naveen shodh sansar (an international refereed …nssresearchjournal.com/nss oct. to dec. 2014...

1Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to December 2014


AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ............................................................................................................................................. 01

02. jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ..........................................................................06/07

03. oZUm© H$ _ S>b .............................................................................................................................. 08

04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ................................................................................................................................. 10

05. Common Fixed Point Of Multivalued Generalized -Weak Contractive Mappings On .....................12Complete Metric Space (Girish Pandya, M.M. Sharma )

06. Common Fixed Point s of Two Commuting Self Mappings in Banach S paces (Dr. D. K. Sagar ) ......15

07. Fixed Point s of Composite Non-Exp ansive Mappings in Banach S paces (Dr. D. K. Sagar ) ...............17

08. Chemical Analysis Of Fly Ash And It’ s Effect s On Vegetation In Umaria District (M.P .) .....................19(Nand Kishor Bhagat)

09. A Comp arative S tudy of Pollution (Noise) in Festival at Neemuch (M.P .) .......................................... 22(Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Amb)

10. Seasonal V ariations In Physio-Chemical Parameters Of River Kshipra At ...................................... 25 Ram-Ghat, Ujjain (M.P .) (Kunjan Singh Songara )

11. Giant, Exotic,Endangered Plant Adansonia Digitata (Mandu Imli) Is Found In Mandu, ....................27

Dhar (M.P.) India ( Nirbhay Singh Solanki, S.C. Meht a)

12. A Comp arative S tudy Of Mother- Care Practices During Pregnancy Period Of T ribal ......................30And Non- T ribalFarm- W omen In Chhattisgarh (Jyoti Bhatt, Dr . Sandhya V erma, Dr . J. C. Ajawani )

13. Family Resource : Concept & Management (Dr . Rashmi V erma ) .......................................................32

14. N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emoa`m|$ H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (Ωdmob`a eha H$ gßX^© _|$) .................... 34(S>m∞. [yZ_ oVdmar, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] )

15. H$mZ[wa eha H$ _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z .... 38([yZ_ amZr, S>m∞. _ßOy Xw])

16. ]mbH$ - ]mobH$mAmß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$ C[^mJ H$ _‹` gÂ]›Y -gmJa eha H$ gßX^© _ß ....... 41(S>m∞. AmamYZm lrdmg)

17. Inventory Management Analysis Of Bajaj Auto Ltd .............................................................................. 44(Aasif Khaliq Shaksaz,Dr . Mohd Mubeen Khan)

18. A Study of Customer Satisfaction towards Retail Services in Indore Region, ................................49with special reference to Easy Day (Rajesh Jain)

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

(Science / ndkmZ)


19. Service Sector : Opportunities And Issues (Dr . Ajay Mishra) .............................................................. 53

20. A Comparative Study Of Non-Fund Based Income And Fund Based Income ...................................57(Dr. L.N.Sharma, Priyanka Bharti)

21. Women ’s Empowerment through the Entrepreneurship (Dr. Ashish Pathak, Dr . Reeta Chawla ) .....61

22. Changing Dimension in Human Resource Management (Namrat a Ganguly , Priyanka Kurup) .......64

23. Role And Contribution Of Cottage Industries In The Economic Development Of India ....................67(Dr. Vijay Grewal )

24. Corporate V ision of Indian SMEs: A Review of the Literature (Dr . D.L. Ahir) .................................70

25. Role Of Media In The Politics (Dr . Vimmi Behal, Dr . O.P. Sharma ) .................................................. 73

26. Future Challenges Of Business Process Out sourcing (Dr . Abhay Kumar Mungee) ...........................74

27. _‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m oH´$`m›d`Z .......................................................... 45(Zr_M oOb H$ odef gßX^© _ß - EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z)( S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m©, S>m∞. g_Vm _hVm, Amerf e_m© )

28. ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm g ^maV H$r ]XbVr VÒdra (S>m∞. odO` J´dmb) ............................................................ 80

29. AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU (C¡O°Z oOb H$ odef gßX^© _ß) ( S>m∞. F$Vw [madmc) ......................................... 84

30. ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J $- C[bo„Y`m± Am°a MwZm°oV`m± ( S>m∞. gmZr Ï`mg ) ......................................................................... 87

31. Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr©` mOZm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡^md(AW©Ï`dÒWm Edß ]mahdt mOZm H$ gßX^© _ß)( S>m∞. ‡roV emh ) ................. 90

32. Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›– [rW_[wa - EH$ A‹``Z(df© 2012 VH$ H$r oÒWoV H$ gß]ßY _|$)( S>m∞. ‡roV emh) ........................ 92

33. Ï`m[H$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m bmH$[mb g oZXmZ - EH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z ( S>m∞. dr. H$. O°Z) ............................................................ 94

34. d°oXH$ oejm H$ gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ AmXe© Edß _yÎ`(^maVr` gßX^© _|$) ( S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb, S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ) ............... 96

35. _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$m gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ [a ‡^md- EH$ A‹``Z (C¡O°Z gß^mJ H$ odef gßX^© _ß) .................... 98(S>m∞. Eg. gr. _yUV≤ , godVm d_m© )

36. _mZd gßgmYZm| H$m ‡]ßY (JUe bmb amR>m°a ) ................................................................................................ 99

37. oZde H$ jÃ _ß ¡`mXm bm^ H$_mZ H$ obE XrK©H$mobZ odoZ`mJ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. a_e Hw$_ma amdV ) ...................... 100

38. Balance Of Payment s & Foreign Exchange Reserves : A Review of Literature (Dr . R P Saharia) 101

39. ^maV H$m odXer Ï`m[ma (S>m∞. brbm S>mda ) ................................................................................................ 104

40. H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$m H•$fH$mß [a ‡^md (Yma oOb H$ gßX^© _ß) (S>m∞. Ama.Eg. _ S>bmB© ) ....................................... 107

41. H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß ¤mam g_` ‡]ßY ( H$moV©H$m Jw·m _hVm, S>m∞. e°b›– o_lm ) .................................................... 110

42. _‹`‡Xe _ß J´m_rU odH$mg `mOZmAmß _ß oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ H$m `mJXmZ ............................... 114(IaJmZ-]∂S>dmZr oObmß H$ gßX^© _ß)(S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ)

43. ]mobH$mAm| H$m KQ>Vm AZw[mV - EH$ oMßVZr` odf` (S>m∞. gwaIm O°Z ) ................................................................. 116

44. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß `mJXmZ( S>m∞. Ama.Eg. _ S>bmB© ) ............................ 118

45. ^maV _| ]¢oHß$J $- EH$ A‹``Z ( ‡m. gr_m ZmJa ) ........................................................................................ 121

46. _‹`‡Xe _ß ln_H$mß g gÂ]n›YV H$mZyZmß H$m ndõfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞µ Xr[mbr ]ha ) ........................................... 123

47. Jm±YrOr H$m AmoW©H$ oM›VZ (J´m_rU odH$mg H$ odef gßX^© _ß) (S>m∞. oZem o_lm ) .................................................. 125

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)


48. H•$of odH$mg ¤mam AmoW©H$ [oadV©Z H$ Am`m_ (amH$e Hw$_ma Jw·m) ...................................................................... 128

49. AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU (S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ) ................................................................................ 130

50. Concept Of E-Governance In India- An Evaluation ............................................................................. 132(Dr. Shrikant Dubey , Dr. Ramswaroop Mehra )

51. JmßYr Am°a ZhÍ$ EH$ d°MmoaH$ odÌbfU ( ‡m. ‡Vrjm [mR>H$ ) ............................................................................ 134

52. [ßMm`Vr amO : gŒmm H$ odH$›–rH$aU H$ È[ _ß gmW©H$Vm (S>m∞. AoZb XrojV ) ........................................................ 138

53. ^maV _| bmH$VßÃ H$ ododY Am`m_ ï EH$ A‹``Z (‡m. ^mdZm Hw$edmh) ............................................................... 140

54. ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ neÎ[H$ma- gaXma dÑ^ ^mB© [Q>b ( S>m∞. lrH$mßV Xw], S>m∞. am_ÒdÍ$[ _ham) .......................... 142

55. oh›Xy OmoV Ï`dÒWm Am°a AmajU ZroV EH$ amOZ°oVH$ odõfU (S>m∞. AbH$m ^mJ©d) ................................................ 144

56. dV©_mZ [oa[´˙` _|$ maV A_oaH$m gÂ]›Y - EH$ A‹``Z (AßOZm goR>`m) .......................................................... 146

57. ^maVr` gßodYmZ Edß _mZd AoYH$ma (‡m. drUm ]aS> ) ................................................................................... 148

58. ES>≤g H$ ‡nV OZOmJÍ$H$Vm H$m g_mO H$m`© gß]ßYr A‹``Z(B›Xm°a ZJa H$ ndef gXß^© _ß) ( S>m∞. AßoV_ Hw$_ma H$bdma ) ..... 149

59. OZOmoV` _ohbmAm| _| AZwdmßoeH$ amJ Edß a∫$AÎ[Vm H$ gm_moOH$ - gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ ......................................... 152( S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma g∑gZm, S>m∞. od_b›– amR>m°a)

60. H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm| _| ^yo_H$m-gßKf© ï EH$ g_mOemÛr` odÌbfU (amH$e oeßX) ................................................. 155

61. g_mO Am°a H$mZyZ (‡m. F$Mm Eg. _hVm ) .................................................................................................. 157

62. d°ÌdrH$aU H$ Xm°a _|$ _ohbm`| (S>m∞. H$odVm O°Z ) .......................................................................................... 159

63. OZOmoV gßÒH•$oV _ß eam] H$m ‡MbZ : EH$ Ao^em[ (S>m∞. Ama. gr. [m›Q>b) ........................................................ 161

64. g_mO H$ CÉ oeojV `wdm dJ© _ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gßX^© _ß OmJÈH$Vm: EH$ g_mOemÛr` A‹``Z ( S>m∞. gßO` Omer ) . 163

65. ‡mMrZ g_mO _| ^´Ô>mMma oZdmaU Edß H$mZyZ H$r Ï`dÒWm ï EH$ g_mOemÛr` odÌbfU ( S>m∞. gßO` Omer ) ................... 165

66. _wJbH$mbrZ gaH$mar [Ã Am°a _mhaß (‡m. AmH$me Vmoha) ................................................................................ 166

67. gmd©OoZH$ D$ÓUVm Edß Obdm`w [nadV©Z ( gwZrVm _lm_) .............................................................................. 168

68. ^maV _ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of d [ew[mbZ (H•$of _ß g„Or CÀ[mXZ Edß [ew[mbZ)(S>m∞. gw^mZogßh ]Kb) ...................... 171

69. OZOmoV C[`mOZm _ß J´m_rU odH$mg Edß Jar]r oZdmaU EH$ ^m°JmobH$ odÌbfU (AÂ]mbmb H$Q>mam, ‡m. Eb.gr. IÃr ) .. 173

70. The Effect Of Contingent,Non-Contingent Feedback And Task Difficulty On Intrinsic ..................... 176Motivation (Dr . Asha Ojha)

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

(Psychology / _ZmodkmZ)

(History / BoVhmg)

(Geography / yJmb)


71. dV©_mZ _ß gßÒH•$V H$r C[`moJVm Edß MwZm°oV`m± (S>m∞. ]r.Eg.]m_oZ`m ) ................................................................. 181

72. C[oZfX≤ Am°a d°oXH$ Xe©Z ( S>m∞. ed›V ogßh oZßJdmb) .................................................................................. 183

73. lr_X≤^mJdV _ß "_m`m' H$r AdYmaUm ( S>m∞. `ed›V ogßh oZßJdmb) ................................................................... 185

74. MÂ[y H$mÏ` H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg ( S>m∞. _wH$m_ ogßh ^ßda) ............................................................................... 187

75. oh›Xr - C[›`mg H$ jÃ _|$ ‡_M›X H$m `mJXmZ ( S>m∞. emoO`m ImZ) ................................................................. 188

76. Ûr AmÀ_H$WmAm| H$m AßV¤©›X (ZßoXZr Omer ) ............................................................................................ 191

77. o\$aXm°gr H$m ehZm_m - _mZdr` [hby (S>m∞. ‡oV^m Omer) ............................................................................. 193

78. _mbdr H$hmdVmß _ß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV ( S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z, aMZm O°Z) ......................................................................... 195

79. g_H$mbrZ [na‡˙` Am°a H$bm gßX^m~ _ß bmH$gmohÀ` H$r C[mX`Vm (S>m∞. AemH$ Hw$_ma) ............................................ 197

80. g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß odÌd gßÒH•$oV (S>m∞. b˙_rH$m›V MßXbm ) ........................................................................... 199

81. N>m`mdmXr H$mÏ` _ß dXZm (S>m∞. Jwbm] gmbßH$r ) ............................................................................................. 201

82. [wÍ$f gŒmmÀ_H$ g_mO _|$ emofV Zmar ï _mYdr H$ gßX^© _|$( S>m∞. ^maVr EH$. Mm°Yar ) ............................................... 203

83. William Dalrymple as a T ravel W riter (Dr . Ajay Bhargava, Manju Sharma) .................................... 205

84. Caste Prejudices In R.K.Narayan ’s Novels (Dr . Kiran Sitole ) ........................................................... 208

85. Female Subjugation T o The Male (Dr . Vandana Bakshi) ................................................................... 211

86. Conjugal Relationship s in Merchant of V enice and Abhijanashakunt alam : ................................... 213

A Comparative S tudy (Dr . Laxman Singh Gorasya )

87. Vocationalisation of Higher Education in India Current Scenario, Key Challenges ....................... 215and New directions (Aparna Ray)

88. ^maV _ß oejm H$m AoYH$ma Am°a H$oR>Z MwZm°oV`m± ( S>m∞. AM©Zm amßH$m ) ................................................................ 217

89. Ymam 125 X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H$ AYrZ ›`mo`H$ H$m`©dmoh`mß H$m ‡m`mOZ Edß odÌbfU (S>m∞. Amoa\$ ImZ [Q>b ) ........... 221

90. ^´Ô>mMma oZ`ßÃU _| H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m ( S>m∞. Xdr bmb Ahra, S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m) ................................................. 224

91. Analysis Of Researchers Based On Advanced Organizer Model ...................................................... 226( Dr. Archana Shrivast ava, Sonali Surye )

(English Literature / AßJOr gmohÀ`)

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

( Education / $ oejm)

(Law / odo‹m)

(Sanskrit / gßÒH•$V)


*************

_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm _| JwUdŒmm Edß gm_moOH$ [oadV©Z ‡]ßY H$m`©embm - amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r`_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm _| JwUdŒmm Edß gm_moOH$ [oadV©Z ‡]ßY H$m`©embm - amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r`_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm _| JwUdŒmm Edß gm_moOH$ [oadV©Z ‡]ßY H$m`©embm - amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r`_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm _| JwUdŒmm Edß gm_moOH$ [oadV©Z ‡]ßY H$m`©embm - amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r`_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm _| JwUdŒmm Edß gm_moOH$ [oadV©Z ‡]ßY H$m`©embm - amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r`H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) oXZmßH$ 05.12.2014 - 11.12.2014H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) oXZmßH$ 05.12.2014 - 11.12.2014H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) oXZmßH$ 05.12.2014 - 11.12.2014H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) oXZmßH$ 05.12.2014 - 11.12.2014H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) oXZmßH$ 05.12.2014 - 11.12.2014

H$m`©embm H$ g_›d`H$ - S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar Edß gh g_›d`H$ - lr AO` ogßh R>mHw$a,H$m`©embm H$ g_›d`H$ - S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar Edß gh g_›d`H$ - lr AO` ogßh R>mHw$a,H$m`©embm H$ g_›d`H$ - S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar Edß gh g_›d`H$ - lr AO` ogßh R>mHw$a,H$m`©embm H$ g_›d`H$ - S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar Edß gh g_›d`H$ - lr AO` ogßh R>mHw$a,H$m`©embm H$ g_›d`H$ - S>m∞. oXZe Hw$_ma Mm°Yar Edß gh g_›d`H$ - lr AO` ogßh R>mHw$a,S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a, H$m`©embm gßajH$ Edß ‡mMm`© - S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a, H$m`©embm gßajH$ Edß ‡mMm`© - S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a, H$m`©embm gßajH$ Edß ‡mMm`© - S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a, H$m`©embm gßajH$ Edß ‡mMm`© - S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a, H$m`©embm gßajH$ Edß ‡mMm`© - S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©

_. ‡. CÉ oejm _| ZdmMma - “ A[Zm [°gm A[Zm odH$mg”

(Others / A›`)

92. A Co-Relational Study Of Positive Mental Health Between National Level Male And ................... 230Female Basketball Players Of Chhattisgarh State (Sudhir Rajpal, Dilip Singh, B. John )

93. [`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. amOrd e_m©, S>m∞. Ama.[r.ghmna`m ) .............................................. 231

94. ^maV gaH$ma H$r _ohbm geo∫$H$aU ZroV _ß [nadV©Z - AmdÌ`H$Vm, H$oR>ZmB`m± Edß gwPmd ( S>m∞. E_. M›–eIa ) .......... 236

95. bmH$g^m 2014 (JR>Z) _ß ^maV nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^yn_H$m d MwZm°nV`mß VWm ^maVr` _nhbmAmß H$r ]∂T>Vr ^mJrXmar ....... 238(Hw$. $gwaIm mXd)

96. Obdm`w [nadV©Z- ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m Edß oZXmZ (S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma ) ......................................................... 240

97. [`m©daU gßajU _| od⁄moW©`m| H$r gh^moJVm ( S>m∞. oXbr[ ogßh _ S>bmB© ) ........................................................... 242

98. _ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma ( S>m∞. A^` _wßJr) ................................................................................ 244

99. emY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoY / Method of Preparing of Research Paper .......................................................... 245

100. Membership Cum Author’s Bio-Data Form ........................................................................................... 246

(Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)

(Naveen Shodh Sansar / ZdrZ emY gßgma)


jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b A›Vam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National ) _mZX≤

(01) lr AemH$Hw$_ma ................ EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[ae›g _°ZOa, E∑eZ Q≠>qZJ g›Q>a ob. b›XZ, yZmB©Q>S> qH$JS>_

(02) lr IJ›–‡gmX gw]Xr .......... groZ`a gm∞`H$mbm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z[mb

(03) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a ................ \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞bO, EoaOmZm ÒQ>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_oaH$m

(04) ‡m. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_gam ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡_mX Hw$_ma amKd..... emY oZXeH$, ¡`moV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd. ........... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(07) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg. ............ ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(08) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S> ............ gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdYe ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr. .......... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$mQ> (JwOamV) maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ........ A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) ^maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa . ........... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$mbm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e e_m© ............. A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` Ia ............... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` .... [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hm., Ωdmob`a (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. AoIbe OmYd ............ [´m‹`m[H$, m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O. mJmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) maV

(17) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z .............. [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV

(18) [´m. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV ZeZb H$m∞bO, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV

(19) ‡m.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z .............. ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(20) ‡m. S>m∞. oed Hw$_ma Xw] ......... ‡m‹`m[H$, ^yJmb, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(21) ‡m. S>m∞. emaXm oÃdXr ........... gdmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) maV

(22) [´m. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ......... A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gmbXdmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) maV

(23) ‡m. S>m∞. JUe‡gmX Xmda ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.H$. Mm°aog`m ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV

(25) ‡m. S>m∞. oddH$ [Q>b ............. ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. oXZeHw$_ma Mm°Yar ... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(27) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. o_lm ............ ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV(28) ‡m. S>m∞. oOV›– H$. e_m© ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV(29) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m ..... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$r` O.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb` VªV[wa oObm,o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV(30) ‡m. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[`r ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV(31) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme e›– ......... od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>mÂ]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV(32) ‡m. S>m∞. Or.gr. _hVm .......... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄m`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(33) ‡m.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> ........... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(34) ‡m.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ............ od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV

(35) ‡m.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma .... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV

(36) ‡m.S>m∞. H$.Eb. gmhy ............. ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(37) ‡m.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV

*************


(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– lrdmÒVd ....... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV

(02) ‡m. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ....... oZXeH$, Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$na`a _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(03) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z .............. ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(04) ‡m. S>m∞.Eg.H$. Omer ........... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r.EZ. [m S>` ..... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$ÓVm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$m lrdmÒVd .... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH$b ........ ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV

(08) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›XbH$a .... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l .............. ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞.Ama.H$. ≈> ............. ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$ d_m© ............ [´mMm`© Edß gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb` g|Ydm (_.‡.) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e T> S> ............. gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ........ A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[ r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb` m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.H$. _hVm ............ A‹`j, agm`Z Edß O°odH$ agm`Z A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>b ......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw] .................. gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb` Ωdmob`a (_.[´.) ^maV

(17) ‡m. S>m∞.E.H$. Mm°Yar ............ ‡m‹`m[H$, _ZmodkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. H$.Eb. OmQ> ............ ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, ^m°oVH$s od^mJ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

(19) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> ......... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, amOZroV od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV

(20) ‡m. S>m∞. ZQ>da bmb Jw·m ....... ‡mMm`©, ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA ) _mZX≤

_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm H$ Z` Am`m_ñodefmßH$ H$m od_mMZ H$aV hwE_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm H$ Z` Am`m_ñodefmßH$ H$m od_mMZ H$aV hwE_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm H$ Z` Am`m_ñodefmßH$ H$m od_mMZ H$aV hwE_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm H$ Z` Am`m_ñodefmßH$ H$m od_mMZ H$aV hwE_‹`‡Xe CÉ oejm H$ Z` Am`m_ñodefmßH$ H$m od_mMZ H$aV hwE

_mZZr` lr Xr[H$ Omer (CÉ oejm am¡` _ßÃr) _.‡. emgZ, _mZZr` lr Am_‡H$me gH$bMm_mZZr` lr Xr[H$ Omer (CÉ oejm am¡` _ßÃr) _.‡. emgZ, _mZZr` lr Am_‡H$me gH$bMm_mZZr` lr Xr[H$ Omer (CÉ oejm am¡` _ßÃr) _.‡. emgZ, _mZZr` lr Am_‡H$me gH$bMm_mZZr` lr Xr[H$ Omer (CÉ oejm am¡` _ßÃr) _.‡. emgZ, _mZZr` lr Am_‡H$me gH$bMm_mZZr` lr Xr[H$ Omer (CÉ oejm am¡` _ßÃr) _.‡. emgZ, _mZZr` lr Am_‡H$me gH$bMm(odYm`H$) OmdX, (_.‡.) Amerf e_m© (gÂ[mXH$) ZdrZ emY gßgma, Zr_M (_.‡.)(odYm`H$) OmdX, (_.‡.) Amerf e_m© (gÂ[mXH$) ZdrZ emY gßgma, Zr_M (_.‡.)(odYm`H$) OmdX, (_.‡.) Amerf e_m© (gÂ[mXH$) ZdrZ emY gßgma, Zr_M (_.‡.)(odYm`H$) OmdX, (_.‡.) Amerf e_m© (gÂ[mXH$) ZdrZ emY gßgma, Zr_M (_.‡.)(odYm`H$) OmdX, (_.‡.) Amerf e_m© (gÂ[mXH$) ZdrZ emY gßgma, Zr_M (_.‡.)

