTadad misi kritikiT Semoifargleboda. so-cialist-federalistebi burJuazias Semdegnai-rad axasiaTebdnen: `erovnebas icavs igi ara sa-marTlianobisaTvis aramed sabazro interesebi-saTvis. simarTle ar alaparakebs, saqveyno da saxalxo saqme ar uwvavs guls, rodesac gamo-dis da xmamaRla yviris: TavgamodebiT unda vem-saxuroT erovnul ideaso! Tu burJuazia daCag-ruli, damonebuli ar aris TviTon, Zalmomreo-bas xmarobs da ibrZvis Tavis erovnuli Zalebis gasafarToveblad, e. i. Tavis mrewvelobisaTvis metis da metis asparezis mosapoveblad. Tu bur-Juazia daCagrulia, ibrZvis damCagvrelTa Zal-momreobis winaaRmdeg, rom moipovos erovnuli damoukidebloba, Tavisufali asparezi Tavis mrewvelobisaTvis. erTsa da meore SemTxvevaSic ibrZvis erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. magram es Tavisufleba esmis Taviseburad da mzad aris am erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da ideebisaTvis daCag-ros, Seaviwrovos da gaanadguros sxva yvela erovneba. burJuazias ar esmis erovnuli Tavi-sufleba, rogorc Tanabrad saWiro yvelasaTvis.

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burJuazias unda erovnuli Tavisufleba mxo-lod TavisTvis, rogorc iaraRi sxvis dasaCag-ravad da dasamoneblad.~275 saerTod, sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis kritika aRniSnuli perio-disTvis damaxasiaTebelia. TiTqmis yvela mimar-Tulebis Jurnal-gazeTSi vxvdebiT arsebuli vi-Tarebis pirispir myofi sazogadoebrivi jgufe-bis inertulobis kritikas. uaryofiTi mxareebis warmoCeniT qarTveli inteligencia cdilobs aRmofxvras is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maTi azriT, erovnuli ideis ganviTarebis Seferxebas uwyobs xels. marTalia, sxvadasxva politikuri orientaciis medias sakuTari mizani gaaCnda, ama Tu im partiis interesebs gamoxatavda da saWi-roebisada mixedviT mowinaaRmdegeTa interese-bis gabaTilebas da maTi gegmebis wamowevas cdilobda, amitom swored im socialur fenaze akeTebda aqcents, romelic maTi dasayrdeni iyo, magram mizani saerTo iyo: Tavisuflebis mopo-veba. da am miznamde misasvleli gzebi iyo gan-sxvavebuli.

burJuaziis mimarT arsebuli uaryofiTi da-mokidebuleba gamomdinareobda aramarto iqidan, rom isini da gansakuTrebiT msxvili burJuazia araqarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili, aramed iqi-danac, rom is TviTmpyrobelobis mTavari dasay-rdeni iyo. im fonze, rodesac saqarTveloSi araerovnuli Zalebi sakmaod mravlad iyvnen da amasTan ruseTis xelisuflebis da Cvens qveyana-Si myofi maTi moxeleebis politika mTlianad antiqarTuli iyo, bunebrivia sxvadasxva erovne- 275 socializmi da erovnuli sakiTxi, (socialist-federalistebi), Tbilisi, 1905, gv. 5

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bis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari burJuazia, romelsac sakmaod didi finansuri Zala gaaCnda aseve gulgrili iyo qarTveli erisadmi. qarTve-li sazogadoebis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni wvrili burJuazia iyo. iseve rogorc yvela ganxi-lulma socialurma fenam, burJuaziamac Tavisi cnobierebis ganviTarebis garkveuli etapi gan-vlo. marTalia, pirvelma msoflio omma burJua-ziis interesebis dakmayofilebas didad Seuwyo xeli, magram 1917 wlidan Seqmnili movlenebi Tavis asaxvas poulobs maT cxovrebazec. gazeTi `erToba~ aRniSnavda: `burJuazia istoriulad or cecxlSua imyofeba. is momxrea politikuri Tavisuflebis damyarebis da batonymuri naSTe-bis mospobis, magram amave dros is ufrTxis de-mokratiis amoZravebas. muSaTa klasi mis socia-lur batonobas emuqreba. amitomac aris burJua-zia mefesTan morigebas arCevs. da masTan Zala-uflebis ganawilebas esarCleba.~276 burJuazia, rogorc axali epoqis, kapita-listuri wyobis produqti, mimarTuli iyo ba-tonymobis naSTebis mospobisken. maTi mTavari mizani savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSir-urTierTobe-bis gafarToeba da axali bazrebis dapyroba da Zlieri savaWro obieqtebis gaCena iyo. pir-velma msoflio omma burJuazias saSualeba mis-ca am gegmis realizaciisTvis. `erToba~ werda: `burJuaziis erovnuli idea gamoixateba gabato-nebul klasad gaxdomis miswrafebaSi. aseT kla-sad SeuZlia mas iyos mxolod sakuTar erov-nul saxelmwifoSi. vinaidan burJuaziis erovnu-

276 gaz. erToba, 1917, #70, gv. 3

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li miswra-feba gamoixateba sakuTari bazris ga-farTovebaSi, sakuTari vaWroba-mrewvelobis gan-viTarebaSi, amitom mas esaWiroeba Zlieri mTav-roba, romelsac SeeZleba sakuTari saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gafarToeba da sxva saxelmwifoTa bazrebze batonoba. burJuazia mTel Taviss so-cialuri arsebiT agresiuli xasiaTisaa. amaSi gansxvaveba ar aris patara da didi eris burJu-azias Soris. patara belgia iseTsave politikas awarmoebda afrikaSi, rogorc inglisi. maTi da-mokidebuleba adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan er-Tnairi agresiuli iyo, burJuazia cdilobs ga-batonebul klasaT gaxdomas da vinaidan sxvis saxelmwifoSi is amis SesaZleblobas ver xe-davs yovel Rones xmarobs Tavis sakuTar sa-xelmwifos Sesaqmnelad.~277

igive `erToba~ wers: `axali ekonomikuri moZraobis matarebeli erSi burJuaziaa. burJua-ziis miswrafebaa rac SeiZleba gaafarTovos warmoeba da gaxdes gabatonebul klasad. gaba-tonebul klasad yofna mas SeuZlia ara marto ekonomiurad, aramed is unda iyos agreTve gaba-tonebuli politikuradac. yoveli klasi iTvle-ba gabatonebulad imdenad, ramdenadac is momza-debulia politikurad, vinaidan mis xelSi po-litikuri ufleba is saSualebaa, romliTac is sxva klasebze batonobs ekonomiurad. rodesac damonebuli eris burJuazia miiswrafvis gaxdes Tavis qveynis politikuri saqmeebis baton-pat-roni, imas am dros Setakeba uxdeba gabatone-bul eris burJuaziasTan, vinaidan es ukanaskne-

