natural resources chapter 7. minerals environment: all resources, influences, and conditions near...
TRANSCRIPT
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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
Chapter 7
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MineralsMinerals
Environment: all resources, influences, and conditions near Earth’s surface
Renewable resource: can be replaced in nature at a rate close to the rate used
Nonrenewable resource: fixed amount; used faster that can be replaced in nature
93% of world’s energy = nonrenewable
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Which of the following is most likely made from a nonrenewable resource?
A. breadB. gasolineC. oxygenD. lumber
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What percent of the world’s energy comes from nonrenewable energy resources?
A. 100 percentB. 93 percentC. 75 percentD. 7 percent
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Earth’s MineralsEarth’s Minerals Elements can be nonmetal/metal Important metallic elements in minerals Ore mineral: valuable mineral; contains metallic
elementGangue: rest of the rock
Other valuable minerals not found in ore (nonmetallic)
Sand, gravel, rock salt, talc, graphite, etc
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Supply & DemandSupply & Demand
Like a storeWant to supply products to meet the needs of shoppers
Minerals work the sameProblem = natural ability to replace used minerals
Reserve: deposits of a mineral in ores that are worth mining
Difficult to determine where they exist b/c the world hasn’t been explored for all minerals
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Minerals are non-renewableKnowing size of the reserve + rate at which it is being used determine how long it will last
Use continues reserves in the US will be used up within the next 60 years
Why are these resources important?Iron steel skyscrapers, buildings, tunnelsCopper electrical wiring and makes brassZinc protects from rustAluminum cans, cookware, bicycle framesLead car batteries, shields around radioactive material
Must plan for when the resources will not be aroundDecrease in demand = longer availability, but will eventually be gone
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A mineral reserve refers toA. the rate at which the mineral is usedB. the cost of mining the mineralC. the equipment needed to find the mineralD. the known deposits of the mineral that are
worth mining
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Although the mining process can be difficult and expensive, metal mineral reserves are mined because
A. metals are easily locatedB. there is little demands for metalsC. metals are useful and there is a great
demand for themD. metals cannot be imported
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Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources Nonrenewable Energy
Fossil fuelsUranium
Fossil fuelFormed from the remains of organisms that lived millions of years agoCoal, petroleum, natural gasBurning = release of energyUsed much faster than they are formingCoal used in power plants to generate electricity
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Fossil fuels (cont.)Petroleum (i.e. oil) liquid– Recovered by drilling– Slow chemical changes in organic matter
Compacted & oil/gas forced into pores of sandstone/limestone (usually in shale)
– Oil trap keeps oil/gas from escaping
Natural gas = mix of methane & other hydrocarbon gases
– Found w/petroleum, helps bring petroleum to the surface– Can be found in pockets alone
Other fossil fuels = oil shales, tar sands
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UraniumNucleus (nuclei): center of an atom; contains protons (positive part of an atom) & neutrons (neutral part of an atom)Fusion: combining of the nuclei of lighter elements to form a heavier elementFission: splitting of atomsAtomic fusion reaction: atoms of uranium are hit with neutrons
– Releases energy– New neutrons cause fission of other nuclei– Happens in a nuclear power plant
Recovered from black mineral – uraninite
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A fossil fuel that is sometimes obtained from shale is
A. uraniumB. peatC. anthraciteD. oil
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The main use of coal in the US today isA. home heatingB. electricity generationC. steel productionD. petroleum refining
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A fuel commonly found with oil isA. ligniteB. natural gasC. gasolineD. uranium
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Fossil fuels include all of the following exceptA. coalB. petroleumC. natural gasD. nuclear energy
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Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources
WaterProduces electricity: hydroelectric powerMost efficient– Water directly turns turbines– E from coal/uranium must convert water to steam first,
which turns a turbine as well
Tides generate electricity– Drops from high to low tide, turns turbine
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WindWind power: force of moving airCaptured in a windmillCreates electricity amount depends on:
– Speed of wind– Length of the windmill blades– Efficiency of the windmill
Windmill farm: provides electricity to large areas; contains several hundred windmillsCA more efficient windmills have kept the amount of E generated the same, while the # of farms decreased
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The sunSolar power: energy from the sun– Passive: collects and stores solar energy
Ex: a special window collects energy & doesn’t let heat escape
– Active: has 3 parts Solar collector facing:
absorbs heat Storage area: gets heat from
the collector and stores it until needed
Distributor: distributes heat throughout the building
Solar cells: convert light into electricity
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Geothermal EnergyHeat from Earth’s interiorSteam that naturally risesDrilled & controlled like oil wellsConverted into electrical energy when steam/hot water piped through a power plant & run through a generatorHigh where there is high volcanic activityCA the Geysers = largest source of geothermal energy in the world
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All of the following methods of generating electricity involve a turbine except
A. burning coalB. nuclear fissionC. solar cellsD. water power
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Hydroelectric power generates electricity with A. waterB. moving electronsC. moving airD. hot bedrock
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The amount of power produced by a windmill depends on all of the following except
A. the speed of the windB. the length of the windmills’ bladesC. the energy needs of consumersD. the efficiency of the windmill
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Which of the following is not a method of conserving nonrenewable resources?
