Forests

Water

Minerals

Food

Cultivars

Energy

Land

By Vaghela Nayan

Asst. Prof. SDJ International College

Surat, Gujarat, India

What is Natural Resource?Definition/Meaning:

The environment is everything which surrounds onorganism and influences its life in many ways. It includesphysical and biological components. The physicalcomponents of the environment are soil, water, air, lightand temperature (Abiotic components). The plants andanimals are collectively referred to as Biotic components.All these components work together, interact and modifythe effect of one another. The basic need of life are fulfilledby minerals present in the nature. These are referred to asNatural Resources.

Importance of Natural Resources

Least wastage and maximum economic advantage.

Availability of natural resources at minimumtransportation cost.

Selection of industrial zone.

Integral use of Natural Resources to obtain long termEconomic advantages. (eg., proper plan to utilize timberfrom forest for long period of time)

To achieve multipurpose advantages. (eg., damconstruction on a river serves for protection against theflood, proper irrigation project, development of fishingindustry, electricity generation.

Classification of Natural Resources

1. Based on Origin:

a. BIOTIC: (living organisms)

b. ABIOTIC: (non living organisms)

2. Based on Availability:

a. Inexhaustible: (replenishes naturally)

b. Exhaustible: (replenishing process is extremely slow)

3. Based on Distribution:

a. Omni present: (found everywhere)

b. Location based: (found at some specific locations only)

4. Based on Source:

a. Water Resources

b. Forest Resources

c. Mineral Resources

d. Marine Resources

5. Based on Chemical Composition:

a. organic: (vegetables, animals, bacteria, mineral oil)

b. Inorganic: (Air, water, minerals)

c. mixed: (land)

Continue…

A. Forests

The earth’s land area where the vegetations are grownnaturally in groups is known as a forest. Vegetationsmeans trees, shrubs, creepers or any woodyvegetations having a closed canopy.

Classification of Indian Forests

1. Evergreen forests

2. Deciduous forests

3. Dry forests

4. Mountain or Hill forests

5. Tidal forests

Reasons for Deforestation1. For obtaining raw materials for industry.2. For obtaining timber for furniture and construction work.3. For obtaining fire wood.4. For developing the mineral industry.5. For constructing projects on rivers.6. For expanding Agricultural land.7. For the purpose of constructing the roads.8. For establishing industries.9. For the construction of railway tracks.10. Human accommodation.11. Over grassing of forest by live stocks.12. Destruction by insects and pests.13. Forest fires.14. Extreme weather conditions.

Threats associated with Deforestation:

1. Increase in the possibilities of flash floods.

2. Decrease in the rain fall.

3. Increase in the atmospheric temperature.

4. Increase in the amount of soil erosion.

5. Migration of tribal population leads to mental frustration.

6. Extinction of some useful medicinal species.

7. Shelter problem for forest animals will increase.

8. Problem of urbanization will arise.

9. Atmosphere will become adverse.

10. Desertification of forests and agricultural land.

11. Forest dwellers will have a problem of survival.

12. Decrease in the population of animal species.

13. Increased chances of cyclone due to climate change.

Need and measures of Forest Conservation:Needs:

1. To maintain equilibrium in Ecosystem.

2. To maintain Bio-diversity.

Measures:

1. Forest fires should be prevented.

2. Use of pesticides to eliminate the risk of pests.

3. Plantation of resistant varieties.

4. Replacements of trees (aforestation)

5. Replacing the fire woods by biogas and solar cooker.

6. Implementation of social forestry programmes.

7. Aforestation programmes should be undertaken on wastelands.

8. Trees of aesthetic value should be planted.

9. Renewal of forest crops.

10. Reforestation by suitable monoculture.

11. Unwanted felling of trees should be restricted.

What is Biodiversity?

“Biological diversity is that part of nature whichincludes the differences in genes among theindividuals of a species.”

It deals with the degree of nature’s variety in thebiosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels:

1. the genetic variability with in the species

2. variety of species with in the community

3. organization of species in an area into distinctiveplant and animal communities.

Forests as a reservoir of Biodiversity.

E.P. Odum: “the vegetations created withoutploughing and animals which are not considered astamed animals are the species of forests.”