277 iqve, gv. 3

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li saxelmwifos baton-patronia. swored aqedan warmosdgeba interesTa winaaRmdegoba gabatone-bul da damonebul erTa burJuazias Soris. da-monebuli eris burJuazia atyobs ra, rom mas ar ZaluZs waarTvas gabatonebuli eris burJuazias Zala, is cdilobs Tavisi erovnuli saxelmwi-fos Seqmnas, sadac is iqneba baton-patroni. misi muSaoba am gziT warmoebs. arsdeba erovnuli partiebi, gamoaqvT erovnuli programa da afri-aleben erovnul droSas. ramdenad eri Cqaris nabijiT midis win am axali cxovrebis gzaze, imdenad viTardeba da Rrmavdeba erovnuli moZ-raoba, romelic bolos politikur moZraobad xdeba.~278

rogorc aRvniSne, msxvili burJuazia ara-qarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda da maT qarTuli, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba naklebad ain-teresebdaT. erovnuli ideebis matarebeli iyo wvrili burJuazia, romelic qarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili. wvrili burJuazia politikuri da kulturuli elitis dasayrdeni iyo, romlis meSveobiTac fiqrobdnen erovnuli gegmebis gan-xorcielebas. `es orgvari kapitali, nacionalu-ri da ucxo TamaSobs or sxvadasxva socialur rols saqarTveloSi. pirveli, wvrili burJua-ziuli, saerTo, sayovelTao movlenaa da axasia-Tebs qarTveli eris moqalaqeobriobas. meore, msxvilburJuaziuli, gamonaklisia, aqa-iq SemoW-rilia da axasiaTebs qarTvel muSa-xalxis kla-siur mdgomareobas. magram, radganac eris eko-nomiuri saqmianobis meTauri da samoqalaqo

278 gaz. erToba, 1917, #70, gv. 3

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kulturis meTauri wvrili burJuaziaa, amitom ucxo kapitalis socialuri gavlena ganaxevre-bulia, proletariati imyofeba wvrili burJua-ziis kulturis gavlenis qveS. Tavis idealad dasaxuli aqvs ara klasiuri brZoliT Tavis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, aramed wvril bur-Juaziad gadaqceva, e.i. muSa xalxi ikvebeba wvril burJuaziul idealebiT da sxvili kapi-talis revoluciur mniSvnelobas wvrilTan Se-darebiT sruliad ar scnobs.~279 1912 wels `klde~ werda: `sul sxvaa qarTveli vaWari, ro-melic gamodis misTvis axal sarbielzed. mis-Tvis vaWroba carieli mogeba ar aris. mis vaW-robas erovnuli funqcia aqvs da Tu erTis mxriv is asrulebs erovnul funqcias, is hqmnis ara marto Tavis simdidres, erovnul simdidre-sac. yovlad warmoudgenelia qarTveli vaWari politikuris indiferentizmiT iyos Sepyrobili. misi bedi gadabmulia misi qveynis bedTan da ma-Sasadame igi ecdeba Caebas qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi ar daerideba qveynis miwa-wyal-zed pionerad gamovides iseT saqmeSi, romelic gaamdidrebs ara marto mas, aramed mTel kuTxe-sac win waswevs. cariel mogebas mis angariSSi zed daerToba uzrunvelyofac mTeli erisa, ro-melic dids ekonomiur cxovrebaSi saurTierTo Tavmdablobis rols asrulebs da amrigad igi gaxdeba WeSmariti faqtori erovnuli cxovrebi-sa.~280 social-demokratebis azriT, burJuazia ki ar unda moispos, misi arseboba dResac saWiro-ao. am debulebis ufro Rrma simarTle xSirad 279 gaz. Tanamedrove azri, 1916, #121, gv. 1 280 Jurn. Kklde, 1915, #1

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Semdegs azrSi ixateba xolme: saqarTvelo kapi-talizmis ganviTarebiT ki ar itanjeba, piriqiT saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis ganuviTareblobaa Cveni CamorCenilobis mizezi.~281 qarTvelTagan aRsaniSnavia mitrofane laRiZis da daviT sara-jiSvilis Rvawli.

rogorc yvela socialuri fenis Tu jgu-fis, ise burJuaziis rolis, uflebebis da fun-qciis mimarTac araerTgvarovani mosazrebebi arsebobda. Tumca, erTi ram faqti iyo, burJua-zia 1900-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos socialuri garemos Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romelsac sa-kuTari mizani da istoriuli daniSnuleba gaaC-nda. amitom XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis movlenebis Sefaseba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gan-xilvis gareSe warmoaudgenelia.

281 gaz. saxalxo saqme, 1919, #463

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Tavi merve

inteligencia

1900-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi qarTveli sa-

zogadoebis cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi gansa-kuTrebuli roli iTamaSa inteligenciam. Tana-medrove Teoriul literaturaSi miRebulia termini: kulturuli da politikuri elita. naSromSi viyeneb orive cnebas, radgan vfiqrob, rom maT Soris azrobrivi kavSiri arsebobs. rac Seexeba dasaTaurebas inteligencia, gamom-dinare iqidan, rom XX saukunis pirveli oc-wleulis saqarTveloSi farTod iyo gavrcele-buli sityva `inteligencia~, am motiviT ucvle-lad davtove. miTumetes, rom aRniSnul etapze inteligenciis Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmebod-nen: politikosebi, mwerlebi, mecnierebi, sazoga-do moRvaweebi, moswavleebi, studentebi. aqedan gamomdinare maTi moRvaweobis gaSuqebas mniSvne-lovani adgili davuTme. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturaSi inteli-genciis roli sakmaod mniSvnelovnad miiCneva da swored is miiCneva erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faseulobebis gaZlie-rebisa da sazogadoebis farTo fenebis erovnuli cno-bierebis amaRlebis Semomqmedad. misi roli, ag-reTve gadamwyveti iyo XX saukunis pirveli oc-wleulis saqarTveloSi. 1900-1921 wlebis mediasa Tu literaturaSi gavrcelebuli da miRebuli iyo termini inteligencia da radganac Cemi mi-zani aRniSnuli periodisTvis damaxasaiTebeli movlenebis Sefasebaa gamoviyeneb inteligenciis