A. recycling materialsB. developing substitute materialsC. discovering new deposits of
nonrenewable materialsD. reducing waste
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The energy source that depends on Earth’s internal heat is
A. water powerB. geothermal energyC. fossil fuelsD. uranium
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Which energy source can be renewed by falling rain?
A. hydroelectric powerB. wind powerC. geothermal powerD. solar power
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California GeologyCalifornia Geology
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Geology of CaliforniaGeology of California
California has formed over the last billion years of Earth's history
Oldest rocks exposed in CA are in the Death Valley & Mojave Desert regions
represent ancient oceanic crust & marine platform sediments that accumulated in the oceans of CA
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Death ValleyDeath Valley
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Death ValleyDeath Valley
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Driving into Death ValleyDriving into Death Valley
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Forces that shaped the earth in the past are still occurring today, as best demonstrated by California's
EarthquakesVolcanic eruptionsLandslidesFloodsOther natural events
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ResourcesResources
Power sources in CA:
Nuclear14%
Natural Gas38%
Renewable11%
Coal20%
Hydroelectric17%
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Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in CAKern County (Bakersfield) = one of the largest oil production places in the countryWe only get 1/2 of our oil from CA wells
Solar power plants in CA's Mojave Desertuse a highly curved mirror = a parabolic trough – Focuses sunlight on a pipe running down a central point
above the curve of the mirror– The pipe so hot that it can boil water into steam– The steam is used to turn a turbine = electricity
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Huge rows of solar mirrors = "solar thermal power plants"
– Makes electricity for more than 350,000 homes. Problem = it works only when the sun is shining
– On cloudy days & at night, the power plants can't create energy
Some plants are a "hybrid" technology– During the daytime they use the sun– At night & on cloudy days they burn natural gas to
boil the water so they can continue to make electricity
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Geothermal energy = 6% of CA electrical needsFrom plate tectonic spreading, or rifting
Use the geothermally heated hot water inSwimming pools Health spasWarm buildings for growing plants, like in the green houseUsed to heat buildings during the winter (San Bernardino, in Southern CA)
– Hot water runs through miles of insulated pipes to dozens of public buildings
City Hall, animal shelters, retirement homes, state agencies, a hotel and convention center
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There are 14 areas in CA where we use geothermal energy to make electricity
Some are not used yet b/c the resource is too small, too isolated or the water temperatures are not hot enough to make electricityMain spots:
The Geysers area north of San Francisco NW corner of the state near Lassen Volcanic National Park Mammoth Lakes area - the site of a huge ancient volcano Coso Hot Springs area in Inyo County Imperial Valley in Southern California
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CA's existing nuclear power plants provide a significant amount of CA's non-fossil fuel based energy and power
But there is a significant amounts of spent nuclear fuel
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In addition to power …In addition to power …
California Central Valley Full of sediments = major agricultural area– Caused from faults that occurred as the Sierra Nevada
rose and eroded
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Agriculture = Need for WaterAgriculture = Need for Water
Economy = industry & agriculture = need for a lot of water
Most water is from rain & snow in the mountainsYet in Eastern CA water from the Colorado River
As you travel further north = more precipitation (rainfall)
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Water and GeographyWater and Geography
California is a state of different climates, which causes water supply to vary widely
Depends on runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountain RangeFloods and droughts can occur in the same year
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Precipitation amounts can vary from less than an inch in CA’s Death Valley desert to about 56 inches along the North Coast
Precipitation Captured & stored in reservoirs It can recharge groundwater basins – These underground aquifers can hold 6-10 times the
amount of surface water reservoir Many are over-pumped & some are contaminated by toxins Other aquifers are too deep to reach economically
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Agriculture is Important to the Economy