Biodiversity in India:

1. 350 mammals

2. 1200 birds

3. 20000 insects and bacteria

note: 55 mammals, 38 birds and 18 reptiles are on theverge of extinction.

Continue…Forests are the source of timber, bamboo, sandal wood,vegetations, fodder for animals, medicinal plants, andcrippers.Forests provides ecosystems for wild animals like, Lions,Tigers, Leopards, wild Donkeys and various types of birdsand reptiles. Thus, forests can be considered as a reservoirof biodiversity.

Services provided by forests:1. Watershed protection2. Atmospheric regulation3. Erosion control4. Food , fuel wood, charcoal, poles, timber, medicines5. Livelihood for dwelling peoples. (market use)

B. WaterUses of Water:1. Use of water in Agricultural and

Industrial activities.2. Drinking and Washing

purposes.3. Vital for Fishing Industry.4. Marine transportation.5. Electricity generation.

Water Cycle

Sources of Water: (Water sheds)Rain

Underground water Surface water Evaporation water

Stream Wells

1. Artesian Stream

2. Gravity Stream3. Surface Stream

Dug Wells ShallowWells

DeepWells

TubeWells

ArtesianWells

Tanks Sea Rivers Lakes Lakesor and and formed

Ocean Streams Ponds by collectedWater

Types of Wells:1. Shallow wells:

- 2 to 6 mts. Diameter

- Half or Full Built up (brick walls)

- 7 to 15 mts. Depth

- used for household purposes

2. Deep Wells:

- made of cement pipes (format)

- 20 to 40 mts depth

- 0.6 to0.9 mts diameter

- pure water ready to supply directly

3. Tube Wells:

- 60 to 300 mts depth

- 0.5 to 1.3 mts diameter

- 40 to 50 liters per second water flow

- Water used for gardening or water supply to distant place

- Purification is necessary

4. Artesian Wells:- Constructed in valley or hilly areas

- Water pump is not required

- Purification of water is necessary

5. Dug Wells:- Similar to Shallow wells

- Digging tools and spades are used to dug these wells

- Parapet wall of 1 mt. height is constructed

- Well is surrounded by inside slope

Dams and its Social and Environmental Impacts:

Advantages of Dams:

1. Helps in water supply in Summer.

2. Blocking the water flow towards Sea.

3. For forming artificial lakes to maintain daily water

supply.

4. Helps in irrigation and electricity generation.

5. Useful in creating Ecosystems for Birds and Aquatic

Animals.

6. Useful to farmers to yield multiple crops in a year.

Problems Caused by Dams:

1. Fragmentation and Physical Transformation of rivers.

2. Serious impact on river-line Ecosystem.

3. Social consequences of large dams due to displacement of

peoples.

4. Water logging and selinization of the surrounding land.

5. Dislodging animal population, damaging their habitat and

cutting of their migratory routes.

6. Disruption of fishing and water- way traffic.

7. emission of green house gases due to rotting of vegetation.

8. Serious impact on tribal people.

9. failure in achieving the targeted objectives and high cost.

Impact of Over Utilization of Water:

1. Water scarcity specially in summer.

2. Wastage of Water may lead to blockage of drainage line, water pollution, Air pollution and Virulent disease or epidemics.

3. Economic loss due to over usage of Water.

4. It may be considered as Crime or Offence in the court of Almighty.

Recharging and Conservation of Water:1. Construction of small Dams and artificial lakes for the water storage

purpose.

2. Construction of ponds for the purpose of storing rain water.

3. Grow more trees to increase the chances of Rain.

4. Economical use of water. (avoid water wastage)

5. Try to reuse the water. E.g:

1. Water used for bathing can be reused for vegetation

in the veranda.

2. Reuse of water by spraying it on dusty roads to prevent

small particles to mix with air.

6. Use based water charges for controlling water usage.

7. After purification of Dirty water it should be used in farms or grasslands.

MINERALS:

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of definite composition and identifiable physical properties.

Coal, natural gas and mineral oil

Metals like iron, copper, silver, aluminum, manganese and other valuable stones.