249

im Sinaarsobriv mxares, rac gavrcelebuli iyo swored am epoqaSi.

saerTod, rodesac XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis qarTvel inteligenciaze vsaub-robT, pirvel rigSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am socialuri jgufis Semadgenel nawilad ar moviazroT mxolod kulturuli da politikuri elita, romelic ZiriTadi dasayrdeni iyo erov-nuli ideebis qadagebis TvalsazrisiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi gansazRvravda kidec qarTveli eris cxovrebis mimarTulebas.

am periodis inteligencia SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1. kulturuli da politikuri elita, romelSic Sediodnen sxvadasxva politi-kuri partiis warmomadgenlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi: mecnierebi, mwerlebi, poetebi, msaxi-obebi. da 2. qalaqis da soflis inteligencia: maswavleblebi, eqimebi, studentebi, moswavleebi. yvela eseni Taviseburi gziT sazogadoebasTan kavSiris damyarebas cdilobdnen. arCil jorja-Ze inteligencias sazogadoebis gardamqmnelis rols aniWebda da masSi xedavda mTavar Zalas qveynis winsvlis gzaze. igi aseve saubrobs qar-Tveli da evropeli inteligenciis saerTo da ganmasxvavebel niSnebze. `ra mizezia, rom evro-paSi da CvenSi erT da igive epoqaSi inteligen-cias srulebiT gansxvavebuli miznebi hqondaT? amis mizezi erTaderTia. XIX saukunis dasawyi-sidan, evropiel did erTa inteligenciis cda da natvra iyo gaumjobeseba ukve arsebul mra-valStoian nacionalur cxovrebisa da demokra-tiul dawesebulebaTa saSualebiT ekonomiur da politikur Tanasworobis dafuZneba moqala-

250

qeTa Soris. CvenSi qarTvel eris politikur cxovrebis ZiriTad cvlilebaTa gamo yoveli gonebagaxsnil qarTvelis movaleoba iyo _ Seeq-mna, gamoerkvia da gaemtkicebina is axali saqar-Tvelos vinaoba da pirovneba, uromlodac aramc Tu warmateba, aramed misi arsebobac SeuZlebe-li iyo. Cvens Zvel moRvaweebis dafasebaSi es yovelTvis unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi.~282 qarTul istoriografiaSi saTanado yu-radReba daeTmo inteligenciis sakiTxis Seswav-las. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: erasti axobaZe, `qar-Tveli demokratiuli inteligencia da revolu-ciuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi,~283 akaki surgu-laZe, `qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia sam revoluciaSi (1900-1921)~,284 misive, `narkvevebi qarTveli demokratiuli inteligenciis istori-idan~285 da sxva.

qarTul mediaSi sakmaod xSiri iyo qarTve-li inteligenciis kritika araqarTuli, arae-rovnuli moRvaweobis gamo. qarTveli sazogado-ebis nawili fiqrobda, rom `gadagvarebuli~ da `garusebuli~ inteligencia ver asrulebda im misias, rac drom da istoriam daakisra. `arsad, arc erT erSi, inteligencia iseT umoqmedobas ar iCens, rogorc CvenSi. arsad ise mowyvetili

282 a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi qarTuli demokratiuli intel-igenciis istoriidan, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1980, gv. 31 283e. axobaZe, qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia da revo-luciuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1965 284a. surgulaZe, qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia sam revoluciaSi (1900-1921), Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1986 285a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi qarTuli demokratiuli intel-igenciis istoriidan, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1980, gv. 31

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ar aris igi mSobel xalxs, rogorc CvenSi. ai-ReT romeli kulturuli eri geneboT, Tu is ga-evropielebis gzas dasdgomia da daakvirdiT mis cxovrebas. Tqven eWvs gareSea, naxavT, rom iq inteligencia saTaveSi udgas ra mSobeli qveynis kulturul winmsvlelobas, mTeli Tavi-si Zal-RoniT mxurvale monawileobas iRebs praqtikul sazogado saqmeebSi. soflad da qa-laqad yovelgvar kulturul dawesebulebis da-arsebasa da warmoebas is kisrulobs. igi kval-dakval misdevs xalxis ekonomiur da gonebriv ganviTarebas. aarsebs xalxisave daxmarebiT droisa da garemoebis Sesafer kulturul dawe-sebulebebs, energiulad da naTlad awarmoebs qveynis sakeTildReo saqmes, riTac saukeTeso momavlisaken miuZRvis qveyanas, naTel sxivsa hfens is mSromelTa da dabeCavebulTa mZime cxovrebas. es xdeba, rogorc damoukidebel, ise CvensaviT dabeCavebul erebSi, miuxedavad kla-sobriv winaaRmdegobis gaRrmavebisa.~286 gazeTi `mnaTobi~ ki 1911 wels inteligencias aseT Sefa-sebas aZlevda: `qarTveli inteligencia im Ta-viTve igive umaRlesi wodeba iyo, is sul erTia-nad Sesdgeboda umaRlesi wodebis Svilebisagan da gasakvirveli ar aris Tu imasac mamapapaTa `Cinovnikuri~ suli Rrmad hqondaT gamjdari Zvalsa da rbilSi. magram wodebriv Semadgenlo-bas rom Tavi davaneboT, es inteligencia Tavisi miswrafeba-idealebiT im Tavidanve Tavadaznau-ruli iyo da dResac aseTi darCa.~287

