natural capital, ecosystem services and local ...q1a q1b upland heathland p1b mountain heaths and...

Copyright © eCountability Ltd 2017www.ecountability.co.uk

1© Alister Hayes

Natural Capital, Ecosystem Services and Local Environmental Records Centres

Jo Treweek/Bill Butcher eCountability Ltd


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Acknowledgements

The whole of this document is copyrighted material © eCountability 2017, included subsets and derivations as described below.

Slides in this presentation were based on data and interpretation supplied by:

Greenspace Information for Greater London CICEcoRecordSussex Biodiversity Records CentreThe Wildlife Centre for Lothian and the Borders LERCMersey ForestForest ResearchALERCBrighton and Hove CouncilEdinburgh City Council

Maps include Data ©OpenStreetMap contributors Data available under the Open Database Licence; Maps include OS Open data, provided under the Open Government Licence, Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2016)SPADES® was developed by eCountability Ltd with a funding contribution from Innovate-UK, the UK’s Innovation Agency.Population Data: © OpenPopGrid, 2015. This product contains information from several Information Providers under Open Government Licence and Ordnance Survey OpenData Licence (http://openpopgrid.geodata.soton.ac.uk/Openpopgrid.xml).Air quality data: © London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, 2013, Greater London AuthoritySoils data: ‘Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO [2017]’London Case Study: based on data supplied by Build UK partners.Modelling approaches developed by Forest Research based on data supplied by Sussex, Wiltshire, London and Greater Manchester LERCs.Photographs in slides 1 and 41 © Alister HayesSlides 7 & 8 are reproduced from the WBCSD website of the Natural Capital Coalition.Slide 11 Green Infrastructure Typology developed by GiGL CIC & eCountability with contributions from SPADES®project partners and Local Authorities.Slide 14 The UK Hab developed by the UK Hab Working Group: Bill Butcher, Jo Treweek, Peter Carey, Lisa Norton, Bob EdmondsSlides 15 & 16 are © Chloe Bellamy, Andrew Rattey (Forest Research), Tom Hunt (ALERC), Alexander van der Jagt (University of Utrecht), Bill Butcher & Jo Treweek (eCountability Ltd).

http://openpopgrid.geodata.soton.ac.uk/Openpopgrid.xml


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Natural Capital, Ecosystem Services and

Local Environmental Records Centres

View of natural capital/ ecosystem services from the consultancy sector

Development of a Spatial Decision Support Tool for assessment of Ecosystem Services impacts of developments

Role of LERCs as Key Data Providers / future needs


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Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services

Natural Capital - the stock of living and non-living environmental resources potentially available to generate value.

Ecosystem Services - the flow of benefits that this stock provides.

Natural capital is about nature’s assets, whilst ecosystem services are the goods and services derived from those assets by particular users or beneficiaries.


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Flow of services to beneficiaries


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Natural Capital Protocol

The Natural Capital Protocol is a framework designed to help generate trusted, credible, and actionable information for business managers to inform decisions.

The Protocol aims to support better decisions by including how we interact with nature, or more specifically natural capital.

The protocol sets out stages and steps for natural capital assessment.


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www.naturalcapitaltoolkit.org


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Road and tracksRoadside (manmade)Roadside (unknown)Parking/loading

