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NAVAL MINENAVAL MINE TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
WAYNE MASONCHIEF SCIENTISTFarragut Technical Analysis Center19 MAY 2009
THIS BRIEFING IS: UNCLASSIFIED
02468
1012141618
MISSILE TORPEDO AERIALATTACK
SMALL BOAT MINE
KOREA 1950-52 VIETNAM 1972 ISRAEL 1967TANKER WARS 1987-88 DESERT STORM 1991 TERRORIST
USS PRINCTN CGUSS TRIPOLI LPH
USS ROBERTS FFGUSS WCHES. C LSTUSS STRAUSS DDUSS WARRGTN DD
USS BARTON DDUSS SMALL DDRUSS WALKE DDUSS MANSFLD DDUSS BRUSH DDUSS SARSI ATFUSS PTRIDGE AMSUSS PLEDGE AMUSS PIRATE AMUSS MAGPIE AMS
USS COLE DDGUSS LIBERTY AGTR
USS HIGBEE DDUSS LIBERTY AGTRUSS STARK FFG
SADAF-02
LUGM-145
MANTA
U.S. WARSHIP CASUALTIES1950 - PRESENT
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED
MINE TYPES
EXPLODE IN PLACE PROPELLED WARHEAD
BOTTOM
MOBILE
MOORED
DRIFTING
SUBSURFACEDRIFTING
STRAIGHT RISER AIMED HOMING
NAVAL MINE TECHNOLOGIES
• ADVANCED PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINES– STRAIGHT RISING, GUIDED, HOMING TORPEDO
• MULTIPLE TARGETS / MISSIONS– ANTI-HELO, ANTI-ACV
• VERSATILE DEPLOYMENT METHODS– D & D, SURFACE CRAFT, SUBMARINE, AIRCRAFT
• MULTIPLE SENSORS– ACOUSTIC / SEISMIC, MAGNETIC, PRESSURE,
UNDERWATER ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (UEP)• STEALTH COMPONENTS
– BURIAL, COATINGS, UNCONVENTIONAL SHAPES,NON-MAGNETIC CASINGS, CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS
• WIRELESS REMOTE CONTROL– ACOUSTIC, ELECTRO-MAGNETIC, RADIO FREQUENCY
CHINESE EM52
• PROPELLED-WARHEAD– STRAIGHT - RISING – ROCKET - PROPELLED
• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC ONLY• 140 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 100 m (MAX)• ANCHOR DEPTH: 110 m (MAX)• SHIP-LAID• ASUW
EM52
RUSSIAN PMK-1
• PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE– AIMED ENCAPSULATED – ROCKET
• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC• 350 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 1000 m (MAX) • SHIP, SUB DEPLOYED• ASW / ASUW
RUSSIAN PMK-2
• PROPELLED-WARHEAD– ENCAPSULATED TORPEDO
• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC• 110 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD
– MPT-1M THERMAL TORPEDO• CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 100 - 1000 m
– CLOSE-TETHER CAPABLE• AIR, SUB, SHIP-LAID• ASW• EXPORTED TO CHINA
AL-RAYIAH
IRAQI COVERT MINELAYING
JUMARIYAH W/ BARGE
• EXTENSIVE DENIAL AND DECEPTION● DESIGNED TO FOOL BOARDING PARTIES
• TUG AL-RAYIAH● MINE RAILS INSTALLED ON DECK● MINE RAIL EXTENSIONS● CUT AND HINGED AFT BULWARK● CUT OUT OIL DRUMS PLACED OVER MINES
● COVERED WITH TARPS
• TUG JUMARIAH W/ BARGE● CONEX BOX CONCEALS HATCH● INTERNAL RAIL SYSTEM● DEPLOYMENT HATCHES● OIL SPILLED ON HATCHES
• IRANIAN EXERCISE MINES LOADEDON WATERCRAFT 800 WPBs
• SEEN DURING EXERCISE NOBLEPROPHET II, NOV 2006
IRANIAN WATERCRAFT 800 WPB
CHINESE DRIFTING MINES
• P-3: OSCILLATING INFLUENCE / CONTACT• ACOUSTIC, CONTACT• 130 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 2 - 7 m (+/- 1m)• LIMITED MAXIMUM IN-WATER LIFE • SUB, SHIP-LAID• ASUW
CHINESE P-3
SUBMARINE MINE BELTS
• OUTBOARD MINE ATTACHMENT– NON-MAGNETIC– HYDRODYNAMICALLY DESIGNED
• LARGE MINE CAPACITY• ALLOWS SUBMARINE TO CARRY• FULL INTERNAL WEAPON LOAD
MINE BELTMINE BELT
MOBILE MINES
CHINESE EM-56 MOBILE MINE• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE
– ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE• 380 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 45 m (MAX) • SUBMARINE- LAID• COVERT DEPLOYMENT