286 gaz. baTumis gazeTi, 1912, #67, gv. 1 287 gaz. mnaTobi, 1911, #1, gv. 3

252

qarTveli inteligenciis daniSnulebad miiC-neoda qarTveli eris erovnuli cnobierebis amaRleba da maTi interesebis dacva. ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis antiqarTuli politikis Se-degad gamowveuli problemebi, rac erovnuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi gamoixatebo-da, bunebrivia, qarTveli eris cnobierebis da cxovrebis wesis Secvlas ganapirobebda. inte-ligencia ki, sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebul da gaTviTcnobierebul nawilad miiCneoda da arc Tu usafuZvlod, amitom maT movaleobas Se-adgenda qarTveli eris interesebis dacva.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, inteligenciis wreSi sxvadasxva politikuri mimarTulebis warmomad-genlebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, amitom TiToeuli maTgani pirvel rigSi, sakuTari partiis da in-teresebis dacvas eswrafvoda da maTi Sexedu-lebebidan da mrwamsidan gamomdinare cdilobda sakuTari ideologiis realizebas sazogadoeba-Si. amitom `iveria~ inteligents Semdeg movale-obas akisrebs: `yvela eris inteligentobis au-cilebel da uTuo moTxovnilebas Seadgens, rom mas garkveuli hqondes da icodes Tavisi eris warsuli cxovreba, rom mas gagebuli hqondes is miswrafeba da ideebi, rac mas asuldgmulebda da erad xdida, rom mas Seswavlili hqondes eris Tanamedrove viTareba, misi gonebrivi, zne-obrivi da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba... aqvT Tu ara qarTvel inteligentebs aucilebeli Tvise-ba inteligentobisa? gadaWriT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ara da ara!~288 inteligenciis roli da mo-

288 gaz. iveria, 1901< #128, gv. 3

253

valeoba qarTveli eris TviTSegnebis amaRleba da qarTuli saqmis keTeba iyo, radganac swored is warmoadgenda sazogadoebis ganaTlebul da gaTviTcnobierebul nawils, romelic naTlad xedavda saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturu-li gadarCenis saWiroebas. amis nacvlad ki sawi-naaRmdego viTareba iyo: `sakuTar istoriul xa-naSi inteligencia brZolis unars kargavs da de-daqalaqis dawesebulebebs afarebs Tavs. sruli-ad saqarTvelos inteligencia amJamad TbilisSi zis. sxva kuTxeebi saqarTvelosi marto moxe-leT, komisrebsa, erobis moRvaweT da miliciis ufrosebs darCeniaT. dRes Cveni inteligencia daeSva am mimarTulebiT, saidanac mas aRmarTi winaaRmdegoba ar mohxvdeba. inteligencia gapasi-urda, yvela TbilisSi da provinciebSi aravin. ai, dRevandeli devizi inteligenciisa.~289

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan, pirveli msoflio omis wina da mimdinare periodSi gan-sakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda politikuri elita, ro-melic saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis saxeliT gamodis. saerTod, kulturuli da politikuri elitis mizani erTi iyo: qarTveli eris erovnu-li cnobierebis amaRleba da Tavisuflebis mo-poveba. Tumca am miznamde sxvadasxva gzebiT mi-diodnen. kulturuli elita, romelsac mwerle-bi, mecnierebi da msaxiobebi Seadgendnen socia-luri fenebis saganmanaTleblo da erovnuli azrovnebis amaRlebas cdilobda. politikuri elitisa da ufro metad radikaluri xasiaTis qarTveli studentebis da moswavleebis roli

289 gaz. axali saqarTvelo, 1919, #1, gv. 4

254

gaSuqebulia naSromebSi: guram Sengelia `ase iriJraJa... saqarTvelos demokratiuli inteli-gencia ruseTis pirveli burJuaziul-demokrati-uli revoluciis periodSi~290 da `qarTveli de-mokratiuli inteligencia revoluciur-ganmaTa-visuflebel moZraobaSi (1907-1917),~291 v. oniani `demokratiuli inteligencia ruseTis pirveli revoluciis periodSi~292 da sxva. aq ZiriTadad aqcenti keTdeba studentebis revoluciur moR-vaweobaze da im rolze, rac maT iTamaSes 1905-1907 da 1917 wlebis revoluciebSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTveloSi arsebobda ori ideo-logia: nacionalizmi da socializmi. TiToeul ideaTa Semoqmedebs da realizatorebs gansxva-vebuli gziT esaxebodaT brZola. zemoT dasaxe-lebuli monografiebi ZiriTadad sabWoTa peri-odSia Seqmnili, miuxedavad maTi mecnieruli Rirebulebisa, rac gamoixateba sakmaod mraval-ferovani faqtebis saaSkaraoze gamotaniT da SefasebiT aq mxolod moswavleebis da studen-tebis erTi nawilis erTi mxarea Seswavlili _ revoluciuri moRvaweoba. rogorc viciT, soci-al-demokratiuli partia aarsebda organizaci-

290g. Sengelia, ase iriJraJa... saqarTvelos demokratiuli inteligencia ruseTis pirveli burJuaziul-demokratiu-li revoluciis periodSi, Tbilisi, 1989 291g. Sengelia, qarTveli demokratiuli inteligencia re-voluciur-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, Tbilisi, 1991 292v. oniani, demokratiuli inteligencia ruseTis pirveli revoluciis periodSi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1958

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ebs studentebis da moswavleebis revoluciuri ideebiT aRzrdis mizniT da is faqti, rom 1905-1907 w.w. da 1917 wlis revoluciebSi mravalric-xovnobiT gamoirCeoda studentebi, moswavleebi aRniSnulis gamoxatuleba iyo. bolSevikebi xelmZRvanelobdnen leninis lozungiT, rom sa-zogadoebis yvela fena da maT Soris moswavle-axalgazrdoba ganewyoT TviTmpyrobelobis wi-naaRmdeg da arsebuli ukmayofileba, romelic gamomdinareobda ZiriTadad socialuri da eko-nomikuri mdgomareobidan politikuri xasiaTi miecaT. `policiis departamentma miiRo cnoba, rom ramodenime gimnaziis moswavleebSi gaCnda heqtografiuli mowodeba, dasaTaurebuli Sem-degnairad `1902 wels saSualo skolis gamoSve-bis yvela amxanag-moswavles~, warwera StampiT `samxreT ruseTis saSualo skolis moswavleTa jgufi~ 1902 w. ivnisi~. aRniSnuli brZaneba gmob-da ruseTSi arsebul saxelmwifo wyobas da gan-sakuTrebiT, saswavlo sistemas, miuTiTeben, rom momavalSi iqneba saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da mTavar rols iTamaSebs axalgazrdoba antisa-xelmwifoebriv brZolaSi, saSualos dasrule-bis Semdeg moemzadebian umaRles dawesebuleba-Si Sesasvlelad, miiReben Tavdapirvelad akade-miur wels, CarTaven maT Soris moswavleebs, romlebsac ukve dawyebuli aqvT brZola mTav-robis winaaRmdeg da CaerTvebian revoluciur moZraobaSi.~293 es sakiTxis mxolod erTi mxarea.