Classification of Minerals:

1. Energy Providing Minerals: Coal, Natural Gas and Mineral oil etc.

2. Valuable Minerals: Gold, Silver and Diamond.

3. Minerals Useful in Construction Work: Stones, Marbles, Lime etc.

4. Industrial Minerals: Iron, Copper, Manganese, aluminum etc.

Mineral Resources of India:Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons) Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons)

Copper 5393 Fire Clay 445

Lime stone 66900 Celica 1139

Manganese 1363 Canite 38

Lead- Zink 43- 138 Steatite 390

Bauxite 4773 Dolomite 2505

Chromite 939 Mica 4

Asbestos 26 Gypsum 1657

Pyrite 94 Iron 53700

Gold 1983 kg Lignite 13900

Diamond 18000 carets Magnetite 544

Silver 33 Silmenite 17

Falspar 46837 Barytes 707

Salt 3 Tugsten 22

Exploitation of Minerals:Minerals are recovered by the process of mining. It is the physical removal of minerals from the crust of the earth.

Methods of mining:A. Surface Mining:

1. Open pit mining: For obtaining Lime-stone, sand stone, marble, granite, mica etc.

2. Dredging: To Obtain the under water Mineral deposits.

3. Strip mining: Use of big digging tools to obtain the minerals from the ore.

B. Underground Mining: By making big Holes into the earth’s surface to bring out the minerals lying in the deep earth ore.

Impact of Mines and Minerals on Environment:1. Air pollution by the emission of Sulphur Dioxide and

Nitrogen Monoxide (SO2 and NO) during the mining process.

2. Various types of diseases arises due to air pollution.

3. Possibility of Acid Rain due to Toxic substances in the air.

4. Increase in Noise pollution due to the use of Heavy machineries in mining process.

5. Emission of Radon and Thorone in the Uranium Mines.

6. When water flows from mines, there will be Water Pollution.

7. Polluted water obtained from the Natural oil wells may create Land pollution.

Conservation of Minerals:

Recycling: Reusing of useless articles by adopting proper processes for them.

Reusing: Reusing the Articles again and again.( glass bottles)

Decrease consumption: Minimizing the requirements of certain minerals and reducing the wastage.

Substitution: Try to find the Substitute of the Minerals.

Use of Waste: the Wastage of some industries can be used as Raw materials in other Industries.

FOODAny substance or thing which is able to satisfy appetite to meet the physiological needs for growth to maintain all body processes and to supply essential energy required for maintaining body temperature and activity.

Chapatti, rice, bread, butter, fruits, vegetables, milk, edible oil, etc are the routine examples of food.

Functions of Food:It provides energy to do day to day work and maintains body temperature.

It provides nutrients for the development and the growth of the body.

It provides substances to replace the catabolic cells by new cells or to appropriately repair the damaged cells.

It provides substances for the proper functioning of the reproductive system.

It regulates body activities to ensure longitivity of life and body.

Components of Food and their Functions:Element/ component

Daily requirement

Function Sources

1. Carbohydrates 500 gms. Energy and Temperature of the body is maintained

Grains, potatoes, sugar, banana, carrot, honey, etc

2. Fats 50 gms. Important for the development of cells and building tissues.

Clarified butter, edible oil, milk, butter, eggs, etc

3. Proteins 100 gms. Necessary for the growth and development of bodytissues.

Cereals, milk, curd, cheese, meat, fishes, and eggs.

4. Water 2.5 liters Essential for the bio-chemical process in the body.

Water

5. Salt (minerals) 0.7 gm. Security against damage and strengthens bones.

Grains, cereals, salt

6. Vitamins 0.6 gm Useful for bio chemical processes, health, growth

Milk, butter,vegetables, eggs and meat

7. Roughage Rarelytaken

It is useful for proper digestion and bowel’s movement.

Chaff of grains.

Importance of Vitamins:

Food Preservation:

Meaning: Food preservation is the process of

treating and handling food to stop or slow

down food spoilage, loss of quality, edibility, or

nutritional value and thus allow for

longer food storage.

Importance of Food Preservation:1. Increasing the self-life of foods thus increasing the supply. So

many perishable foods can be preserved for a long time.

2. Making the seasonal food available throughout the year.

3. Adding variety to the diet.

4. Saving time by reducing preparation time and energy, as the food has already been partially processed.

5. Stabilizing prices of food, as there is less scope of shortage of supply to demand.

6. Decreasing wastage of food by preventing decay or spoilage of food.

7. Improving the nutrition of the population. Preserved foods help people to bring a variety in the diet, thereby decreasing nutritional inadequacies.

