natural, non-toxic, remedial weather ......geoengineering perturbations) 4. dosage calculations for:...

VIVA CUNDLIFFEID: UM41739SEN50511

NATURAL, NON-TOXIC, REMEDIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION: INTRODUCTION OF THE BACKGROUND SCIENTIFIC THEORY WITH A PROCEDURAL MANUAL FOR OXYGEN ION BASED WEATHER MODIFICATION AND WITH MONITORING, DOSAGE AND DISPERSAL CALCULATIONS FOR THE VANCOUVER, BC CANADA AIR SHED SYSTEM.

A Final Thesis Presented to the Academic Department of the School of Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science

ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HONOLULU HAWAII

FALL 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i. INTRODUCTION

1. Acknowledgments

2. Abstract

3. Foreword

II. DESCRIPTION

1. Terms and Definitions

2. Motivation: Natural Trigger Weather Modification: Justification

III. GENERAL ANALYSIS

1. Known State of the Art and shortcomings in Current Weather Modification-Current Literature

2. Planned Changes in Atmospheric Composition-Current Literature

3. Long Term Applicability of Oxygen Ions

4. Costs of Weather Instability and Cost-benefit discussions of Offsetting it

IV. CURRENT SCIENCE

1. Experimental Work Planned

(1) Oxidative Challenge Concept Assessment and Modeling

(2) Gaseous and Solid Oxidation Products with Respect to Biome Health

(3) Small Scale Experimentation Strategy Summary

(4) Precipitation Suppression and Triggering Open Air Testing & Evaluation

(5) Aging Aerosols Summary-size considerations for suppressing/enhancing CCN Literature (re: Aerial injections)

2. Current Modern Troposphere Profiles

(1) Over Land-Current Literature

(2) Over Ocean-Current Literature

(3) Precipitation Trends and Issues-Current Literature

(4) Cloud and Precipitation Physics in the Environment

3. MSDS and Handling Procedures for O± Ionic Gases and Seeded Liquids

V. WEATHER MODIFICATION PROCEDURES

1. Regulatory Procedures and Governmental considerations

2. Air Shed Characterization Checklist

3. Technical Analysis of The Greater Vancouver Air Shed System (includes present geoengineering perturbations)

4. Dosage Calculations For:

(1) Defining a Standard Weather Modification Unit

(2) Pre-seeding Techniques for Suppression- Offshore and Onshore (CCN conditioning or removal)

(3) Cloud Triggering Techniques for Snow Packs and Desert areas-a Near-target and upstream-targeted approach (cloud up & down cycling stimulation)

(4) Formulating a Desirable Air Shed Weather Modification Regime For the Fraser Valley

(5) Accommodating Air Shed Weather Modification Plans for those Neighboring and Associated Multiple Locations:

▪ Moisture Transportation Concepts and Modeling of Weather Systems from Vancouver B.C. to Calgary and Lethbridge, Alberta Area While Only Relying on Organic Aerosols.

5. Initializing Weather Modification Principles, Logistics and Checklists

6. Maintaining Weather Modification Principles, Logistics and Checklists

7. Evaluation Criteria and Checklist

8. Larger Weather Systems- Removing Energy and Adding Inertia-Concept Modeling and Dosing

9. Critical Prerequisites

VI. CONCLUSIONS

VII. INDEX OF FIGURES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. FIGURES

P9. Figure I-1.0 Foreward: Improved Radiation Impacts Using CloudsP 11. Table II-1.0 A mass of Ions Can Absorb Electric VoltageP 15. Fig. II-1.0 Seeding and IonsP 16. Fig. II-2.0 Aerosol “Scattering Albedo”P 16. Figure II- 3.0 Measured partial scattering cross-section (R) as a function of particle diameter (Dp)P 18. Table III-1.0. Example calculationsP 18. Fig. III-2.0 Proposed Formula for DosesP 22. Figure IV-1.0 Troposphere IssuesP 22. Fig IV-4.0 Strong and Weak AlbedoP 23. Fig. IV-5.0 Global Temperature ChangesP 23. Fig. IV-6.0 The best Infrared heat management system uses cloudsP 24. Fig. IV-7.0 CCNP 24. Fig. IV-8.0 Droplet Coalescence with Ionic and Electron RelationshipP 26. Fig. IV-9.0 Radiative Forcing by Aerosols: EvidenceP 31. Fig. V-1.0 Removing Energy in Early FormationP 31. Fig. V-2.0 Describes Entrainment Using Positive Ions at the level of the CloudP 32. Figure V-3.0 Preconditioning Convective MoistureP 33. Fig. V-4.0 Describes Ionic Conditioning of the receiving Air ParcelP 33. Fig. V-5.0 Describes Triggering Precipitation from the Rear Side of the CloudP 34. Fig. V-6.0 Describes Precipitation Triggering in a Normal CloudP 35. Fig. V-7.0 Describes Suppression and Energy removal Prior to Storm or Tornado CellP 36. Fig. V-8.0 Describing Suppression of Large Storm CellP 37. Fig. V-9.0 Showing space Charge Distribution in Warm CloudsP 38. Fig. V-10.0 Visual Rendering of Charges in Warm CloudsP 42. Fig. 11.0 Internal Boundary Layer of the Lower Mainland CoastP 44. Table 1.0 A mass of Ions Can Absorb Electric Voltage

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY

II. DESCRIPTION

1. Terms and Definitions

• Biogenic Aerosols-volatiles released to atmosphere by plants and trees

• CCN-Cloud Condensation Nuclei-particles on which water condenses or attaches to begin forming droplets or crystals in precipitation.

• Nucleophilic- chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.

• ODS-Ozone Depleting Substances-refrigerant gases mainly that have escaped to the level of theozone layer and release Chlorine Bromine and Fluorine that repeatedly attack the ozone molecule at the ozone layer and reduce its thickness and allow UV radiation to leak into the atmosphere at ground and penetrate and damage life forms DNA tissue.

• Radiation Budget-total heat gained and lost by planet on a daily basis.

• SRM- Solar Radiation management.

• VOCs- volatile organic compounds released to the atmosphere by either plants or industry.

2. Motivation: Natural Trigger Weather Modification: Justification

Using a natural trigger system that inherently does not have any short or long term toxic residues and goes to the root processes in the weather’s physical production of moisture and shade is superior to synthetic methods and will be justified throughout this thesis as it is introduced.

III. GENERAL ANALYSIS

1. Known State of the Art and shortcomings in Current Weather Modification-Current Literature




IV. CURRENT SCIENCE



Chemical modeling shown in Schematic, pre oxidation, mid and post with the precipitation physics. Can be done in localized clouds for testing. Discuss OH recycling and how it prepares the area for agedCCN which when triggered, will then rainout.


Harmless to humans animals and plants

(3) Small Scale Experimentation Strategy Summary

(4) Precipitation Suppression and Triggering for Open Air Testing & Evaluation

(5) Aging Aerosols Summary-size considerations for suppressing/enhancing CCN Literature



(2) Over Ocean-Current Literature

(3) Precipitation Trends and Issues

(4) Meteorologic and Modern Air shed Considerations

(5) Cloud and Precipitation Physics

3. MSDS and Handling Procedures for O± Ionic Gases and Seeded Liquids




3. Technical Analysis of The Greater Vancouver Air Shed System (includes present geoengineering perturbations)

4. Dosage Calculations For:

(1) Defining a Standard Weather Modification Unit (for the purposes of this presentation)

(2) Pre-seeding Techniques for Suppression- Offshore and Onshore (CCN conditioning or removal)


(4) Formulating a Desirable Air Shed Weather Regime For the Fraser Valley- blue sky and albedo cycle creation.

(5) Accommodating Air Shed Weather Modification Plans for those Neighboring and Associated Locations:

▪ Moisture Transportation Concepts and Modeling of Weather Systems from Vancouver B.C. to Calgary and Lethbridge, Alberta Area While Only Relying on Organic and

existing anthropogenic aerosols.

