natural gas and other fossil fuels
TRANSCRIPT
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World Per Capital Energy
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
5000000060000000
70000000
80000000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Btu
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Annual U. S. Per Capita Energy Use
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000300000000
350000000
400000000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
btu
World Per Capital Energy
0
10000000
2000000030000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Btu
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Natural Gas and other Fossil
Fuels
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Natural Gas
History of Use
Formation
Production Reserves
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History
Chinafirst recorded use, piped through
bamboo
Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and
England (this gas was distilled from coal,
wood, and peat)
William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer
Put coal gas lights in cotton mills
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History contd
1821, Fredonia New York
William Hart drilled a well 27 deep and
piped the gas to a local innwhere it lit 66
lights
Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859
1872: long-distance pipelines made 1879: Thomas Edison
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Modern Use of Natural Gas
Seamless pipes available in 1920s but it
wasnt until after World War II that it
became really important for heating
Why is it a good fuel?
No refining
Burns cleanly
More heat/unit weight than any other fossil
fuel
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Natural Gas
History of Use
Formation
Production Reserves
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Formation
Formed in the same manor as petroleum
Thermogenic-->4km and >150C
Formed during the petrogenesis of coal
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Natural Gas
History of Use
Formation
Production Reserves
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Production
Similar to oil but easier to release because
it is much less viscous
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Composition of Natural Gas
Mostly methane CH4
Some ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10
Hydrogen H2
Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide,hydrogen sulphide
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Production
Impurities removed
Coal scent added
Then piped > 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.
Middle East, Africa, South America
LNG at -162C
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Production-past and projected
Natural Gas Production
0
50
100
150
200
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Quad
Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006)
Release Date: June 2006
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In Billion cubic feet
World dry Natural gas consumption
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000100,000
120,000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Billioncubicfe
et
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Reserves
Natural Gas Reserves
Oil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
North
America
Central
&
South
Europe
Eurasia
Middle
East
Africa
Asia&
Oceania
TrillionCubicFee
t
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Natural Gas
History of Use
Formation
Production Reserves
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Reserves-countries with > 200
trillion cubic feet
U.S.A. 204
Russia 1688
Iran 974 Qatar 910
Saudi Arabia 244
United Arab Emigrates 214 These countries account for 67% of the
worlds reserves
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Reserveshow long will they last?
At the current rate?
100 trillion cubic feet per yearabout 62
years
At projected rates?
About 150 trillion cubic feet per yearabout
41 years
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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
Definition
Formation
Pilot Plants
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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
Characterized by being
A. Dark in colour
B. So viscous that they dont respond to
either primary or secondary recovery
techniques
High in sulphur, Ni, V
Rich in asphaltines
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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
Example
Bitumenblack viscous to semisolid HC
material found when oil has lost its light
weight volatile components
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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
Definition
Formation
Pilot Plants
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Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand
1. oxidation and loss of lightweight
fractions
2. Thermal maturation
3. Biodegration
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Heavy Oils and Tar Sands
Definition
Formation
Pilot plants no more
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Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands
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In 2003, Albertas reserves estimates of
remaining established reserves are 174.5billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil
reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001,
Albertas production of raw bitumen andsynthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that
for conventional crude oil, accounting for
53% of Albertas oil production. This trendis expected to increase to about 80% of
Albertas oil production by 2013.
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http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htm
l
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Countries with large tar sand deposits
Canada
Venezuela
Middle East
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Extracting oil from tar sands
http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.
cfm
http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm -
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Oil Shale
Definition
Formation
Fuels of the future Mining techniques
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Definition
Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing
waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called
kerogen
Can be converted to oil at temperatures in
excess of 500C
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Oil Shale
Definition
Formation
Fuels of the future Mining techniques
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Formation
Deposited with fine-grained sediments
(mud) that are rich in organic material.
Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is
lost with temperatures in excess of 150.
Organic material is heavy
5 to 25% is recoverable organic material
Rich oil shales burn like coal
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Oil shale from AAPG
http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm
http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfmhttp://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm -
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Oil Shale
Definition
Formation
Fuels of the future Mining techniques
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Reserves
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf
World Oil Shale Reserve
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Africa North
America
South
America
Asia Europe Middle
East
Oceania
billionbarrel
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf -
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Oil Shale
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Oil Shale
Definition
Formation
Fuels of the future Mining techniques
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Mining techniques
Revert to notes
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Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
1. Carbon content
2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
4. Environmental Concerns
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Carbon Content
Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than
coal
Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit
energy than coal
Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit
energy than oil
Gas
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Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
1. Carbon content
2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
4. Environmental Concerns
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Heat content
Unit Heat (106 Btu)
Coal Short ton 21.266
Anthracite Short ton 22.244
Natural Gas 1000 ft3 1.029
Gasoline gallon 0.125071
Heating Oil Gallon 6.49
Electricity Kwh 0.003412
Wood Cord 21.5
C f f
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Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
1. Carbon content
2. Heat Content
3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
4. Environmental Concerns
Effi i i P d i El t i it
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Efficiency in Producing Electricity
From Coal 28%
From Oil 35%
From Natural Gas 40%
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
US existing power plantshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html -
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Electric Power USA 2005
C i f M j T f
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Comparison of Major Types of
Fossil Fuel
1. Carbon content
2. Heat Content
3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity
4. Environmental Concerns
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US CO2 emissions
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
MillionMetricton
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2005 CO2 Emissions USA
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
Residential Commercial Industrial Transportationmillionmetricto
nofcarbon