• Natural Order Hypothesis

• Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis

• Monitor Hypothesis

• Input Hypothesis

• Affective Filter Hypothesis

Krashen’s Five Hypotheses

ELL Iceberg

BICS

CALP

“My own bias…is to avoid use of the terms conscious and unconscious in second language theory. I believe that these terms are too laden with surplus meaning and too difficult to define empirically to be useful theoretically. Hence, my critique of Krashen’s distinction between learning and acquisition-a distinction that assumes that it is possible to differentiate what is conscious from what is unconscious.”

McLaughlin, 1990

McLaughlin’s Attention-Processing Model

Controlled: New skill, capacity limited

Automatic: well-trained, practiced skillCapacity is relatively unlimited

FOCALIntentional attention

•Grammatical explanation of a specific point•Word definition•First stages of “memorizing” a dialog

•Keeping an eye out for something•Advanced L2 learner focuses on modals, clause formation, etc.•Monitoring oneself while talking or writing•Scanning•Editing

PERIPHERALIncidental attention

•Simple greetings•The later stages of “memorizing” a dialog•TPR•New L2 learner successfully completes a brief conversation

•Open-ended group work•Rapid reading, skimming•Free writes•Normal conversational exchanges of some length

Attention Processing Model