5. Evaluation Criteria and Checklist

6. Larger Weather Systems- Removing Energy and Adding Inertia-Concept Modeling and Dosing

7. Critical Prerequisites: Natural Solar Radiation Management and Radiative Cooling Procedures this is ozone hole patch and OH dispersal at 7-10km which ages aerosols into smaller particles increasing albedo see

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Controlling aerosol size and age supports albedo management and precipitation management, while supporting radiative cooling at night by lowering the air's excess mass, allowing the heat to escape.

i. INDEX OF FIGURES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. FIGURES

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all of the Engineers who talked with me and provided feedback over the years, John Rusek, George Miley, Gilles Brule and many others. The Chemists Doug Bickley, and Paul Burgener, who opened doors and stimulated my imagination. My personal friend Aannie Cloosterman who has been a strong support through thick and thin of every kind, and those in my extended family and friends who invested in my work. Finally, my technology development advisers, Dave Schultz and Marcella Lafever, and the Interior Science Innovation Council, Ross Dickinson of EnEco WTE systems, for enabling the early and later research.

Abstract

Weather Modification methods today are applying partial effects to influence a multifaceted mechanism. The original mechanism of the atmospheric water cycle is regulated by the sun, the oceans,prevailing winds, geography, relative ionic charge, particulates/VOCs, and phase change with altitude and pressure variation and are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. This thesis deals with scientifically influencing the relative ionic charge of the natural hydro oxygen compounds in the water

cycle in order to trigger and suppress water precipitation. This science can also form the basis of remediation measures for droughts, desertification, water supply management that requires an effective non toxic methodology that is harmless to biological populations.

Foreword

The thesis deals with the applied technique, science and modeling to modify a specific weather system, using aerially dispersed oxygen ions which can be considered remedial. Later work will

include a dissertation on repairing the Earth's protective ozone layer which screens out deadly UV-A, UV-B and UV-C radiation and will add to the boundary layer cooling effects identified and

modeled in this thesis. This method of weather modification was not obvious to science until now because the hydro oxygen system in the atmosphere and the potential large scale source of ions in industry were not connected. This connection has now been made and the source of the ions is capturedand converted from carbon dioxide at larger combustion sites.

1. Motivation: Natural Trigger Weather Modification Science

Artificial chemical and ionic stimulation of the weather is not as effective as the natural system's physicochemistry because they are narrow in their impacts and not holistically broad and penetrating mechanisms. The natural supply of oxygen via water photolysis is interfered with by the use of the atmosphere as a pollution sink. The natural mechanism can be augmented without causing harm to life with what we presently know about weatherphysicochemistry and meteorology.

While existing natural weather has the potentialto be damaging, it can potentially be moderatedusing adjustments in the application of oxideions. There are electrochemical phenomenonassociated with precipitation as well because offriction and coulombic decay. Either positive ornegative oxide ions can create field polaritygradients which are useful, particularly inside acloud.

In the stock image provided, it is shown that thegrounding of negative charge from clouds is always occurring on the Earth, with up to 8 million strikes per day. Experimental work will determine if the very powerful oxide ions can affect or alter this phenomenon, potentially moderating but likely not suppressing lightning events in vulnerable air sheds.It may alter the cloud charge enough to significantly delay precipitation which accompanies these charge gradient triggers. For example, if positive ions are dispersed in the area that the negative charge will collect or collects, the charge cancellation may prove useful in creating a delay in charge transfers, nucleation cycles and precipitation. Experimental work eventually would determine the impact of the positive and negative ions. Negative ions also may deliver a nucleation triggering impact into the

clouds, lengthening, just as the ground based ionizers so, the nucleation sequence and increasing the size of the droplets and crystals and delivering more rain.

Another potentially good sequence is to disperse oxide into an open air shed without clouds to age the aerosols in the air shed, then when the convective cloud form in the area, there is a readiness to form CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) because when the aging process is enabled larger aerosols and VOC molecules are oxidized into smaller particles and atoms and are more hygroscopic when moisture merges with it, the condition of CCN formation is more facilitated. The charge on these delivered oxideion particles is also of interest (George, Ingrid Jennifer, 2009).

Pre charging the air shed before the moisture parcel arrives can increase or decrease the charge gradients and have an influence on precipitation.

A major goal of the weather enhancing remediation, is to remove the cloud cover for night time radiative cooling processes to be enabled. Resolving precipitation from a cloud, and having cloud systems dissipate for the night period allows cooling at dramatic rates, which can initiate snow pack accumulations at higher altitudes and increase watershed accumulations. This thesis will briefly addressdrought interruption in a later chapter. Figure I-1.0 Foreward: Improved Radiative Budget Impacts Using Clouds

REFERENCES

Ammann, Washington Et Al, “Climate Engineering Through Artificial Enhancement Of Natural Clouds”, Colorado State University, 1966 raw data; Battan 2003,Cloud Physics, Dover Publications; Derecho, “Introduction to Numerical Weather Prediction”, http://derecho.math.uwm.edu/classes/NWP/IntrotoNWP.pdf8, September 2015 ; M. Kerminen1,4, L. Laakso1,4,5, P. H. McMurry6, A. Mirme3, S. Mirme3, T. Pet¨aj¨a1, H. Tammet3, V. Vakkari1, M. Vana1,3, and M. Kulmala1, “Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations”,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 767–798, 2011; Sherwood, Bony, Boucher, “Adjustments in the Forcing-Feedback Framework for Understanding Climate Change”, Article in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · February2015

II. GENERAL ANALYSIS

1. Known State of the Art and shortcomings in Current Weather Modification

Current Literature and Operations

Current operations such as Weather Modification Inc. are widely applying Silver Iodide, at a dose of 455lbs per cloud of about 1 Km3 (Battan 2003,Cloud Physics), the current price is $80/Kg for the powder and the dosing calculation is based on providing these heavy mass particles into the cloud so that water will adhere to them and begin the process of nucleation. Broad dispersal of the silver iodide is the requirement for effective contact throughout the cloud interior. Carbon dioxide snow, and propane and salt spray are all used over the past 30 years, and experiments with CO2 and silver compounds started in the 1950's. The impact of these methods has been questioned, with the general result now being that cold weather seeding in mid-latitude clouds, the usual seeding strategy has been based on the fact that the equilibrium vapor pressure is lower over ice than over water. The preferential formation of ice particles in super cooled clouds allows those particles to grow at the expense of liquid droplets. If sufficient growth takes place, the particles become heavy enough to fall as precipitation from clouds that otherwise would produce no precipitation. This process is known as "static" seeding. The difficulty with this is that success is based upon physical dispersion and maximized dispersal with hygroscopic attraction to water, which forms the droplets or crystals.

Seeding of warm-season or tropical cumulonimbus (convective) clouds seeks to use the latent heat released by freezing. This strategy of "dynamic" seeding assumes that the additional latent heat adds buoyancy, strengthens updrafts, ensures more low-level convergence, and causes rapid growth of properly selected clouds. The shortcoming for this method is that the timing of this and the conditioning of the background air parcels with respect to cloud charge may not be conducive to a precipitation event at the desired locality.

Cloud seeding chemicals may be dispersed by aircraft or by dispersion devices located on the ground (generators or canisters fired from anti aircraft guns or rockets, aircraft, silver iodide flares are ignited and dispersed as an aircraft flies through the inflow of a cloud. When released by devices on the ground, the fine particles are carried downwind and upward by air currents after release. Gaseous oxideions will diffuse much more quickly than this solid and their nucleophilic dissolution into the cloud occurs also.

These are the general practices and a newer practice of ground based ionization using ion generators to add or remove electrons from the surrounding atmospheric gases and VOCs (volatile organic compounds)in known updraft conditions injects these ions into forming clouds and affects the physics of nucleation which is leading to statistically significant rainfalls. The ions generally updraft into the clouds, then trigger nucleation by electrostatic attraction and instilling a charge gradient that lengthens the nucleation sequence and thus increases droplet size. This methodology does not clean the air like hydroxyls from oxygen ions do in nature which leads to removal of almost all unwanted species from the environment which is a needed remedial impact, it is over-taxed and needing natural enhancement

because of modern emissions.

