natural gas engineering
TRANSCRIPT
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1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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Energy Resources
• Renewable Energy Resources
(Solar, W n!, " o#$ass, %y!al&
• Non#Renewable Energy Resources(Na'ural Gas, e'roleu$, Coal&
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General Class )ca' on o* +uels
FUELS
Conventional Nuclear
Natural or Fossil Manufactured or Synthetic 238 U92 ; 238 U92 ; 239 Pu 93
Solid
Li uid
!aseous
"ood # Coal
Petroleu$
Natural !asCoal %ed Methane&C%M'
Marsh !as
Solid
Li uid
!aseous
Co(e # Charcoals
)lcohols
Coal *asCo(e oven *asProducer *as
"ater *as+ydro*en # etc,
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NATURAL GAS
De)n ' on ( n nor$al usage&
-Na'ural Gas. n nor$al usage, s cons !ere! 'o be
a na'urally occurr ng $ /'ure o* %y!rocarbons 0C1 , C , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 56 7 an! non#%y!rocarbons
0CO , N , 8e , 8 O , 8 S , RS8 , COS , CS ,
e'c9 7 assoc a'e! w '% :e'rol *erous geolog c*or$a' ons (roc;s n ear'%.s crus'&9
What is NaturalGas ?
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‘Natural !ases - as su..lied /y the utility *as co$.anies #
usually
contain 80 to 91 C+ # 4ith C 2+ 5 # C 3+ 8 # N 2 # etc, $a(in* u. the re$ainder,
have heatin* or calorific value ran*in* fro$ 900 to 6200 %tu7SCF,
have s.ecific *ravity &4,r,t, air 6,0' varyin* fro$ 0,18 to 0, 9 ,
What is NaturalGas ?
Methane &C+ ' ( Some properties )
) uto: or S .ontaneous:i*nition e$.erature < 600 oF &1 0 oC'
Fla$$a/ility Li$its < 1 to 61 v
C ritical P ressure < 5 3 .sia & 1,8 at$'
Critical e$.,< = 665,3 oF &3 3, o>' OR 82.4= o C (191 o K)
( For other properties, see literature &
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Generally,
1
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RawGas
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon io!i e
H" rogensul#$i e
%et$ane
&t$ane
'ro#ane
N utane
i utane
'entanes *
Gas'ro+essing
'ro u+t,late
WaterHeliumNitrogenCarbon io!i eH" rogensul#$i e
'i#eline gas (=e'%ane&
&t$ane
'ro#anen utanei utaneNatural gasoline
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+ydrocar/ons Non:hydrocar/ons
"ater + 2?
Car/on dio@ide C? 2
Nitro*en N 2
+eliu$ +e
+ydro*en sul.hide + 2S
Merca.tans >S+
Car/on [email protected] C?S
Car/on disul.hide CS 2
Methane C 6
Ethane C 2
Pro.ane C 3
n:%utane n:C
i:%utane i:CPentanes C 1
+e@anesA C 5A
Natural !asConstituents
Co$/usti/les
Natural !asConstituents
Non:co$/usti/les
H 2O
CO 2
N2
He
HCs
H 2S
RSH
COS
CS2
Hydrocarbonsvs
Non-hydrocarbons
Combustiblesvs
Non- combustibles
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8 s'ory o* Na'ural Gas
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+ rs' U9S9 Na'ural Gas WellIn 1@ 1, W ll a$ 8ar' !ug '%e )rs' na'ural gas well n
+re!on a, NB9
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+or$a' on
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O l an! gas are *oun! on lan! an! un!erwa'er
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Se! $en'ary Roc; an! e'roleu$ Tra:
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E/:lora' on ro!uc' on S% :: ng Re)n ng C%e$ cal=anu*ac'ur ng Uses
O l an! Gas rocess
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Se s$ c Tec%nology
Lan! Wa'er
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Seabe! Se s$ c
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Core Sa$:les
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2 2<
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Dr ll ng rocess
lace '%e !r ll b ', collar an! !r ll : :e n '%e %ole9
A''ac% '%e ;elly an! 'urn'able an! beg n !r ll ng9
As !r ll ng :rogresses, c rcula'e $u! '%roug% '%e : :e an!ou' o* '%e b ' 'o oa' '%e roc; cu'' ngs ou' o* '%e %ole9
A!! new sec' ons( o n's& o* !r ll : :es as '%e %ole ge's!ee:er 9
Re$o?e('r : ou'& '%e !r ll : :e, collar an! b ' w%en '%e :re#se' !e:'%(anyw%ere *ro$ a *ew %un!re! 'o a cou:le'%ousan! *ee'& s reac%e!9
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ar's o* an O l Well
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ro!uc' on
C%r s'$as Tree 8orse 8ea! u$:
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SUI GASCo$.osition of >a4 B Purified y.ical Natural !as fro$ Sui !as Field
Ma or Constituents Co$$ercial Units >a4 !as Purified !as
C+ volu$e 88,12 9 , 2
C 2+ 5 0,89 6,01
C 3+ 8 0,25 0,28
C A 0,3 0,6
N2 2, 5 3,89
+ 2S !rains 7 600 SCF 92,2 races
>S+ !rains 7 600 SCF 3,8 races
C? 2 volu$e ,31 0,02!ross +eatin* Dalue %tu 7 SCF 933 9 1