ZdrZ emY gßgma H$ ]∂T>V H$X_


oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board ) _mZX≤

*** odkmZ gßH$m` ***

JoUV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞.dr.H$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß emY gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

^m°oVH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.H$. S>]H$am, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- .............. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. C_e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

agm`Z:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.H$. XmZJ∂T>, g_›d`H$ amÔ≠>r` Bp›Xam Jm±Yr _w∑V odÌdod⁄mb`, H$›– Zr_M (_.‡.)

dZÒ[oV:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. AoIbe Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

‡moUH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

gmßpª`H$s:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. a_e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

g°›` odkmZ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

Ord agm`Z:- .................. (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ............. (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

*** dmoU¡` gßH$m` ***

dmoU¡` :- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

*** ‡]ßY gßH$m` ***‡]ßY :- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. am_Ìda gmZr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)_mZd gßgmYZ:- ................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. haod›Xa gmZr>, [°go\$H$ o]OZg ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` ***

Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ............ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$o[bXd e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

*** odoY gßH$m` ***

odoY:- ........................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)

*** H$bm gßH$m` ***

AW©emÒÃ:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_be lrdmÒVd, odO`mamO emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` _wama, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

amOZroV:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. adrß– gmhmZr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

Xe©ZemÒÃ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. h_›V Zm_Xd, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)


g_mOemÒÃ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AmewVmf Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)

oh›Xr:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. M›Xm Vbam O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. H$bm Omer, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

AßJOr:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡emßV o_lm, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOar AoæhmÕmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)

gßÒH•$V:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Ó m [´Om[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.)

BoVhmg:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

^yJmb:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. amO›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

_ZmodkmZ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gamO H$mR>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

oMÃH$bm:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. aIm lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

gßJrV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´mda (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _aR> (C.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. lr[mX AamUH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.)

*** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` ***

Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. ‡JoV XgmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) S>m∞. _Yw Jm`b, Òdm_r H$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZa (amO.)

....................................... (3) S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.)

_mZd odH$mg:- ................. (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`Zmam`U Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, OmY[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

[mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aamam, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

*** oejm gßH$m` ***

oejm ............................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zma_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm)

(2) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [go\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

(3) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm lrdmÒVd, ]r.gr.Or. oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)

*** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` ***

emarnaH$ oejm ................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [go\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` ***

J´›Wmb` odkmZ ................ (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)


‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. JwOoQ>`m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(02) ‡m. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV .................................... kmZmX` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _ZO_|Q> EßS> Q>∑Zmbm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.)(04) ‡m. S>m∞. Xdrbmb Ahra .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(05) lr Amerf o¤dXr ..................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(06) ‡m. S>r.Eg. o\$amoO`m ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(07) lr C_e e_m© ......................................... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.)(08) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(09) [´m. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(10) ‡m. S>m∞. ojoVO [wamohV .............................. O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(11) [´m. S>m∞.EZ.H$. [mQ>rXma ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.)(12) ‡m. S>m∞. dm`.H$. o_lm ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(13) ‡m. S>m∞. gwae H$Q>mna`m ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(14) ‡m. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ .................................. emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)(16) ‡m. S>m∞.J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(17) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(18) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ........................... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(19) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ................................ emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(20) ‡m. Am^m XrojV ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(21) ‡m. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mhÌdar .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(22) ‡m. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r .................................. Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a(23) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV ............................. emgH$s` hmbH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(24) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V .................................. emgH$s` E_.O.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(25) ‡m. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m .................................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(26) ‡m. S>m∞. H$hH$em ImZ ................................ emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)(27) ‡m. S>m∞. gmZmbr ZaJw›X .............................. [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.)(28) S>m∞. ^maVr Omer ...................................... AOrdZ oejU od^mJ Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(29) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm_mZr .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(30) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> .................................... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(31) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßda, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(32) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a .................................. gwJZrXdr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(33) ‡m. _mhZ dmÒH$b .................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.)(34) [´m. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.)(35) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw amOmna`m ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)(36) ‡m. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ............................... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.)(37) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr .............................. _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(38) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡drU AmPm ................................. lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(39) ‡m. S>m∞.Am_‡H$me e_m© ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m[wa (_.‡.)(40) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.H$. lrdmÒVd ........................... emgH$s` odO`m amO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(41) ‡m. S>m∞. AZy[ _mK .................................... emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(42) ‡m. S>m∞. h_bVm Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)(43) ‡m. S>m∞. _heM›– JwflVm .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(44) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(45) [´m. S>m∞. H$.Ama. Hw$ÂhH$a ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(46) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. mXd ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(47) ‡m. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)


(48) ‡m. S>m∞. h_ogßh _ S>bmB© ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)(49) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>` .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.)(50) S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma ...................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.)(51) ‡m. S>m∞. amd›–qgh [Q>b ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(52) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zmhabmb JwflVm ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.)(53) ‡m. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgmXm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.)(54) ‡m. lr_Vr ^maVr Ia ............................... Eg.Eg.Eb. O°Z ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, odoXem (_.‡.)(55) ‡m. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[`r .............................. emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.)(56) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. [m S> ................................... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(57) ‡m. S>m∞. Vr›– _hm] ................................. emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)(58) [´m. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ............................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.)(59) ‡m. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.)(60) ‡m. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]Kb ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.)(61) S>m∞. gwae Hw$_ma od_b ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmXhr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.)(62) ‡m. S>m∞. A_aHw$_ma O°Z .............................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.)(63) ‡m. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw] ...................................... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)(64) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. O°Z ..................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(65) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H$H$a ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(66) ‡m. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© .................................. emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(67) ‡m. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd .............................. emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(68) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßXbm ........................... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(69) ‡m. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJmoV`m ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(70) ‡m.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.)(71) ‡m. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ................................. emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.)(72) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.)(73) ‡m. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ................................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.)(74) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.)(75) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(76) ‡m. S>m∞. gwerb gm_dßer ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.)(77) ‡m. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`gZ (_.‡.)(78) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_beqgh ZJr ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(79) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` ahQ>r, oObm grhma (_.‡.)(80) ‡m. S>m∞. am_M›– Mm°hmZ .............................. [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.)(81) ‡m. S>m∞. aUw amOe .................................... emgH$r` ZhÈ AJ´Ur _hmod⁄mb`, AemH$ ZJa (_.‡.)(82) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme Xw] ................................. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.)(83) ‡m. S>m∞. dr.H$. XrojV ................................ N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.)(84) ‡m. S>m∞. am_ AdYe e_m© ............................ E_.O.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡.)(85) ‡m. S>m∞. _ZmO Hw$_ma AoæhmÕmr ..................... gamoOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(86) ‡m. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ......................... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS> S>mar (_.‡.)(87) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. [m›Q>b ............................. emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObm-Yma (_.‡.)(88) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ................................. emgH$s` N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>)(89) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ............................ Bo›Xam Jm±Yr Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)(90) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ................................ amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.)(91) ‡m. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ............................... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞bO, O`[wa (amO.)(92) ‡m. S>m∞. JO›– ogamhm ............................... [ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)(93) ‡m. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ............................... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>mQ>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.)(94) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh .................................... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm)(95) ‡m. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ............................... emY gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr


Similarly, it is possible to derive

II T3 (p) – T2 (p) II = λ II T5 (p) – T4 (p) II Where We can

rewrite (4) as

II T (p) – p II = λ2 II T5 (p) – T4 (p) II Thus, in general,

we have II T (p) – p II = λr II T2r+1 (p) – T2r (p)II, r=1, 2, 3,......(5)

Since C is Compact, We can find a Positive numbers K

such that II T (p) – p II ≤ K λr ........(6)

Since λ<1, letting r → ∞ we get T (p) = p

Now,

Tλ (p) = Tλ T (p) = T Tλ (p) = p

This implies p is common fixed point of T, Tλ and T TλCorollary - if in the above theorem the condition (3) is

satisfied.

By some iterate of T, i.e.

II Tm Tλ (x) – Tm Tλ (y)II ≤ II x – y II, ...........(7)

For some positive integer m and for all x, y ∈ C, then

also the conclusion of the theorem holds good.

Proof suppose that p is a Fixed Point of

Tm Tλ . then as in (5), we can derive

II T (p) – p II = λ r II Tr (m+1)+1 (p) – Tr(m+1)(p) II, ....(8)

Where, letting r → ∞, We obtain T (p) = p. Further

Tλ (p) = Tλ Tm (p) = Tm Tλ (p) = P.

Thus the result.

We now show that the same result holds if we

assume Tλ as in(2)

References :-1. Banach, S., sure les operations, dans les ensembles

abstraites at leurs. Applications, Fund. Math. 3 (1922)

133-181.

2. Bose R.K. and Mukherjee, R.N., Approximating fixed

points of some mappings, Proc. Amer-Math. Soc. 82

(1981), 603-606.

3. Browder, FE.: Non-expansive Non- linear operators

in a Banach space, Proc.Nat. Acad, Sci. U.S.A.. 54

(1965), 1041-1044.

4. De. Marr, R.: Common Fixed Points for Commuting

Contraction Mappings, Pacific J.Math 13 (1963),

1139-1141.

5. Dotson. W.G.: Fixed Point Theorems for non-

expansive mappings on star-shaped subsets of a

Banach space, J. London Math. Soc. 4 (1972a), 408-

410.

6. Dotson. W.G.: Fixed Points of quasi non-expansive

mappings J.Austral. Math. Soc.13 (1972b), 167-170

7. Dotson. W.G. and Mann, W.R.: The Schauder Fixed

Points theorems for non-expansive mappings Amar

Math. Monthly. 84 (1977), 363-364.

8. Ishikawa, S: Fixed Point and iteration of a non-

expansive mapping in a Banach space, Proc. Amer.

Math. Soc. 59 (1976), 65-71.

9. Istratescuvasile, I.: Fixed Point theory Mathematics

and its application (D, Reidal Publishing Company,)

V-7 (1981)

10. Jungck, G.: Commuting Mapping and Fixed Points,

Amer. Math.Monthly. 83, (1976), 261-263.

11. Kirk, W.A.: on successive approximation for non-

expansive Mappings in Banach spaces, Glasgow

Math. J. 12 (1971), 6-9.

12. Singh, Sankatha, Watson, Bruce and shrivastava and

best approximation: the KKM-Map principle,

(Kluwer Acadamic Publishers) 1997.

13. Singh, S.P. and Singh M.R.: Fixed Points theorems

and applications, the Mathemetics Student, 71 (1-

4), (2002) 73-81.

14. Wong, C.S.: Common Fixed Points for two Mapping,

Pacific, J. Math. 48 (1973), 299-312.

15. Wong, C.S. Wong: Approximation to Fixed Points of

generalized non-expansive Mappings, Proc.Amar.

Math. Soc. 54 (1976), 93-97

*************


Nand Kishor Bhagat *

Chemical Analysis Of Fly Ash And Itís Effects OnVegetation In Umaria District (M.P.)

Introduction - The major environment pollution due to powergeneration are fly ash production, which leads to pollution ofair, water and soil quality and that mineral generation havecomplex composition and are associated forms, the mineralmaterials remain isolated in the form of the outer vegetation.

The alkaline nature of fly ash has led to an examinationof its use as a liming agent to replace reagent grade CaCO

3

on acidic agricultural soils and coal mine spoils (Martens,1971; Moliner and Street, 1982; Wong and Wong, 1989).Furthermore, the enriched macro- and micronutrients whichfly ash contains enhanced plant growth in nutrient-deficientsoils (Plank and Martens, 1974; Martens and Beahm, 1978;Wong and Wong, 1989).

However, large-scale application of coal ash toagricultural land is uncommon in most countries (Hodgsonand Holliday, 1966; Adriano et al., 1980; Wong and Wong,1989). The reason being that the economics of wastedisposal are usually associated with adverse effects to soilsand growing plants. Detrimental on plants are usually causedby excessive B, increasing salinity and alkalinity from highapplication rates, especially the unweathered ashes (Adrianoet al., 1980).

The toxic effect of applying fly ash on soil has alsobeen demonstrated by the decrease in microbial activity.Application of fly ash about 30% of the soil volume, seriouslyinhibited soil microbial respiration in the soil underinvestigation (Wong and Wong, 1986; Wong and Wong,1989).Material And Methodology - The fly ash collected fromSanjay Gandhi Thermal Power Station Pali which is situatedin Umaria district. Healthy seeds of each vegetable cropnamely Soybean, Onion, Mustard, Maize, Barbati andTomato were obtained from an authorized supplier of seedfrom Shahdol (MP). All the seed was sterilized with 0.1%mercury chloride for five minutes to avoid fungalcontamination and washed with distilled water for three timesand soaked in water for five hours. The soaked seeds wereevenly sown in a pot, filled with the concentration of fly ashin soil as 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%. 15 differentseeds and 15 saplings (control) were planted in each pot ofdifferent concentration.

The plants were irrigated with tap water at regular routineavoiding over saturation of soil and subsequent seepage of

* Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Govt P .G. College,Satna (M.P .) INDIA

water from the pots. Pots were lined with polythene sheet toavoid leaching.

The 3rd, 4th, and 5th day of germination were studied.The average percentage of five day germination and averagepercentage germination of seedlings are given in table.

The estimation of organic and inorganic componentswill be conducted by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,Spectrophotometer and amount of fibers will be determinedby gravimetric estimation.Result And Discussiona. Seed Germination - The effect of fly ash was studiedon seed germination of Glycine Max (Soybean), Allium cepa(Onion), Brassica Nigra (Mustard), Zea mays (Maize), Vignasinensis (Barbati) and Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato).It was found that lower doses of fly ash (10%) very effectivefor the germination as compared to control germination.

The higher percentage of fly ash showed some adverseeffect on soil so germination was affected due to increase inalkalinity and toxicity of heavy metal according to table No. 1.b. Root and Shoot Length of Seedlings - According totable from 2 to 5, at 10% fly ash, the mean length of theseedlings of Glycine max (GM), Allium cepa (AC), Brassicanigra (BN), Zea mays (ZM), Vigna sinensis (VS) andLycopersicum esculentum (LE) were increased whencompared with control one. At 30% of fly ash concentration,the mean length of seedlings of GM, AC, BN, and VS weredecreased when compared with the control condition, but incase of ZM and LE, they showed increasing order whencompared with their control condition of seedlings. At 50%to 100% concentration of fly ash, the mean length of theseedling of all the species were inhibitory when comparedwith control condition of seedling.c. Plant Growth Studies and Estimation of Moisture,Carbohydrate, Chlorophyll, Calcium, Phosphorus, andIron at Different Stages - The results of analysis formoisture, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorusand iron contents of plants of Glycine max (According totable No. 6, 7, and 8), Allium cepa, Brassica nigra, Zeamays, Vigna sinensis, and Lycopersicum esculentum whentreated with different percentage concentrations of Fly ash.

Analysis of 15, 30 and 45 days old pants of all thespecies treated with lower percentage of Fly ash (either10% or up to 30%) the percentage of moisture, chlorophyll,


carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and iron showedpromotary character, when compared with control. Whereas, in the case of plants treated with higher concentration ofFly ash (From 50% to 100%) shows the decreasing order.From 10% to 100% fly ash, the concentration of fiber showsincreasing order when compared with control.Conclusion - Lower dose of fly ash don’t affect the treatedplants but indirectly affect the performance of plants byaltering the growth and macro-micronutrients, abundance ofsoil bacteria, which maintain the soil fertility. With differentdoses of fly ash as soil modifier is a source of economicalplant nutrient with and without organic manure, bio-fertilizer,and chemical-fertilizers in respect to crop yield, soil health,quality crop produce, uptake of nutrients and toxic heavymetals, ground water quality etc. Thus, the use of above50% fly ash no doubt results in the imbalance of naturalbiological system, pollutes the environment, and retards thegrowth parameters of plants.References :-1. Adriano, D.C., Page, A.L., Elseewi, A.A., Chang, A.C.,

Straugham, I., 1980. Utilization and disposal of fly-ashand coal residues in terrestrial ecosystem: a reviewJournal of Environmental Quality 9, 333–344.

2. Hodgson. D.R., Holliday, R., 1966. The agronomicproperties of pulverized fuel ash. Chem. Ind. 20, 785-790.

3. Martens, D.C., 1971. Availability of plant nutrients in flyash. Compost Sci 12, 15- 19.

4. Martens, D.C., Beahm, B.R., 1976. Growth of plants infly ash amended soils. pp 657-664. In J.H. Laber et al.,(Ed.). Proc. Int. Ash Utilization Symposium. St. LouisMO, March 24-25, 1976 MERC SP 76/4 FRDAMorgantown Energy ResCentre. Morgantown. WV.

5. Molliner, A.M., Street. J.J., 1982. Effect of fly ash andlime on growth and composition of corn (Zea mays L.)on acid sandy soils. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc., Florida,41, 217-220.

6. Plank, C.O., Martens, D.C., 1974. Boron availability asinfluenced by application of fly ash to soil. Soil ScienceSociety of America Proceedings 39, 974–977

7. Wong M.H. and Wong J.W.C. (1986). Effect of fly ashand soil microbial activity. Envi. Pollut 40; 127-144.

8. Wong M.H. and Wong J.W.C. (1986). Germination andseedling growth of vegetables, crops in fly ash amendedsoils .Agric. Ecosyt. Envi. 26;23-25.

Table 1Average Percentage Germination of Seedlings

S.No. Sets G.M.(Soybean) A.C.(Onion) B.N.(Mustard) Z.M.(Maize) V.S.(Barbati) L.E.(Tomato)1 Cont 75 56.33 65 62.67 63.33 73.332 10% 84 57 66.33 65 65.33 76.673 30% 81.33 52 62.33 60 59.67 73.334 50% 71 50.33 55.33 57.33 47.33 625 70% 69 47 48.67 49 44.67 56.676 100% 60 36.33 42 40.67 41.33 51.32

Table 2Mean Length of Seedlings (Cm)

S. No. Sets G. Max A. Cepa B. Nigra Z. Mays V. Sinensis L .Esculentum1 Control 15.76 7.66 9.11 14.38 12.68 12.432 10% 16.11 7.75 9.58 15.15 13.09 13.413 30% 15.63 7.6 9.03 14.65 11.31 13.334 50% 12.14 6.69 8.09 12.96 10.37 11.595 70% 10.58 6.15 6.86 10.73 9.1 9.846 100% 8.1 5.81 6.1 9.84 8.3 7.75

Table 3Mean Length Of 15 Days Old Plants (cm)

S. No. Sets Glycine Allium Brassica Zea Vigna Lycopersicummax cepa nigra mays sinensis esculentum

1 Control 15.98 7.85 11.05 14.78 13.76 12.752 10% 16.42 8.17 12.33 15.56 14.66 13.863 30% 16.22 7.77 11.37 15.45 13.98 13.674 50% 14.22 6.96 10.02 13.67 13.7 12.025 70% 13.76 6.76 9.8 13.34 12.45 10.436 100% 12.14 6.37 9.2 12.78 11.78 8.76


Table 4Mean Length of 30 Days Old Plants (cm)


1 Control 21.18 12.65 15.45 19.42 19.96 14.752 10% 22.02 13.27 16.83 20.16 20.26 15.523 30% 21.2 12.47 16.6 19.85 19.38 15.094 50% 18.52 11.86 15.32 18.97 19 14.085 70% 18.16 11.77 15.2 18.74 18.85 12.836 100% 17.34 10.96 14.4 17.98 17.68 10.96

Table 5Mean Length Of 45 Days Old Plants (cm)


1 Control 24.48 15.95 18.75 22.72 22.26 18.052 10% 25.42 16.67 20.23 23.56 23.68 18.923 30% 24.5 16.17 19.9 23.15 22.46 18.394 50% 21.72 15.06 18.52 22.17 22.2 17.285 70% 21.06 14.67 18.1 21.64 21.75 15.736 100% 20.04 13.66 17.1 20.68 20.78 13.66

Table 6Analysis of 15 Days Old Glycine Max Plant in Different Percentage of Fly Ash

S.No. Conc. Of Moisture Chlorophyll Carbohydrate Fiber Calcium Phosphorus IronFly Ash

In % mg/g gm gm gm gm mg1 Control 70 2.2 30.16 9.05 0.4 0.26 3.432 10% 76 2.23 31.19 9.11 0.43 0.29 3.483 30% 74 2.21 30.88 9.19 0.41 0.28 3.464 50% 68 2.01 29.14 9.22 0.38 0.24 3.435 70% 65 1.96 28 9.29 0.36 0.22 3.416 100% 59 1.91 27.87 9.32 0.35 0.2 2.9



In % mg/g gm gm gm gm mg1 CONT. 78 2.28 31.45 9.1 0.42 0.38 3.482 10% 80 2. 31 31.78 9.17 0.45 0.4 3.523 30% 79 2. 29 31.49 9.24 0.43 0.39 3.54 50% 76 2.26 30.12 9.29 0.41 0.33 3.475 70% 75 2.23 29.78 9.38 0.38 0.31 3.466 100% 73 2.14 28.55 9.42 0.37 0.29 3.44



In % mg/g gm gm gm gm mg1 CONT. 78.45 2.34 32.23 9.19 0.43 0.36 3.482 10% 79.34 2.42 33.04 9.21 0.46 0.4 3.493 30% 78.45 2.36 32.44 9.3 0.44 0.39 3.484 50% 76.44 2.31 31.89 9.37 0.42 0.34 3.475 70% 75.43 2.29 31.07 9.43 0.4 0.32 2.996 100% 73.38 2.21 29.3 9.5 0.38 0.3 2.94


Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Amb *

A Comparative Study of Pollution (Noise) inFestival at Neemuch (M.P.)