Figure II-1.0 Seeding and Ions

The overall global weather modification activities involves over 40 countries are applying these artificial methods with limited success and their mechanisms all are partial by comparison to the

original micro physics and chemistry that can now be accessed, and not in alignment with the actual chemistry mechanisms taking place naturally. The more complex original mechanism of cloud and precipitation electrodynamics and physics coupled to solar insolation has a simple common denominator- hydroxyl. They ensure both condensation and coalescence of CCN with moisture, and speed up these processes, leading to more numerous and faster rain/snow activation processes by enhancing particle-droplet coalescence and collection rates. They assist greatly in the wet removal of mass from the air, and allow radiative cooling post-precipitation.

Present artificial weather modification methods currently allow for existing -or contribute to- increased mass of the atmosphere, which blocks long wave radiation from exiting the atmosphere efficiently. A continuation of these methods will likely contribute to global warming via this trapping of heat waves. Ionization does not contribute to atmospheric mass, but is less mobile and does not mimic a natural electrochemical process, just an electrical process which has a ground based delivery limitation.

A secondary warming feedback is caused when the artificial chemicals are also a sink for the hydroxyl radical by being oxidized instead of other gases (i.e. Sodium forms NaOH, CL forms ClO2). These artificial weather modification methods thirdly contribute to warming indirectly by lowering the total number of hydroxyl; by lowering the sunlight supplied to the atmosphere, fewer hydroxyl are created or recycled from photolysis of Ozone, but presently, the Stratospheric Ozone layer is depleted, allowingphotolysis of ozone to occur at lower altitudes. Even with this increased production of hydroxyl ions, the net heat gain experienced in 2017 is the third hottest year on record in a row since the last ice age.


The sea salt cloud brightening and its damage to stratospheric ozone, which means, as stated by its proponents that once begun they have to continue it in order to block the damage from altering the UV radiation, which it causes via chlorine atoms in the NaCl and water vapor being lost to turbulence and lofting upwards to the stratosphere to destroy ozone and reduce its shielding effects for biological life. The key is how this oxide/oxidation remediation science can phase it out by natural radiative heat loss increase and ozone hole repair, cloud cover management and albedo enhancement. The continued intentional release of Cl atoms paradoxically necessitates the continued input of NaCl on cloud tops to reflect this destroyed UV radiation out to space. This essentially sets up a paradoxical “addiction cycle”as cautioned by the proponents where the solution is significantly worse than the problem over the longterm; the situation will deteriorate, and force the continued use of this methodology unless the atmosphere is holistically remediated. Causing the Chlorine to be rained out back to earth is part of the antidote and the hydroxyl in the right concentrations would increase this, and stop the ozone layer depletion by chlorine and the other halogens Bromine and Fluorine by displacing them with added natural oxide ions placed there to replenish the layer. In a subsequent dissertation, the instillation of oxide ions into the stratosphere to counter the effects of the halogen damage by hastening the recovery process will be discussed.

Water vapor changes-increased by high altitude air traffic-and a warming global temperature which increase atmospheric water carrying capacity causes two changes, water vapor which depletes ozone when the O1d atom contacts it, and forms 2OH instead of remaining as Ozone. This loss of Ozone flux at higher altitudes is becoming problematic for Earth system wide as reports of UV burns of plants and animals are being/have been published since the 1990’s.


Much peer reviewed study has now confirmed the ubiquitous effect of the hydroxyl ion, and detailed the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere as a natural and standard infrastructure mechanism to remove pollutants and biological emissions safely to ground. This original troposhperic mechanism, however, is being overtaxed by changed atmospheric constituents, and not enough of these ions are being generated by solar insolation to sustain clean air, and effective radiative cooling because of the changesin the radiation profile. A theory in addition to these facts is that if OH ions were created by oxide release above the cloud ceilings, the volatiles and aerosols at that altitude could be “aged”, which means the VOC and aerosols could break down into smaller particles and have an increased effect on the Earths' albedo (solar reflectivity). Negatively ionized Hydroxyl ions have promise as longer lasting in the environment when compared to cosmic radiation ionization created Hydroxyl radicals, accordingto work testing corona discharge created ions and comparing their lifetime to the cosmic radiation borne ions. This strengthens their potential beneficial impact and the economic case for performing a scientific release program.

Reaction termination of the hydroxyls is a well known mechanism, resulting primarily in chemically stabilized species which the natural system absorbs and re-utilizes in many ways. An example is peroxide, which is removed by dry deposition.

Since there are continuous natural hydroxyl sources, this application modality will always be important, the key is to minimize the destruction of this abundance and manage unnatural impurity levels such as Ozone Depleting Substances, (ODS), and pyramidines, Halogens, artificial benezenoid compounds. As the biome produces some natural atmospheric aerosol loads which can be optimized foralbedo by natural or induced aging, hydroxyl dispersal is a permanent remediation approach which alsocan significantly impact the weather because it is based on the original chemistry and physics mechanisms which evolved on this planet .

The indirect greenhouse gases (IGHG) are a sink for oxide ions via the hydroxyl radical. IGHGs reduce the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, which beneficially removes excess mass and high GWP ODS gases and consequently allows more radiation to escape the atmosphere and allow cooling. This can be accomplished while enhancing control of the lower troposphere weather with hydroxyl ions.

The concern is that the more atmospheric pulses of gases and aerosol molecules there are, humans are taxing the overall oxidative capacity, therefore, all present atmospheric discharges which are not hydroxyl ions effectively contribute to global warming and the indirect overload from every species on this vital oxidative capacity must be included.


If we only include on figure from the UNFCCC asking for global public funds in the amount of $100Bn per year from all countries to offset costs of Climate adaptation and remediation, we get a sense of the technical costs being evaluated. This does not cover species loss and human suffering.

III. CURRENT SCIENCE



The proposed opportunity is to augment the existing oxidation chemistry of the earth by adding oxide ions to moist air where it will form 2OH ions and then begin oxidative and ionic reactions and would serve humanity as a weather modification tool and be doubly beneficial by causing hig GWP GHG removal and albedo enhancement for a net cooling benefit. Anthropogenic and natural aerosols and gases combine with it and are generally removed at a molar ratio of between 1-6:1 depending upon the species encountered by the diffusing hydroxyl.

Experimental work in the lab, chamber and subsequent small field tests are needed first for full testing and assessment and discussed after this description of the work done is the presently understood opticaland absorption properties of CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) which make up a cyclic segment of weather on a daily basis, then into four-day cycles of chemical oxidative aging which primes the CCN for droplet production.

The direct first aerosol effect causes forcing and also albedo increase by decreasing droplet size, which means that once albedo is increased by the smaller droplets, coalescing the drops needs to be initiated

or augmented to cause precipitation and clearing for nighttime cooling effects. This would be a key operating principle for oxidativeweather modification. A proposed explanation of this principle is thatun-aged aerosols are hygrophobic and do not readily break the surface tension of water and merge with it until they have been oxidized. The oxygen-hydrogen that attaches to the particles makes them easily enter the water or attach to water as a nuclei. The geometry of this is shown below.

Testing can be done in localized clouds. Aerosol management using OH can include increasing cloud albedo, because when the biogenic and secondary aerosols are aged, the number of particles increases and the optical properties change as shown here for soot aerosol particles.

Figures II-2.0 Aerosol “Scattering Albedo”

Ranges for absorption enhancement and single scattering albedo (SSA) for aged soot particles derived by using a core-shell model and the measurements reported in Table 1. (Upper) The absorption enhancement depends on shell refractive index (ms) and core diameter (Dc) as demonstrated. Riverside had a lower value of ms (1.43) than Mexico City (ms # 1.49). (Lower) SSA shows a strong dependence on Dc. The wavelength used for the calculations was 532 nm.

Figure II- 3.0 Measured partial scattering cross-section (R) as a function of particle diameter (Dp). Soot particles detected in Mexico City (Upper) and Riverside (Lower) show the influence of aging on thelight scattering signals. The fresh soot particles (green points) have a nonspherical shape as indicated by a large amount of scattered light at small aerodynamic diameters. The more aged particles produce a pattern similar to that obtained for spherical coated particles. For larger particle sizes in Riverside, there are more scatters at low R due to the nonsphericity of fresh soot. For comparison, core-shell model results assuming different core diameters

(Dc) are plotted on top of the measured scattering data. Dc#0 represents the case of particles made of pure shell material (Aged species), and Dc # Dp represents the case of pure soot particles. The blue lines represent the processed data used to estimate Dc.