XIX saukunis II naxevridan, batonymobis ga-uqmebis Semdeg, rodesac mimdinareobda sxvadas-


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xva saxis reformebi sazogadoebis uflebebis gazrdisaTvis da saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTvisTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSne samociane-lebi amasTan erTad erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebisTvis gadamwyvet nabijebs dgamen.

swored aRniSnuli periodidan moyolebu-li sakmaod aqtiurdeba sazogadoebis garkveu-li nawili qarTveli studentebis dasaxmareb-lad, romlebic ganaTlebas saqarTvelos far-glebs gareT ruseTSi iRebdnen. qarTuli kul-turuli elita imedovnebda, rom ganaTlebamiRe-buli qarTvelebi samSobloSi dabrunebis Sem-deg axali ZalebiT Seudgebodnen samSoblos in-teresebis dasacavad moRvaweobas da ruseTSi miRebul codnas da gamocdilebas sakuTari qveynis aRorZinebas moaxmardnen. jer kidev XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi TbilisSi Camoyalibda `Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sazogadoeba~, romlis mizani Raribi studentebis daxmareba iyo. am mi-marTulebiT didi roli iTamaSa `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogado-ebam~, romelic sxvadasxva cnobil saqmianobas-Tan erTad qarTveli studentebis daxmarebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. amgvari RonisZie-bebi qarTveli sazogadoebis mxridan mxolod erTjeradi ar yofila da mTeli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen am mimar-TulebiT moRvaweobis gaZlierebas.

XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis ukve farTo xa-siaTi hqonda miRebuli qarTveli axalgazrde-bis sazRvargareT swavlas, romelTa garkveuli nawili politikuri, nawili ki kulturuli elitis warmomadgeneli gaxda. samson fircxa-

257

lava igonebs Tavis memuarebSi qarTveli stu-dentebis ruseTSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. `didi xniT da ambiT vemzadebodiT qarTveli studen-tebi yovelwliuri qarTuli `saRamo-balis~ mo-sawyobad. igi iyo araTu materialuri saxsris momcemi, aramed qarTuli kulturis propagandis saSualebac. yvela zomas vxmarobdiT rom igi rac SeiZleba Sinaarsiani da saintereso gamosu-liyo. da, marTlac, Cveni `saRamo~ did sazoga-doebas izidavda, saqarTveloSic vugzavnidiT warCinebul pirebs sapatio bileTebs, rasakvir-velia, isini ver gveswrebodnen, magram daxmare-bas gvigzavnidnen. `saRamos~ programaSi auci-leblad Sedioda qarTuli simRerebi, qarTuli cekva da cocxali suraTebi, qarTuli litera-turidan da cxovrebidan.~294

XX saukunis dasawyisidan qarTul mediaSi intensiuri xdeba studentebis da moswavleebis mdgomareobasTan da maTi erovnuli cnobiere-bis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebiT publikaciebis beWdva, rac erT mizans: maTi rolis da funqcie-bis gamokveTas emsaxureboda modernul period-Si. XIX saukunis II naxevridan dawyebuli proce-si, 90-ian wlebSi garkveul cvlilebas ganic-dis, rac gamowveulia erTi mxriv, glexobis da meore mxriv, axali socialuri fenis proleta-riatis interesebis dacvasTan. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi politikuri situacia icvleba mTlianad ruseTSi da bunebrivia es Tavisebur gamoZaxils poulobs saqarTveloSic. am gavle-nis Sedegad qarTulma erovnulma ideam trans- 294 s. fircxalava, mogonebaTa furclebi, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1989, gv. 25

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formacia ganicada, marTalia grZeldeba ilias mier Camoyalibebuli ideologiis mizanmimarTu-li ganxorcieleba, magram aq erovnuli cnobie-rebis gaZlierebasTan erTad, muSaTa klasis re-voluciuri moZraobis aqtiurobasTan dakavSire-biT, am cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebac saWiro iyo. miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, qarTveli sazo-gadoeba yovelTvis TanagrZnobiT ekideboda studentebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. gaze-Ti `iveria~ werda: `wels peterburgis qarTve-lobas didi gamofxizleba etyoba: studentebis saRamom Cinebulad Caiara, sxva warsul wleb-zed meti wminda Semosavali darCaT moswavle-ebs. Sesdga axalgazrda qal-vaJTa wre, romelic didi xalisiT swavlobs qarTul istorias da literaturas. axalgazrda, Cveni privat-docenti i. javaxiSvili ukiTxavs maT yovel kviras leq-ciebs kerZo binazed, msmenelni gul-modgineT emzadebian am leqciebisTvis, sweren referatebs da CvenTvis uCveulo Tav-gamodebiT epyrobian am saqmes. amas garda, arsdeba aq ramodenime axal-gazrdebisagan inteligent qarTvelTa mudmivi wre, romelsac azrad aqvs, SeZlebisdagvarad qarTul morig kiTxvisaTvis sataxto qalaqSive zrunva. am azriT dawyebulia ukve molaparakeba Jurnal-gazeTebis warmomadgenlebTan, rom sxva-dasxva saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb SeiZlebodes azris gamoTqma periodulad rusul presaSi. erTi sit-yviT, qarTveli sazogadoeba fxizldeba aq. vi-natroT, rom didxans gahyolodes mas es ganwyo-

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bileba da `Cveneburad~, Cveulebrivad ar daeviw-yebinos saqebi da sasurveli azrebi.~295

1920 wels `qarTveli studenti~ wers: `qar-Tveli studentoba yovelTvis iyo gamsWvaluli erisadmi siyvarulis uwmindes grZnobiT. drois xangrZlivobam da ukiduresma devnam ucxo mxa-reSi ver Cahkla is diadi samSoblosadmi siyva-rulis grZnoba, romelic cecxlebrivis gznebiT Rvivoda mis gulSi, samSoblos ukidures gasa-Wiris da saSinel movaleobis Rrma SegnebiT dadga eris Tavisuflebis mowinave sadarajoze da TavganwirviT ibrZoda saxelovnad.~296

amrigad, ganxiluli faqtobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs qarTveli inteligenciis brZolas sa-qarTvelos interesebis dacvisaTvis.