Methods of Food Preservation/ Food Processing:

Drying:The most ancient food of preservation methods, drying is a great way of preserving herbs, fruits, vegetables and meats. Since the beginning of time people have let sun and nature take care of drawing moisture out of foods. This practice is used throughout the world. For example, Southern Italy is known for drying tomatoes while India is known for drying chilies, mangos and a host of spices.

To dry herbs, simply tie them together and hang in a sunny spot away from any humidity. To dry fruits or vegetables, set them out on a clean surface and keep them in the sun for a few weeks (this only works well in dry, warm climates). A more modern method of drying is to use an electric dehydrating machine.

Canning:In order to can foods, you need heat. The canning technique was developed by a French chemist during 1795 and was used to preserve food for Napoleon's army. Canning is a popular way of preserving fruits, vegetables and meats.

Both cans and glass jars are suitable for canning. The important thing will be to sterilize your recipients in simmering water for a few minutes (this includes lids). Then they will be ready to be filled with things like jam. After filling, place the lid on firmly but not too tight. To finalize the process lower the jars into a pot full of water, cover and bring to a boil. Process for about 10 minutes. Pull the jars out of the hot water and let cool. They will vacuum seal as they cool. Cooking times vary per recipe.

Freezing:In the olden days, people would carry ice down from a neighboring mountain. Of course, now we use electric freezers to preserve our foods. Freezing changes the texture of most fruits and some vegetables but meats and fish fair well. In the summer time, you may want to freeze your berries so that you have them available for smoothies or baking later in the year.

The best way to do this is freeze fruit in batches (the same method would apply to vegetables). For instance, scatter fresh berries on a baking tray and put it in the freezer. After they have frozen solid, put them in a bag. This will avoid clumps of berries that are impossible to separate without thawing.

Pickling:The main difference between this category and canning is that you need two things for pickling: salt and acid. Pickling requires you soak your produce, most famously cucumbers, in a brine with salt. When they have pickled for the desired amount of time you transfer them to a jar full of vinegar. At this point you can use the canning method to produce a vacuum seal, if you wish.

A bonus of pickling is that it does not change the texture too much. The vegetables undergo a fermentation process, which also results in a vitamin boost. Pickled vegetables are known for having an increased level of vitamin B6.

Salting:Salting is a sub category of the drying method. The main difference here is that salt is added to products, mainly meat and fish, to draw out moisture. This lowers the bacteria content and makes food adaptable for later use. Adding salt to animal protein turns it into a bit leathery. Popular foods made in this tradition are beef jerky and dry salted cod.

Advantages of Food Processing:The food minerals can be preserved with in the food, it will not get spoiled.

Helps in maintaining the food supply for whole year.

It is easy to transport the processed food to the distant places of the country.

It helps in maintaining the basic nutritional components.

It is easy to store and distribute the packed processed food.

Disadvantages of Food Processing:

Due to processing the Quantity of the food gets reduced.

Slight reduction in the nutritional level in the stored or processed food.

CULTIVARS

57% of Indian population is engaged with the Agricultural activities.

India possesses the diversity in the field of cultivars.

Different states of India are having specialization in specific crop.

From the last 2 decades the agricultural facilities are expanding. (irrigation, farming tools, equipments, scientific farming)

The crop yield obtained from the agricultural land are known as Cultivars.

Monoculture/ single type of crop yield

Diversity/ multi type of crop yield

One crop in one year. More than one crop can be taken in a year.

Crop yield depends on the rain water. One crop is based on rain water, while the others are depended on irrigation facilities.

No expenses towards obtaining water by farmers.

Higher expenditure for obtaining water. (irrigation)

Sufficient time is available to regain the lost fertility of land.

When the process of land reclamation is going on, the agricultural activity must be stopped.

No or less rain will lead to crop failure. In the case of less rain, the alternative is available in the form of irrigation.

The fertility of the land is not lost rapidly.

The land fertility drains very frequently.

Less income to the farmers as the land remains uncultivated for nearly 8 months.

Farmers earns more as the land provides crops for almost 12 months.

FERTILIZERS

The substance which brings an improvement in the productivity of the land and which is also helpful in bringing up vegetation is called fertilizer.