These figures show clearly that the aged aerosol also absorbs solar energy along with being reflective (but is not as effective as cloud). This is why OH ions would serve well as they bring this aged aerosol by aging it to precipitation readiness. The aerosol is generally more hygroscopic and is more ready to nucleate and coalesce at the effective saturation points. Once the aged aerosol has precipitated, the atmosphere is ready to allow increased radiative cooling, which is highly desirable in general and particularly for snow pack enhancement. The water which is “trapped in the atmosphere by warmer air/higher holding capacity and aerosol forcing” is then removed more effectively by these ions promoting precipitation via nucleation and coalescence.

REFERENCES

*Goyer et al, “Effects of electric Fields on Water Droplet Coalescence”, Journal of Meteorology,Volume 17, p 442*Hsieh, et al, “On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions”, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, D07201, Doi:10.1029/2008jd010502, 2009 *Lu et al, “Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratory and field studies”, AGU Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1002/2013GL058392*Mc Coy et al, “Natural aerosols explain seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo”, Climate Science, Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1500157 *Moffet, Prather K., “In-situ measurements of the mixing state and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing estimates”, 11872–11877, PNAS, July 21, 2009 vol. 106 no. 29, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory*Tomaso, Lupi, et al, “An update on polar aerosol optical properties using POLAR-AOD and other*Zhou et al, “Production of space charge at the boundaries of layer clouds”, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, D11203, Doi:10.1029/2006jd007998, 2007measurements performed during the International Polar Year”, Atmospheric Environment 52 (2012) 29e47

III. CURRENT SCIENCE



Chemical modeling shown in Schematic, pre oxidation, mid and post with the precipitation physics. Can be done in localized clouds for testing. Discuss OH recycling and how it prepares the area for agedCCN which when triggered, will then rainout.


2. Hydroxyl ions are harmless to humans, animals and plants. The original, natural in situ chemistry of the atmosphere has evolved to produce deposition and rain out chemistry pathwaysto the ground and waters. These are neutralized or oxidized compounds which the full spectrum of ordinary living organisms can tolerate or utilize as they have evolved to do this over millions of years.

References

(1) https://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php? idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=3&maxto=12&minto=1 ;retrieved Feb 16 2017.

https://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=3&maxto=12&minto=1

https://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447033&topicorder=3&maxto=12&minto=1

3. Gaseous and Solid Oxidation Products with Respect to Biome Health

Note: Harmless to humans animals and plants

(1)Small Scale Experimentation Strategy Summary

A Wilson or customized cloud chamber that allows the study of saturated and supersaturated CCN and aerosols to establish the predicted activation of precipitation, and coalescence cycle extension with the introduction of oxide ions in technically feasible doses. The application of Oxide to above cloud altitude aerosol regions to increase albedo may be partially confirmed as well. In these processes, the additional establishing of gaseous compression and pressure tank design are developed and evaluated by engineers.

(2) Cloud chamber testing will include the following studies:

a) Fick’s Law of diffusion applies as well as the solubility index of the oxide ion:The initial diffusivity was scoped at D=velocity*boltzmann*t K/-2, where velocity was 5.33m/s, and temperature was 274K, with a -2 ionic charge. The diffusivity at these conditions and 8 grams concentration is 1.004*10-20 J-m/sec. This would be a formula for calculating the cloud chamber diffusion fluxes at varying small concentrations. A more practical and detailed plume calculation is located in ChapterX.

b) Actual diffusion rate testing: An accommodating chamber with a set RH has a small dose introduced to see the diffusion rate to the walls, a light dose will produce a timesequence across the chamber to the electrical and oxide gas sensors on the walls. Thediffusion rate will guide conditions to test as outlined as examples below. For example an RH of 99.9% and non turbulent conditions and a known pressure and temperature that is commonly found in the environment. The wall concentration can then be tested by releasing that concentration level at the center so that the full diffusion rate beyond the walls is measured, simulating the open environment. Turbulent/non turbulent conditions reflecting release vehicle speed with existing wind speeds can be simulated.

c) coalescence activation through the dissolved mass fraction with varying levels of aerosols and gases, Tied to an actual, air shed profile in step sizes of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, weight% (mass fraction) at saturation levels ranging from 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 72, 75, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 100, 100.1, 100.2,100.3, 100.4, 100.8,101, 102, 103, % and 6 temperature levels, and 6 different barometric pressures. This database will refine the dose and time response of these found conditions, along with the counted CCN levels, which can be simulated, using a range of 10 different sizes. Theestimated dose is 6.11 Kg per 1Km3 of saturated mid-temperature cumulus clouds As

Shown in the Table II-1.0.

Example calculations:

d) The proposed formulae for activation to be used for prediction and evaluation of oxide dosing: Figure III-2.0

Figure III-2.0 Source: Hsieh, et al

Multi aerosol activation formula:

and the Saturation calculation:

(3) should show that bio-aerosols and anthropogenic aerosols have different saturation tendencies and affect actual diffusion rates.

e) Pre-conditioning of air parcels, and in cloud, below cloud dose applications may be done with either positive or negative ions. Typical Liquid water content of the cloudsthat precipitate starts at 0.5 grams per M3 and can be read by a droplet counter.

f) simulated on a small scale to confirm onset and timing of activation and coalescenceinitiation flexibility with the oxide ions.

g) Positive oxide ions will be applied to learn how this may impair or change activationcycles, and field charge profiles of simulated cloud.

(2) Precipitation Suppression and Triggering Open Air Testing & Evaluation See Figures V-1.0-V-8.0

a) A building with 200-400m3may be designed in the interim to evaluate bulk effects ofreleases into common cloud with 90-102% saturation.

b) Open air negative ion releases will be

I. into non saturated parcels that will become saturated

II. under fully saturated parcels

III. close and level with saturated parcels

IV. Releases over land, snow, ocean, and other orographic and elevation or terrain changes of significance, and post-anthropogenic regional releases of significant aerosols and gases.

V. Positive ions will be released to further investigate the findings in the laboratory on charge gradient reaction profiles of clouds, and evaluated for delaying activation for precipitation.

(3) Aging Aerosols Summary-size considerations for suppressing/enhancing CCN

This will be tied to droplet sizes and saturation in the psychrometric chart system under development sothat automated instruments can read the ions, (the average is 10 microns in size), count CCN, and droplet sizes in the field and determine the dose timings and sizes appropriate for the desired outcome in the specific air shed. The temperature, height and pressure will form the three variables that will guide the assessment of the maturity of the cloud for suppression or triggering. The saturation will provide guidance on how much time is available for stimulation or suppression.

(4) Precipitation Suppression and Triggering for Open Air Testing & Evaluation

This will be performed and tested firstly in the Wilson chamber, Large room testing platform and in theopen air field tests to experimentally determine effective doses.

(5) Aging Aerosols Summary-size considerations for suppressing/enhancing CCN

An average CCN ideal for precipitation or for albedo aerosol has been determined to be 10 microns andwill be verified experimentally.