295 gaz. iveria, 1903, #38, gv.3 296 gaz. qarTveli studenti, 1920, #1, gv. 2

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daskvna naSromSi Seswavlilia qarTuli identobis

istoria 1900-1921 wlebSi. sxvadasxva saxis isto-riul wyaroTa kompleqsuri analizis safuZvel-ze yvela is movlena, romelic epoqis gamowvevas warmoadgenda ganxilulia mTlianobaSi da war-modgenilia gansxvavebuli kuTxiT.

XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTve-loSi ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier Camoya-libebuli antiqarTuli politikisda miuxeda-vad kulturuli da politikuri elitis aqtiu-ri moRvaweobis Sedegad, qarTuli sazogadoebis gaerTianebis procesi ganviTarebis axal faza-Si Sedis. rogorc ganxiluli masala mowmobs, amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi hqonda. es ga-mowveuli iyo im socialuri Tu ekonomikuri xa-siaTis gardaqmnebiT, rac Cvens qveyanaSi mimdi-nareobda.

ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis Sedegad saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg qarTveli eri mudmivad axali siaxleebis Tu cvlilebebis wi-naSe idga. garda imisa, rom monarqiuli sistema aRar arsebobda da saqarTvelo axal cxovrebas iwyebda ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi, qarTvel ers ruseTis saimperatoro kari im erovnul faseu-lobebsac uspobda, rac saukuneebis manZilze ne-bismieri mtris Semosevis SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis mTavari saSualeba iyo. es aris: qristianoba da qarTuli ena. marTalia saqarTvelosTvis siax-les ar warmoadgenda axali dampyroblis gamo-Cena da mis daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvla, Tumca namdvilad axali iyo qristianuli saxelmwifos

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mier ganxorcielebuli is qmedebebi, rasac aseve marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelos mimarT iCenda. am yvelafers daemata isic, rom batonymobis ga-uqmebas Sedegad mohyva kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidreba. axalma ekonomikurma formam gar-kveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia socialur siste-maSi. Camoyalibda axali socialuri fenebi: burJuazia da proletariati. faqtobrivad, gaq-robis safrTxe Seeqmna Tavadaznaurobas, rac etapobrivad xorcieldeboda. SeezRuda glexebs funqciebi, gansxvavebul garemoSi Tavis dam-kvidreba uWirda. araqarTvelTagan Semdgari burJuazia, romelic materialuri Tvalsazri-siT Zlieri Zala iyo, naklebad iyo dainterese-buli qarTveli eris interesebiT, proletaria-ti ki social-demokratiuli partiis gavleniT sawyis etapze klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sep-yrobili. es yovelive uaryofiTad aisaxeboda qarTvelTa erTianobaze, amitom saWiro iyo mtkiced Camoyalibebuli ideologia, romlis irgvliv gaerTiandeboda qarTveloba. naSromSi ganxiluli da Seswavlili sakiTxebi swored aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaa da naTlad mowmobs qarTveli eris cnobierebis cvalebadobas da maT etapobriv gardasaxvas axali drois Sesaba-misad qarTuli, erovnuli faseulobebis Senar-CunebiTa da ganaTlebuli, organizebuli, Sekav-Sirebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebiT, romlis mTavari ideali erovnuli Tavisufleba unda gamxdariyo.

XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiis mi-er qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis dapyrobam, me-fobis institutis da bagrationTa samefo di-

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nastiis uflebebis gauqmebam Zlieri dartyma mi-ayena qarTul, erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobi-erebas. qarTuli realobidan gamomdinare mefo-bis institutis legitimuroba RvTisgan momdina-reobda, amitom qarTuli erTobis loialobis mTavari obieqti iyo mefe. aRniSnuli movlenis radikalurad Secvlam, bunebrivia, didi garda-texa Seitana qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi. am problemis gadaWras emsaxureboda qarTuli kulturuli elitis mier saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis SemuSaveba, romlis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda standartizebuli saswavlo-sagan-manaTleblo sistemis saSualebiT erTobis wev-rebis cnobierebaSi qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli maxsovrobis tradiciebis rekon-struqcia, rac iqneboda safuZveli Tavisufle-bisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-dgenisaTvis brZolaSi.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, XX sau-kunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos istoriaSi iwyeba axali etapi. ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba axal stadiaze gadadis. marTalia, erovnulma moZraobam garkveuli formireba ganicada, mag-ram idea ucvleli darCa. rogorc XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, ise XX saukunis I ocwleulSi qar-Tuli kulturuli elita orientirebulia naci-onaluri Rirebulebebis, simboloebis aRorZine-ba-propagandaze sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi, mni-Svnelovanwilad socialurad dabali fenis wa-rmomadgenlebSi. qarTuli kulturuli da po-litikuri elitis mier aRniSnul problemaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba imasac miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs Widili, romelic mimdinareobda sazo-

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gadoebis TiToeuli wevris winaSe da mTlianad aRebuli sxvadasxva socialuri fenis cnobiere-baSi. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom or mimarTu-lebaze keTdeba aqcenti: teritoria, rogorc garkveul sazRvrebSi moqceuli kategoria da samSoblo, rogorc arsebul teritoriaze da-saxlebuli eris gamaerTianebeli da naciona-lur faseulobaTa Camomyalibebli faqtori. 1919 wels gazeTi `erToba~ qarTvelebis samSob-losadmi damokidebulebas Semdegnairad ayali-bebs:

`xSirad gagigoniaT sityva samSoblo da ax-la minda gkiTxoT: iciT kargad, ra aris ai Tundac Cveni samSoblo?

_ Se dalocvilo, Tu egec aRar vici, maS raRa mcodnia, sadac davibade, Cemi samSoblo is aris.

_ Cemi samSoblo, Seni Wirime, Cemi sofe-lia_aqamSoba dedama da aqve movkvdebi.

_ me rom mkiTxo, ase vfiqrob, rom Cemi sam-Soblo Cemi karmidamoa, Cemi yana da venaxi, is maWmevs purs da Cemi mSobelic is aris, dedac da yvelaferi.

