naturalism 22 (2)
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NATURALISM
Philosophical position adopted by naturalists,approach philosophy from purely scientificpoint of view.
Nature alone represents the entire reality.
Nothing beyond/behind and other thannature.
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Definition
It is a doctrine that seperates nature fromGod, subordinates spirit to matter and sets upunchangeable laws as supreme James Ward
This philosophy is exclusion of whatever isspiritual.
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Meaning
It is a doctrine that separates nature fromGod, subordinates spirit to matter and setupunchangeable laws as supreme.
Acc to it, human life is a part of nature,.
Emphasising on matter and physical world
Doesnot believe in spirituality andsupernaturalism.
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Forms of Naturalism
Three distinct forms: Physical Naturalism: Nature is reality, human
life is wholly controlled and influenced by the
eternal laws of nature, and it governs thehuman life, since it is moulded by naturallaws.
Reality doesnot exist with in the individual,
rather outside him, in natural universe. Human life is moulded and controlled by
external nature.
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Mechanical Naturalism
There is no spirit or soul, only matter iseverything.
Man is a matter made up of atoms, empty
space and motion. Regards man is merely a machine, goverened
by mechanical laws.
This form aims at training man as a gudmachine and keeping it in good workingcondition.
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Biological Naturalism
Mans natural emotional and temperament
are the real springs of his behavior.
If behavior is according to our instincts, wefeel happy, if not we feel unhappy anddisappointed.
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Contd
Naturalism gives maximum freedom and
central position to child. Words in Naturalism are: Back to nature,
maximum happiness, utmost freedom tochildren.
Instincts are basis of education and sensesare the gate ways of knowledge.
Naturalism believes that education should
according to nature of child, it advocatescreation of conditions in which the naturaldevelopment of the child can take place innatural way.
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Contd
Textbooks, timetable, syllabus and eventeachers are not so important as the child,who is to be taught.
According to Rousseau, there are threesources of education i.e.
Nature
Man and
Things
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Naturalism and Educational
Process
Education must confirm to the naturalprocess of growth and mental development.
Pupil will be given freedom to determine theform of the learning process.
Education should be a pleasurable activity forchildren.
Acquisition of knowledge is an importantaspect of education related to body andmind.
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Contd
Punishment should be based onconsequenses of wrong deeds, but withsympathy its frequency will be reduced.
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Naturalism and Aims of
Education
Self realization
Self expression
Self preservation
Habits formation related to action andthought
Cultivation of self restraint and sense of value Pleasure and pain are instincts of man are
real guiding forces.
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Contd
To make the child to adjust to environment
Equip the individual to struggle for existence
Evolution of better humanity through thetransmission of not only physical traits, butalso for the cultural ones.
Education of the man as the back of Gods
creation.
Education is universal spirit, according tonature of child.
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Contd
Development of individuality
Struggle for existence and survival of the
fittest Education should be acc to the nature of child
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Naturalism and Curriculum
No fixed curriculum Every child is given the right to develop his
own curriculum
Child is expected to learn directly from naturethrough personal experiences
Naturalists give promonince to subjects like
gardening, agriculture, botany etc The subjects should be correlated with the
play activity of the child