000 *rains 6 avoirdu.ois .ound ; 6 *rain 0,051 *$, ;
531 *rains7600 SCF 6 /y volu$e
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GAS CO= OSITIONS O+ +IELDS RELATING SNG L NETWOR
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GAS 8BDRATES!as +ydrate Dalue of
Methane C+ , + 2? 5 to
Ethane C 2+ 5 , + 2? 5 to 8
Pro.ane C 3+ 8 , + 2? to 68
Car/on dio@ide C? 2 , + 2? 5 to
Natural *as N! , + 2? 9
1 -t o* l >u ! $e'%ane H 2/0= o / 0 -t o* gaseous $e'%ane
Te$:era'ures 2/0= o can be use! * '%e l >u ! s'a'e s $a n'a ne!a' 23 #sig an! 133= o 9
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LI UE+IED NATURAL GASLNG
1 Gallon o* LNG H 2/= o
J we g%s .4/ lbsJ %as a s:ec )c gra? 'y o*
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=A OR C8E=ICALS DERIKED DIRECTLB OR INDIRECTLB +RO= =ET8ANE
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A OR C8E ICALS DERIKED DIRECTLB OR INDIRECTLB +RO ET8ANE
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Gas %eter
( HC li;ui s o-43 /3 6'<Gra=it")
Customer
I
II
III
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Conce:' o* Na'ural Gas Sys'e$
!as Processin*
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!as Processin*
> ? %&5R
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? %&5R C G6, C %%&RC 6? N 5,
C C @C H
, C , C @, C H
Hun re A 10 2 A C, C C, C @C, C H
5$ousan A 10 A % , C % , C @
%illion A 10 / A %% , C %% , C @
illion A 10 9 A C
5rillio n A 10 12 A 5 C
, m A illion , tan ar m 5 , m A 5 rillion
tan ar nits o- @e ne Calori + >alues
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,tan ar nits o- @e ne Calori + >aluesarrel o- il &;ui=alent (b.o.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dbarrel o- oilE
wit$ an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 3.8 ! 10 / tu gross.
5on o- il &;ui=alent (t.o.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dton o- oilE wit$
an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 4 ! 10/
tu gross.%etri+ 5onne Coal &;ui=alent (m.t.+.e.) A a $"#ot$eti+al Dmetri+ tonne o- +oalE wit$ an a=erage $eat +ontent o- 2F. F ! 10 / tu gross i.e. ( 12 400 tu lb ! 2204./2 ) .
Std. Fuel Units ft 3 Natural Gas m 3 Natural Gas
1 b.o.e. 5,800 155.501 t.o.e. 43,000 1152.82
1 m.t.c.e. 27,337 732.90
1 ton fuel oil equiv. 41,400 1109.92
Natural Gas &;ui=alents o- >arious uels
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ENERGB SCENARIO
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N 5& A ?E ≡ on of ?il E uivalent )v*,+eatin* Dalue of 3 @ 60 5 %tu *ross
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A ISTAN
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A ISTANOIL & GAS PRODUCTION SCENARIOREFERENCE : Press Release dated 5-3-2 !
uture 'lan " #ells to be drilled $er year %uccess Ratio to be enhanced &rom ":25 to ":"
Units Present
Production Future Production
Target
OI !!l"da# $$,000 1,00,000
G%S &'F( 3.8 5.0
bbl'day barrels $er day C*+ illion Cubic *eet $er +ay
3, billion . 3, / " 0 . 3 arb crore 5, billion . 5 / " 0 . 5 arb
GAS CO= OSITIONS O+ +IELDS RELATING SNG L NETWOR
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Distribution of proved natural gas reserves
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p g(%) in 2004
= !!le Eas'
Russ an +e!era' on
Natural gas production (billion cubic metres ), 1970 2004
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g p ( ),
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2ORIGIN O+ NATURAL GASP
EQ LORATION ROS ECTING
J e'roleu$ GeologyJ Reser?o rsE'c9
T%e = l;y Way
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y yGala/y
5$e , N
130miles se+
5$e ,un
Crust &st. 6ge o- ni=erse A 141 eon
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Cross se+tional =iew o- &art$ s interior
##er%antle
?ower
%antle
uter Core
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eds are also &ormed as the shoreline recedes,
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SandMud B SiltLi$estone?cean7Sea
>iver
Geolog c T $e Scale1 &on B1000 million"ears
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ears
G& ? G
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Re#resentation o- ‘6+tual
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ears in terms o- ‘&;ui=alentHuman ears
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Histor" o-
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&art$ wit$?i-e orms
,,
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,
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or:%r n $olecule 'or#$"rin mole+ule 'or#$"rin metal +om#le!