_ Cemi samSoblo mTeli saqarTveloa. ai ramdeni pasuxi mesmis Tqvengan da marTa-

li da WeSmariti ki mxolod ukanasknelia. marTlac da Cveni samSoblo mTeli saqar-Tveloa, sadac qarTveli xalxi cxovrobs da qarTuli laparaki, qarTuli enaa yvelasTvis sa-erTo.~297 es imas miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli kul-turuli da politikuri elitis brZola rusu-

297gaz. erToba, 1919, #47, gv. 3

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fikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg da erovnu-li cnobierebis SenarCunebisTvis Sedegiani aR-moCnda saqarTvelosTvis. aRniSnulis sailus-traciod moviyvan kidev erT saintereso cnobas. `1918 wlis 25 maiss, xaSurTan axlomdebare so-fel aZvisSi erTi ubralo qarTveli glexikaci, daviT kapanaZe gardaicvala. 26 maiss saqarTve-loSi istoriuli kviradRe gaTenda _ gamocxad-da saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da damoukideblo-ba. istoriam Semoinaxa saocari saflavis qva, romliTac Svilebma ara marto sakuTari mamis _ daviT kapanaZis saxeli ukvdavyves, aramed im Ta-obebis qarTvelTa gulisTqmac gaacxades, sam-Soblos bednierebisaTvis rom ibrZodnen, magram am sanukvar dRes ver moeswrnen. ai, ra weria saflavis qvaze: `monobaSi tanjulo, dauviwyaro mamav! Seni natvra aRsrulda _ saqarTvelo gan-Tavisuflda! 1918 wlis 26 maisi.~298 es faqti mow-mobs imas, rom samSoblos Tema metad aqtualuri iyo XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTve-loSi. motanili arcTu ise mravalricxovani in-formacia dasturia qarTveli eris miswrafebisa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgenisadmi. amgvarad, winamdebare gamokvleva qarTveli eris identobis Seswavlis cdas warmoadgens. ga-analizebulia socialuri fenebis Tu jgufebis cnobierebis ganviTareba-cvalebadoba epoqis Se-sabamisad da naCvenebia qarTuli erTobis konso-lidaciis procesSi TiToeuli maTganis roli da mniSvneloba. 298o. janeliZe, 26 maisidan 25 Tebervlisaken, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 5

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kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa: rogorc Sesa-val nawilSi aRvniSne, sazogadoebrivi aRqmebis Semqmneli kulturuli da politikuri elitaa. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yvelas sakuTari ideologia hqonda Seqmnili, romlis sazogadoe-baSi damkvidrebas cdilobda. amas emateboda isic, rom, TiToeul socialur jgufs Tu fenas sakuTari adgili da aRqma gaaCnda. amitom maTi aRqmebi epoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdinarea ganxi-luli. detalurma analizma saSualeba mogvca davkvirvebodiT kulturuli da politikuri eli-tis Rvawls, agreTve, mTeli sazogadoebis aR-qmebs erovnuli konsolidaciis procesis ganvi-Tarebis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT rogo-ricaa samSoblo, qarTuli ena, qristianoba, gagve-analizebina epoqis axali moTxovnilebis Sesaba-misad saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesis saWi-roeba aramarto, rogorc mosaxleobaSi codnis gavrcelebis, aramed mTlianad qarTveli eris erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCunebis mTavari saSu-aleba, romlis saboloo gamoxatuleba erovnuli Tavisufleba unda gamxdariyo.

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Summary In contemporary humanities and social sciences important

place is given to the study of national identity. In general the issue of national identity is considered on the basis of the universal criteria for nation’s existence, such as language, religion, historical memory, tradition and territory; besides, it is essential to understand how the society apprehends each of them as well as national symbols. Naturally, the abovementioned should be understood through the demands and aspirations of the concrete epoch, because the public mentality has experienced various transformations throughout centuries

On different stages of historical development due to the challenges of the concrete epoch different was the meaning of features of ethnic identity and their defining criteria. As is well known, the consciousness of the Georgian nation had undergone concrete way of development and during the first two decades of the 20th century it entered a new phase.

For understanding national identity it is necessary to represent the past on the basis of historical representation of Christianity, language, motherland, historical memory, and traditions. In most of the present research works in contemporary Georgian historiography on national identity just these characteristics are properly emphasized. However, the comprehensive study of the problem necessitates the complex analysis, including identification and consideration of the role and ideology of different social layers and social groups.

Several problems of the history of Georgia — political, cultural, social-economic or religious, have been thoroughly studied and numerous scientific works have been written. However, of no less importance are the study of those issues, that will give us opportunity to find out how the Georgian nation, social group or the society perceived themselves as a part of the Georgian nation and what was the system of values that defined their struggle for self-salvation and self establishment. The analysis of self-consciousness or national identity of the Georgian nation, i.e. revealing of social perceptions, will give us the possibility to examine anew different

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historical phenomena and treat numerous related scientific issues from different perspective.

During the first two decades of the 20th century Georgia faced the new challenges. On the one hand she had to overcome the difficulties caused by the breakdown of feudalism and establish herself in a new social and economic environment and, on the other hand, continue struggle for restoration of state independence in other ways: through education, knowledge and organization instead of armed actions, with the demands conformable to the epoch and the interests and possibilities of the country.

Some issues studied mostly as single problems in special literature are presented and analyzed in its entirety in the thesis. The research reveals Georgia’s developmental way in the first two decades of the 20th century, the transformations in the ideology of different social classes, how the phenomenon of national freedom was presented and the evolution of the Georgian nation as a whole. In Georgian historiography an important place is devoted to the study of the question of the peasantry, as one of the social classes. However, less focus is made on transformations, that had experienced their values and to what extent was their national consciousness developed.

When evaluating the events of 1900-1921 and we touch on political and social - economic issues, first of all we have to understand the epoch itself and its impact on the society and vice versa. Major part of such works has been written in Soviet period and they mainly represent the statistic data on the number of farmers, their categories, profit, land in their ownership, etc. But nowhere is argued about who a farmer was during 1900-1921 in Georgia. In the development of a peasant’s consciousness I have identified 4 stages: 1. Abolition of serfdom and the subsequent period; improvement of national consciousness, economic and intellectual levels due to the activities of the samotsianelebi. 2. Unorganized and unsystematic struggle against the landlords for land 3. Increase of political consciousness of a farmer due to the activities of the Social - Democratic Party and their involvement in the struggle against the Empire. 4. Years of independence and the farmer's involvement in the process of State building.