REFERENCES

*George, Ingrid Jennifer, “OH-INITIATED HETEROGENEOUS OXIDATION OF ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC AEROSOLS”, PhD Thesis, Graduate Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, 2009.*Goyer et al, “Effects of electric Fields on Water Droplet Coalescence”, Journal of Meteorology,Volume 17, p 442*Hsieh, et al, “On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions”, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, D07201, Doi:10.1029/2008jd010502, 2009 *Liu et al, “Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratoryand field studies”, AGU Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1002/2013GL058392*Mc Coy et al, “Natural aerosols explain seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo”, Climate Science, Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1500157*Zhou, “Production of space charge at the boundaries of layer clouds”, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 112, D. 11203



The modern aerosol chemistry involves the atmosphere up to the troposphere, the ozone (2) profile has been altered above this point reduced and increased below. Figure IV-1.0 Troposphere Issues

Interpretation of Paleoclimatology and Albedo in light of Oxide Geoengineering: The albedo achieved is weaker than when low clouds are providing albedo, thus stimulating populations of clouds and cloud cycling is preferable. Fig IV-4.0 Strong and Weak Albedo

source: http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-klima4.htm

http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-klima4.htm

Low and high clouds work differently compared to the Sun's radiation of heat. Low clouds have a high albedo and reflect much sunlight back to space. High clouds on the other hand have a lower albedo and reflect little of the sun's rays back into space. Low clouds have a high infrared emission, which sends much heat into space, while high clouds only send little heat back into space as infrared radiation. Low clouds are dense allowing only a bit of the sunlight to penetrate them, while high clouds are thin and

transparent. Figure IV-5.0 Global Temperature Changes

Fig. IV-6.0 The best Infrared heat management system uses clouds;

Above we note that the higher clouds are less dense, and less refractive as a result identified as producing lower albedo/reflection. The current geoengineering paradigm would be functioning similarly- to act like the higher cloud scenario and return a warming effect because it is never as dense/refractive as real clouds. Also more cosmic rays increase clouds and cause cooling by increasing convection cycles from intensified surface warming (that can be achieved by their penetration) producelower clouds, which remain in the lower altitudes as the cosmic ray flux encourages that cycling, by more effective convection-scavenging- cosmic ray enhanced OH* formation and catalysis of aerosol and water collection physics. To offer mirrors at high altitudes would interfere with the penetration of

cosmic rays and result in stopping this key sub-infrared frequency activation system that cools. It is sub- infrared because it is seen y satellite that IR is readily reflected by the lower clouds in high cosmicray periods. Species radicalization such as the hydro oxygen species, are not electron based activations,these are different radiation based; therefore it is logical to attribute this lower, cooling cloud cycling tocosmic rays.

The whole notion that also an O1D, or an O radical then canbe created and enter H2O and form 2OH*/- becomes aninteresting postulation which would result in robustcollection geometry which are shown here starting withOH adhering to the PM via the Oxygen-Carbon atoms,leaving then hydrogen exposed and ready to geometricallyand electrically favor connecting to negatively chargedwater from a normal cloud: Fig IV-7.0 CCN

Precipitation-Collection also includes the OHn giving an H ligand surface exposure that attracts negative charge as either an Oxygen from water, and the H is smaller so it penetrates the water readily, (or a negatively charged droplet) which then quickly joins to the given “sharper, smaller” Hydrogen ligands. In this way collection is affected by charge and the geometry of the “sharper points of the Hydrogen” penetrates and attracts to the Oxygen of OH and water molecules, particularly with extra electrons which typically congregate at the bottom area of droplets, so this would be the leading edge when they are falling onto the positive side of lower droplets- a perfect higher collection rate geometry combination. Fig IV-8.0 Droplet Coalescence with Ionic and Electron Relationship

(2) Over Ocean-Current Troposphere Profile

Cleaner troposphere moist air convects and evaporates from warmer currents over the oceans, moves over land and mixes, is impacted by shipping and flying routes, is beneath the same damaged stratospheric profile, contains biogenic aerosols which are good CCN, and responds to the orographic changes of the land, and deposit water or snow there unless hydrophobic anthropogenic compounds interfere, and they are mixing with masses over land as described in (1) above. The liquid water contentof a cloud that will precipitate is 1 gram per M3.

(3) Precipitation Trends and Issues-Current Literature

Climate scientists in 2018 are now modeling for high rainfall trends and zero snow pack accumulation in light of the average global and regional climate temperatures. Stocking water has now changed to wet storage and snow and ice deposits are predicted to completely disappear every year.

(4) Cloud and Precipitation Physics in the Environment

We will generically present the novel weather modification graphics in the next chapter using oxygen ions and hydro oxygen ions to influence the precipitation and rainfall suppression stages of clouds. Theground based testing will produce guidance on effective dosages, and it is well understood that the processes discussed are present in the clouds; the thesis is that they can be influenced successfully for the purposes stated in this paper.

Figure IV-9.0 Radiative Forcing by Aerosols: Proof

The changes in radiative forcing show that aerosols have a very large impact on the radiation accumulation budget and it suggests that this did not change after geoengineering operations, but continued to exacerbate. Direct data is not currently released but nothing suggests that this will change. This supports the case for intentional removal via oxidation would be more successful and effective.

3. Proposed MSDS and Handling Procedures for O± Ionic Gases and Seeded Liquids

Oxide O2+, O2-, Reference MSDS is Hydrogen Peroxide

LC50 of ingredient

O2-Inhalation 50% of H2O2 LC50O2+ Inhalation route 10% of H2O2 LC50

Accidental release Leaks-ventillate aggressively and close leak or allow area to clear of gas, which is lighter than air, and should not pool in lower areas

Potential Acute Health Effects:Minimally hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), High Hazard with eye contact (oxidant). Not Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive), Hazardous for eyecontact (corrosive), of ingestion, very and most hazardous in case of inhalation (moisture in mucous membranes oxidizer). Liquid or spray mist may producetissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns in the positive ions.Inhalation of the spray gas or liquified mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortnessof breath. Prolonged exposure may result in lung burns, inflammations, and ulcerations. Over-exposure by inhalation may cause respiratoryirritation. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized byitching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.Potential Chronic Health Effects:CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to lungs, mucous membranes. Repeated or prolongedexposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Eye Contact:Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of waterfor at least 15minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.Skin Contact:In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothingand shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly cleanshoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.Serious Skin Contact:Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medicalattention.Inhalation:If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medicalattention immediately....

Fire Fighting

Remove fuel source or contact with it by barrier of foam in concert with CO2 extinguisher if necessary

Autoignition temp : 150'C with fuel source

Is a combustion fuel accelerant at >150'C

Combustion Products

oxides from the fuel

Handling and StorageFollow all standard safe handling procedures for compressed gases and have aggressive ventillation availableand follow all caustic liquid safe handling procedures for liquid formulations with water

STORAGE

Protect tank integrity and security at all times and regularly test tanks according to specifications

Exposure Control Personal Protection

Use a pre-testable ion counter if the count drops by 2 or increases by 2 in 2m2 area, don SCBA protection if more mechanical ventilation does not reduce the ion count, perform a leak sniffing protocoland repair the leak or move the tank to outdoors or large doorway and secure a perimeter until the tank empties.

SPECIFICATIONS: Air Ion Counter-10°C to 50°C, Wind Speeds < 15 km/hr (9 mph)Range/Resolution:2 million / 10 (ions/cc), 200 million / 100 (ions/cc)Accuracy1:+/- 20% of reading at 2 million 1000/cc at 200 million +/-2% repeatabilityNoise:10 ions/cc (1 second averaging)Display:5.5 digit, present value & peak value simultaneously displayedMeter Size:7.6 x 4.0 x 1.8 inches; (165.0 x 94.0 x 76.0 mm)Weight:20 oz (567 g)Battery:(4) AA alkaline (~16 hour life) "Low Battery" indicator

Properties

Gas or solute in watermass is 16g/cc

Vapor pressure, Density, and Freezing point:Half of Oxygen gas

Boiling PointSame as water

Evaporation

Same as water

Solubility Infinite

pH: 22

Stability and Reactivityreacts on contact with moisture

Incompatibility

Strong or concentrated acids

Negative ions in water in water vapor are not hazardous, positive ions tend to gradually reduce the energy and stamina of workers. Positive ion gas, is doubly taxing on inhalation of high concentrations above 2ppm as it is an aggressive electron acceptor at the membrane surface in addition to forming 2-OH+ on contact with H2O. Keeping exposure limits to 20% to half of hydrogen peroxide limits is advised for OH+ from O2+.

Toxicological

Anoxic Hypoxia due to lung congestion, dyspnea.