The Fertilizers can be divided in to two parts

A. Chemical or mineral Fertilizers

B. Biological or Natural Fertilizers

A. Chemical Fertilizers:The continuous crop yield will exhaust the level of minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium). To regain the minerals chemical fertilizers are used.

Characteristics of Chemical Fertilizers:

1. It is soluble in water.

2. It is durable.

3. It should not be harmful to the plans.

Types of Chemical Fertilizers:

1. Phosphatic

2. Nitrogenous

3. Phospho-nitrous

B. Biological Fertilizers:

Classification of Biological Fertilizers:

1. Manures:

It is obtained by decomposition of organic substances and bacteria.

2. Bio Fertilizers:

It includes the micro living organisms in the land which is used to increase the fertility of the land. It provides the nitrogenous elements to the plants and vegetation. The main resource of bio fertilizers are; bacteria, algae and fungus.

Forms of Manures:

1. Farmyard manures: Mixture of crop residues and excreta of animals. It has all maintenance elements of land and makes the land fertile.

2. Compost: Decomposition of organic matter by the micro- organisms: like fungi and bacteria. To prepare the compost, layers of plant materials, cattle dung and soil are arranged and water is sprinkled to keep it moisted.

3. Green manures: It consists of fast growing green plant materials. The leguminous and the non leguminous plants are planted on the same land. The process is called green manuring.

Manures vs. Bio FertilizersManures Bio Fertilizers

It is semi rotten or decayed organic substance, which is added to the soil.

It is a living formation which increases the fertility of the soil by microbial process.

This fertilizer provides nutrient elements (such as organic and inorganic) to the soil.

It provides inorganic elements to the soil. When the living species of this fertilizer are dead, it provides the organic elements in some extent.

This fertilizers keep the soil in its proper form and forms the aeration and hydration in appropriate proportion in soil.

It does not keep the soil in the proper form.

These fertilizers are not available in the sufficient necessary quantity forthe agriculture.

These fertilizers are available in the sufficient necessary quantity for the agriculture.

Drip irrigation:Drip irrigation or trickle irrigation is an irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either on to the soil surface or directly on to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubes, and emitters.

There are certain advantages and disadvantages of this irrigation method which are:

Advantages of drip Irrigation

1. Minimizes the use of fertilizers.

2. High water application efficiency.

3. Leveling of the field not necessary.

4. Ability to irrigate irregular shaped fields.

5. Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.

6. Minimized soil erosion.

7. Highly uniform distribution of water.

8. Lower labour cost.

Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation

1. High initial cost.

2. The sun can affect the longetivity of the tubes used in the drip irrigation.

3. Clogging problem will arise.

4. Drip tape causes extra clean up costs after harvest.

5. If not installed properly, then it may create waste of water, time and harvest.

Pesticides:Pesticides are poisons used to kill pests.

We use pesticides to kill off pests that hurts us,

animals or plants. Farmers first used them to kill

off bugs and weeds because they have big fields.

After a while the cities and towns started using

them.

Pests don’t have to be just bugs they can be

weeds, diseases that kill plants, and other animals

such as rats or mice.

At least three million people are poisoned by

pesticides every year.

25 million agricultural workers are poisoned every

year.

More than 200,000 people die each year from

pesticides

Half of all pesticides are used on the five main

crops- cereals, corn/maize, rice, cotton and soya.

Benefits of pesticides:

1. It helps in increasing the yield of crop plants.

2. Application of pesticides may be beneficial in Public Health Programmes. (e.g. for controlling the growth of mosquitoes causing malaria, yellow fever, etc. houseflies, lice, cockroaches, poisonous insects, etc.

3. It helps in controlling the pests causing damage to animals, stored food, books, wooden articles, etc.

4. Pesticides are also used to protect stored food grains in godowns.

Disadvantages of Pesticides;1. Along with the harmful pests, it may also damage the

crops or plants.

2. It may cause the damage to the bacteria which are useful for the growth of plants.

3. It causes the damage to the health of the person who is spraying it in the field.

4. Some pesticides are able to mix with the air and may pollute the atmosphere.

5. The durable poisonous pesticides may cause the water pollution as it can flow with the water and mixes to the water resources.