Agriculture is Important to the Economy 1 out of every 6 jobs in CA is tied to agriculture in some
wayCA has the largest agricultural economy in the nation1/2 of the nation’s fruits, nuts, and vegetables are grown here
Fresno is the most productive county in the nation, with an agricultural worth of 3.5 billion dollars in 2000
Some crops use great quantities of waterEX: a hamburger patty = more than 1,300 gallons
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Water Projects & State’s EconomyWater Projects & State’s Economy Water development has three primary goals
flood controlwater storagehydroelectric power generation
CA is home to four massive water projects, plus numerous local projects
The Los Angeles Aqueduct brings water from the Owens Valley south to Los AngelesThe Colorado River Aqueduct brings water from the Colorado River to Southern California for urban uses
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the Imperial Irrigation District operates the Imperial Dam and All-American Canal, which supply water for irrigation in the Imperial Valley. The State Water Project brings water from the San Francisco Bay Delta & delivers it to farmers in the Central Valley, as well as providing water for urban uses in Southern CAAll water projects and rivers
in CA
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Local Water Projects
Local Water Projects
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Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources
Sierra NevadaGold formation– Minerals are deposited in the veins of quartz by a
hydrothermal (of or relating to hot water) solution
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Natural HazardsNatural Hazards Earthquakes cause
Tsunami (:large wave caused from an underwater earthquake)
– Could happen in CA if an earthquake occurred along the Pacific Rim– Primary concern when living on the coast
Landslides– Where there is weak underlying rock/sediments– Can occur in any state– Causes=
Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, & wildfires
Most likely place for earthquake = San Andres fault
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Photo of the 2005 La Conchita LandslidePhoto of the 2005 La Conchita Landslide
.
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Volcanoes6 active volcanoes in CANext slide has pictures
ErosionCreates coastal cliffs– Caused by waves striking the base of these cliffs
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Mount Shasta
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People living along the coast of CA are primarily concerned with which natural disaster?
A. tsunamisB. forest firesC. earthquakesD. volcanic eruptions
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Which two power sources provides the greatest amount of electric power for CA?
A. nuclear and geothermalB. natural gas and coalC. natural gas and hydroelectricD. coal and nuclear
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Which of the following describes the formation of gold deposits in the Sierra Nevada?
A. heat and pressure exerted on a coarse-grained metamorphic rockB. heat and pressure compacted carbonized materialC. mineral deposited by hydrothermal solutions in quartz veinsD. highly viscous magma cooled quickly at Earth’s surface
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What might cause a tsunami to strike the coast of CA?
A. volcanic activity with CAB. any earthquake along the Pacific RimC. high tides along the Pacific RimD. an earthquake in the Sierra Nevada
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Hazard MapsHazard Maps
Hazard MapsMany typesEarthquake hazard maps most widely used in CA– Show fault lines– Show number of earthquakes that have occurred in a
certain time frame– Help in predicting where an earthquake will occur
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Seismic belt: chances of an earthquake happening in this area are greater than anywhere else
California Division of Mines and GeologyPlay an important role in providing earthquake informationGood resource if you are considering building in CA
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Which is the major source of water for eastern California?
A. the Pacific OceanB. the Colorado RiverC. groundwaterD. snowmelt
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Geologic hazard map helps peopleA. locate water resourcesB. identify evidence of past geologic
eventsC. predict future geologic eventsD. predict the future and learn about the
past
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Why is water more important in CA than in other states?
A. CA has less water than any other stateB. CA’s water is polluted by the Pacific
OceanC. More people live in CA than in any
other stateD. CA economy relies on
industry/agriculture, which requires more water
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What is the source of most of CA’s water?A. coastal rain from the Pacific Ocean
windsB. underground aquifers throughout the
stateC. rain and snow in mountain watershedsD. canals running from the Colorado River