– 13 km STAND-OFF CAPABILITY– POSSIBLE SHORE-BASED LAUNCH– FLOATING LAUNCH OPTION
• ASUW
13 KM13 KM
FLOATING LAUNCHER
AUV EMPLOYMENT
• Advertised capability to employing mines/ torpedoes from an AUV
• Research in AUV enabling technology
SAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoesSAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoes
NETWORKED MINE SYSTEMS
• WIDE AREA CONTROL– MORE SUITED FOR LITTORAL AREAS
• SEWN INTO MINEFIELD– WEAPONIZED BOTTOMED / ROVING UUVs
• REMOTE CONTROLLED– COMPLETELY AUTONOMOUS
• NETWORKED SENSORS– LONG ARRAYS OF SENSORS SPREAD OUT OVER SEAFLOOR
INFLUENCE SENSORS
• MAGNETIC● COMMON IN BOTTOM MINES
• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC• SEISMIC
● VERY LOW FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC• ACTIVE ACOUSTIC
● COMMON IN PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINES• PRESSURE
● EFFECTIVE PRESSURE CHANNEL UNSWEEPABLE• UNDERWATER ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (UEP)
● INCREASINGLY USED
APM UPGRADE KIT
• FOR BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINES– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, PRESSURE
• UP TO TWO YEAR IN-WATER LIFE• MAX CASE DEPTH 150 m• UPGRADES OLDER MINES• ENHANCED CAPABILITY• ADVERTISED FOR EXPORT• THREE VERSIONS
– SHIP LAID, SUB-LAID, AIR-LAID RUSSIAN APM UPGRADE KIT
GALVANIC POTENTIALOF METALS IN SEA WATER
CORROSION PROTECTIONSYSTEM
PASSIVE ACTIVE
ELECTRIC CURRENTSIN SEA WATER
STATIC ELECTRICSIGNATURE
ALTERNATING ELECTRIC FIELD (ELFE)
AC/DC ELECTRIC FIELD (UEP)
MINEA
• FAMILY OF EXERCISE MINES– MANUFACTURED BY SAES
• MULITPLE INFLUENCE– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE, UEP– SONAR DETECTOR ALSO INCORPORATED
• ANECHOIC COATINGS AVAILABLE– MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL– ALLOWS SPECIFIC TARGET SELECTION
• IDENTIFIES, IGNORES MINESWEEPING EFFORTS• TRAINING ACCESSORIES
– RECOVERY SYSTEM INCLUDED– DATA RECORDER, ACOUSTIC LINK
IRREGULAR SHAPESNON-MAGNETIC CASES
CASE BURIAL
CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS
MINE STEALTH
ACTIVE CASE BURIAL
GROWING WIRELESS REMOTE-CONTROL CAPABILITIES
• TACTICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MINER• IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE (IFF) FEATURES• CONTROL INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF MINES• VERSATILE CONTROL OF MINES
CHINESE EM57
• BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINE– 1000 AND 500 kg VARIATIONS
• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE– ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC
• 700/300 kg WARHEADS• CASE DEPTH: 6-100 m • REMOTE-CONTROLLED
– ADVERTISED >30 km RANGE• AIR, SHIP - LAID• ASW / ASUW
EM57
NAVAL MINE TRENDS
• Increasing Lethality Ranges and Minable Waters – Torpedo-mines– Deeper anchor depths
• Emerging Anti-Helo and ACV Capabilities• Mine Employment More Difficult to Detect
– Denial & Deception improving– Standoff employment
• Improved Target Discrimination/CCM Features– Microprocessor controlled Triple influence TDDs/upgrade kits– Target libraries improving
• Minehunting Increasingly Difficult– Stealth technology application growing
• Security and Flexibility of Minefield Control Improving – Wireless Remote Control (Acoustic, EM, RF)
Cumulative Challenge from Vintage and Modern Mines
• 170 kg WARHEAD• WATER DEPTH: < 70 ft• STRUCTURAL DAMAGE• $ 24,000,000 DAMAGE• OUT OF SERVICE 2 MONTHS MANTA
USS PRINCETON CG-59MINE STRIKE: 18 FEB 1991