Abstract - Environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of surrounding wholly or largely as a byproduct ofman’s action through direct or indirect effect of changes in energy patterns, radiations levels, chemical and physicalconstitution and abundance of organism. “Noise Pollution” is a serious problem in India so the effective ways have tobe chalked out according to the needs of different places using different methods. The present paper deals withmonitoring & comparison of Noise Pollution in ‘Garva Utsav’ Festival at Neemuch (M.P.), India on the different momentwith the standards prescribed in Environmental Protection Rules 2000 and standards of CPCB. During the presentstudy the noise levels were measured with the help of sound level meter. In the present work two different time intervalsand locations were selected for the study. The measurements of noise levels at the locations were carried out in differenttime intervals of the specific time slot (8-12) of night. The instrument was set to record noise samples at 5 minutesintervals during the given exposer time. The present study reveals that the noise levels exceed the prescribed noisestandard set by the Central Pollution Control Board, India (CPCB, 2002). Major effects of noise pollution include interferencewith communication, sleeplessness, and reduced efficiency. Some remedies have been proposed to prevent noise.Keywords - Noise pollution, Garva Utsav, festival, Neemuch, Noise level, Remedies.

Introduction - Noise can be define as an unwanted orundesired sound whereas environmental noise is anyunwanted or harmful outdoor sound created by humanactivities that is detrimental to the quality of life of individuals.Sound is a form of energy that is transmitted by pressurevariations which the human ear can detect. Noise is unwantedsound. Noise pollution is now one of the most significantenvironmental issues in many large cities. Noise pollutionadversely effects on human health, degradation ofenvironment and quality of life. Noise is an unwanted soundthat may cause some psychological and physical stress tothe living as well as non-living objects exposed to it.Celebration of Garva utsav, Dipawali party, weedingceremonies or other religious festivals & traffic with aminimum Noise level which gives happiness and avoidadverse effects on human health. The increasing musicalinstruments, drums D.J. crackers are the main source ofnoise pollution now a day’s use is increasing day by day.This causes a lot of noise and air pollution. The crackerscontain dangerous chemicals. The focus is to reduce noiseand sound pollution that is intense during the following studypoints.

In the present work Gandhi Vatika & Girls school groundpalace of Neemuch (M.P.), India, A middle part of town duringGarva Utsav festival were choose for the study of the soundlevels.Sound V/S Noise - Sound is the quickly varying pressurewave traveling through a medium. When sound travelsthrough air, the atmospheric pressure varies periodically. Thenumber of pressure variations per second is called thefrequency of sound, and is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is

* Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Govt. P .G.College, Neemuch (M.P .) INDIA

defined as cycles per second Noise intensity is measuredin decibel units. The decibel scale is logarithmic; each 10-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noiseintensity. A decibel is the standard for the measurement ofnoise. The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold ofhearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, onthe scale acc. 20 db is the noise of smith’s whisper, 40 dbhas the noise in a quiet office. 60 db is normal conversation,80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful.The Noise quantum of some of the cities in our countryindicate their pitch in decibel in the nosiest areas ofcorresponding cities, e.g. Delhi- 80 db, Kolkata - 87,Bombay-85, Chennai-89 db etc.

Table-1 Area Day time dB Night time dB Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residential 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40

The permissible limits of noise levels for different urbanareas prescribed by the Noise Pollution (Regulation andcontrol) Rules, 2000 are given in the Table-1 Permissiblelimits of Noise levels. Here Day time treated as 6am to10pm& Night Time means 10pm to 6am.Study Area & Measurement T echnique - In the presentpaper an attempt has been made to study the sound levelsduring ‘Garva Utsav’ at ‘Gandhi Vatika’ & ‘Girls school ground’of Neemuch (M.P.), India on the different moment. The noiselevels were monitored with the help of sound meter.

The measurements of noise levels at the locations were


carried out in three different time intervals of the nine nights.The measurements of noise levels at the locations werecarried out in different time intervals of the specific time slot(8-12) of night. The instrument was set to record noisesamples at 5 minutes intervals during the given exposer time.The time slot have divided in three parts, 1st is 8 to 9pm, 2nd

is 9.0 to 10pm & 3rd is 10.0 to 12.0pm. That time intervalswere choose in nine days of Navratri festival. 1st & 2nd timeinterval falls in day time & 3rd time interval comes in nighttime according to CPCB Rules. We have noted the minimum& maximum sound levels in all time slots during ‘GarvaUtsav’at near ‘Gandhi Vatika’ & ‘Girls school ground’ of Neemuch.The noise levels were compared with that of the standardsprescribed in Environmental Protection Rules, 2000 andstandards of CPCB.

Results & Discussion - It was observed that the level ofNoise Pollution during all study is much higher whencompared with the standard limits. The sound levels recordedduring ‘Garva Utsav’ at ‘Gandhi Vatika’ of Neemuch (M.P.),located in middle part of the city Neemuch. In the monitoring1st & 2nd time interval, maximum sound level of 102 decibel &105 decibel respectively are observed during overall days offestival (Table-2, Figure-1). In the 3rd monitoring time intervalnight hours 10.0 to 12.0pm (Table-2, Figure-1) maximumsound level 105 decibel is observed during last three days ofGarba Utsav at 1st location ‘Gandhi Vatika’ of Neemuch.Similarly at the 2nd location ‘Girls school ground’ of Neemuchin the monitoring 1st & 2nd time interval, maximum sound levelof 103 decibel & 106 decibel respectively are observed duringoverall days of festival (Table-3, Figure-2). In the 3rd monitoringtime interval night hours 10.0 to 12.0pm (Table-3, Figure-2)maximum sound level 106 decibel is observed during lastthree days of Garba Utsav festival. Here max drums, D.J.,loud speakers are used that creates maximum sound level

of 106 decibel. Here maximum sound level of 106 decibelhas been found during over all time & days in the studyarea.

In general it was found that during the all time slots,observed sound level is much greater than that of thepermissible limit throughout the study. The figure -1 & 2based on table 2 & 3 are display in the last.Effects Of Noise On Health - Noise pollution can cause,Annoyance and Aggression, Hypertension, High StressLevels, Tinnitus, Hearing loss, Sleep disturbances,Forgetfulness, Severe Depression Panic Attacks. Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-inducedhearing loss. Older males exposed to significant occupationalnoise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivitythan their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearingsensitivity decrease with time and the two groups areindistinguishable by age 79. High noise levels can contribute to Cardiovascular effectsExposure to moderately high levels during a single eighthour period causes a statistical rise in Blood Pressure offive to ten points and an increase in and vasoconstrictionleading to the increased blood pressure noted above as wellas to increased incidence of Coronary Artery Disease. It has been reported that exposure to excessive noisemay leads to prematurity of new-born babies, disruption tothe normal growth and development of premature infants,affecting the physical and psychological behavior of theindividuals, permanent hearing loss; cause nausea, vomiting,pain, hypertension, high blood pressure, cardiovascularproblems, deterioration of sleep quality, restlessness,depression, fatigue, allergy, mental stress and annoyance


Conclusion - Noise pollution is emerging as an environmentalproblem in Neemuch M.P. and also other parts of India. Thiscan cause negative impact on public health and welfare.Considering the above aspects, we can conclude that noisedominates the spectrum of environmental noise.Recommendations - There are no doubts that Garba Utsavis a festival of worship & joy. It attracts crowd due to light &musical sound. (Goddess Durga Maa also listen light musicalsound & gives blessing to us).The problem arises when soundlevel of festival at the location increases day by dayinnocently. There are different remedies to check noise atboththe locations. In case of all time slots sound proof roof& side cover would be used to reduce sound level (noise).We should also be used ear protective apparatus at thelocation without hesitations. This ear protective apparatusis different from use of cotton and covering of ear with cloth& others. These major should be implemented by localadministration for a healthy & noise free atmosphere of ourlocality.

References :-

1. Vidyasagar and Nageswara Rao, (2006), Noise PollutionLevels in Visakhapatnam City (India), Journal ofEnvironmental Science and Engineering, 48(2), pp 139-142.

2. S. Rosen and P. Olin, Hearing Loss and Coronary HeartDisease, Archives of Otolaryngology, 82:236 (1965).

3. McClain, Craig. “Loud Noise Makes Crabs Even MoreCrabby”. Deep Sea News. Retrieved 2013-04-04. V.P.Kudesia and T.N. Tiwari:Noise Pollution and ItsControl.PragatiPrakashan, Meerut India,1994.

4. WHO., Environmental health criteria of noise. 12 WorldHealth Organization (1980).

5. RituKudesia: Environmental Health & Technology.Pragati Publishers, Meerut India, 2007.

6. D.B. Tripathy: Noise pollution. A.P.H. PublishingCorporation, New Delhi, India, 1999.

7. T. VidyaSagar et.al.2006, Oyedepo and Saadu 2009.


Kunjan Singh Songara *

Seasonal Variations In Physio-Chemical ParametersOf River Kshipra At Ram-Ghat, Ujjain (M.P.)

Abstract - Water sample collected from Kshipra River during pre-winter to post winter seasons 2013. This studyindicates the direct relationship among various physico-chemical parameters like water temperature, free carbon-di-oxide, Transparency DO, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), hardness andphosphate, an inverse relationship was found between DO and BOD and COD during course of the study.Key words - alkalinity, physic chemical, samples, oxygen, winter.

Introduction - In the lotic system, the significance ofphysical and chemical data for the assessment of waterquality has been recognized. The studies consider waterquality usually involve physical, chemical and biologicalvariables.

The Shipra also known as the Kshipra is a river inMadhya Pradesh state of Central India. The river rises in theVindhya Range north of Dhar, and flows south across theMalwa Plateau to join the Chambal river. It is one of sacredrivers in Hinduism. The holy city of Ujjain is situated on itsright bank. Every 12 years, the Kumbh Mela festival takesplace on the city’s elaborate river side ghats, as do yearlycelebrations of the river goddess Kshipra. There are hundredsof Hindu shrines along the banks of the river Shipra. Shiprais a peremial river.

Earlier there used to be plenty of water in the river. Nowthe river stops flowing after a couple of months after themonsoon.Number of workers has carried out their work on water qualityof different river. Khanna (1993), Khanna (2003) of river Gangaand Mahajan (2005) and Verma (2008) studied about thephysico-chemical and biological parameters of riverNarmada, where as the study about the Shipra River at RamGhat is scanty therefore the study will be helpful for otherworkers.Methodology - The water samples were collected in a neatclean two liter capacity white plastic jericanes for generalparameters and samples for Do were taken in 300 mlcapacity borosil glass bottles and Do was fixed by usingMnSO

4 and alkaline azide reagents. Methods of analysis,

sampling and preservation of samples were adopted as perstandard methods of APHA-AWWA (1998), Trivedi and Goel(1984), Kotiah and Kumaraswamy (1994), WHO (1984).Table –1 (See in next p age)Results and Discussion - The physico-chemical parameterfluctuation obtained during the study period is tabulated intable-1. The temperature showed a negative relationship withthe dissolved oxygen. Water is often attributed to the factthat the oxygen is dissolved more during the period of active

* Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Maharaja Bhoj Govt. P . G. College, Dhar (M.P.) INDIA

photosynthesis. Hutchinson (1957) concluded that cold waterhas greater capacity for holding dissolved gases. Themaximum dissolved oxygen was recorded (9.13 ml/l ± 0.10)in pre-winter and minimum (8.68 ml/l ± 0.28) in post-winter.It was also reported by Badola and Singh (1982). Themaximum total solids was observed 220 mg/l in post-winterand minimum (160 mg/l ± 5.2) in pre-winter. The value of thetotal solids is increased from pre-winter to post-winter asalso reported by David (1956) in Bhadra River (Mysore).

The maximum value of pH was observed (8.33 mg/l ±0.15) in pre-winter and minimum (7.90 mg/l ± 0.02) in post-winter. Maximum value of pH in winter might be due toincrease in algal population in the river, pH and DO showeda positive relationship to one another as also found by Aliet.al. (1988) in a atrophic lake.

The minimum value of free carbon dioxide was found1.30 mg/l ± 0.16 in pre-winter and maximum (1.55 mg/l ±0.14) in post-winter. Free carbon dioxide and DO showed anegative relationship to one another.

The maximum value of alkalinity was (142 mg/l ± 8.05)in winter and minimum (168.33 mg/l ± 0.66) in pre winter. Itwas also observed by Venkateswarlu and Jayanti (1968) inthe river Sabarmati.

The lowest chloride value was observed (16.80 mg/l ±0.14) in pre-winter and highest in post winter (17.88 mg/l ±1.42). It showed the positive relationship with temperaturealso studied by Mohanty 1981 in Bhubaneswar.

The sulphate value was minimum (1.05 mg/l ± 0.02) inpre-winter and maximum (1.28 mg/l ± 0.02) in post-winterare also observed by Singh (1988).

The maximum value of biochemical oxygen demand wasrecorded (3.33 mg/l ± 0.37) in post-winter and minimum (2.15mg/l ± 0.25) in winter season. Biochemical oxygen demandand dissolved oxygen showed a negative relationship whichis in agreement to Verma et. al.(1984) as reported in easternKalinadi.

The COD was highest (3.45 mg/l ± 0.05) in post winterand lowest (2.15 mg/l ± 0.15) in pre-winter. Biochemicaloxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand showed a


positive relationship with one another also observed by Chopraand Patrick (1994) in the river Ganga at Rishikesh. CODshowed a negative relationship with DO as reported by Vermaet.al. (1984) in eastern Kalinadi.

References :-1. Ali, A., Reddy, K.R. and Debusk, w.f. 1988. Seasonal

changes in sediment and water chemistry of asubtropical shallow Eutrophic lake–Hydrobiologia, 159:159-167.

2. A.P.H.A.,1998: Standard Methods for the examinationof water and waste water, 20th Eds. American PublicHealth Association; 1015, 15th street, New Washington;15:1-1134.

3. Badola, S.P. and Singh H.R.,1982 : Hydrobiology ofriver Alaknanda of the Garhwal Himalayas, Indian Eco.8 : 269-276.

4. Chopra, A.K. and Patric, Nirmal, J., 1994 : Effect ofdomestic sewage on self-purification of Ganga water atRishikesh I. Physico-chemical parameters, Ad. Bios.Vol. 13 (II) : 75-82

5. David, A., 1956: Studies on the pollution of the Bharariver at Badrawati fisheries effluents. Pro. Nat. Inst. Set.Indian, 93 (3) : 132 – 160.

6. Hutchinson, G.C.,1957:A treatise on limnology,geography, physics and chemistry, Vol. 1, New York,John Willey and Sons, Inc., 1-1015

7. Khanna, D.R.,1993 : Ecology and Pollution of GangaRiver. Ashish Publication House, Delhi : 1- 241.

8. Kotaiah, B,and Kumaraswami, N.,1994 : EnvironmentalEngineering Laboratory manual, Charaotar PublishingHouse opposite Amul dairy, Anand India, p : 115.

9. Mahajan, S.K.2005. Algal flora of a recently constructeddam on river Balki in West Nimar district of M.P. IndianHydrobiology, 8 (2): 113-116.

10. Mohanty, R.C.,1981: Water quality studies of somewater bodies of Bhubaneswer, Ph. D. Thesis, UtkalUniversity, p : 1-240

11. Singh, H.R.,1988: Pollution studies on upper Gangaand its tributaries at upper Himlaya Project Report.

12. Trivedi R.K. and Goel, P.K., 1984 : “Chemical andBiological methods for water pollution studies.” Karad(India).

13. Venkateswarlu, T. and Jayanti, T.V.C., 1968 :Hydrobiological studies of the river Sabarmati to evaluatewater quality : Hydrobiologia, 31 : 442-448.

14. Verma, S.R., Sharma, P. Tyagi, A, Rani, S. Gutpa, A.K.and Dalela, R.G., 1984: Pollution and saprobic statusof eastern Kalinadi; Limnoogica (Berlin) 15 (1) : 69-133.

15. Verma, P.K. 2008: “Studies on seasonal variations inphysico-Chemical and Biological parameters in riverNarmada at Maheshwar (M.P.)” Ph.D. Thesis of B.U.U.Bhopal. p – 159.

16. WHO, 1984: “Guide lines for Drinking water quality.”World Health Organization, Geneva, Vol. 2: 264.

*************

Table –1:Seasonal variation in physico-chemical p arameters of Shipra River at Ram Ghat Ujjain (M.P .)

S.No. Parameters SeasonsPre-winter Winter Post winter

1 Temperature (0C) 19.1 ± 0.56 20.0 ± 0.16 22.2 ± 0.502 pH 8.33 ± 0.15 8.15 ± 0.10 7.90 ± 0.023 Alkalinity (mg/l) 168.33 ± 0.66 142.00 ± 8.05 140.08 ± 9.154 Free CO

21.30 ± 0.16 1.38 ± 0.07 1.55 ± 0.14

5 Total Solid (mg/l) 160. ± 5.2 185.0 ± 15.0 220.0 ± 10.06 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 91.3 ± 0.10 8.78 ± 0.20 8.68 ± 0.287 BOD 2.16 ± 0.35 2.15 ± 0.25 3.33 ± 0.378 COD 2.15 ± 0.15 2.55 ± 0.25 3.45 ± 0.059 Chloride (ppm) 16.80 ± 0.14 17.30 ± 1.40 17.88 ± 1.4210 Sulphate (mg/l) 1.05 ± 0.02 1.26 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.02


Nirbhay Singh Solanki * S.C. Mehta **

Giant, Exotic,Endangered Plant Adansonia Digitata(Mandu Imli) Is Found In Mandu,Dhar (M.P.) India

Abstract - Adansonia digitata is an exotic plant. This is the biggest plant in the study area of Mandu and Dhar. Thebaobab used to belong to the family, Bombacaceae, but this is now generally regarded as a family of Malvaceae. Thisplant had grown in the time period of Muhammad khilji (1436-69).A.digitata is resistant to fire ,termite and drought , and prefers a high waterable. It occurs as isolated individuals orgrouped in clumps irrespective of soil type. This plant is used to cure many diseases. The life Span of this tree isalmost 5150 years.Keywords - Giant, Adansonia digitata ,Endangered, Exotic.

Introduction - Adansonia digitata L. belongs to theBombacaceae family and is generally known as the AfricanBaobab. It is called Kalpvriksha in India and has mythologicalsignificance in India and elsewhere.