Fatigue for O2+ and OH+

Ecological Information

pH created in water over 8.2 is not acceptable to most ocean life, or fresh water organisms

Disposal Considerations

Ventillate waste gas, dispose of OH liquids in regular sewer systems or spread on mineral soils

Transport Information

Apply rules and protocols of Chlorine gas to these ions in the tanks an particularly for the Positive ions

Regulatory

Same as Chlorine gas

Federal and State Regulations:New York acutely hazardous substances: Hydrogen Peroxide Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Hydrogen PeroxidePennsylvania RTK: Hydrogen Peroxide Florida: Hydrogen Peroxide Minnesota: Hydrogen Peroxide Massachusetts RTK:Hydrogen Peroxide New Jersey: Hydrogen Peroxide TSCA 8(b) inventory: Hydrogen Peroxide SARA 302/304/311/312extremely hazardous substances: Hydrogen Peroxide CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Hydrogen Peroxide: 1 lbs. (0.4536kg);Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).Other Classifications:WHMIS (Canada):CLASS C: Oxidizing material. CLASS E: Corrosive liquid. CLASS F: Dangerously reactive material.

DSCL (EEC):HMIS (U.S.A.):Health Hazard: 3Fire Hazard: 0Reactivity: 1Personal Protection:

REFERENCES

Hansen, Kathryn, Lacis, Andrew,”Carbon dioxide controls Earth's temperature”, 14 October 2010, Phys.org, NASA

McCoy et al, “Natural aerosols explain seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo” CLIMATE SCIENCE 2015



The United Nations has placed a moratorium (2012) on geoengineering and solar radiation management operations which is not being observed. The protocols proposed in this thesis are remedialGeochemistry rather than geoengineering because they are restorative back toward a non toxic natural state rather than using toxic synthetic materials and destructive directed energy such as ELF or microwave.


◦ Meteorology of air shed and downstream and affected adjacent air sheds

◦ geoengineering history and impacts

◦ Orographic parameters and geography

3. Technical Analysis of The Greater Vancouver Air Shed System

4. Recommended Dosage Calculations Are For:

(1) Definition a Standard Weather Modification Unit= 1 Km3

(2) Note about weather modification as a natural radiation budget management system using the water vapor of clouds; this is the most superior method because water vapor deflects the most IR and white light back to space. In addition the following can be achieved;

▪ IR (heat) blocking and venting

▪ Methane oxidation at the same time

▪ Aging aerosols for albedo enhancement

▪ Precipitation management

▪ Weather entrainment

▪ Increasing Cloud scavenging of anthropogenic aerosols and cloud brightening

▪ Normal RH

▪ Ecosystem management

(3) Techniques

Figure V-1.0 Removing Energy in Early Formation

Discussion: Reversing the normal polarity of positive above and negative below the standing cloud will hinder the electro chemistry which triggers precipitation by changing the attraction and collection of droplets, but the precise dosages to achieve this must be found experimentally. 6 Kg per Km3 of cloud is a good theoretical starting dose.


Figure V-2.0 Describes Entrainment Using Positive Ions at the level of the Cloud:

Discussion: we assume that the main body of the natural cloud is negative in polarity and thus would entrain well into positive receiving air parcels. Should this not be the case, then the opposite – negative- polarity would be advised to create entrainment. Clouds which have been treated maximally with ions should be left for two hours to re-establish natural charge character and preparation focus on the receiving air parcels could be preplanned for further suppression or triggering management. The rectangles with charge signify 6Kg of OH- or oxide ions. Figure V-3.0 Preconditioning Convective Moisture

Suppression preparation such as above with freshly convected moisture means that the high side is made negative and the low side is made positive. To entrain the moisture into the area positive doses onthe high side would be added alternately while suppressing. These doses are fast acting compared to other methods because of the electrical action, anticipated to take around 20 minutes after release to disperse and affect.

Note that when receiving air parcels are being prepared with ions, both positive and negative ions will serve to age any aerosols in the area, making the parcel receptive to moisture, to providing good CCN and thus precipitating and so there is a case for not treating a receiving air parcel also. Aging aerosols isimportant for increasing the overall albedo of the atmosphere without adding toxic materials or metals to the environment, a need that is becoming very high.

Figure V-4.0 Describes Ionic Conditioning of the receiving Air Parcel:

The freshly convected moisture is missing particulates and will normally meet a receiving air parcel that is holding biogenic or other aerosols. With this being ocean water convection, the technique would involve allowing the clouds to fully saturate and possibly trigger them before they reach shore, or suppress them so that they reach further inland. To increase freshwater capture as rain or snow, the orographic profiles of the neighboring and downwind air sheds will show what is called for along withthe desired land use of these areas. An up-down-up, or a down-up-down pattern for the moisture is generally a cycling approach. When suppression is interpolated, the cycling pattern is changed. Suppression techniques while operating notable also are adding to the albedo of the atmosphere, thus are beneficial.

When negative ionization above the cloud is added, it changes the polarity of the cloud or moisture parcel and suppresses polarity that causes precipitation when saturated. Convection can be initiated bytriggering a cloud to rain. Several doses of negative ions in the receiving downstream air parcels at cloud level or above can encourage convected moisture to attach to CCN and build into a precipitation system before it is triggered.

Figure V-5.0 Describes Triggering Precipitation from the Rear Side of the Cloud:

If a rapid triggering is needed then polarizing space behind the cloud and attracting or entraining it backwards while negatively polarizing the cloud lower side would trigger precipitation and encourage it in the immediate vicinity. This is the triggering charge on a cloud. Estimated doses range from 3Kg for each positive or negative ionization up to 6 Kg per each dose initially.

The positive polarity at the top is balanced by negative below the cloud and then positive receiving air parcel seeding is done to create an entrainment pathway for the mainly negative cloud/s. Once the cloud is in the desired area it can be triggered or suppressed. It is notable that when suppression action is taken, the ions are removing energy from the system and environment, lowering the kinetic energy ofsystems and may be applicable to tornadoes and hurricanes and this warrants small scale and possibly larger scale testing.

Figure V-6.0 Describes Precipitation Triggering in a Normal Cloud:

Figure V-7.0 Describes Suppression and Energy removal Prior to Storm or Tornado Cell:

This graphic shows that electrons are being removed from this system. With a tall convection column alot of positive ions can be added to keep the polarity reversed and the energy lowered. In this case testing to see what the effective doses would be is obviously warranted. The energy of tornadoes ranges with size and number of cells in the system. Since the ions carry or remove about 192 kJ/mole

of electrons, it can be estimated that a cylinder 1km x 1km height holds 3 x1012 J of energy. Testing to

remove a portion of this energy that suppresses the highly damaging impact can be conducted. One Tonne of oxide+2 ions could remove (1000000grams /16g/mole)*(192000 Joules/mole)/1000000 Joules= 12,000MJ of electrons (1.2x1010Joules). A tonne of oxide has 1/250th of the energy as electrons, so if it will leverage to polarity suppression and change the voltage across the cloud as previously discussed it may be quite effective and be entrainable such that as it moves out of the area the energy is reduced further. Figure V-8.0 Describing Suppression of Large Hail Storm Cells:

This is an example of leveraging the polarity of the cloud and the determination that the upper and lower charges are encompassing the cloud and serving as the actual effective charge balance vertically bracketing the cloud need to be determined with field measurements so that the oxide can be applied effectively with the most economy. The charge of the free electrons in the cloud averages similar to as shown in the following figure from Zhou and Tinsley;

We see the ion concentration in (b) as 5.0 x 109 Joules/M3, which translates into 5.0x 1015J/Km3 (as ions)and is the found background space charge that would be included in the total energy of a specific system such as a tornado. Since the charge density at less depth into the cloud is higher, this is stronglysuggestive that the outer charges bracket the cloud and serve as the points where polarity should be

considered when managing the cloud system. This would suggest that the outer envelopes of systems will allow for leveraging of charge and lead to more economical doses of oxide when managing the charges. Figure V-9.0 Showing space Charge Distribution in Warm Clouds:

Figure V-10.0 Visual Rendering of Charges in Warm Clouds

Discussion of Figure II-16.0: It shows here the space charge combined with the ionic distribution for 4

stages of cloud maturity. The first three are the most relevant for active management and one can see that the two interim mature stage diagrams show the elevated negative charge below the cloud as the prevailing cloud charge balance. It is here that the window exists for triggering and suppression, and it appears large enough between these two stages to very opportune. A normal cloud will take up to two hours to precipitate thus aerial dispersion of ions which are near relativistic on these chemistry scales isvery opportune and could involve very economical doses of the ions. The added benefit of ion dispersal is that the oxygen adds to the aerosols and pollution scavenging of the cloud system, which can lead to cloud brightening effects over time through PM and black carbon removal, which enhances the albedo program.