=e'ala'o$ one9g9 +e , =g ,Cu e'c9
M1
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5"#es o- Ro+7 ol
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Ro+7
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ol s
Surface$.ervious Ca.roc(
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"ater ?il
!as Li$estone
6N5
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An' cl ne
@e#osits
il
,ur-a+e
Gas
Water
Cla"s
?imestone
,alt
Sal' Do$e
S%ee'S'ra' gra:% c
,ur-a+e
,ur-a+e
,ur-a+e
L '%olog calScreene!
?imestone5
R
6
'
,
5
R
6
'
,
@
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,tru+tural 5ra#s ,tratigra#$i+ 5ra#s
im#le
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,im#le6nti+line
aulte6nti+line
,$oe string ,ant"#e
Ree- @e#osit t"#e
@
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Salt Go$e 7 Salt Plu*ty.e
Unconfor$ity ra.
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nterconnected ra.s Sta*es of Mi*ration of
"ater# ?il B !as fro$ ra.s
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ater# ?il B !as fro$ ra.s
!ravity < 6,
2,2 2, 2,5 3,6
Gistri/ution of !ravity
over a /uried )nticline
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Gas#ca: Dr ?e Reser?o r
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Co$b na' on Wa'er P Gas#ca: Dr ?es Reser?o r
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Wa'er#Dr ?e Reser?o r
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GEOLOGICAL ROS ECTING P EQ LORATION u!t "or OIL GAS
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GEOLOGICAL ROS ECTING P EQ LORATIONGAS
METHODS
GEOPH S!C"# GEOCHEM!C"#
G$%vimet$ic Seismic Elect$ic%l M%&netic Soil Testin&
C'emic%l
Mic$obi%l
See(%&e Geolo&ist
Di$ect !n)ic%tion Geolo&ic%l Su$ve*
1. 5"#e o- Ro+7 2. 6ge o- Ro+7
. Histor" o-Ro+7
)i*es + ndu+ts
>ecordin* ruc(
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(
%attery
>eceiver Ca/leCSU &Control Station Unit'
SU &Station Unit'
Stoc( of Ca/lesat the site
Fe4 GefinitionsFor$ation
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Field
1n area consistin o& a sin le reservoir or multi$le reservoirs all rou$ed on or relatedto the same individual eolo ical structural &eature or strati ra$hic condition, 4he &ieldname re&ers to the sur&ace area althou h it may re&er to both the sur&ace and theunder round $roductive &ormations,
>eservoir 1 $orous $ermeable sedimentary roc containin commercial 6uantities o& oil and as,
Giscovery "ell 4he &irst oil or as #ell drilled in a ne# &ield, 4he discovery #ell is the #ell that is drilledto reveal the actual $resence o& a $etroleum-bearin reservoir %ubse6uent #ells aredevelo$ment #ells,
1 se$arate layer o& roc or rou$ o& intermin led beds,
"ildcat 4ell
1 #ell drilled in an area #here no current oil or as $roduction e/ists 1lso called a 7 ran
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1 #ell drilled in an area #here no current oil or as $roduction e/ists, 1lso called a 7 ran#ildcat ,8
[email protected] 4ell
1 hole drilled:
a) to &ind and $roduce oil or as in an area $reviously considered un$roductivearea
b) to &ind a ne# reservoir in a no#n &ield i,e, one $reviously $roducin oil and as
&rom another reservoir orc) to e/tend the limit o& a no#n oil or as reservoir,
Gevelo.$ent 4ell
1 #ell drilled #ithin the $roved area o& an oil or as reservoir to the de$th o& astrati ra$hic hori9on no#n to be $roductive a #ell drilled in a $roven &ield &or the$ur$ose o& com$letin the desired s$acin $attern o& $roduction,
!as "ell 1ny #ell:
$
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&)' #hich $roduces natural as not associated or blended #ith crude$etroleum oil at the time o& $roduction&%' #hich $roduces more than " cubic &eet o& natural as &or eachbarrel o& crude $etroleum oil &rom the same $roducin hori9on or &C' #hich $roduces natural as &rom a &ormation or $roducin hori9on$roductive o& as only encountered in a #ellbore throu h #hich crude$etroleum oil also is $roduced throu h the inside o& another strin o& casinor tubin , 1 #ell #hich $roduces hydrocarbon li6uids a $art o& #hich is&ormed by a condensation &rom a as $hase and a $art o& #hich is crude$etroleum oil shall be classi&ied as a as #ell unless there is $roduced onebarrel or more o& crude $etroleum oil $er " cubic &eet o& natural asand that the term crude $etroleum oil shall not be construed to mean anyli6uid hydrocarbon mi/ture or $ortion thereo& #hich is not in the li6uid $hasein the reservoir removed &rom the reservoir in such li6uid $hase andobtained at the sur&ace as such, ?il "ell
1ny #ell #hich $roduces one barrel or more crude $etroleum oil to each " cubic&eet o& natural as,
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N /
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Natural ;as *lo#$ath
&rom the
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Gas %eter
( HC li;ui s o-43 /3 6'<Gra=it")
Customer
I
II
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Conce:' o* Na'ural Gas Sys'e$
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Low#Te$:era'ure E/'rac' on ( LTQ & Sys'e$