Trees as part of vegetation resources play an integralpart in human and economic development of any nation, forthe simple reason that they (trees) provide many basic needsfor life such as medicine, food, fodder, timber, environmentalprotection and sustainability etc, based on this therefore, itcould be concluded that trees touches almost all aspect oflife. Trees of northern Nigeria, specifically, the semi-aridregions of the country were of great use especially to ruralor peasants whose life solely depends on agriculturalproductions. This is because most of the rural economy inthe region is agricultural; this has contributed a lot in thediscovery of so many potential uses of the trees and theirproducts.Distribution - The baobab tree is found in areas of SouthAfrica, Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique and other tropicalAfrican countries where suitable habitat occurs. It isrestricted to hot, dry woodland on stony, well drained soils,in frost-free areas that receive low rainfall. In South Africa itis found only in the warm parts of the Limpopo Province.Native - Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad,Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya , Mali,Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia,South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe.Exotic - Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, CentralAfrican Republic, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Gabon, Grenada,Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica,Malaysia, Martinique, Mauritius, Montserrat, NetherlandsAntilles, New Caledonia , Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sao Tomeet Principe, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and theGrenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Virgin Islands (US). Study Area - Dhar District - Dhar district is located at

* Asst.Prof. (Bot any) Govt. P .G. College, Dhar (M.P .) INDIA** Prof. (Bot any) Govt. P .G. College, Jaora (M.P .) INDIA

22degree to 22degree 49 minute north latitude and 75degree6 minute to75degree 42 minute east longitude, averagealtitude of Dhar district is 588 meters above the sea level.Dhar city - The city lies between latitude 22degree 35 minuteN & longitude 75degree 20 minute E with an average elevationof 559 meter an area of 8,153km square. It is located 53kmwest of Mahow 908 ft above the sea level.Mandu - (Historical palace –City of joy) The hill fort of Mandu22degree 2 minute N &75degree 26 minute E is situatedabout 35km south of Dhar .Methodology - I took some photographs by Digital camera.


Plant Name - The name Adansonia was given to this treeto commemorate the French surgeon Michel Adanson (1727-1806); the species name digitata meaning hand-like, is inreference to the shape of the leaves.Baobab •Hindi: Gorakhimli •marathi:Gorakh chinch •Gujrati:Bukha •Telugu:Brahmaaamlika •Bengali :Gadhagachh •Tamil: Papparappuli•sanskrit:Sarpadandi.Cream of Tartar tree, monkey-breadtree, lemonade tree (Eng.); kremetartboom(Afr.); isimuku,umShimulu, isiMuhu (Zulu); ximuwu (Tsonga); mowana(Tswana); muvhuyu (Venda).Local name in study area as mandu imli or khurasani imli.Scientific name - Adansonia digitata L.Classification -Kingdom : Plantae-PlantsSubkingdom : Tracheobionta-Vascular plantsSuperdivision : Spermatophyta-Seed plantsDivision : Magnoliophyta-Flowering plantsClass : Magnoliopsida-DicotyledonsSubclass : DilleniidaeOrder : MalvalesFamily : Bombacaceae- Kapok-tree familyGenus : Adansonia L. - AdansoniaSpecies : Adansonia digitata L. - Baobab(National Plant Database. 2004.)plant description - Leaves on petioles as long as leaflets;leaflets generally 5or 7,lanceolate or obovate, acuminate,long attenuate at base ,smooth above and downy beneath.Peduncle axillary, tomentose, often very long, more than 12inch. The structure of the fruit –bearing peduncle is curious,it has 5 distinct masses of ligneous tissue, each enclosingpith. Flowers pendulous . Calyx thick coriaceous, outsidetomentose inside thickly covered with long silky hairs. Petalswhite ,obovate ,broadly unguiculate . Staminal tube thick,longer than the free portion of filaments ;anthers long, linerar,contorted. Ovary ovoid ,silky-tomentose , tapering into along filiform style, which is bent downwards after flowering,The fruit is a large, egg-shaped capsule , covered with ayellowish brown hairs. The fruit consists of a hard, woodyouter shell with a dry, powdery substance inside that coversthe hard, black, kidney-shaped seeds. The off-white, powderysubstance is apparently rich in ascorbic acid. It is whitepowdery substance which is soaked in water to provide arefreshing drink somewhat reminiscent of lemonade. The lifeSpan of this tree is almost 5150 years.Uses - The fruit, leaves, and flowers are very important interms of their nutritional value. Both the fruit and leaves arehigh in vitamin C. The seeds and flowers are high in protein,and the kernel contains an edible oil. Fruits are commonlyseen in markets throughout Mandu. Young sprouts areconsumed as a vegetable but are considered to be a faminefood.Fruits - The pale powder that covers the black seeds insidethe fruits tastes sharp and tangy, and is added to manysauces and drinks. This fruit powder is rich in Vitamin C andB2, and therefore offers health benefits, especially for

pregnant women, children and the elderly, and is said tohelp fight fevers and settle the stomach.Leaves - An excellent source of protein, minerals andvitamins A and C. They are eaten fresh and also dried, milledand sieved to make a green powder that is used to flavourdrinks and sauces.Seeds - Used to thicken soups, or fermented to use as aflavouring , or roasted to be eaten as snacks.Anti-viral activity - Adensonia digitata ,leaves , fruitpulpand seeds have shown antiviral activity against influenzavirus ,herpes simplex virus and respiratory syncytial virus(vimalnathan and Hudson,2009) and polio (anan et. al.- 2000).Chemical analyses have reported the presence of variouspotentially bioactive ingradients including triterpanoids,flavonoids and phenolic compounds(chadare.et.al.2009).Apiculture - The baobab tree is a source of fine qualityhoney. Wild bees manage to perforate the soft wood andlodge their honey in the holes. In many parts of Africa, thehollow trunks are used for beekeeping (orwa ,et al,2009).Theleaves and the seeds are used in the preparation of soupand stew respectively. The fruit pulp is use in the preparationof gruel, soft drinks and local brew.Fibre - Bark fibres are used for making ropes, baskets,snares, cloth, strings for musical instruments, mats, andhats. The root bark also makes good rope. When the sapflows a section of bark can be unrolled, usually without hurtingthe tree.Asthematic problem - The pulp powder of this plant is takenwith dry ficus carica in relief of Asthama disease.The pulp of this powder is used in cure the skin and skindiseases.Discussion - This plant is very beautiful. It is also known asGlory of mandu. It has economical ,social and nutritionalvalue. The tree already faces a crisis of survival and is listedas an endangered species in the Red Data Book . Day byday, the interference by the Human beings as the formationof new crop field , grazing of cattles in the natural areas, thisplant has to bear many natural problem. Due to this reasonit is losing its value. So we need to conserve it.References :-1. RoyG.P.,Sukla B.K. and Datt Bhasker(1992) Flora of

Madhya Pradesh -Ashish publishing house New Delhi2. Brandis ,D first published(1874), reprinted B.S.M.P.S.

(1972) the forest flora of North West And Central IndiaDehradun

3. Panda H.hand book uses.books.google.co.in/books?id= VRKmAwAAQBAJ&pg= PT24&lpg= PT24&dq=adansonia+uses&s

4. Patil D.R.(2004)mandu published by archiological surveyof India new Delhi

5. dhanvantari krit bhartiya jari butia D.P.B.publication Delhi6. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5327e/x5327e0g.htm7. http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid =1318. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/5259. http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Malvaceae/

Adansonia/


10. http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/129891/file-17172711- pdf/docs/kabore_et_al,_medicine_and_nutrition.pdf

11. http://indiasendangered.com/adansonia-digitata-a-heritage-tree/

12. http://www.tm.ukzn.ac.za/content/medicinal-uses-adansonia-digitata-l-endangered-tree-species

13. http://www.prota4u.info/protav8. asp?g =pe&p= Adansonia+digitata+L.

14. http://www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.4% 281 %29/2013%284.1-52%29.pdf

15. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bao bab. html16. http://www.edenproject.com/visit-us/whats-here/plant-a-

z/baobab17. www.google.in18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia_digitata19. Parihar P.(translator)Mandu the city of joy B.R.

Publishing corporation new Delhi20. http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/madhyapradesh/

districts/dhar.htm

flower Adansonia digitataflowering plant Adansonia digitata

fruit Adansonia digitata

Seed Adansonia digitata

fruit Adansonia digitata fruit Adansonia digitata

Shell fruit Adansonia digitata


Jyoti Bhatt * Dr. Sandhya V erma ** Dr. J. C. Ajawani ***

A Comparative Study Of Mother- Care Practices DuringPregnancy Period Of Tribal And Non- Tribal Farm-

Women In Chhattisgarh

* Technical Assist ant, Directorate of Extension Services, IGKV , Raipur (C.G.) INDIA** HOD (Home Science) Govt. Art s and commerce Girl’ s College, Devendra Nagar , Raipur (C.G.) INDIA

*** HOD (Psychology) Govt. Art s and commerce Girl’ s College, Devendra Nagar , Raipur (C.G.) INDIA

Abstract - The author intended to study difference between tribal and non-tribal farm-women with special reference tomother-care practices during pregnancy period. It was hypothesized that there would be genuine difference in thisregard.

The sample was comprised of 150 tribal and 150 non-tribal farm- women of Chhattisgarh. CRPQ was administeredto seek information in respect of mother-care practices during pregnancy period.The findings confirmed that non- tribal farm-women were better at mother-care practices during pregnancy period ascompared to tribal farm- women. It is also suggested that there is need to improve mother-care practice among tribalwomen.Key Words - Tribal and Non- Tribal Farm- Women, Pregnancy Period, Mother-Care Practice.

Introduction - Care of a child starts when the child isconceived. It is obvious that care of child during pregnancyis solely depended on how the mother is nourished.Therefore, care of a mother during pregnancy is of utmostimportance than the care of a child after birth. Baby’s growthand development in the womb depends upon some factorslike nourishment, immunization during pregnancy,institutional delivery, eating practices during pregnancy, self-care, cleanliness and hygiene, regular health checkup ofmother as well as child. Literature reveals that over 75percent of pregnant women in India are anaemic and anaemiaremains to be a major causal factor for maternal morbidityand low birth weight of child.

Several studies about the mother-care during pregnancyhave been done by different researchers. Kalaivani (2009)studied “Prevalence and consequences of anaemia inpregnancy” and found that prevalence of anemia in India isamong the highest in the world. Even in higher incomeeducated mass of population about 50 percent of the children,adolescent girl and pregnant women were found to be anemic.Anemia in pregnancy was associated with adverseconsequences both for the mother and fetus. Similarly, Tinker(1997) concluded that making motherhood safer was criticalto saving new born. Research findings revealed that asignificant number of still births and neonatal deaths couldbe prevented if all women were adequately nourished andreceived good quality care during pregnancy. Thaker et al.(2013) compared registered and unregistered pregnantwomen at Tertiary Care Hospital. Severe anaemia was foundto be significantly higher in unregistered women as comparedto registered women. This was further confirmed and

supported by Li et al. (1996) and Allen (2000). Chauhan etal. (2012) in his study observed that among 120 deceasedtribal women of Bastar (chhattisgarh) highest maternalmortality was 54.166 percent noted in Primigravida and thelowest was 0.833 percent in Greatgrand Multigravida.Statement Of Problem - The only problem of the researchwas whether tribal and non- tribal farm-women differed inrespect of mother care practices during pregnancy.

It was hypothesized that there would exist truedifference between tribal and non-tribal farm women in regardto mother-care practice during pregnancy.Methodology - Sample - The final sample was comprisedof incidentally selected 150 tribal and 150 non-tribal farmwomen having child up to age of 9 years.Tools- The Child Rearing Practices Questionnaire (CRPQ)developed and standardized by Verma et al. (2012) was usedfor the purpose.Procedure- Initially two districts i.e., Bastar (Tribal) andRaipur (Non- tribal) were selected randomly from Chhattisgarhstate. Secondly, two blocks i.e., Bastanar and Bakabandfrom tribal area and two blocks i. e., Arang and Dharsiwafrom non-tribal were selected on random basis. Thirdly, 5villages were selected randomly from each block from whichtotal 15 women per village were selected incidentally. In thisway 150 tribal and 150 non- tribal women were selected andadministered CRPQ.Results And Discussion - The author intended to studydifference between tribal and non-tribal farm women in respectof mother-care practices during pregnancy period. It washypothesized that there would be genuine difference in thisregard. On the basis of scores on CRPQ, a median (mdn=13)


was computed to classify farm-women into two mother-carepractice group i.e., good and poor. Table # 1: No. of T ribal and Non-tribal Farm-W omen

Adopting Good and Poor Mother-care Practicesduring Pregnancy

Group Non- tribal Tribal Total X2

No. Percent No. Percent Good 115 76.66 85 56.66 200 13.50 Poor 35 23.34 65 43.34 100 Total 150 100 150 100 300 P< .01

A perusal of Table 1 clarifies that 76.66 % of non- tribalfarm- women adopted good mother- care practices whichwas quite higher than tribal farm- women (56.66%). It toohas been observed that more (43.34 %) tribal farm- womenbelonged to poor mother-care practice group as comparedto non-tribal farm-women (23.34 %). The obtained (X2 = 13.50)is significant at .01 level of significance for 1 df providingempirical ground to conclude that there was genuinely bettermother-care during pregnancy among non-tribal farm-womenthan tribal farm- women.

The non-tribal farm-women are more exposed toknowledge resources for their care during pregnancy. Theseresources include health centers, Anganbadi Kendra andmedia. These rich exposures prone these non-tribal farm-women to adopt good mother-care practices duringpregnancy. Their informal education due to availability ofNGOs and Govt. structures helps non-tribal farm-women tobe sensitive towards there care during pregnancy by seekingmore help of from health professionals.

In contrast, though tribal farm-women may have accessfor these facilities but it seems that their traditional practicesmay be restricting them to avail these facilities, and thus

they are unable to adopt good mother-care practices duringpregnancy.

The finding of the present research strongly suggestthat there is need to carry out intervention programmes tosensitize tribal farm-women towards healthy mother-carepractices during pregnancy, so that they shall be able toadopt good mother-care practices during pregnancy leadingto better health of the child and the mother too.References :-1. Kalaivani, K. (2009). Prevalence and consequences of

anemia in pregnancy. Indian Journal of MedicalResearches, 130 , 627-633.

2. Tinker, A. (1997). Safe motherhood is a vital social andeconomic investment. Paper presentation at SafeMotherhood T echnical Consult ation in Sri Lanka,Oct. 18-23.

3. Thaker, R., Deliwala K., Jadhav, M. M. (2013).Retrospective comparative study of obstetriccomplications and maternal mortality in registered andunregistered women at Tertiary Care Hospital. NHLJournal of Medical Science , 2 (1), 28-35.

4. Allen L. H., (2000). Anemia and iron deficiency: Effecton pregnancy outcomes. American Journal ofClinical Nutrition, 71 (5 Suppl. ), 1280-84.

5. Li, X. F., Fortney, J. A., Kotelchuck, M., & Glover, L.H.(1996). The postpartum period: The key to maternalmortality. International Journal of Gynaecol &Obstet , 54(1), 1-10.

6. Chauhan, P., Lagoo J. and Chauhan V.K.S. (2012).Maternal mortality among tribal women as per gravidityat a tertiary level of care in Baster, Chhattisgarh, India.International Journal of Biological and MedicalResearch, 3 (1), 1377-1384.

*************


Dr. Rashmi V erma *

Family Resource : Concept & Management

* Asst. Professor (Home Science) Govt. Girls College, Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA

Introduction – Resource are an important part of ourmanagement. Everyone use their resource. The manner inwhich resource are allocated and used means the differencesbetween “Coping” and Managing. The management ofresource involves knowing the quantitative and qualitativeaspects the classification of resource. The possible usesand the aspects of allocation. Management is an open,dynamic subsystem of the family,good managementencourages the effective use of the individuals or familyresource to meet the systems goals, although specificsituations are often the focus of management. Theinterrelationship of situation are recognized and consideredin deciding on courses of action.Definition – Resource is a widely used term which is seldomdefined precisely. Maloch&Decon (1966) define “Resourceas means which are available and recognized for theirpotential in meeting demands”. They further define meansas those things which have “want-satisfying power” and whichare instrumental in the reaching of desired ends.Classification of resource –why are resource classified?what function does .classification serve in management?Resource can be classified according to their source of originor their use within the spheres of interaction. Through theexamination theseclassification you are better able to identifyyour resource, the availability of each, and probable wayseach could be allocated. The study of resource classificationin reality, is an enabler for management. According to Deacon& Firebaugh there are two types of resources human andnonhuman (material),Gross, Crandall & Knoll use twoclassifications human and nonhuman and Economic andnoneconomic.Human / Non-human Resources –this classificationstressed the nature of the resource themselves, humanresource include the abilities and characteristics of individualalong with other resources (such as time)which cannot beutilized independently of individual. Non-human familyresources are those which are enteral to individuals but whichare possessed, utilized or controlled by the family.Economic / Non-economic Resources – in the classificationproposed by Gross , Crandall & Knoll resource are separatedaccording to their utilization , economic resources havingthe characteristics of being scarce transferable measurable

and usable for production purposes. Noneconomic resourcesare defined as those which are involved in services,production, human capital, tangible or material goods.Use of Resources – Throughout the management processresources are used as enables. In the planning componentyou allocated resources as you established the sequencing.You also allocated resources for various action duringimplementation resource are used. Still other resources arecalled upon for evaluative feedback. In each instance theresource are human or material (nonhuman), economic ornoneconomic. The success of the management processdepends upon your recognition allocation and use ofresource. Resource allocation depends upon determininghow resource are used and existing limitation of each. Thereare times when either substituting one to serve another orusing one to serve a specific purpose can enhance anotherone.Management of Resources – As an individual you makedecisions concerning your resources if you make thedecision to continuously consume them they are used asthe need arises. If this occurs undoubtedly you mayencounter a situation where a resource in needed but notavailable. In this case your management has not beenadequate. Managing your resources means more than justusing them, it means you take time to assess the qualitativeand quantitative aspects of each. It also means you analyzethe best use to which each should be put to bring about thehighest degree of satisfaction be achieved by transferring,consuming, producing, protecting, saving-investing orenhancing the resource. As you begin to allocated resourcespossible uses of each are determined managing resourcesencompasses both their allocation and use. It means takingthe time to look ahead to future demands as well as thepresent ones. It means making sure that if and whenresources are needed they are available and in the quantityand quality which will bring satisfaction.

Management of resource involves ascertaining the bestpossible use of each resource and then allocating thenecessary quantities to accomplish the task. Resolve thesituation or to meet the demands being placed upon you. Inorder to do this you need to aware of your resource possibleuses and existing as well as future demands.Everyone has


a unlimited wants and limited means to achieve them.Resource allocation and use involve setting priorities for yourwants, then allocating and using resources to attain thosehaving high priority. Management of your resource will helpyou to achieve a grater number of these want. As you attainmore your wants you also achieve a higher degree ofsatisfaction.Guidelines for the use of Resource – An overall objectivein the use of resource is to obtain the greatest satisfactionfrom their use, this is complicated by the fact that they mustbe used to achieve many different goals. The followingguidelines for action all of which require conscious decisionmaking, may be of help they draw on but are not identicalwith Hoyt’s (1938) well – known ways of maximizingsatisfaction some of the guides are based on concepts from

economics , other are from physics, while still other aremore philosophical in nature.1. Increases total supply of resource.2. Convert or create resource.3. Investigate alternate uses.4. Consider amount of resource to invest.5. Balance choices among resource.

References :-1. Irma H. Gross, Elizabeth W. Crandall & Marjorie M.Knoll

(1980) Management For Modern Living .2. Ruth E. Decon & Francille M. Firebaugh (1985) Home

Management.3. Bettye B. Swanson (1986) Introduction To Home

Management.