5. Formulating a Desirable Air Shed Weather Regime For the Fraser Valley

The Fraser Valley on the coast of British Columbia might benefit from oceanic preconditioning of cloud parcels including polarity reversal to delay rain, or moderate it since it is a rain forest belt. Watercloud at the far East end of the valley can also be polarity reversed to encourage moisture to travel as vapor farther into the mountainous region before precipitating. On overcast periods where triggering precipitation would remove the cloud and encourage sunny periods, the positive upper and negative lower natural polarity can be increased to hasten the rain. These two primary approaches would add valuable control of albedo, cooling, and heat venting as well as add sunny days to the average year for the Fraser Valley. If ions are added to the air shed offshore to enhance scavenging of pollution, this could improve air quality in the region while establishing a desired charge balance for a forming weather pattern. On clear days the solar activity will increase the biogenic aerosol pulses. These can be enhanced for albedo cover with ions of either polarity depending upon what weather is going to follow and what is desired for the air shed with this weather as both types of ions will oxidize the aerosols. The positive ions will not encourage however, the standard polarity pattern and will tend to delay precipitation, which may be desired more often. This would also contribute to air quality by removing GHGs and anthropogenic pulses more aggressively.

(This next air shed description is excerpted from the end of chapter referenced paper by Hayden et al, edited for grammar and context.) “Under convective conditions, the boundary layer (surface area wherefrictional drag, evaporation and transpiration, heat transfer, pollutant emission and terrain induced flow modification occurs) is generally well-mixed with a temperature inversion capping further vertical mixing. Mixed layer depths in the Lower Fraser Valley have a dominant effect in determining the severity of ozone episodes which are significant. Under conditions of light onshore winds and strong insolation, the mixed layer becomes a Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) in the coastal zone. Over distances up to 100 km, this layer rises from its over-water depth (typically 50 to 100m) to a continental depth (typical 1500 to 2000m). The presence of a well-defined temperature inversion usually fell within the 2 K km- 1 range which defines the mixed layer depth, with few exceptions, the difference between the top and bottom of the inversion layer is greater than 1 Km and the vertical extent is more than 50m. Because of strong convective activity, mixing can extend above the derived mixed layer depth into the inversion layer.

Langley mixed layer depths are lower than those derived by aircraft profiles at Abbotsford Airport, which is located further in the valley. Within the valley the aerosol depths were nearly identical to the

mixed layer heights because the valley is largely flat and near sea level. processes have been identified in this valley (elevated plumes from sources and recirculation from orographic flows) leading to elevated layers that produce stronger signals than the surface-generated aerosols, especially in morning hours. There was a large increase in the general 200 m boundary layer depth over the urban area of Vancouver and in the eastern part of the valley near Abbotsford. The former bulge is due to the heat island of the city of Vancouver. The latter boundary layer increase appears to be greatest at the U.S./Canadaborder and is due to the aerosols produced by the refineries near Cherry Point in Washington state. The boundary layer grows monotonically from the shoreline inland at the north side of the valley. On the southern side, however, the aerosol in the vicinity of Abbotsford shows a greatly increased depth. This haze mass appeared to be residual material left from the previous day and was noted not to be associated with the Vancouver plume at this time of the morning. The aerosol depth was generally 300m throughout the entire land portion of the LFV and below 100m over the Georgia Strait. The gradient of the mixed layer depth from the shoreline was quite steep in the vicinity of Vancouver and could be interpreted as the morning heat island plume from the city being advected eastward in the early afternoon sea breeze. The boundary layer can grow to about 600-700 m in the mid-LFV and become about 300 m near the shoreline and in the eastern end of the valley. The lidar results have shown that the boundary layer structure, when corrected for underlying topography, is driven primarily by three factors: local heating (including buoyancy effects from the urban heat island of Vancouver city), stability of the overlying inversion, and IBL growth from the shoreland eastward into that inversion. Figure 11.0 Internal Boundary Layer of the Lower Mainland Coast

One conclusion which can be drawn is that the IBL growth near the shoreline can be modelled with reasonable accuracy for the middle of the nonurbanized part of the valley. However, when the boundarylayer grows above 500m (at distances far inland or where there are significant buoyant sources, such as the urban heat island of Vancouver), the less stable layer above 500m comes into play and convection isless restrained. This explained many of the large height "bubbles" which are seen in the lidar mixing height contours. In these cases, the heating penetrates the strongest early morning lapse rate and extends into the less stable air above, generally with another inversion at the ~ 1-1.5km level which is tied to the orography at the north of the valley. The lidar measurements (squares) are compared to the IBL model (solid curve). Extra heating is seen from an industrial plume at 10 km and Vancouver downtown at 27 km, while at 35 km the cool surface of Burrard Inlet collapses the boundary layer.

Orographic effects and urban heat sources need a more sophisticated model than simple IBL models and will be needed to detail the mixing height growth through the valley (for adjacent and downstream air shed incorporation).

Chemical mixing: during midday, a photostationary state is a good approximation and a chemical relationship exists where the ambient ozone is proportional to the ratio of NO2/NO. The vertical 03 profiles were used as a qualitative indicator of a well-mixed boundary layer. However, it is important toexamine the parallel NO and NOr (includes NO2, NO, HNO3 and PAN) profiles because local ground level emissions of NO will rapidly titrate (decrease) ozone with a corresponding increase in NO2. Pollutants overlying the inversion can be important in entrainment processes resulting in chemical concentration increases in the boundary layer.

On the basis of temperature profiles, daytime mixed layer depths were observed to vary significantly from day to day during the period of observations. On days in which boundary layer ozone concentrations were relatively high (particularly 1-5 August), mixed layer depths were in the range 500-800 m. These characteristically shallow mixed layers can be attributed to a combination of synoptic scale subsidence and the nearshore thermal internal boundary layer structure. On the simple mixing of pollutants from surface emission sources through a convective mixed layer it should take into account the possibility of downward mixing from layers aloft and recirculation of pollutants on timescales longer than a day. The results described herein are in broad agreement with studies of mixedlayer depth elsewhere in complex coastal terrain.”

(5) Accommodating Air Shed Weather Modification Plans for Neighboring and Associated Air Shed Locations: Initializing Weather Modification and Maintaining Weather Modification: Principles

Discussion: The 100 mile planning vicinity rule of thumb should apply, as this is approximately up to three air sheds’ distance on average from the Fraser Valley. This allows for preemptive triggering and suppression plans to be alternated appropriately in a region after testing, which can optimize for a desired outcome and also fit in with cooling and albedo enhancement strategies. The complex geography will also influence the planning region and ocean origin of moisture and weather needs up to150 miles. If very large weather systems regularly occur they should be taken into account holistically and as to their consistent impacts as they often couple with meteorological and oceanic phenomenon.

Each air shed consistently receives a small variety of weather changes, and thus has a generally predictable character, which is typically going to be reversed, hastened or delayed in the modification process. These changes affect the adjacent air sheds and can reverse patterns all along the “weather track” Eastward in the case of the Canadian West coast. North-South interactions will be affected less significantly but greatly affected by the geography of the mountain ranges. Mountain ranges can become a target for a potentially more effective water storage strategy should this science prove to be as powerful as calculations and natural processes that already incorporate it suggest.

▪ Moisture Transportation Concepts and Modeling of Weather Systems from Vancouver B.C. to Calgary and Lethbridge, Alberta Area While Relying on biogenic and decreasinganthropogenic aerosols.

Discussion: each time there is an orographic trigger for precipitation on the way into Alberta from the West coast, the upstream air parcels can be polarity reversed commensurate with the strength of the trigger and prevailing cloud saturation and meteorology. In the way, generally the water is kept moving toward the interior of the continent Eastward unless needed for snow pack or watershed. Also, as convection of precipitation back up to the cloud layer occurs, the polarity can be kept neutral and reversed when needed in order to move saturated cloud through a region where it can accumulate and rain.