Tidal waterForeshore/rocks

RailwayPath

Commercial/InstitutionalResidentialGlasshousesAirportsOther structures

Public park and garden

Private gardensSchool groundsInstitutional grounds

Amenity – residentialAmenity – businessAmenity - transport

Play space

Playing fieldsGolf coursesTennis courtsBowling greensOther sports

Green access routesRiparian routes

WoodlandOpen semi-naturalOpen water

Allotments & community growing areaChurchyardCemetery

Other functional greenspace

Civic space

FarmlandMoorlandOther

ChangeNot GI

Agricultural land

Allotment, community garden or urban farm

Cemetery, churchyard or burial ground

Coastal habitat

Derelict land

General amenity space

Grassland, heathland, moorland or scrubland

Green roof

Institutional ground

Orchard

Outdoor sports facility

Park or public garden

Street treesWater body

Water course

Wetland

ParkFormal garden

CommonCountry parkPrivate woodlandPublic woodlandNature reserve

Railway cuttingDisused railway trackbedRoad island/vergeWalking/cycling route

Recreation groundPlaying fieldGolf courseOther recreational

Amenity green spaceLandscaping around premises

RiverCanal

Play spaceAdventure playgroundYouth area

AllotmentsCommunity gardenCity farm

Cemetery/churchyard

Equestrian centreAgricultureNursery/horticulture

Sewage/water worksDisused quarryVacant landLand reclamationOther Village green

HospitalEducationalReservoir

Parks and gardens

Privately owned parks and gardens

Natural and semi natural urban greenspace

Amenity greenspace

Green corridor

Outdoor sports facilities

Golf course

Race course

School ground and sports pitches

Children and young people

Allotments and urban farms

Community gardens

Cemeteries

Civic spaces

Countryside


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Liverpool


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Brighton


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UK Hab: A Coherent Habitat Classification for the UK The Need

A system that….❖ Includes all semi-natural and anthropogenic habitats to

meet national and local planning needs❖ Allows consistent, accurate data collection and multiple

re-use❖ Allows choice of hierarchical levels, from ecosystems to

detailed categories, according to survey purpose❖ Designed for local, national and international reporting❖ Designed for GIS from the outset❖ Saves time and information loss by avoiding the need

to translate between classifications❖ Can be linked to condition monitoring

Major

eco-

system

category

(level 1)

Ecosystem type for mapping and

assessment (level 2)

Level 2

code

Level 3 habitats - Broad

Habitats

Leve

l 3 co

de

Level 4 Habitats including

Priority Habitats

Leve

l 4 co

de

Level 5 Habitats including

Annex 1 Habitats

Leve

l 5 co

de

Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and

Agrostis grasslands k1a5

Other lowland dry acid grassland k1a6

Siliceous Alpine and Boreal grassland k1b5

Other upland acid grassland k1b6

Bracken k1cSemi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland

facies on calcareous substrates [Festuco-

Brometalia] [lowland] k2a5Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland


Brometalia] [important orchid sites] k2a6

Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands k2b5Species-rich Nardus grassland on siliceous

substrates in mountain areas k2b6Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland


Brometalia] [upland] k2b7

Lowland meadows k3aLowland hay meadows [Alopecurus pratensis;