*************


S>m∞. [yZ_ oVdmar* S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] **

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ g_mO H$ AoYH$mße bmJ oZamJr H$m`m H$m hr ÒdÒœ` H$m`m_mZV h¢ oHß$Vw oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m ÒdÒœ` V^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h° Om oZamJhmZ H$ gmW-gmW ‡gfi Edß Ò\y$oV©dmZ o_bZgma Edß gm_moOH$ oH´$`mH$bm[mß _ß VÑrZ ahVm hm, ‡À`H$ H$m`© H$m H$aZ _ß CgH$r Í$oM hm&A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒdmÒœ` gßK H$ AZwgma "ÒdmÒœ` amJmß VWm emarnaH$oZ]©bVmAmß H$r AZw[oÒWoV _mÃ Zht ]oÎH$ emarnaH$ _mZogH$ VWmgm_moOH$ ohV H$r gÂ[yU© AdÒWm h°"

Bg ‡H$ma "ÒdmÒœ` _mZd OrdZ H$m emarnaH$ _Zmd°kmoZH$gm_moOH$ d _mZogH$ oZamJVm d gm_m›`Vm H$r oÒWoV h°"& ÒdÒœòH$emna`m± ÒdÒœ` [nadma H$r AmYma oebm h¢& oH$emna`m± CÉ oejmJ´hU H$aZ hVw Xya XamO H$ BbmH$mß g Ωdmobà eha H$ N>mÃmdmgmß _ßAmH$ma oZdmg H$aVr h¢& oH$emna`mß H$ ‡dmgr hmZ [a CZH$m ImZ[mZoH´$`mH$bm[, ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr AmXVß AmoX ‡^modV hmVr h¢ Om CZH$ÒdmÒœ` H$m r ‡^modV H$aVr h¢& oH$emna`mß H$m ‡dmgr hmZm CZH$ ÒdmÒœ`ÒVa H$m oH$g ‡H$ma ‡^modV H$aVm h°& OmZZm OÍ$ar h° AV: emYmWr© ZA[Z emY H$m odf` "N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ`ÒVa H$m VwbmZÀ_H$ A‹``Z" MwZm h°&C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -1 Ωdmobà eha H$r N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$mÒdmÒœ` ÒVa kmV H$aZm&2 N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$mVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm&[naH$Î[Zm - [naH$Î[Zm - [naH$Î[Zm - [naH$Î[Zm - [naH$Î[Zm - emY A‹``Z hVw oZÂZmZwgma ey›` [naH$Î[Zm H$m oZ_m©UoH$`m "N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _ß H$mB©AßVa Zht [m`m Om`Jm"emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY A‹``Z hVw 13 g 19 df© H$r 150 N>mÃmdmgr Edß150 J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 300 oH$emna`mß H$m M`Z X°d oZXe©Z odoY goH$`m J`m& oH$emna`mß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa kmV H$aZ hVw gmjmÀH$ma, AZwgyMrEdß bjU [arjU odoY`mß H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m&

oH$emna`mß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa kmV H$aZ hVw CZH$ _wI, [mMZ, oZ–m,_mg[oe`mß H$m ÒVa CZH$r emarnaH$ AmH•$oV CZ_ß [mfH$ VÀdmß H$r H$_rEdß AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJ Edß A›` ÒdmÒœ` g_Ò`mAmß H$m A‹``ZoH$`m& ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m dJr©H•$V Edß odõofV oH$`m J`m& [naH$Î[Zm H$rgmW©H$Vm hVw _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r [arjU H$m C[`mJ oH$`mJ`m (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 g 8 VH$)

N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emoa`m|$ H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$mVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (Ωdmobà eha H$ gßX © _|$)

* AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡) ^maV* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (J•hodkmZ), emgH$r` H$. am. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà> (_.‡) ^maV

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoV

^yI^yI^yI^yI^yI oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVgm_m›` 109 36.33 118 39.33 227 75.66

yI H$_ 30 10.0 20 6.67 50 16.67 bJZm^yI AoYH$ 10 3.33 8 2.67 18 6.0bJZm^yI Zht 1 0.34 4 1.33 5 1.67bJZm`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 5050505050 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 Xem©Vr h° oH$ 109(36.33:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß118(39.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 227(75.66:) oH$emna`mß H$r ^yIgm_m›` h°& 30(10:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß 20(6.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b50(16.67:) oH$emna`mß H$m ^yI H$_ bJVr h°& 10(3.33:) N>mÃmdmgr8(2.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 18(6:) oH$emna`mß H$m ^yI gm_m›` gAoYH$ bJVr h°& 1(0.34:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß 4(1.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgrHw$b 5(1.67:) oH$emna`mß H$m ^yI Zht bJZ H$r oeH$m`V h°& (J´m\$H´$_mßH$ 1)

J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 1 - oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 1 - oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 1 - oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 1 - oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 1 - oH$emna`m ß H$ ^yI H$r oÒWoV


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoV

[mMZ[mMZ[mMZ[mMZ[mMZ oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVgm_m›` 132 44.0 140 46.67 272 90.67H$„O 14 4.67 8 2.66 22 7.33XÒV 4 1.33 2 0.67 6 2.0`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 5050505050 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2 H$ AdbmH$Z g kmV hmVm h° oH$ 132(44:)N>mÃmdmgr Edß 140(46.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 272(90.67:)oH$emna`mß H$ [mMZ H$r oßÒWoV gm_m›` h°& 14(4.67:) N>mÃmdmgr8(2.66:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 22(7.33:) oH$emna`m± H$„O g [ro∂S>Vh¢& 4(1.33:) N>mÃmdmgr 2(0.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 6(2:) oH$emna`mß_ß XÒV H$r oeH$m`V [mB© JB©& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2)

J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2 - oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2 - oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2 - oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2 - oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 2 - oH$emna`m ß H$ [mMZ H$r oÒWoV

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVoH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoV

oZ–moZ–moZ–moZ–moZ–m oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVA¿N>r d Jhar141 47.0 149 49.67 290 96.67Zht AmZm 2 0.66 0 0 2 0.66H$_ AmZm 7 2.33 01 0.33 8 2.67`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 5050505050 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3 g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 141(47:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß149(49.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 290(96.67:) oH$emna`mß H$m ZtXH$r g_Ò`m Zht h° d Jhar ZtX _ß gmVr h¢& ef oH$emna`mß H$m ZtX gß]ßYrg_Ò`m h° oOg_ß 2(0.66:) N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$m ZtX Zht AmVr h°O]oH$ J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß _ß ZtX H$r g_Ò`m Zht h°& 7(2.33:)N>mÃmdmgr VWm 01(0.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 8(2.67:) oH$emna`mßH$m ZtX H$_ AmZ H$r oeH$m`V h°& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3)

J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3 - oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3 - oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3 - oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3 - oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoVJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 3 - oH$emna`m ß H$ oZ–m H$r oÒWoV

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaoH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaoH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaoH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaoH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVa

_mßg[oe`m|$_mßg[oe`m|$_mßg[oe`m|$_mßg[oe`m|$_mßg[oe`m|$ oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVaÒVa N>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVjoV J´ÒV 3 1.0 1 0.33 4 1.33gm_m›` 147 49 149 49.67 296 98.67`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 5050505050 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4 H$ AdbmH$Z g kmV hmVm h° oH$3(1.0:) N>mÃmdmgr VWm 1(0.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 4(1.33:)oH$emna`mß H$r _mßg[oe`m± j`J´ÒV h¢ VWm 147(49:) N>mÃmdmgr VWm149(49.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 296(98.67:) oH$emna`mß H$r_mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVa gm_m›` [m`m J`m& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4 - oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4 - oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4 - oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4 - oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 4 - oH$emna`m ß H$r _mßg[oe`mß H$m ÒVa


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)

AmH•$oVAmH•$oVAmH•$oVAmH•$oVAmH•$oV oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVhmW [°a grY 112 37.33 125 41.67 237 79 [Q> AßXaN>mVr ]mha - - - - - -Hß$Y PwH$ hwE 38 12.67 25 8.33 63 21`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 150150150150150 5050505050 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5 H$ AdbmH$Z g kmV hmVm h° oH$ 112(37.33:)N>mÃmdmgr Edß 125(41.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 237(79:) oH$emna`mßH$ I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß hmW [°a grY d [Q> AßXa [m`m J`m Om oH$ gwS>m°b AmH•$oVH$m [naMm`H$ h°& 38(12.67:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß 25(8.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgrHw$b 63(21:) oH$emna`mß H$ Hß$Y PwH$ hwE [m` J` Om oH$ odH•$V AmH•$oVH$m [naMm`H$ h°& oH$emna`mß H$r N>mVr H$r oÒWoV g_ÒV oH$ena`mß _ß gm_m›`[mB© JB©& N>mVr gß]ßYr odH•$oV H$m A^md [m`m J`m& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5 - oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5 - oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5 - oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5 - oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 5 - oH$emna`m ß H$r AmH•$oV H$m ÒVa (I∂S>r oÒWoV _ß)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6[mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ[mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ[mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ[mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ[mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ

am Jam Jam Jam Jam J oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m±oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVoOamogg 20 6.67 15 5.00 35 11.67Hß$ßOo∑Q>dmodQ>m∞Q> Ò[m∞Q> 10 3.33 9 3.00 19 6.33oOamogg 47 15.67 17 5.67 64 21.34H$moZ© moH$aQ>mJb- - - - - - -oe`m]ar-]ar - - - - - -[bmJ´m - - - - - -oMbmogg 28 9.33 24 8.00 52 17.33EßΩ yba 38 12.67 28 9.33 66 22.00 ÒQ>m_Q>m

ÒH$dr© - - - - - -AmoÒQ>`m- - - - - - -_boe`mAmoÒQ>`m - - - - - -[mamoggXßV j` 28 9.33 13 4.33 41 13.66S>_Q>mBoQ>g 2 0.67 5 1.66 7 2.33KßKm - - - - - -EZro_`m 141 47.0 52 17.33 193 64.33H$_ ^mnaVm 8 2.67 5 1.66 13 4.33

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6 H$ AdbmH$Z g kmV hmVm h° oH$ 20(6.67:)N>mÃmdmgr 15(5:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 35(11.67:) oH$emna`mß H$rAm±Imß _ß _ß oOamogg Hß$O∑Q>mBdm [m`m J`m& 10(3.33:) N>mÃmdmgr9(3.00:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 19(6.33:) oH$emna`mß H$r Am±Imß _ß o]Q>m∞Q>Ò[m∞Q> [mE JE& 47(15.67:) N>mÃmdmgr 17(5.67:) J°a N>mÃmdmgrHw$b 64(21.34:) oH$emna`mß H$r AmßImß _ß oOamogg H$moZ©`m [m`m J`m&28(9.33:) N>mÃmdmgr 24(8.00:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 52(17.33:)oH$emna`mß _ß oMbmogg (oN>b hwE hmßR>) [m`m J`m& 38(12.67:)N>mÃmdmgr 28(9.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 66(22:) oH$emna`mß _ßEßΩ yba ÒQ>m_Q>m (hmßR>mß H$ oH$Zmamß _ß Xamaß) [mB© JB™& 28(9.33:) N>mÃmdmgr13(4.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 41(13.66:) oH$emna`mß H$ Xm±Vmß _ßìXßV j`í [m`m J`m& 2(0.67:) N>mÃmdmgr 5(1.66:) J°a N>mÃmdmgrHw$b 7(2.33:) oH$emna`mß H$r ÀdMm _ß S>_Q>mBoQ>g [m`m J`m& 141(47:)N>mÃmdmgr 52(17.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 193(64.33:) oH$emna`mß_ß a∫$hrZVm (EZro_`m) [m`r J`r& oH$aQ>m_bna`m, ]ar-]ar [bmJ´m,ÒH$dr©, AmoÒQ>`m_boe`m, AmoÒQ>`m[mamogg, KßKm AmoX amJ g [ro∂S>VoH$emna`mß H$r gßª`m oZaßH$ ahr& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6)

J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6 - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6 - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6 - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6 - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 6 - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r H$_r g CÀ[fi amJ

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJoH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJoH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJoH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJoH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fi amJ

am Jam Jam Jam Jam J oH$emna`m± oH$emna`m± oH$emna`m± oH$emna`m± oH$emna`m± Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgrN>mÃmdmgr J°a N>mÃmdmgr

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVAoYH$ 20 6.67 10 3.33 30 10.0^mnaVm


_mQ>m[m 10 3.33 8 2.66 18 6.0EWamÒH$- - - - - - -bmamogg

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 7 g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ 20(6.67:) N>mÃmdmgr Edß10(3.33:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 30(10:) oH$emna`mß _ß AoYH$^mnaVm[mB© JB©& 10(3.33:) N>mÃmdmgr 8(2.66:) J°a N>mÃmdmgr Hw$b 18(6:)oH$emna`m± _mQ>m[ g [ro∂S>V [mB© JB™& EWamÒH$bmamogg oH$gr N>mÃm _ß Zht[mB© JB©& (J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 28)J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 7 - oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fiJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 7 - oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fiJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 7 - oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fiJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 7 - oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fiJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 7 - oH$emna`m ß _ ß [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$r AoYH$Vm g CÀ[fiam Jam Jam Jam Jam J

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 (XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 (XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 (XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 (XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 (XI ) VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m Q>r-

[arjU H$m [naJoUV _yÎ` 298 ÒdVßÕ`mße [a 22.821 h° Om 0.05ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h° AV: g·_ ey›` [naH$Î[Zm "N>mÃmdmgr d J°a N>mÃmdmgroH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _ß H$mB© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m Om`Jmî,AÒdrH•$V hmVr h°&

Bg ‡H$ma N>mÃmdmgr d J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _ßgmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m&J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaH$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU (XI )H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU (XI )H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU (XI )H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU (XI )H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU (XI )oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - N>mÃmdmgr Edß J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _ßgmW©H$ AßVa [m`m J`m& J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ÒVaN>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`mß H$r VwbZm _ß CÉ [m`m J`m&gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -1 oH$emna`mß H$m oZò_V [moÓQ>H$ Edß gßVwobV Amhma bZm Mmoh`&2 C›hß WH$mZ H$r oÒWoV _ß odlm_ Edß amoÃ _ß 7 g 8 KßQ> H$r ZtX bZm

Mmoh`&3 ‡oVoXZ Ï`m`m_ AWdm g°a H$aZm Mmoh`&4 amJ JógV oH$emna`mß H$m Vwa›V oMoH$ÀgH$ g gÂ[H©$ H$aZm Mmoh`&gßX^© J´ßW gyMrï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMrï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMrï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMrï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMrï-1. e_m©, gw_Z, "ÒdmÒœ` g_Ò`m Am°a g_mYmZíí ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2007,

odÌd^maVr [o„bH$eZ ZB© oXÑr&2. oÃdXr Ama.EZ., ewÎH$ S>r.[r., naMg© _Wmbm∞Or H$m∞bO ]wH$ oS>[m,

2008&3. ZmamÙ gwYm Amhma odkmZ, 1982&4. _wH$Or© aod›– ZmW, gm_moOH$ emY d gmßoª`H$r, oddH$ ‡H$meZ

oXÑr 2010&5. lrdmÒVd S>r.EZ., d_m© ‡roV, _ZmodkmZ Edß oejm _ß gmßoª`H$r,

odZmX [wÒVH$ _ßoXa AmJam&6. Hw$bH$Ur© ¡`moV gm_m›` Edß C[MamÀ_H$ [mfU&7. ogßh, S>m∞. AZrVm, "C[MmamÀ_H$ [mfUíí, ÒQ>ma [o„bH$eZ, AmJam&8. o_lm Cfm Edß AJ´dmb AÎH$m, Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ, ZdrZ

gßÒH$aU gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 8 oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUAmdmgr` ÒVaAmdmgr` ÒVaAmdmgr` ÒVaAmdmgr` ÒVaAmdmgr` ÒVa _m‹`_m‹`_m‹`_m‹`_m‹` _mZH$ odMbZ_mZH$ odMbZ_mZH$ odMbZ_mZH$ odMbZ_mZH$ odMbZ ÒdmVßÕ`mßeÒdmVßÕ`mßeÒdmVßÕ`mßeÒdmVßÕ`mßeÒdmVßÕ`mße oH$emna`m ßoH$emna`m ßoH$emna`m ßoH$emna`m ßoH$emna`m ß Q>r.-[arjU H$m _yÎ`Q>r.-[arjU H$m _yÎ`Q>r.-[arjU H$m _yÎ`Q>r.-[arjU H$m _yÎ`Q>r.-[arjU H$m _yÎ` na_mH©$na_mH©$na_mH©$na_mH©$na_mH©$

H$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mN>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`m± 28.12 2.114 298 150 22.821 P< >0.05J°a N>mÃmdmgr oH$emna`m± 34.35 2.588 298 150 22.821 P< >0.05

J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjUJ´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 8 -oH$emna`m ß H$m Amdmg H$ AmYma [a ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m _m‹`, _mZH$ odMbZ Edß Q>r. [arjU

*************


[yZ_ amZr * S>m∞. _ßOy Xw] **

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ OZgßª`m H$r —oÓQ> g CŒma ‡Xe ^maV df© H$m g]g ]∂S>m‡Xe h° oOgH$r Am]mXr 2001 H$r OZJUZm H$ AZwgma 16.62 H$am∂S>h°& odÌd H$m ha N>R>dmß Ïò∫$ maV _ß oZdmg H$aVm h° VWm maV _ß oZdmgH$aZ dmbm ha N>R>dmß Ïò∫$ CŒma ‡Xe H$m oZdmgr h°& ‡Xe _ß odH$mg H$gßH$VH$mß H$ AZwgma 40 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jar]r H$r aIm g ZrM h° VWmHw$[mfU H$m oeH$ma h°& odefH$a 6-11 Am w dJ© H$ ]Émß [a Hw$[mfU H$mJß ra ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°&1 Hw$[mfU H$m AW© AÏ`doÒWV ^mOZ g h°, OmAmdÌ`H$Vm g AoYH$ m H$_ [mfH$ VÀd bZ H$ H$maU hmVm h°&2 Hw$[mfUH$ AßVJ©V A[`m©· [mfU Am°a AÀòYH$ [mfU H$r oÒWoV`m± CÀ[fi hmVr h¢&A[`m©· [mfU A[`m©· [mfU A[`m©· [mfU A[`m©· [mfU A[`m©· [mfU (Undernutrition) - - - - - `h EH$ ‡H$ma H$m Hw$[mfU h°&A[mfU H$m AW© h° A[`m©· [mfU AWm©V Om [mfU eara H$r Am`w,AmdÌ`H$Vm H$ AZwÍ$[ Z hm Cg_ß oH$gr EH$ AWdm AoYH$ VÀdmß H$r H$_r[m`r Omd [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ [mfU hrZVm OoZV amJ XI OmV h¢&AÀòYH$ [mfUAÀòYH$ [mfUAÀòYH$ [mfUAÀòYH$ [mfUAÀòYH$ [mfU (Overnutrition) - - - - - h r EH$ ‡H$ma H$m Hw$[mfU h° oOg_ßeara H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm g AoYH$ _mÃm _ß ^mOZ JhU oH$`m OmVm h° Am°a[naUm_ÒdÍ$[ _mQ>m[m d Cgg gß]ßoYV A›` ]r_mna`m± XIr OmVr h°&3

Hw$[mfU H$ H$maUmß _ß A[`m©· ^mOZ, AgßVwobV ^mOZ, Am`w,emarnaH$ obßJ, Obdm`w, emarnaH$ oH´$`merbVm AmoX H$ AZwÍ$[ ^mOZJ´hU Z H$aZm, ImZ[mZ H$r AZwoMV AmXVß, Jar]r, AkmZVm,AÒdmÒœ`H$a dmVmda m, ZtX H$r H$_r, Jß ra ]r_mar g JógV hmZm AmoXH$maU hm gH$V h¢& ]Émß H$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m CfiV ]ZmZ H$ ob` CZ_ßHw$[mfU ÒVa kmV H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z _ß H$mZ[waeha H$ od⁄moW© mß _ß Hw$[mfU ÒVa kmV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& AV:emY H$m odf` ìîH$mZ[wa eha H$ _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dVEdß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZîîMwZm J`m&C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - H$mZ[wa eha H$ _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV EdßAbm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß _ß Hw$[mfU H$m ÒVa H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY A‹``Z hVw H$mZ[wa eha H$ _‹`m›h mOZ Ï`dÒWmgßMmobV Edß AgßMmobV od⁄mb`mß g H´$_e: 150, 150 Hw$b 300od⁄moW© mß H$m X°d oZXe©Z odoY g M`Z oH$`m J`m& od⁄moW© mß _ß Hw$[mfUÒVa kmV H$aZ hVw _mZdo_oV [arjU (Antropometric measurement)

H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m& (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1-3)VmobH$m H´$. - 1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 _ß od⁄mb`mß H$ _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm gbm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma dJr©H$aUoH$`m J`m h°& VmobH$m Xem©Vr h° oH$ od⁄moW©`mß H$r ›`yZV_ D±$MmB©

H$mZ[wa eha H$ _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV EdßAbm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

* emYmWu,emgH$r` H$. am. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà> (_.‡) ^maV* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (J•hodkmZ), emgH$r` H$. am. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà> (_.‡) ^maV

bm^mo›dV od⁄mW©`mß H$r 111-114 g_r H$ _‹` VWm Abm^mo›dVod⁄moW©`mß H$r 99-102 g_r H$ _‹` h° VWm bm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß EdßAbm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$r AoYH$V_ D±$MmB© 139-142 g_r h°&gdm©oYH$ od⁄mWr© bm^mo›dV lUr H$ 43(14.33%) VWm Abm^mo›dVlUr H$ 51(17.00%) Hw$b 94(31.33%) H$r D±$MmB© 127-130 H$_‹` h°& (J´m\$ H´$.1)J´m\$ H´$. 1 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 1 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 1 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 1 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 1 - (AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. - 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2 _ß _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV EdßAbm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m CZH$ dOZ H$ AZwgma dJr©H$aU oH$`m J`mh°& VmobH$m Xem©Vr h° oH$ od⁄moW©`mß H$m ›`yZV_ dOZ 16-19 oH$bm. h°oOg_ß bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© H$r gßª`m 21(7.0%) VWm Abm^mo›dVod⁄moW©`mß H$r gßª`m 49(16.3%) h°& od⁄moW©`mß H$m AoYH$V_ dOZ36-39 oH$bm. h° oOgH$ A›VJ©V bm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mßß H$r gßª`m3(0.99%) VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mß H$r gßª`m 5(1.66%) h°& gdm©oYH$od⁄mWr© 87(28.99%) 20-23 oH$bm dOZ H$ [m J & (Jm\$ H$. 2)J´m\$ H´$. 2 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 - (AJb [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 - (AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3 H$ AdbmH$Z g kmV hmVm h° oH$ AoYH$mßf od⁄mWr©63.66% gm_m›` AdÒWm H$ [m` J`& 23.32% od⁄mWr© ‡W_ oS>J´rHw$[mfU J´ÒV VWm 11.98% o¤Vr` oS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒV [m` J`& V•VròS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV ]hwV H$_ AWm©V 0.99% [m`mJ`m& MVwW© oS>J´r H$ Hw$[mfU H$m H$mB© r od⁄mWr© Zht [m`m J`m& gm_m›ÀdÒWm H$ od⁄moW© mß _ß _‹`m›h mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mßH$m ‡oVeV 29.66% VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV 34%[m`m J`m AWm©V Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeV bm^mo›dVod⁄moW©`mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& gm_m›` AdÒWm H$ b∂S>H$ Edßb∂S>oH$`mß H$r VwbZm H$aZ [a bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV XmZmß lUr _ßb∂S>H$mß H$m ‡oVeV b∂S>oH$`mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& bm^mo›dVb∂S>H$ 15.6% d b∂S>oH$`m± 14%, Abm^mo›dV b∂S>H$ 18% d b∂S>oH$`m±16% [mB© JB™&