6. Some types of pesticides may enter into the food chain and can harm the human health.

ENERGY

Meaning:

o Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one position to another.

o Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work.

o Energy exists in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non living things. e g: Jet, Light, Machines etc..

o Energy is intimately related to power.

o According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of energy can be converted into another form, the total energy will remain the same.

o For example: when you charge your mobile phone the electrical energy is converted into the chemical energy which gets stored inside the battery.

Energy and Environment

Energy and environment have a strong relationship. The production and consumption of energy is one of the biggest causes of environmental damage on earth.

It leads to large amounts of destruction of natural landscapes and habitants through the process of fuel extraction, pollution of soil, climate change, etc.

Energy is at the heart of many of the world’s current environmental problems, and posses many problems for the sustainable development.

Renewable EnergyRenewable energy is energy which is generated

from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required.

They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet.

Renewable technologies are suited to

large-scale production

small off grid applications

Main forms of renewable energy

Wind energy

Hydro energy

Solar energy

Bio-fuel

Geothermal energy

Wind Power

Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.

Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.

wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand.

This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land.

Wind power produces no greenhouse gases during operation, and power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 157,900 MW.

Solar energy

Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.

Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications include day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.

Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.

Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Advantages of Renewable resources

Wide availability

Lower running cost

Decentralized power production

Low pollution

Available for the foreseeable future

Disadvantages of Renewable Resources:

Unreliable supply

Usually produced in small quantities

Often very difficult to store

Currently per unit cost of energy is more compared to other types

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that

cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale

comparable to its consumption.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS

FOSSIL FUELS

NUCLEAR ENERGY, COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS

Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy.

Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

When coal is burnt it produces carbon dioxide that causes global warming.

Since coal contains impurities like S and N, it produces toxic gases during burning which causes acid rain and air pollution.

Traces of mercury and radioactive compounds are also released when coal is burned.

Severe human health threat.(lung disease)

Disadvantages of Non-renewable resources:

Advantages of Non-renewable Resources:

Available in highly concentrated form

Easy to store

Reliable supply

Lower cost per unit of energy produced as the technology is matured

Land Uses of Land:

1. For Residential and for Construction purpose.

2. For the construction of roads.

3. For Agricultural and for Gardening purpose.

4. For creating Forests.

5. For the construction of big Industrial Units.

6. For preparing canal and water resources.

Misuses of Land:1. Destruction of forests.

2. Unused grass land.

3. Non planned urbanization.

4. Excess use of chemical fertilizers.

5. Use of land for mineral industries.

Soil protection:

1. Avoid Soil erosion.

2. Avoid Water congestion.

3. Water slop on the slope has to be controlled to minimum speed.

4. Water should be absorbed in the soil with a slow speed.

5. Control the wind velocity by growing more trees.

6. Construct the drain of such a breadth that the soil particles may be kept to stick one another.

Classification of Rocks:

Igneous rocks: This kind of rocks are formed by the frizzing of “Lava” fluid having minerals. E.g., Granite, Benzalt, Quartz, Felspar etc.

Sedimentary rocks: This types of rocks are formed by chemical and physical decomposition of rocks. E.g., sandy stone, dolomite etc.

Distorted rocks: This type of rocks are formed by the conversion of rocks, into some distort form due to the internal heat of the rocks or pressure: E.g., salt, marble, gneiss, etc.

Importance of Land in India: India is an Agricultural Economy and it is inevitable to

have Agricultural activities without proper usage of available land resource.

60% of the land in India is either cultivable or non cultivable in which 1/3 of which is not proper for crop-yield due to soil erosion and less mineral content in the land.

1/3 land is having less productivity.

So we have only 1/3 land available for crop yield.

Due to deforestation the problem of soil erosion is increasing day by day.

To increase the crop production, we have to use scientific farming techniques and will have to look for the solutions towards soil erosion.

Steps to conserve the Land:1. Waste land reclamation. (convert the non cultivable

land into cultivable land)

2. Adopting diversity by the use of proper irrigation technique.

3. The Agricultural lands should be kept reserved for the Agricultural use only.

4. Use of Hybrid seeds should be promoted to maintain the fertility of the land for long period.

5. Grow more trees to avoid soil erosion.

6. Farmers should be given advices after proper testing of the land minerals.

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