In some cases, (after specific area field testing), to trigger rain and convection early to re-transport the moisture aloft, particularly in warm weather, through to the next downstream region, where it may be better delayed and moved even further onward in a desired direction. By preemptively triggering rain this way, one also avoids causing drought, and encourages cooling from a phase change of gas to liquidin combination with vapor removal for thermal venting-possible for nighttime as well as pollution scavenging. That regime helps cool the region by six fold over present persistent thin high cover geoengineering perturbations and aerosol dispersions. Biogenic aerosols in a management pathway can be predetermined and utilized; they can be aged naturally or with ions or left to cause some forcing which delays precipitation in the aerosolized parcel. These are key maintenance principles that will activate adjacent regions’ management needs to be assessed and anticipated. This will trigger activationof the adjacent air shed planning and treatment as favorable upstream patterns are modified successfully and then bring a new result to the adjacent air shed, for which modeling, planning and execution can be started. Line of prevailing winds over a continental area will guide the adjacent planning schemes and will afford some exclusion when the air shed is not downstream or affected.

(7) Evaluation Criteria and Checklist

A fundamental principle is to establish the meteorological patterns of the air shed before modification so that if there is withdrawal of modification, the default patterns are known. It is anticipated that the defaults will return within two weeks after a regional weather modification withdrawal. Snow pack and watershed enhancement use a different science than Silver iodide, and field testing will reveal the effective calibration of these systems as they meet the orographic features where precipitation is desired. The positive ions will absorb free electrons and ionic energy and limits of their safety as well as rebalancing doses should be established while field testing for the sake of plants and animals.

(8) Larger Weather Systems- Removing Energy and Adding Inertia-Concept Modeling and Dosing. Here is an example calculation. Table 1.0 A mass of Ions Can Absorb Electric Voltage;

Three different methods or approaches are presented for absorbing energy from the cloud. One is a more complex activation formula which provides a guide for what to take into account for triggering precipitation. It can be seen as a pro precipitation combination of energy transfer, saturation (pychrometrics), attraction, and geometry and an anti precipitation combination of excess heat, aerosol forcing and hygroscopic material introduction, and the latter can be remediated by cessation or oxidation.

(9) Critical Prerequisites: Natural Solar Radiation Management and Radiative Cooling effects are built into this plan and the other prerequisite will be that the plant biome has the reinstated Ozone layer because present particle dispersal methods would need to be halted and the Ozone layer repaired with oxygen. It might be pointless to omit Ozone layer remediation when performing cloud management because UV radiation appears to be increasing in step with geoengineering; reports are pending. This restoration is the subject of an upcoming PhD dissertation. A psychrometric chart system for predicting when the clouds can be triggered or suppressed is in postdoctoral development and will guide operations.

REFERENCES

*Effiong And Richard L. Neitzel, “Assessing The Direct Occupational And Public Health Impacts Of Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosols”, Environmental Health (2016) 15:7

*Hansen,1 M. Sato,1,2 L. Nazarenko,1,2 R. Ruedy,1,3 A. Lacis, Et Al, “Climate Forcings In Goddard Institute For Space Studies Si2000 Simulations”, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, 2002

*Hayden, K. G. Anlauf, R. M. Hoff, J. W. Strapp, J. W. Bottenheim, Et Al, “THE Vertical Chemical And Meteorological Structure Of The Boundary Layer In The Lower Fraser Valley During Pacific '93”,Atmospheric Environment Vol. 3l, No. 14, Pp. 2089-2105, 1997

*Hsieh et al, “On the representation of droplet coalescence and auto conversion: Evaluation using

ambient cloud droplet size distributions”, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, D07201, Doi:10.1029/2008jd010502, 2009

*J. Giachardi~ G.W.Harris And R:P;Wayne, “Excited State Formation In The H + O2 System”, Chemical Physics Letters · May 1975

*Law1, Rachel , Yu-Han Chen2, Kevin R. Gurney3, “TransCom 3 Co2 Inversion Intercomparison: 2. ∗Sensitivity Of Annual Mean Results To Data Choices”, Tellus (2003), 55b, 580–595

*Limin Zhou1,2,3,4 and Brian A. Tinsley2, “Production of space charge at the boundaries of layer clouds”, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, D11203, doi:10.1029/2006JD007998, 2007

*McKendry, Ian, “PM10 Levels In The Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada: An Overview Of SpatiotemporalVariations And Meteorological Controls”,Journal Of The Air & Waste Management Association, 9-2016

*Moffet, Prather, “In-situ measurements of the mixing state and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing estimates”, 11872–11877 # PNAS # July 21, 2009 # vol. 106 # no. 29

*northwest Hydraulic Consultants, “LOWER Fraser River Hydraulic Model Final Report”, Fraser Basin Council, 2006

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*Rojas et al, “Aging Oxidation Reactions on Atmospheric Black Carbon by OH Radicals. A TheoreticalModeling Study”, Article in The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · November 2015

*Schnell1, Michael J. Prather1, Beatrice Josse2, Vaishali Naik3, Larry W. Horowitz4, Guang Zeng5, Drew T. Shindell6, And Greg Faluvegi, “Effect Of Climate Change On Surface Ozone Over North America, Europe, And East Asia”, Geophysical Research Letters · March 2016*Takahashi, “Numerical Simulation of Warm Cloud electricity”, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 31, 1974

*Tomasi et al, “An update on polar aerosol optical properties using POLAR-AOD and othermeasurements performed during the International Polar Year”, 14 February 2012, Atmospheric Environment.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Controlling aerosol size and age supports albedo management and precipitation management, while supporting radiative cooling at night by lowering the atmosphere’s present excess constituent mass which is blocking a lot of normal heat escape. Extraordinarily elevated atmospheric CO2 that is now an

ongoing state and with this the altitude at which heat will escape will remain higher, so the cavity of extra warming it creates is larger. (figure X-1.0). Within the extra CO2 we can effect an oxygen ion based weather modification system, displace SRM with Ozone layer repair, cloud management and achieve all of our desired intervention goals. Further along, these goals can include even draw down of CO2 with technology using the ocean or freshwater with oxygen ions adsorbing the CO2 into the water, and the CO2 then can be destroyed safely as a solid.

The present methane blowout at the poles from the permafrost and the oceanic clathrate deposits is going to extinct species even further and raise temperatures by up to 5’C by an undeterminable date which could be as soon as 2030 depending upon the size and extent of the blowout. Using oxygen in a timely manner will reduce the loss of life and help mitigate climate disaster globally in numerous ways.Plants and other life forms can thrive at about 320ppm CO2 levels, but in combination with the hot interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system, the compounded warming will harm and kill species widely and this is now happening. By far the best infrared heat deflection system involves leveraging Earth’s water clouds to reflect it outward to space. The numerous down sides of declassified geoengineering work is becoming well known and understood as we are forced to actually experience itin active operation and this alternative with oxygen ions has few if any long term negative impacts.

The facts about oxygen in our geochemical history reveal that it has consistently triggered cooling in the narrative and chemistry of the fossil record and the Snowball Earth phenomenon, and when CO2 levels rise, temperatures rise, then methane levels rise, then a warm period occurs between ice ages. The plants then issue high levels of oxygen, which rise to upper levels, oxidize methane in conjunction with solar ionization, the heat escapes, and cooling is again triggered. The spiral arm galaxy has caused hot interstellar clouds to be a factor in this historical galactic arm rotation pattern also and we are amidst the washout of a spiral arm now and combined with human caused levels of CO2 which helped tip the balance to force the methane gas release -as has happened without human presence in thepast.

Since we know that oxygen is the cooling trigger, we have the knowledge of the past to guide an ion release, and this paper outlines many of the principles and benefits. The only difficulty is launching 8GW of combustion from renewable fuel to produce oxygen from its CO2 product for use. This technology has been modeled and designed and could potentially be the best hope that we have for stabilizing our planetary environment in a sustainable manner.

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