‡W_ oS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒV od⁄moW©`mß _ß bm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m‡oVeV Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& (13.66%bm^mo›dV VWm 9.66% Abm^mo›dV)& ‡W_ oS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒVb∂S>H$ Edß b∂S>oH$`mß H$r VwbZm H$aZ [a bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV XmZmßhr loU`mß _ß b∂S>oH$`mß H$m ‡oVeV b∂S>H$mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ (bm^mo›dVb∂S>H$ 6.33% b∂S>oH$`mß 7.33% VWm Abm^mo›dV b∂S>H$ 4.33% b∂S>oH$`mß


5.33%) [mB© JB™&o¤Vr` oS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒV od⁄moW©`mß _ß bm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß H$m

‡oVeV Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW© mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ (6.32% bm^mo›dVVWm 5.66% Abm^mo›dV) [m`m J`m& b∂S>H$ Edß b∂S>oH$`mß H$r VwbZmH$aZ [a bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV XmZmß hr loU`mß H$r b∂S>oH$`mß _ßHw$[mfU H$m ‡oVeV b∂S>H$mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ (bm^mo›dV 2.66%b∂S>H$ d 3.66% b∂S>oH$`m± VWm Abm^mo›dV 2.66% b∂S>H$ d 3% b∂S>oH$`m±)[m`r JB™&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -1. AoYH$mße od⁄mWr© gm_m›` ÒdÒœ` AdÒWm _ß [m` J` oOZ_ß

_‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm aohV od⁄mb`mß H$ od⁄moW©`mß H$m ‡oVeVAoYH$ [m`m J`m& _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV EdßAbm^mo›dV XmZmß hr loU`mß _ß gm_m›` ÒdÒœ` b∂S>oH$`mß H$m‡oVeV b∂S>H$mß H$r VwbZm _ß H$_ [m`m J`m&

2. _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`mß _ß ‡W_ Edßo¤Vr` oS>J´r Hw$[mfU H$m ÒVa H$_ [m`m J`m VWm bm^mo›dV EßdAbm^mo›dV XmZmß loU`mß _ß ‡W_ oS>J´r Hw$[mfU J´ÒV b∂S>oH$`mß H$m‡oVeV b∂S>H$mß H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ [m`m J`m& H$mZ[wa eha H$od⁄mb`mß _ß MVwW© lUr ÒVa H$m Hw$[mfU J´ÒV H$mB© od⁄mWr© Zht[m`m&

gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd - _‹`m›h mOZ Ï`dÒWm w∫$ od⁄mb`mß _ß od⁄moW© mß H$m od⁄mb`g ‡m· mOZ [a hr oZ ©a Zht ahZm Mmoh C›hß Òd ß H$m oQ>o\$Z r bmZmMmoh` VWm ‡mV: H$mb ZmÌVm AdÌ` H$aZm Mmoh`& Ka [a ^r ^mOZ _ßXmb, Mmdb, g„Or amQ>r, \$b Edß XyY bZm Mmoh`&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. H$mßZJm, ‡m. _ßJbm, "[mfU Edß [mfU ÒVa', [wZ©_w–U 2008, nagM©

[o„bH$e›g, O`[wa, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 213,214&2. ogßh, S>m∞. AoZVm, "C[MmamÀ_H$ [mfU' ZdrZ [nado’©V gßÒH$aU,

ÒQ>ma [o„bH$e›g, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 6,7&3. [ÎQ>m, S>m∞. AÍ$Um "Amhma Edß [mfU', ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2004, oedm

‡H$meZ B›Xm°a, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 15&4. `yoZg\$: _‹`m›h ^mOZ `mOZm gßXmoe©H$m, _‹`m›h ^mOZ

‡moYH$aU, CŒma ‡Xe [•ÓR> H´$.1&5. lrdmÒVd S>r.EZ., d_m© ‡roV, _ZmodkmZ Edß oejm _ß gmßoª`H$r,

odZmX [wÒVH$ _ßoXa AmJam&6. ogßh, S>m∞. AZrVm, "C[MmamÀ_H$ [mfU', ÒQ>ma [o„bH$eZ, AmJam&7. o_lm Cfm Edß AJ´dmb AÎH$m, Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ, ZdrZ

gßÒH$aU gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ&8. e_m©, gw_Z, "ÒdmÒœ` g_Ò`m Am°a g_mYmZ' ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2007,

odÌd^maVr [o„bH$eZ ZB© oXÑr&9. Hw$bH$Ur© ¡`moV gm_m›` Edß C[MamÀ_H$ [mfU&

J´m\$ H´$. 1 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 1 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 1 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 1 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 1 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU

J´m\$ H´$. 2 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 2 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 2 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 2 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUJ´m\$ H´$. 2 - _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV Edß Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$ Hw$[mfU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU

Hw$[mfUHw$[mfUHw$[mfUHw$[mfUHw$[mfU bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Hw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJH$r lUrH$r lUrH$r lUrH$r lUrH$r lUr b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ

gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%%80 d AoYH$ 47 15.6 42 14 89 29.66 54 18 48 16 102 34 191 63.66%(gm_m›`)70 g 80 % 19 6.33 22 7.33 41 13.66 13 4.33 16 5.33 29 9.66 70 23.32(‡W_ oS>J´rHw$[mfU)60 g 70 % 08 2.66 11 3.66 19 6.32 08 2.66 09 03 17 5.66 36 11.98(o¤Vr` oS>J´rHw$[mfU)50 g 60 % 01 0.33 00 00 01 0.33 00 00 02 0.66 02 0.66 03 0.99(V•Vr` oS>J´rHw$[mfU)50% g H$_ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VmobH$m H´$. - 2 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$. - 2 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$. - 2 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$. - 2 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUVmobH$m H´$. - 2 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m dOZ H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU

dOZdOZdOZdOZdOZ bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Hw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJ

(oH$bm _ ß)(oH$bm _ ß)(oH$bm _ ß)(oH$bm _ ß)(oH$bm _ ß) b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJgß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%%

16-19 9 3 12 4 21 7 22 7.3 27 9.0 49 16.3 70 3.3320-23 31 10.3 17 5.6 48 15.9 21 7 18 6.0 39 13 87 8.9924-27 17 5.6 22 7.3 39 12.9 16 5.33 19 6.33 35 11.66 74 4.6628-31 8 2.6 18 6.0 26 8.6 9 3.00 7 2.33 16 5.33 42 3.9932-35 9 3.0 4 1.33 13 4.33 5 1.66 4 1.33 9 2.99 22 7.3236-39 1 0.33 2 0.66 3 0.99 2 0.66 0 0 2 0.66 5 1.66`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100

VVVVVmobH$m H´$. - 1 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUmobH$m H´$. - 1 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUmobH$m H´$. - 1 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUmobH$m H´$. - 1 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaUmobH$m H´$. - 1 : _‹`m›h ^mOZ Ï`dÒWm g bm^mo›dV VWm Abm^mo›dV od⁄moW©`m ß H$m D±$MmB© H$ AZwgma VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU

D±$MmB© (g_r)D±$MmB© (g_r)D±$MmB© (g_r)D±$MmB© (g_r)D±$MmB© (g_r) bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©bm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr©Abm^mo›dV od⁄mWr© Hw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJb∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m±b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$ b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± b∂S>oH$`m± `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ `mJ

gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%% gß.gß.gß.gß.gß. %%%%%99-102 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 0.33 1 0.33 2 0.66 2 0.66103-106 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 0.33 4 1.33 5 1.66 5 1.66107-110 00 00 00 00 00 00 5 1.66 4 1.33 9 3.00 9 3.00111-114 5 1.66 7 2.33 12 3.99 8 2.66 6 2.00 14 4.66 26 8.66115-118 5 1.66 5 1.66 10 3.33 1 0.33 1 0.33 2 0.66 12 4.00119-122 10 3.33 7 2.33 17 5.66 5 1.66 2 0.66 7 2.33 24 8.00123-126 6. 2.00 3 1.00 9 3.00 10 3.33 15 5.00 25 8.33 34 11.33127-130 20 6.33 23 7.66 43 14.33 26 8.66 25 8.33 51 17.00 94 31.33131-134 15 5.00 17 5.66 32 10.66 9 3.00 11 3.66 20 6.66 52 17.33135-138 8 2.66 4 1.33 12 4.00 3 1.00 1 0.33 4 1.33 16 5.33139-142 6 2.00 9 3.00 15 5.00 6 2.00 5 1.66 11 3.66 26 8.66`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 7575757575 2525252525 7575757575 2525252525 150150150150150 5050505050 300300300300300 100100100100100


]mbH$ - ]mobH$mAmß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m\$mÒQ> \y$S> H$ C[^mJ H$ _‹` gÂ]›Y -gmJa eha H$ gßX © _ß

S>m∞. AmamYZm lrdmg *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ oeew h_ma amÓQ>≠ H$ ôdÓ` h° CZH$ CŒm_ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a gßÒH$mamß [a ‹`mZ XZm _mVm-o[Vm H$m H$Œm©Ï` h° & ]mbH$ H$r ^mOZ gß]ßYrAmXVmß d ImZ-[mZ H$m ‹`mZ Ao^^mdH$mß H$m aIZm Mmoh`& EH$ ÒdÒW VWm gm_m›` oeew _ß h_ma g] XwImß H$m ^wbm XZ H$r eo∫$ hmVr h°& ]ÉmßH$m CoMV [mbZ [mfU H$aH$ Cg gÂ[yU© Ïò∫$ H$ Í$[ _ß EH$ MwZm°oV[yU© H$m`© h°& AZH$ _mVm-o[Vm A[Z Bg Xmo`Àd H$m oZdm©h g\$bVm [yd©H$ H$abV h° oH$›Vw Hw$N> _mVm-o[Vm Edß Ao^^mdH$ MmhV hw` ^r Bg Xmo`Àd H$m oZdm©h g\$bVm [yd©H$ Zht H$a [mV h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ÒdÒW oeew _ß ÒdÒW _oÒVÓH$ H$m odH$mg hmVm h°& AmOH$bH$r mJ Xm°∂S> ar oO›XJr _ß _mVm-o[Vm H$m A[Zr g›VmZ H$ ImZ-[mZH$r Ama ‹`mZ XZ H$m g_` Zht hmVm h° & BgH$m H$maU h° CZH$ [mg g_`H$m A^md hmZm& AmO gß`w∫$ [nadma H$_ Am°a EH$mßH$r [nadma AoYH$XIZ H$m o_bV h°& AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mAmß H$ oZXmZ H$aZ hVw _mVm-o[Vm]Émß H$ ImZ-[mZ H$r Ama ‹`mZ Z XV hw` AWm[mO©Z H$r XwoZ`m _ß Xm°∂S>bJm ah h°& ]É H$m odH$mg hm Vm H°$g hm& ]É H$m ImZm Hw$N> h° [a›Vw_mVm o[Vm A[Z H$m`© H$m _hÀd XV hwE g_` H$r ]MV hVw \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$rAma ‡naV H$aV h¢& Ohm± ]Émß H$m gßVwobV mOZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°dhm± CgH$r [yoV© Zht hm [mVr&l ÒQ> ≠J Edß ]mJmS©> (1990) ÒQ> ≠J Edß ]mJmS©> (1990) ÒQ> ≠J Edß ]mJmS©> (1990) ÒQ> ≠J Edß ]mJmS©> (1990) ÒQ> ≠J Edß ]mJmS©> (1990) Z ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° oH$ Om Ïò∫$ odo^fi‡H$ma H$ gm_moOH$ ÒVa _ß ahZ dmbm hmVm h°& CgH$m g_m`mOZ CVZm hrAoYH$ A¿N>m hmJm&l ]hwba (1994) ]hwba (1994) ]hwba (1994) ]hwba (1994) ]hwba (1994) Z A[Z A‹``Zmß _ß XIm oH$ Hw$N> g_Ò`m ß [nadmamß_ß CÀ[fi hmVr h¢ Am°a dV©_mZ _ß od⁄mb`, [nadma H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV,Ï`dgmo`H$ MwZmd VWm [mnadmnaH$ g_m`mOZ H$r g_Ò`m ß AoYH$ hmVr h¢&l ÒQß> ≠J (1990) ÒQß> ≠J (1990) ÒQß> ≠J (1990) ÒQß> ≠J (1990) ÒQß> ≠J (1990) ¤mam oH$ J A‹``Zmß g kmV hwAm oH$ g_mO H$mÒWmZr` ‡^md Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd [a [∂S>Vm h°& gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU H$m‡^md ^r ]mbH$ H$ g_m`mOZ [a [∂S>Vm h°&l Jw·m aOZr (1984) Jw·m aOZr (1984) Jw·m aOZr (1984) Jw·m aOZr (1984) Jw·m aOZr (1984) Z _‹`‡Xe _ß _ohbmAmß H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoVEdß CgH$ gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ‡^mdmß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m h°& CZH$ A‹``Zg `h [Vm bJVm h° oH$ ∑`m _ohbmAmß H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma gCZH$ gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$ ÒVa _ß H$mB© gH$mamÀ_H$ [nadV©Z hwAmh°& A[Z A‹``Z H$ oZÓH$f© _ß CZH$m H$hZm h° oH$ [m±M C‘Ì`mß _ß g XmC‘Ì` hr g\$b ah h¢& Bg_ß ‡W_ C‘Ì` h° oejm H$m ÒVa ]∂T>mZ g _ohbmAmßH$m AmoW©H$-gm_moOH$ ÒVa ]∂T>m h°& Xygam C‘Ì` _ohbmAmß H$m e°joUH$ÒVa dV©_mZ _ß oZa›Va [nadoV©V ahm h° Am°a g\$b ahm h° O]oH$ Vrgam,Mm°Wm, [m±Mdm C‘Ì` H´$_e: _ohbmAmß H$r gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m]∂T>mZ g [wÍ$fmß [a oZ^©aVm H$_ hmVr h°, og’ Zht hwAm h°&l \$m]©a (1959) \$m]©a (1959) \$m]©a (1959) \$m]©a (1959) \$m]©a (1959) Z kmV oH$`m oH$ oZÂZ gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa H$[nadmamß _ß _mZogH$ _ßX ]mbH$ H$ H$maU _mZogH$ _ßX ]mobH$m H$r A[jmAoYH$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m&l he Edß oe[_Z (1965) he Edß oe[_Z (1965) he Edß oe[_Z (1965) he Edß oe[_Z (1965) he Edß oe[_Z (1965) Z A‹``Z H$a [m`m oH$ [nadma H$

* AZwgßYmZH$Vm©, emgH$r` Òdemgr H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô> _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ ÒVa H$ ]Émß H$m odH$mg H$ oZÂZ Adga o_bV h¢&emY A‹``Z H$ CXXÌ`- Bg A‹``Z H$m _wª` CXXÌ` ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$ C[^mJ H$_‹` gÂ]›Y kmV H$aZm h°&emY A‹``Z H$r ‡m∏$Î[Zm- emY A‹``Z H$r ‡m∏$Î[Zm- emY A‹``Z H$r ‡m∏$Î[Zm- emY A‹``Z H$r ‡m∏$Î[Zm- emY A‹``Z H$r ‡m∏$Î[Zm- ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß H$r gm_moOH$ EdßAmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$ C[^mJ H$ _‹` YZmÀ_H$ ghgÂ]›Y[m`m OmVm h°&emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY A‹``Z hVw gmJa eha H$ odo^fi odKmb`mß _ß g 8g 13 df© H$ 300 ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß H$m X°d oZX©eZ odoY g M`ZoH$`m J`m& Bg_ß ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß H$ ¤mam \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$m C[^mJ dCZH$r gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa gß]ßYr kmV H$aZ H$ ob ‡ÌZmdbr H$m C[`mJoH$`m J`m h°& gmßoª`H$r odõfU hVw _‹`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ odoY`mß H$mC[`mJ oH$`m J`m&( VmobH$m H$_mßH$ 1,2,3 Jm\$ H$_mßH$ 1,2,3) [naUm_mßH$r gmW©H$Vm kmV H$aZ hVw ìQ>rî Q>ÒQ> H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m&VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 (XI AJb [•> [a)(XI AJb [•> [a)(XI AJb [•> [a)(XI AJb [•> [a)(XI AJb [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$. 1 _ß ]mbH$ d ]mobH$mAmß H$ ¤mam \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$ C[^mJH$m Xem©`m J`m h°& 300 CŒmaXmVmAmß _ß g 150 ]mbH$ d 150 ]mobH$mE±h°& 150 ]mbH$mß _ß g 112(74.66 ‡oVeV) ]mbH$ ‡oVoXZ d g·mh _ß2-3 ]ma \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ H$aV [m J VWm 38(25.33 ‡oVeV)]mbH$ g·mh _ß EH$ ]ma d 15 oXZ _ß EH$ ]ma \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ H$aV[m J & Bgr ‡H$ma 150 ]mobH$mAmß _ß g 53(35.33‡oVeV) ]mobH$mE±‡oVoXZ Am°a g·mh _ß 2-3 ]ma \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ H$aVr [m`r J`rVWm 97(64.66 ‡oVeV) ]mobH$mE± g·mh _ß EH$ ]ma d 15 oXZ _ß EH$]ma \$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ H$aVr [m`r J`r&

‡ÒVwV A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ ]mobH$mAmß H$r A[jm ]mbH$\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$ AoYH$ C[^mJr h¢&J´m\$ H´$.1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$.1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$.1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$.1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$.1 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$. 2 VmobH$m H´$. 2 VmobH$m H´$. 2 VmobH$m H´$. 2 VmobH$m H´$. 2 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$. 2 _ß [nadma H$r gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa H$m Xem©`m J`mh° oOgH$ AdbmH$Z g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ Hw$b 300 [nadmamß _ß g 46(15.33 ‡oVeV) [nadma CÉ dJ©, 57 (19 ‡oVeV) [nadma CÉ_‹`_ dJ©, 89 (29.66 ‡oVeV) [nadma _‹`_ dJ©, 65 (21.66


‡oVeV) [nadma oZÂZ _‹`_ dJ© d 43 (14.33 ‡oVeV) [nadma oZÂZdJ© H$ [mE J`&J´m\$ H´$. 3 : (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 3 : (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 3 : (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 3 : (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)J´m\$ H´$. 3 : (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

AmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß gÂ]›YAmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß gÂ]›YAmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß gÂ]›YAmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß gÂ]›YAmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß gÂ]›YH´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. _m‹`_m‹`_m‹`_m‹`_m‹` ‡_m[ odMbZ‡_m[ odMbZ‡_m[ odMbZ‡_m[ odMbZ‡_m[ odMbZ]mbH$ 93 29.36 ghgÂ]›Yr r]obH$mE± 99 22.85 0.76

C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ ]mbH$-]mobH$mAmß _ß AmoW©H$[•ÓR> yo_ Am°a \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß YZmÀ_H$ ghgÂ]›Y hmVm h°& VmobH$mg kmV hmVm h° oH$ ]mbH$mß H$m _m‹` 93 VWm ]mobH$mAmß H$m 99 ‡m·hwAm& ‡_m[ odMbZ ]mbH$mß H$m 29.36 VWm ]mobH$mAmß _ß 22.85 ‡m·hwAm& AmoW©H$ oÒWoV Edß \$mÒQ>-\y$S> C[^mJ _ß ghgÂ]›Y H$m [arjUH$aZ [a r (0.76) ‡m· hwAm Om Am°gV g CÉ lUr H$m ghgÂ]›YXem©Vm h°&oZÓH$f©- ooZÓH$f©- ooZÓH$f©- ooZÓH$f©- ooZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ß `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$oÒWoV Edß \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$ C[^mJ H$ _‹` YZmÀ_H$ ghgÂ]›Y [m`m J`m&r = 1 AV: AV: AV: AV: AV: C[H$Î[Zm [yU©V: gÀ` ‡_moUV hwB©&gwPmd-gwPmd-gwPmd-gwPmd-gwPmd-1. A[Z ]É H$ gm_Z EH$ AmXe© ]Zß& H$^r r ImZ [rZ H$ _m_b _ß

¡`mXm Oma O]©XÒVr Z H$aß, ∑`mßoH$ Am[H$m ]Ém ^r dhr ImEJm,Om dh Am[H$m ImVm hwAm XIJm& AJa Am[ a[ya \$b Am°a go„O`m±ImEßJß, Vm Am[H$m ]Ém ^r dhr ImZ bJJm&

2. N>mQ>r C_´ _ß hr ]Émß _ß ÒdÒW ImZ-[rZ H$r AmXVß S>bdmE±& O]Am[H$ ]É gm]wV Amhma bZm ewÍ$ H$a Xß, V] C›hß Vbr hwB© MrOßAm°a \$mÒQ> \y$S> o]ÎHw$b Z Xß, V] C›hß og\©$ go„O`m± Am°a ‡mQ>rZ g^a[ya Amhma Xß, VmoH$ CZ_ß \$mÒQ> \y$S> bZ H$r ]war AmXV Z [∂S>&

3. A[Z Ka _ß h_em [m°oÓQ>H$ Amhma aIß O°g oH$ \$b , har go„O`m±Am°a bm H°$bmar S>`ar CÀ[mX& o\´$O _ß o_R>mB©, Mm∞H$bQ> H$ ]OmE VmO\$b Am°a go„O`m± aIß&

4. [m°oÓQ>H$ ^mOZ h_em ÒdmoXÓQ> hmVm h°& bmJmß _ß [b ahr JbVYmaUm oH$ [m°oÓQ>H$ ^mOZ ImZ bm`H$ Zht hmVm, A[Z ]Émß H$oX_mJ _ß Z S>mbß&

5. AJa ]Émß H$m H$mB© Ï`ßOZ [g›X Z AmE, Vm CgH$r OJh H$mB©Xygar [g›XrXm MrO oIbmE±& H$^r ^r JbV MrOß ImZ _ß CZH$roOX [yar Z H$aß& ewÍ$AmV _ß ]É Wm∂S>r AmZmH$mZr H$aßJß, _Ja ]mX _ßYra-Yra C›hß [m°oÓQ>H$ Mr¡mß ImZ H$r AmXV [∂S> OmEJr&

6. AJa ]´H$ \$mÒQ> H$aZ g ]É H$VamV hmß, Vm CZH$ bßM ]m∞∑g _ß EgrMrOß aI Xß, Om [m°oÓQ>H$ hmß&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-

1. _wIOr© adr›–ZmW, gm_moOH$ emY d gmßoª`H$r oddH$ ‡H$meZoXÑr 2010&

2. oÃdXr Ama. EZ. ewÎH$ S>r. [r. nagM© _°WS>mbm∞Or H$m∞bO ]wH$ oS>[m2008&

3. H$o[b EM.H$. (2010), gmßoª`H$r` H$ _yb VÀd, AJ´dmb[o„bH$e›g, AmJam&

4. oÃdXr Ama.EZ., ew∑bm S>r.[r. (2008), nagM© _°WS>mbm∞Or, H$m∞bO]wH$ oS>[m, O`[wa&

5. MmßXH$a a_e (2009), gm_moOH$ AZwgßYmZ, gÀ` ‡H$meZ, gßMmaH$›–, B›Xm°a, [•. 21-22&

6. Eb. EZ. Xw] Ed ß]r. oZJ_ _m[Zr [najU&7. Bultrus P.T., Lynch J.W., Everson-Rose S.,

Raghunathan T.E., Kaplan G.A. (2005). “Race ethnicity,life-course socioeconomic position, and body weighttrajectories over 34 years, The Alameda county study”,Am J Public health 95 (9) : 1595-601.