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Although the period of 1918-1921 is different and this is the era of Georgia’s independence, the question of a farmer is still urgent and still important is the problems of land and personal freedom. Therefore, all the issues mentioned above accompanied both stages. From the above mentioned the views of farmers and their consciousness passed the certain way of development, the orientation of which was often determined by political and cultural elite in the 1900-1921, mostly influenced by the challenges of the epoch.

The study of proletariat occupies an important place in Georgian historiography. In the specialist literature of Soviet times the role of proletariat is exaggerated. On the one hand, it is presented as the oppressed class, as the victim of bourgeoisie and, on the other hand, it is the most informed among the different social classes, who took a leading role in the course of the revolution.

In the existing research works the main focus is made on the spread of capitalism and the struggle of working class for their rights and improvement of their material state. This question highlights mainly one aspect— the role of proletariat in the bourgeois and the “socialist" revolutions.

But there is another side of the problem and special attention is paid to it in the thesis. The examined material showed impropriety of studying proletariat from only one aspect: to reveal its role in the bourgeois and socialist revolutions. Proletariat is a product of a new epoch and, what is important, he is fighting not only for realization of socialism, but he is not experiencing the lack of national ideas. He has ability to percept not only the motherland but he is struggling for her preservation.

It is impossible to study the national problem perfectly without analyzing the mentality of different social classes or social groups. Among them, important is to determine and evaluate the role of an army and a soldier. The study of the issues of military history is given an important place in Georgian historiography. Many interesting studies have been dedicated to the very problem, where the main focus is made on the martial arts, necessity of organization and dislocation of the army, the nature of the wars against other countries, etc. However, besides that, of equal importance is the understanding of the national consciousness of soldiers. The research

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shows the role of soldiers in the process of the Georgian National state building in 1900-1921, and the development his conscience experienced since the beginning of the 20th century until the restoration of Georgia’s state independence.

The thesis focuses on assessment of the role of one of the social classes - the clergy. It is a known fact that the Georgian clergy acted as unifier of the Georgian people, while Christianity and Georgianness were integral concepts for all Georgians. This fact is especially underlined in the scientific literature and not only in it. This is often connected with the review of the church history, as well as with the formation process of the Georgian nation and usually in this context it is unavoidable to speak about the factors of Christianity and the Georgian Orthodox Church. The close ties between the church and the parish existed for centuries in Georgia; however, these relations entered a new phase of development after the Russian invasion of Georgia. The Church devoid of autocephaly was paralyzed. The Imperial Court of Russia well realized the importance of spiritual unity between the parish and the clergy. Therefore, he set a goal to separate and confront them with each pother. Despite the clergy's attempts to preserve their own rights and ties with the public, this problem emerged acutely in times of Russian Exarches after the measures of Russian Imperial Court in1900-1917.

Although there are multiple literature regarding the problem, especially in the last period, but there is no information given about how the clergy comprehended itself in 1900-1921 and what defined the society’s ambiguous and changing attitude towards them. This issue is addressed in the thesis.

Feudal nobility is the typical social class for Georgia which had been a privileged and a wealthy class during centuries. Their rights were so important that they enjoyed not only great honors at the Royal Court, but often the king’s decision of political or military issues depended on their position. Actually the nobility was the principle constituent for the existence of the monarchical state. After abolishing the statehood in Georgia, the nobility became one of the classes most of all deprived of any rights. He had lost not only his estates, privilege and influence, but it turned completely unnecessary

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in the 19th century Georgia. This was caused by Russia's invasion of Georgia and, secondly, by the social and economic transformations since the second half of the 19th century, in particular the abolition of serfdom. It should be noted that in 1900-1921 nobility was no longer a privileged class. Restriction of their rights that began after the abolition of serfdom proceeded slowly throughout the second half of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century it moved to a new stage. The establishment of capitalist system in Georgia which resulted in formation of new social classes of proletariat and bourgeoisie, contributed to the development of the mentioned processes unfavorable for the nobility. During the period under review the nobility no longer had the significance it had in the second half of the 19th century. A new economic regime led to the certain transformations and social layers of feudalism appeared completely unacceptable for the modern era.

As with all examined social classes, bourgeoisie has also passed certain stages of consciousness development. Bourgeoisie as a product of a new capitalist era, aimed to eliminate the remnants of serfdom. Their main goal was to expand trade - economic ties, conquer new markets and possess mighty commercial objects. The World War I provided an opportunity for the bourgeoisie for the implementation of this plan. For Georgia bourgeoisie was not acceptable because most of its representatives were not Georgians. However, it was the fact that the Georgian national bourgeoisie was not formed. The situation in medieval Georgia, gave no possibilities for reinforcement of merchants. The Georgians constantly engaged in war were unable to be engaged in merchants and, for their part, it was not profitable for the Feudals; therefore, in Georgia trade had always been the priority of not Georgians. In Georgia we see a similar situation in the beginning of the 20th century. The bourgeoisie consisted mainly of non-Georgians, only minority of them was Georgians. This fact, of course, could have negative impact on the Country’s life. This situation much more increased the existing negative attitude towards bourgeoisie; the more so, because it was considered the main base for autocracy.

In 1900-1921 in Georgia, intelligentsia, or the educated segment of society played an important role in creation of public

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consciousness. In modern theoretical literature the term: cultural and political elite is used. In the thesis both terms are used as synonyms, because of the semantic connection between them. In reference to the paragraph, the heading “intelligentsia”, is left unchanged since in the first two decades of the 20th century in Georgia the term intelligentsia was widely spread. The more so because in the given period pupils and students were perceived as an integral part of intelligentsia. Therefore a separate paragraph is dedicated to their activities.

Generally, when speaking about the Georgian intelligentsia of the first two decades of the 20th century, first of all, we should consider that we must not perceive as the constituent of this social group only the cultural and political elites, who were really a leading force and often determined the orientation of the nation’s life. The intelligentsia of that period can be divided into two groups: 1. Cultural and political elites, comprising representatives of various political parties and public figures: scientists, writers, poets, actors etc. 2. Urban and rural intelligentsia: teachers, doctors, students, pupils. All of them tried to establish communication with the public in their own way.

The task of intelligentsia considered increasing national consciousness and protecting national interests. The problems caused by anti-Georgian policy of Russian autocracy, which was reflected in almost all spheres of national life, should naturally cause transformation of mentality and lifestyle of the nation. The duty of intelligentsia, which was not unreasonably considered as the society's most educated and conscious part, was to protect the interests of the nation.

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gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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