Sanguisorba officinalis] k3a5

Upland hay meadows k3b Mountain hay meadows k3b5

Other neutral grassland k3c

Improved grassland k4

Upland oakwood m1aOld sessile oak woods with Ilex and

Blechnum in the British Isles m1a5

Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes; screes and

ravines m1b5

Other upland mixed ashwoods m1b6

Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex

and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer

(Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) m1c5

Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests m1c6

Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles m1c7

Stable xerothermophilous formations with

Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes

(Berberidion p.p.) m1c8

Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and

Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion; Alnion

incanae; Salicion albae) m1d5

Bog woodland m1d6

Upland birchwoods m1eOld acidophilous oak woods with Quercus

robur on sandy plains m1f5

Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-

hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli m1f6

Other Lowland mixed deciduous woodland m1f7

Atlantic hazel m1gDense scrub m1h5

Line of trees m1h6

Other broadleaved woodland types m1h7

Other woodland; mixed; mainly broadleaved m1j5

Other woodland; mixed; mainly conifer m1j6

Native pine woodlands m2a Caledonian forest m2a5

Other Scot's Pine woodland m2b

Other coniferous woodland m2cEuropean dry heaths [lowland] p1a5

Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagans p1a6

Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica

tetralix [lowland] p1a7

Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica

ciliaris and Erica tetralix p1a8

European dry heaths [upland] p1b5

Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica

tetralix [upland] p1b6

Alpine and boreal heaths p1c5

Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub p1c6

Hedgerow (priority habitat) p2a

Other hedgerows p2bBlanket bog (H7130) q1a5

Degraded blanket bog q1a6

Active raised bogs q1b5

Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural

regeneration q1b6

Other degraded raised bog q1b7

Reedbeds q2aCalcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and

species of the Carex davallianae q2b5

Petrifying springs with tufa formation

[Cratoneurion] q2b6

Alkaline fens q2b7

Transition mires and quaking bogs [lowland] q2b8

Depressions on peat substrates

(Rhynchosporion) q2b9

Purple moor grass and rush

pastures [Molinia-Juncus] q2cMolinia meadows on calcareous; peaty or

clayey-silt-laden soils [Molinia caeruleae] q2c5

Alpine pioneer formations of Caricion

bicoloris-atrofuscae q2d5

Transition mires and quaking bogs [upland] q2d6

Aquatic marginal vegetation q2e

Arable field margins r1a

Grass and grass-clover leys r1b

Cereal crops r1c

Non-cereal crops including

woody crops r1d

Intensive orchards r1e

Horticulture r1f

Open Mosaic Habitats on

Previously Developed Land s1aBuildings s1b5

Other developed land s1b6

Artificial unvegetated,

unsealed surface s1c

Suburban/ mosaic of

developed/ natural surface s1d

Built linear features s1eSiliceous scree of the montane to snow levels

(Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia

ladani) t1a5

Calcareous and calcschist screes of the

montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea

rotundifolii) t1a6

Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic

vegetation t1a7

Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic

vegetation t1a8

Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of

plains and of the montane to alpine levels t1a9

Limestone pavement t1b Limestone pavement (H8240) t1b5

Calaminarian grasslands t1cCalaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia

Calaminariae t1c5

Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic

coasts t2a5

Soft rock sea cliffs t2a6

Embryonic shifting dunes t3a5

Shifting dunes along the shoreline with

Ammophila arenaria ["white dunes"] t3a6

Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous

vegetation ["grey dunes"] t3a7

Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum

nigrum t3a8

Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes [Calluno-

Ulicetea] t3a9

Humid dune slacks t3a?