8. Levin Stein, Harvey (2003) : “Paradox of Plenty : A socialhistory of eating in modern”, America Berkeley :University of California P, 228 - 229.

9. Dutta D.K. (2001) : ’Food Consumption Pattern in Dayto Day life of Gailengs of Tegogamlion Village’’, Manand life, 17(182); 113-116.

10. Mukherjee M.R., Chaturvedi V.T., Cols B., Col R. (2007): “Determinates of Nutritional status of school children”,MJ ATI: 64:227-213.

VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1 VmobH$m H´$. 1\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ\$mÒQ>-\y$S> H$m C[^mJ

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. \$mÒQ>-\y$S>\$mÒQ>-\y$S>\$mÒQ>-\y$S>\$mÒQ>-\y$S>\$mÒQ>-\y$S> ]mbH$]mbH$]mbH$]mbH$]mbH$ ]mobH$mE±]mobH$mE±]mobH$mE±]mobH$mE±]mobH$mE±H$ ‡H$maH$ ‡H$maH$ ‡H$maH$ ‡H$maH$ ‡H$ma ‡oVoXZ g·mh _ß g·mh _ß 15 oXZ _ß ‡oVoXZ g·mh _ß g·mh _ß 15 oXZ _ß

2-3 ]ma 1 ]ma 1 ]ma 2-3 ]ma 1 ]ma 1 ]ma1. _°Jr 19 08 02 02 20 09 02 022. o[¡Om 04 03 02 02 01 02 04 043. ]J©a 09 06 06 06 01 03 01 034. MmD$_rZ 07 16 02 04 02 04 18 085. hm∞Q>S>m∞J 01 02 03 03 03 05 27 156. Mm∞H$bQ> 21 16 04 02 01 02 06 07Hw$bHw$bHw$bHw$bHw$b 6161616161 5151515151 1919191919 1919191919 2828282828 2525252525 2828282828 3939393939


J´m\$ H´$.2 ]mobH$mAm ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.2 ]mobH$mAm ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.2 ]mobH$mAm ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.2 ]mobH$mAm ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.2 ]mobH$mAm ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJ

VmobH$m H´$. 2VmobH$m H´$. 2VmobH$m H´$. 2VmobH$m H´$. 2VmobH$m H´$. 2gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa (L.N. Dubey & B. Nigam Scale)

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$ gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$gm_moOH$ ‡m·mßH$‡m·mßH$‡m·mßH$‡m·mßH$‡m·mßH$ [nadma[nadma[nadma[nadma[nadma ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVAmoW©H$ÒVaAmoW©H$ÒVaAmoW©H$ÒVaAmoW©H$ÒVaAmoW©H$ÒVa dJ©dJ©dJ©dJ©dJ© gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m

1. CÉ dJ© I 100 Edß AoYH$ 46 15.332. CÉ _‹`_ dJ© II 80 g 99 57 193. _‹`_ dJ© III 60 g 79 89 29.664. oZÂZ _‹`_ dJ© IV> 40 g 59 65 21.665. oZÂZ dJ© V > 39 Edß H$_ 43 14.33

Hw$bHw$bHw$bHw$bHw$b 300300300300300 100100100100100

J´m\$ H´$. 3 gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$. 3 gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$. 3 gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$. 3 gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVaJ´m\$ H´$. 3 gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa

J´m\$ H´$.1 ]mbH$m ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.1 ]mbH$m ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.1 ]mbH$m ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.1 ]mbH$m ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJJ´m\$ H´$.1 ]mbH$m ¤mam \$mÒQ> ñ \$yS> H$m C[`mJ

*************


Aasif Khaliq Shaksaz * Dr. Mohd Mubeen Khan **

Inventory Management Analysis Of Bajaj Auto Ltd

Abstract - On an average, inventories are approximately 60 percent of current assets in public ltd companies in India.It is possible for a company to reduce its levels of inventories to a considerable degree, e.g., 10 to 20 percent, withoutany adverse effect on production and sales, by using simple inventory planning and control techniques. The reductionin ‘excessive’ inventories carries a favorable impact on company’s profitability.

The study starts with an introduction to inventory management review of literature and objectives are set out forthe study. Research design, Data analysis and Interpretation, Findings and Suggestions of the study follow. One ofthe main areas of this paper is the Analysis part where the data are analyzed and interpreted, to find out how theinventories were managed. In this paper, Researchers revealed the basic information about the “Inventory ManagementAnalysis of Bajaj Auto Ltd.”Key words - current assets – inventory, inventory management, working capital.

Introduction - Every enterprise needs inventory for smoothrunning of its activities. It serves as a link between production& distribution process. There is, generally a time lag betweenthe recognition of a need and its fulfillment.The greater the timelag, the higher the requirements for inventory. The unforeseenfluctuations in demand & supply of goods also necessitate theneed for inventory. It also provides a cushion for future pricefluctuations. The investment in inventories constitutes the mostsignificant part of current assets or working capital in most ofthe undertakings. Thus, it is very essential to have proper controland management of inventories. The purpose of inventorymanagement is to ensure availability of materials in sufficientquantity as and when required and also to minimize investmentin inventories. The investment in inventory is very high in mostof the undertakings engaged in the manufacturing, whole-sale& retail trade. The amount of investment is some times more ininventory than in other assets. In India, a study of 29 majorindustries has revealed that the average cost of materials is 64paisa & the cost of labor & overhead is 36 paisa in a rupee. Inindustries like sugar, the raw material cost is as high as 68.75%of the total cost. About 90 % part of working capital is investedin inventories. It is necessary for every management to giveproper attention to inventory management. A proper planning ofpurchasing, handling, storing & accounting should form a partof inventory management. An efficient system of inventorymanagement will determine (a) what to purchase (b) how muchto purchase (c) From where to purchase (d) where to store, etc.

There are conflicting interests of different departmentalheads over the issue of inventory. The finance manager will tryto invest less in inventory because for him it is an idleinvestment, whereas production manager will emphasis toacquire more & more inventory or he does not want anyinterruption in production due to shortage of inventory. Thepurpose of inventory management is to keep the stock in sucha way that neither there is over stocking nor under stocking,the over stocking will mean a reduction of liquidity & starving of

* Research Scholar , Barkatullah University , Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA** Prof. & Head, Government Geet anjali P.G College, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

other production processes; under stocking on the other hand,will result in stoppage of work. The investment in inventoryshould be kept in reasonable limits.Justification Of Research S tudy - As inventory is one of theimportant portions of the current assets; the inventory sentportion in investment constitutes the most significant part ofworking capital/current assets in most of the undertakings.The inventory is justified by this that the every entrepreneurand businessman have to maintain an adequate of innovatoryin their business for running its activities smoothly and effectively.Also the business man should well aware of that the inventoryshould not be taken in more bulk quantities or beyond therequirements or outside the normal level, if this happenssometimes the business/company may suffer from thewastages or pilferages of inventory and incurred in losses. Thus,it is very essential to have proper control and management ofinventories the purpose of inventory management is to ensureavailability of materials in sufficient quantity as and when requiredand also to minimize investment in inventories. A proper inventorycontrol management not only helps in solving the actualproblems of liquidity, but also increase in profits and causessubstantial reduction in the working capital of the concern. Inthis regard; I have taken this topic for the research study-“Inventory Management Analysis of Bajaj Auto Ltd.”Review Of Literature - Once the problem is formulated nextstep is to undertake extensive literature survive, connected withthe problem for this purpose, the abstracting and indexingjournals and published or unpublished bibliographies are thefirst place to go to. Academic journals, conferencesproceedings, government reports, books etc, must be tappeddepending on the nature of the problem. In this process, itshould be remembered that one source will lead to another,the earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in handshould be carefully studied.

A number of studies have been done in the field of inventorymanagement by various researchers,some of them are given


below:-Author-Bern at de William year (2008) - This study tellsthat the main focus of inventory management is on transportationand ware housing.The decision taken by management dependson the traditional method of inventory control models.Thetradional method of inventory management is how much usefulin these days the author tell about it.He is also saying that thetraditional method is not a cost reducing,it is so muchexpensive.But the managing the inventory is most importantwork for manufacturing unit.Author-Jon Schreibfeder (1992) - He said that it is easy toturn cash into inventory, the challenge is to turn inventory backinto cash.In early 1990’s many distributor recognise that theyneeded help controlling and managing their largest assetinventory. In response to this need several companies developedcomphrensive inventory management modules and systems.These new package include many new features designed tohelp distributors effectively managed warehouse stock, But afterimplementing this many distributors do not feel that they havegained control of their inventory.Author-D.Hoopman (April 7, 2003) - In this article he saidthat inventory optimization recognize that different industry havedifferent inventory profiles and requirements. Research hasindicated that solutions are priced in a large range from tens ofthousands of dollars to millions of dollars. In this niche marketsector price is difinitely not an indicator of the quality of solution.ROI and usability are paramount.Author-Asfaque Ahmed (October 12, 2004) - He said thatthe most of the manufacturing company vendors have planningand sheduling products which assume either infinite productioncapacity for calculating quantities of raw-material and work-in-progress requirements or infinite quantities of raw-materials andwork-in-progress materials for calculating producation capacity.There are many problems with this approach and how to avoidthese by making sure that the product you are buying indeedtakes into account finite quantities of required material as wellas finite capacities of work centres in your manufacturingfacilities.Author-Charles Atkinson (2006) - In the study by Mr.Charlesexplained the inventory management and assessment ofinventory levels. As this study, inventory management need toaddress two issue :-Part 1 . How to optimize avarage inventory levels.Part 2. How to evaluate inventory levels.

This study tells about what the manager should do andnot to do, and how much amount should be order in one placedorders, Average inventory can be calculated by simplisticmethod. Average inventory = beginning inventory + end inventory /2.Author-Delaunay C, Sahin E (2007) - A lots of work has beendone but now if we want to go ahead we much have goodvisibility up on this field of research. That is why, we are focusedon face work for an exhaustive review on the problem of supplychain management with inventory inaccuaracies. The authorsaid that their aim in this work is also to present the mostimportant criterion that allow a distinction between the differenttypes of managing the inventory.Author-Wolfy Bagby (2010) - In this study He explains thatby managing the inventory it becomes easier for the organisation

to meet the profit goals, shorter the cash cycles, avoideinventory shortage avoide excessive carrying costs for unusedinventory, and improve profitability, by decreasing cashconversion and adopt JIT system. According to this studycompanies need to get smart about inventory.

Boosting financial performance is author benefit that comesfrom better inventory management. In fact, large number ofmanufactuers enjoy savings and better performance bychoosing the approach of inventory reduction.

For this company need to maximize the cash flow andprofitability and this include keeping a watch ful discerning eyeon charge in supply and Demand.Author- Silver , Edward A (Dec 22, 2002) - This articleconsiders the context of a population of items for which theassumptions underlying the E0Q, derivation holds reasonablywell. However as is frequently the cash in practices there is anaggregate constraints that applies to the population as a whole.Two common forms of constraints are :-a). The existence of budget to be allocated amoung the stocksof the items andb). A purchasing producation of facial facilities having thecapability to process at most a certain number of replenishmentper year. Because of the constraints the individualrepleinshement quantities cannot be selected independently. Objectives Of The S tudy - An objective is compulsory forthe study of research because problem of research study isbased on objectives:-l To study the inventory position of Bajaj Auto Ltd.l To study of inventory to working capital position of Bajaj

Auto Ltd.l To analyze the inventory turnover of Bajaj Auto Ltd.Research Design - Every research have required data, eithermay be primary or may be secondary data. In this researchstudy we have been using the secondary data; the sources ofthese data are annual reports, budgets, and statistical reportsand published documents. In this study the major sources ofdata have been collected from annual reports and internet whichhas been directly related to our topic i.e. “Inventory ManagementAnalysis of Bajaj Auto Ltd.” The data will also be collectedthrough a comprehensive interviews, schedules and discussionswith the top manager of the company. The published researchreports and market studies will helped the researchers to gaugeinto the problem. This study we have been completed in severalsteps which are related to introduction, research methodology,analysis of inventory management and findings andsuggestions. The objective of the study is also analyzed throughvarious dates which are related to the topic of the study. Onthe basis of analysis of the study, objective of the study,observation of the study; we have been given suggestions forthe betterment of the company or were made for company’swelfare.Limitations Of The Study - Every research has their ownconstraint pain & limitations, in this light this study has alsobeen some limitations which are given as below:-l The study is based on five years annual report from 2009

to 2013, so the validity of data collection, observation, andsuggestions have limited.

l The study is based on secondary data. The reliability ofsecondary data is dependent on the audit in the Indian


scenarios.l The data has been grouped and sub-grouped as perrequirement of the analysis.TABLE 4.1 : S tatement of inventory to current Asset s RatioThis ratio shows the relationship between inventories to currentAssets, this ratio show that what the proportion of inventory inthe current Assets is. The formula for calculating the inventoryto current Assets Ratio = (Inventory / Current Assets)

(Rs in crores) Year Inventory Current Assets Ratio 2009 7605.78 2401.45 3.16:1 2010 9309.96 3111.75 2.99:1 2011 13197.15 5358.19 2.46:1 2012 15780.74 4501.40 3.50:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.1 shows the inventory has beenincreasing during the year 2009, but it has been decreasingsince 2010 to 2011 and while it has been also increasing in theyear 2012 respectively.

TABLE 4.2 : S tatement of inventory to workingcapital ratioThis ratio shows the relationship between the inventories andthe working capital. This ratio also shows that how much theproportion of inventory as compared to the working capital,formula for calculating the inventory to working capital Ratio =(Inventory / working capital) (Rs in crores) Year Inventory Working capital Ratio 2009 7605.78 (200.90) (37.85:1) 2010 9309.96 (1355.03) (6.87:1) 2011 13197.15 (1191.88) (11.07:1) 2012 15780.74 (599.02) (26.34) 2013 16362.00 (555.24) (29.46:1) Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.2 shows that the inventories have beenfalling in the years 2009 to 2013, and have been shown negativelyin the years 2009 to 2013 respectively.

TABLE 4.3 : S tatement of inventory to currentliabilities RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventories ofcurrent Liabilities; this ratio also indicates that how muchproportion of inventory as compared to the current liabilities.Formula for calculating the inventory to current liabilities Ratio= (Inventory / current liabilities)

(Rs in crores) Year inventory Current liabilities Ratio 2009 7605.78 2602.35 2.92:1 2010 9309.96 4466.78 2.08:1 2011 13197.15 6550.07 2.01:1 2012 15780.74 5100.42 3.09:1 2013 16362.00 4505.40 3.63:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.3 shows that the inventories havebeen decreasing in the year 2009 to 2011 but after that, ithas been increasing continuously during the year 2012 to2013 which are (3.09) of (3.63) respectively.

TABLE 4.4 : S tatement of inventory to Fixed Asset s RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventoryand Fixed Assets. It also indicates that how muchcontribution of inventory as compared to the Fixed Assets.Formula for calculating the inventory to fixed assets Ratio =(Inventory / Fixed Assets)

(Rs in crores) Year inventory Fixed Assets Ratio 2009 7605.78 3457.29 2.19:1 2010 9309.96 5621.95 1.65:1 2011 13197.15 6427.25 2.05:1 2012 15780.74 6737.57 2.34:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.4 shows that there are some upsand downs in the years from 2009 to 2013 respectively.

TABLE 4.5 : S tatement of inventory to T otal Asset s RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventoriesof Total Assets. This ratio also indicates that how muchproportion of inventory as compared to the Total Assets.Formula for calculating the inventory to total assets Ratio =(Inventory / Total Assets)

(Rs in crores) Year inventory Total Asset s Ratio 2009 7605.78 6042.04 1.25:1 2010 9309.96 8733.70 1.06:1 2011 13197.15 11785.44 1.11:1 2012 15780.74 11238.97 1.40:1 2013 16362.00 12478.62 1.31:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.5 shows that the inventory has beendecreasing up to 2009 to 2011, but it has been interruptedlyincreasing in the rest of years which is (1.40) (1.31)respectively.Table 4.6 : S tatement of inventory to Debt Capit al RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventoryand Debt capital. This ratio is calculated by use of theparticular and accepted formulas are as = (Inventory / DebtCapital)

(Rs in crores) Year inventory Debt Capital Ratio 2009 7605.78 1570.00 4.84:1 2010 9309.96 1338.58 6.95:1 2011 13197.15 325.15 40.58:1 2012 15780.74 97.48 161.88:1 2013 16362.00 71.27 229.57:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.6 shows that the inventories havebeen falling down in the years 2009 and 2010 but it hasbeen uninterruptedly raising in the years 2011 to 2013respectively.Table 4.7 : S tatement of inventory to Shareholder ’s

fund RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventoryand the shareholder’s fund i.e. (owner’s fund). This ratio againshows that how much the commitment of inventory is presentas compared to shareholders fund.Formula for obtaining the inventory to shareholder’s fundRatio= (Inventory / Share Holder’s fund)


(Rs in crores) Year Inventory Share holder’s fund Ratio 2009 7605.78 1869.69 4.06:1 2010 9309.96 2928.34 3.17:1 2011 13197.15 4910.22 2.68:1 2012 15780.74 6041.07 2.61:1 2013 16362.00 7901.95 2.07:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.7 shows that the inventory has beenincreasing in the year 2009, but it has continuouslydecreasing in the rest of years.Table 4.8 : S tatement of inventory T urnover RatioThis Ratio reveals the relationship between the inventoryand net sales. This ratio also indicates that how muchproportion of the inventory is present as compared to theproportion of the net sales. (Net sales / Average inventory)

(Rs in crores) Year Net sales Average inventory Ratio 2009 8700.17 8457.87 1.02:1 2010 11813.25 11253.55 1.04:1 2011 16451.80 14488.94 1.13:1 2012 19516.65 16071.37 1.21:1 2013 19997.25 8181.00 2.44:1Source: - Annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd from 2009-2013.Interpret ation - Table 4.8, shows that the inventory hasbeen falling down in the first consecutive year 2009 but thisratio reveals that the inventory has been increasing in theyears 2010 to 2013 respectively.Conclusion / Findings - The findings data are extractedfrom the annual reports of Bajaj Auto Ltd. The InventoryManagement Analysis of Bajaj Auto Ltd for five years isstudied through, which we have concluded that:-• The sales of the company are continuously increasing

in the years 2009 to 2013 and also the net profit of thecompany has showing tremendous increase in thesame years, which shows the net profit of the companyand sales are quite satisfactory.

• The reserves of the company are continuouslyincreasing. It has reached up to (7612.58) crores whichis very good for the industry. But the inventory of thecompany has some fluctuations from the years 2009 to2013; this indicates that the industry is using lesseramount of the inventories.

• The inventory of the company against the current assetis raises at higher level, which shows that the positionof company in terms of inventory against the currentasset is satisfactory.

• The inventories against the working capital of thecompany have been gone down negatively; thisindicates that the position of the inventory is dissatisfied.

• There is continuously a fluctuation in the level of inventoryagainst the total assets of the company from 2009 to2013, which shows that the position of inventory againsttotal assets is not satisfactory for the company.