Perennial vegetation of stony banks t3b5

Annual vegetation of drift lines t3b6

Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion

or Hydrocharition-type vegetation u1a5

Other eutrophic standing waters u1a6

Mesotrophic lakes u1bHard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic

vegetation of Chara spp. u1b5

Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters

with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae

and-or the Isoeto-Nanojuncetea u1c5

Oligotrophic waters containing very few

minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletea

uniflorae) u1c6

Aquifer fed naturally

fluctuating water bodies u1d

Ponds (priority habitat) u1e

Other ponds u1f

Lowland rivers with shallow

gradients and rich geology u2a

Water courses of plain to montane levels

with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-

Batrachion vegetation u2a5

Meso-eutrophic rivers

flowing predominantly over

sandstone and hard

limestone u2b

Mesotrophic and oligo-

mesotrophic rivers u2c

Acid and nutrient-poor rivers u2d

Other rivers and streams u2e

Intertidal chalk v1a

Sabellaria alveolata reefs v1b

Intertidal underboulder

communities v1c

Estuarine rocky habitats v1d

Splash zone with lichens v1eSalicornia and other annuals colonising mud

and sand v2a5

Spartina swards [Spartinion maritimae] v2a6

Atlantic salt meadows [Glauco-

Puccinellietalia maritimae] v2a7

Mediterranean salt meadows [Juncetalia

maritima] v2a8

Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic

halophilous scrubs [Sarcocornetea fruticosi] v2a9

Blue mussel beds on

sediment v2b

Seagrass beds [Zostera noltii] v2c

Intertidal mudflats v2dMudflats and sandflats not covered by sea

water at low tide v2d5

Sheltered muddy gravels v2e

Peat and clay exposures with

piddocks v2f

Saline lagoons v2g

Beach v2h

Coastal w

Coastal waters x

Shelf y

Open ocean z

p1a

Broadleaved mixed and

yew woodlandm1

k1a

Upland acid grassland k1b

Calcareous grassland k2

Lowland calcareous

grasslandk2a

Upland calcareous grassland k2b

Acid grassland k1

Lowland dry acid grassland

Upland mixed ashwoods m1b

Lowland beech and yew

woodlandm1c

Wet woodland m1d

Lowland mixed deciduous

woodlandm1f

m1h

Blanket bog

Lowland raised bog

Fen, marsh and swamp q2

Other woodland - mixed m1j

Other woodland -

broadleaved

Coniferous woodland m2

Lowland fens q2b

Upland flushes, fens and

swampsq2d

q1a

q1b

Upland Heathland p1b

Mountain heaths and willow

scrubp1c

Hedgerows p2

Dwarf shrub heath p1

Lowland Heathland

Heathland and shrub p

Woodland and forest m

s1

Sparsely vegetated

landt

Inland rock t1

Supralittoral Sediment t3

sBuilt-up areas and

gardens

Cropland r Arable and horticulture r1

Wetland q

Bog q1

Developed land - sealed

surfaces1b

Coastal sand dunes t3a

Coastal vegetated shingle t3b

Fre

sh w

ate

r

Rivers and lakes u

Standing open water

and canalsu1

Eutrophic standing waters

Terr

est

rial

Grassland k

Neutral grassland k3

Inland rock outcrop and

scree habitatst1a

Supralittoral Rock t2 Maritime cliff and slopes t2a

Urban

u1a

Oligotrophic and dystrophic

lakesu1c

Rivers and streams u2

Littoral Sediment v2

Littoral Rock v1

Ma

rin

e

Marine inlets and

transitional waters

(Classification at levels

3, 4 and 5 yet to be

developed for these

marine ecosystems)

v

Coastal saltmarsh v2a

Hierarchy and Coding❖ Habitat polygons are created and given a primary

code following the hierarchy❖ Secondary codes can be added to each polygon❖ Secondary codes include habitat complexes,

origin, management, land use, environmental qualifiers, species features, and green infrastructure features.

❖ Currently there are over 250 secondary codes that can be applied

Advantages over current systems

❖ Fits national reporting requirements by identifying all Priority Habitats (now Habitats of Principal Importance in England) and Annex I habitats in the UK

❖ Totally objective hierarchy❖ Provides contextual information through secondary

codes❖ Designed to be used in a database and GIS environment❖ Can be translated into other habitat classifications

readily

Ease of Use❖ Simple coding system designed to be memorable❖ Switch from Phase 1 should be fast❖ Top levels of hierarchy do not require high level of

botanical expertise❖ A habitat key and field manual to aid correct

identification and allocate all appropriate secondary codes

TimelineWinter 16/17 Analysis of feedback from Implementation Panel and fieldworkWinter 16/17 Development of field key and manual version 1Late Spring 17 Draft system for use in the field by all interestedAutumn 17 Feedback from usersWinter 17/18 Incorporation of feedbackSpring 18 Final online publication

Recognition❖ By working with CIEEM, JNCC, NE, SNH, NRW, DoENI,

LERCs and NBN Trust we aim to achieve ‘approved status’.

❖ The system can also be translated to other classifications in use.

❖ Ultimately it should be adopted as the recognised habitat classification in the UK.

Bill Butcher and Jo Treweek (eCountability)Lisa Norton (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology)Bob Edmonds (SLR Consulting Ltd)Pete Carey (Bodsey Ecology Limited)

CIEEM Member Feedback168 Members responded to an open questionnaire

Photo by permission of SLR Consulting Ltd

Photo: Pete Carey

UK HAB: s1a Open mosaic habitats on previously developed land

UK HAB: t1b Limestone pavement


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Collaboration between research community, consultancies and LERCs


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Modelling using LERC Data

®


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The Confluence Model

Demand

Supply

Use

When expressed spatially: • Use is the intersection of demand and supply • Deficit is where demand exceeds supply and • Current Redundancy is where supply currently exceeds demand

SPADES® uses the Confluence Model for Access to Nature, Recreation and Air Quality services.

Hegetschweiler et al (2017)


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Access to Nature –Brighton Case Study

Principal Benefits of this service:

Mental Health

Principal Beneficiaries of this service:

Residents

Health services


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Air Quality –Case Study, London


Physical Health(Mortality and Morbidity, Respiratory Disease)


Residents in and near the development

Health services

Employers

Developers


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Surface Runoff –Case Study, London


Reduction of surface flooding risk


Residents in and near the development.

Developers

Local drainage authorities


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Urban Temperature Liverpool Case Study


Physical Health (Mortality)


Residents in and near the development.

Health services

Employers


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Net Gain Objective for Natural Capital

Source: Natural Capital Committee


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LERCs and Natural Capital

• Partnerships with organisations and volunteers at local level ESSENTIAL to generate quality data for assessments

• Patching together variable national datasets does not generate result of adequate quality

• Species and habitat data needed

• Need to adopt national standards, while encouraging local innovation

• Collaboration potential with researchers and consultancies for powerful modelling based on LERC data

• Potential for new LERC income streams to fund improved data collection & collation


41© Alister Hayes

Natural Capital, Ecosystem Services and Local Environmental Records Centres

Jo Treweek/Bill Butcher eCountability

natural capital, ecosystem services and local ...q1a q1b upland heathland p1b mountain heaths and...

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