• We find that the quantity of inventory is normally in afluctuating manner against the cash, this indicates thatthe position of inventory is quite improved as comparedto the cash balance of the company.

• We predict that there is continuous increasing in thelevel of inventory in apposition of debt capital of thecompany it goes up at a very higher level. Thus itindicates the quantity of inventory of the company issatisfactory.

• The inventory against the shareholder’s fund of thecompany is on decreasing trend from the years 2009 to2013. The situation is satisfactory, because it must onincreasing trend continuously which will be favorablefor the company.

• We find that the inventory turnovers are continuouslyincreasing from years 2009 to 2013. This indicatesthat the position of inventory in the company is quitesatisfactory.

Suggestions -• The sales of the company are continuously increasing

in the year 2009 to 2013. Also the net profit of thecompany has enormous increase in the same years,now it is suggested that company should make somemore improvements in the future in case of sales andprofits.

• The reserves and surpluses of the company arecontinuous by going upward from 2009 to 2013, But inthe case of inventory it has so many ups and downsand they are using minimum amount of inventory, so itis suggested that company should increase andmaintain properly their level of inventory.

• The inventory of the company is showing so manyfluctuations. Thus it is suggested that the companyshould properly utilize quantity of inventory for thebetterment of the company.

• The company should proper utilize its current assetsfor the well-being of their business.

• The inventory has not been using properly and it goesdown towards negative direction against the workingcapital, so it is suggested that the company shoulddecrease or reduce in the amount of working capital ,and maintain and manage the inventory of the companyproperly.

• The utilization of the inventory against the fixed assetsby the company are very badly, so it is suggested thatin order to maintain the satisfactory level of the company,thus the inventory should be use properly, sufficientlyand adequately.

• The position of inventory against the cash is may begoing well, so it is suggested that the company shouldalso try to maintain improve their level of inventory forthe beneficial of the organization.

• As against the fund of shareholder’s (owners fund) ofthe company therefore the inventory is not usingsufficiently because it has so many fluctuations (upsdowns) thus it is suggested that the company shouldutilize their inventory properly and fully.

• Here the company is disposing the inventory into salesquite properly, thus it is advised that the company shouldmaintain the level of inventory more and more in caseof inventory turnover ratio so that the company canachieve its objectives effectively and efficiently in terms


of inventory.

References :-1. Williams Brent D, 2008 “A review of inventory

management research in major logistics journals:Themes and Future directions,” International Journal oflogistics Management, the, Vol.19 Iss: 2, p.p. 212- 232.

2. Schreibfeder Jon, 1992 “Article from TRIM Inventory…the effective way”.www.effective inventory.co m

3. Ahmad Asfaque 2004 “Article from master requirementplanning and master production scheduling”.www.technology evaluation.com

4. Hoopman D, 2003" Article from inventory planning andoptimization”.www.scribd.com/doc /.m / Ranjana – project – on inventory management

5. Atkinson Charles, 2006" A study on inventory

management”. www.inventory management review / org/ about html.

6. Bag by wolfy, 2010" Managing Inventory”.www.mind serpent.com / American / 1901- minor- conflict-of-laws .pdf

7. Silver Edward, 2002" Article from Production and Inve-ntory Management International Journal”.p 22(1), 31-39

8. C Delaunay , E Sahin , 2007" Managing Inventory” Areview on investigation dealing with inventorymanagement with data in-accuracies : International Jou-rnal of RFID Eurasia,p.1-7".

9. PANDAY, I.M, Financial Management, VikasPublication House Pvt.Ltd. New Dehli, 1999.

10. Jain, S.P and NARANG, K.L (2004), Cost andManagement Accounting, Material Control, Chapter- 3.

11. Sharma and Gupta, Management Accounting EleventhRevised Edition, Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.

*************


Rajesh Jain *

A Study of Customer Satisfaction towards Retail Servicesin Indore Region, with special reference to Easy Day

Abstract - Easyday India is the retail chain operated by Bharti Retail a subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises. These storesprovide consumers a wide assortment of quality products at everyday low prices. The present study is to analyse thesatisfaction level of those customers who visit Easyday. The objectives of this study were to know the overall satisfactionof the consumer towards Easyday. Here primary data that are collected in the course of research consist of originalinformation that comes from people and includes information gathered from surveys and questionnaires. Most of thecustomers are satisfied (50%) with the variety of products available at the store while some of the customers found itnot good (26%). The study based on level of “Customer Satisfaction towards Easyday” reveals that the customers areoverall satisfied with the store. Easyday can make use of SMS and E-Mails as an additional promotional tool to informcustomers about the latest offers going on.Keywords - assortment, consist, questionnaires, reveals, promotional, analyse.

Introduction - The word Retail is extracted from the Frenchword retailer which means ‘to cut a piece of break bulk ‘. Insimple terms it involves activities whereby products or servicesare sold to consumers in smaller quantities. A retail mix isthe package of goods and services that store offers to thecustomer for sale. Maximum satisfaction to the customerreaction to the retail mix which influence the profits of thestore, its volume of turnover, its share of market , its imageand status and finally its survival. Customer satisfaction, aterm frequently used in marketing, is a measure of howproducts and services supplied by a company meet or surpasscustomer expectation. Customer satisfaction plays a majorrole in determining the likelihood of an organization’s successand profitability over the long term.Details of the Company - Bharti Retail, wholly-ownedsubsidiary of Bharti Enterprises, one of India’s leadingbusiness groups, believes organized retail has the potentialto greatly contribute to India’s economic growth. It operatesneighborhood stores called Easyday Market and hypermarket called Easyday Hyper.These stores provideconsumers a wide assortment of quality products at everydaylow prices.Easyday India is the retail chain operated by BhartiRetail a subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises. It opened its firstretail outlet in the city of Ludhiana in 2008.With over 186stores successfully operating across 12 states, Easyday,the retail brand of Bharti Retail Ltd., is all set to become oneof India’s leading retailers.Review of Literature - Lovelock (1996) Topic – Effectivenessof Telecommunication in customer satisfaction study foundthat the customer service function is changing dramaticallyin many service business and it involved task-oriented

* Asst. Professor , IPS Academy , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

activities.Sathye (1998) Topic – Effectiveness of customereducation in attaining customer satisfaction study found thatinternet banking is providing service like account balance,transaction history, order statement, taxes, fund transfer etc.but main hurdle in the growth of internet banking is securityand reliability. Zhu (2002) Topic- Old customers are satisfiedby traditional services study used the seroquel instrumentto measure this service quality and identified severalattributes associated with IT based services and proposeda service quality model to investigate the casual relationshipbetween customer evaluation of It based services and overallservice quality.Rationale of Study - The present study is to analyse thesatisfaction level of those customers who visit Easyday.Easyday is a prominent retail store of India. There are somany variables who decided the satisfaction level of acustomer like availability of goods, offers and discountprovided by store, billing time, staff behaviour etc.Thesignificance of the study was to get the detailed overview ofcustomer satisfaction of those consumers who visitsEasyday.Here conducted this research to check the variancein the level of customer satisfaction towards Easyday.Objectives of StudyThe objectives of this study were :1. To know the factors which influence the consumer

buying behaviour of Easyday.2. To know the overall satisfaction of the consumer towards

Easyday.3. To know about consumer acceptance of the Easyday

& to understand why customer prefer Easyday.4. To find out the most prominent area of dissatisfaction.


Research Methodology -Research Design - Study the customer satisfaction towardsretail services in Indore region with special reference toEasyday.Sample Design - Sampling method here used is ‘RandomSampling Method.’ Random Sampling Method was usedbecause it was not known previously as to whether aparticular person will be asked to fill the questionnaire.Tools for Dat a Collection - The new gathered data whichhelp to solve the problem in hand which is specially collectedfor the particular research, is known as primary data. Hereprimary data that are collected in the course of researchconsist of original information that comes from people andincludes information gathered from surveys andquestionnaires. Information that are already existssomewhere, having been collected for another purpose, isknown as secondary data. Here in the research thesecondary data was collected through various books,magazines and websites. The geographical area coveredfor the sampling of the study is related to Indore region.1.7 Data Analysis & Interpretation1. In a month how often do you visit Easyday?a) Ones b) Twice c) Thriced) More than thrice e) Occasionally

Interpretation - Most of the people visit Easyday thrice ormore than thrice a month, only 6% and 7% people go onesor twice a month it means it has a good repo in market.2. Your shopping experience in Easyday is always?a) Very bad b) Bad c) Not goodd) Good e) Excellent

Interpretation - Shopping experience of 54% people is goodon the other hand 0% people felt very bad after visiting

Easyday, it means their serivices are up to the mark.3. Brand and product availability in Easyday is ?a) Very bad b) Bad c) Not goodd) Good e) Excellent

Interpret ation - As we can see most of the people concederthe product availability is good, where very few people foundproblem in finding their brand.4. Discounts and offers served by Easyday are ?a) Very bad b) Bad c) Not goodd) Good e) Excellent

Interpretation - 50% of the people felt excellent about thediscounts and offers Easyday provide, only 2% people feltbad about them. It means the discounts and offers theyprovide are really good.5. It is easy to move in the store with trolley?a) Very bad b) Bad c) Not goodd) Good e) Excellent


Interpretation - From the above data it is clear that most ofthe people found problem in moving with trolley inside thestore.6. The cleanliness and hygiene maintained in the store?a) Very bad b) Bad c) Not goodd) Good e) Excellent

Interpretation - 42% people felt good about the cleanlinessand hygiene maintained in the store but there are somepeople who felt there are some probabilities of improvement.7. Why do you find Easyday more convenient for shoppingthan other stores?a) Proper management b) More space to shop freelyc) Credit card facilityd) Everything available under single roof e) Others

Interpretation- From the above table it is clear that 36% ofpeople prefer to shop here because of proper management,24% of people prefer to shop here because of free spaceavailable here, 24% of the people like the credit facilityprovided by Easyday, 12% of the people prefer shoppinghere because of availability of all required products underone roof and only 4% prefer Easyday because of otherreasons.8. How would you rate your level of satisfaction withEasyday in regards to price ?a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfiedc) Somewhat satisfied d) Somewhat dissatisfiede) Dissatisfied

Interpretation - From the above data it is clear that 42% ofpeople are satisfied in regards to price but there are somepeople who are not satisfied with price, so there areprobabilities of improvement.9. Are you satisfied with the parking facility of your vehicleat Easyday?a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Somewhat satisfiedd) Somewhat dissatisfied e) Dissatisfied

Interpretation - From the above data it is clear that 42% ofthe people are satisfied with the parking facility provided byEasyday, so it can be said that the parking facility providedby Easyday is good.10. Which of the following problems you come acrossEasyday?a) Too crowded b) Under staff c) Size of building d) Limited range of products e) Others


Interpretation - From the above table it is clear that 30% ofpeople faced problem due to crowded area, 40% of peoplethink that store is under staff, 15% of the people facedproblem of size, 5% of the people think that there is a limitedrange of products available and only 4% faced problem dueto other reasons.Findings -1. Store is performing well; the shopping experience of

customer is good.2. Majority of the customers visit the store thrice or more

than thrice in a month.3. Most of the customers are satisfied (50%) with the

variety of products available at the store while some ofthe customers found it not good (26%).

4. Air conditioning and music system in the store is good.5. Discounts and offers served by Easyday are good.6. Sanitation services are not up to the mark but there are

probabilities of improvement.7. Product display and arrangement is up to the standard.8. Most of the people are satisfied with the billing facility

but at the same time they also want to increase no. ofbilling counters.

9. Customers found enough space to shop freely &preferred Easyday because of the proper management.

10. Most of customers are satisfied with the support of thestaff at the time of purchase.

Suggestions -l Easyday can make use of SMS and E-Mails as an

additional promotional tool to inform customers aboutthe latest offers going on.

*************

l Sponsorship should be given for the prime events in thecity there by creating a goodwill and attracting moreand customers.

l The salseman should be properly motivated and trainedso that they may cover maximum no. of customers.

l Increase in no. of billing counters & proper space shouldbe created for moving the store with trolley.

Conclusion - The study based on level of “CustomerSatisfaction towards Easyday” reveals that the customersare overall satisfied with the store. Most of the people haveexcellent shopping experience while shopping at the store.In the study we also found that the customers are also happywith the other facilities like air conditioning, music system,toilet and drinking facility at the store. People faced problemin offer days but at the same time they are also satisfiedwith their proper management. The store provides a healthyand clean atmosphere to their customers and is striving atits best to enhance quality products. As a conclusion wecan say that the overall “Customer satisfaction towards retailservices of Easyday” is very high.References :-1. Kotler, Philip: Marketing Management, 13th edition,

Keller, Lane Kevin, 2013.2. Research Methodology ( C R Kothari, C B Gupta)3. Lovelock, C.H. (2009), “ Developing and Managing the

customer service function “,Service Marketing, PHI :New Delhi.

4. www.findarticles.com5. www.Easydayindia.com6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_satisfaction


Abstract - Among the fast growing developing countries, India is distinctive for the role of the service sector. The IndianEconomy has shown considerable resilience to the global economic crisis by maintaining one of the highest growthrates in the world. Given the magnitude of services growth and its inter linkages with the other sectors of the economy,it is important to understand the impact of services sector on other macro – economic variables. This paper providesan overview of the Indian Service sector. As India is travelling a noval path in Economic growth by making services asthe engine of growth, and by-passing industry, careful strategy are needed for consolidating, strengthening and furtheringthe growth process. The present paper attempts to identify some of the critical issues and analyze the performance ofthis key sector of Indian Economy.Key Words – Service Sector, Economic Growth, GDP, PPP, FDI, VAT, CAGR, PMI.

Dr. Ajay Mishra *

Service Sector : Opportunities And Issues

Introduction - The Indian Economy has grown at a robustrate during the last few years and a striking feature of thisgrowth performance has been the strength of services sector.The dominance of services in the growth process isassociated with the third stage of development. However, inIndia, the acceleration in growth in recent years has beendue the dynamism of service sector. While the contributionof industry tended to stagnate over the last three decades.Services now contribute almost 57 percent to India’s GDP.Besides being the dominant sector in India’s Economicgrowth, it has laso contributed significantly to foreigninvestment flows, exports and employment. India’s servicessector covers a wide variety of activities that have differentfeatures and dimensions. Some services like informationtechnology and telecommunications are very sophisticated,involving high technology and expertise. While some aresimple. Some services like tourism have high employmentlinkages. Some service like railways and port fall under thedefinition of infrastructure, while some like construction fallunder the definition of industry. Thus, there are manyborderline inclusions and exclusions. This paper makes anattempt to analyze the performance, problems and prospectsof service sector.Research Objectives -The following objectives were formed -i) To study and analyze the performance of service sector.ii) To list out some important policy issues for the speedydevelopment of service sector.Research Methodology - The descriptive research designwas selected for this paper. The proposed study is basedon secondary data which were collected from variousgovernment publications, annual reports, news articles andofficials websites.Literature Review - Various studies have been conducted

* Professor , Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

in the field service sector covering various dimensions.Suresh R. T endulkar in his studies predicted that Indiawould chart out a unique growth path in which the countrywould leapfrog from a predominantly agricultural to a directlyservice dominated economy by skipping the intermediatestage of rising share of industrial sector that was experiencedby all existing industrialized countries. Gordon and Guptaargued that growth in the service sector was also less cyclicaland more stable than the growth of industry and agriculture(in the sense of having the smallest co-efficient of variation)(2).Sunil Jain and T .N. Ninan have estimated that thecontribution of communication services to GDP growth whichwas just under 1 percent in 1990-91 rose to more than 14percent in 2006-07(3). Mr. Arun Jaitley , Union FinanceMinister while delivering the Inaugural Session at SecondAddition of Services Conclave, 2014 empathically said“Research & Development, Tourism, Education and healthcare Service has the potential to lead exports growth in theservice sector, more jobs should be created in the servicesector, in addition to those in the manufacturing sector. Sothat the large section of the under employed population inthe agriculture sector could get meaningful employment”(4).The literature supports the services have the potential topromote economic growth, employment generation andforeign investment for the speedy development of the Indianeconomy.India’s Service Sector - Services in India are emerging asa prominent sector in terms of contributions to national andstates’ incomes, trade flows, FDI inflows, and employment(5).Services GDP : An Analysis - Services constitute amajor portion of India’s GDP with a 57 percent share in GDPat factor cost (as current prices) in 2013-14 – an increase of6 percentage points over 2000-01. Including construction,the share is 64.8 percent, The CAGR of services sector


GDP at 8.5 percent for the period 2000-01 to 2013-14 duringthe same period.

In 2013-14 the growth rate of the services sector at 6.8percent is marginally lower than in 2012-13. This is due todeceleration in the growth rate of the combined category oftrade, hotels, and restaurants and transport, storage andcommunications to 3.0 percent from 5.4 percent in 2012-13, despite robust growth of financing, insurance, real estatebusiness services at 12.9 percent. Construction, a borderlineservices inclusion which has not been performing well since2012-13, grew by only 1.6 percent in 2013-14.

Sub sector-wise, banking and insurance (11.8 percent)and real estate, ownership of dwelling, and business services(10.0 percent) were the best performers in terms of growthrate in 2012-13 and the performance of railways (03 percent)followed by hotels and restaurants (0.5 percent) was thelowest (Table 1.01).Table : 1.01 (see in last p age)Major Services : Overall Performance - Some availableindicators of the different services in India for 2013-14 showreasonable good performance of tourism; a pickup in telecomand aviation after the fall in 2012-13; and poor performanceof shipping and railways due to the slowdown in trade andindustrial activity. Estimates of the Centre for MonitoringIndian Economy (CMIE), derived from limited firm level data,show subdued performance of sectors such as transportlogistics, aviation, hotels and telecom in 2012-13. Somesectors like transport logistics and retail trading areestimated to have performed well in 2013-14. As per Markit– HSBC’s Services PMI (Purchasing Managers Index), India’sservices sector expanded for the first time in nearly a yearduring May on a rebound in new business orders, with theindex rising to 50.2 in May from 48.5 in April and pointing tothe first expansion of output in 11 months. A reading above50 shows that the sector is expanding while a reading below50 shows that output in the sector is contractingIssues & Suggestions - Many issues both general andsector specific including domestic regulations hinder thegrowth prospects of the services sector, which if addresseddeftly could help the sector and lead to exponential gainsfor the economy(6).General Issues -Nodal agency and marketing - Despite having stronggrowth potential in various services sub sectors, there is asingle nodal department or agency for services. An inter-ministerial committee for services has been set up underthe Department of Commerce. But services activities coverissues beyond trade and a more proactive approach andproper institutional mechanism is needed to weed outunwanted regulations and tap the opportunities in the servicessector in a coordinated way. There is also need forpromotional activities for service exports like setting up aportal for services, showcasing India’s competence also innon-software services in trade exhibitions, and engagingdedicated brand ambassadors and experts.Disinvestments - There is plenty of scope for disinvestment

in services PSUs under both central and state governments,Speeding up disinvestment in some services-sector PSUscould not only provide revenue for the government but alsospeed up the growth of these services.Credit related - The issues here include ‘collateral free’soft loans to support the sector’s cash needs and possibilityof considering even export or business orders as collateralfor credit worthy service firms.Tax and Trade Policy related - These include use of ‘net’instead of ‘gross’ foreign exchange criteria for export benefitschemes, the issue of retrospective amendments of tax lawslike amendment to the definition of royalty to include paymentof any rights via any medium for use of computer software,tax administrative measures to tackle delay in refunds,introducting VAT (value added tax) refund for foreign touristsand addressing the issue of bank guarantees based on pastperformance to avail of export promotion benefits in services.Sector wise issues - Tourism and hospit ality sector -India’s share in world tourist inflows was only 0.64 percentin 2012 (rank 41), while that of the USA was 6.47 percent(rank 2) and China 5.57 percent (rank 3). India’s share inworld tourism expenditure is relatively higher at 1.65 percent(rank 16) implying that foreign tourist spend relatively morein India. Singapore, a small country, attracted 11.10 milliontourist in 2012, while a large country like India attractedonly 6.97 million foreign tourists during 2013. Somesuggested measures include creating world class tourisminfrastructure even by PPP; addressing multiple taxationissues; skill and etiquettes training to cater to the need totourists; special focus on cleanliness at tourist sites andsafety of tourists; using the Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act (MNGREGA) for creatingpermanent assets like tourism infrastructure and facilities;organizing mini India cultural shows on a daily basis atimportant tourist sites that will not only attract tourists butalso generate employment for Indian artists; andimplementing urgently visa on arrival and E-visa facilities at9 airports to 180 countries barring ‘8 prior reference’ countries,a decision on which has already been taken.Port Services - India does not have world class ports withthe necessary draft. As a result, third-generation ships arenot able to enter the harbour and goods have to be offloadedoutside in similar ships, adding to costs. India has madegreat strides in developing airport infrastructure and layingmetro lines. Its immediate focus should be on building worldclass ports providing world class services that will also helpthe trade sector by reducing costs and turnaround time inports. There are also issues like the many port charges inIndia and the port charges in India being considerably higherthan in many developed countries.Shipping, shipbuilding and ship repairs - Given that theshare of Indian ships in the carriage of India’s overseas cargohas fallen sharply and Indian ships are ageing, there isurgent need to replace our ageing ships with no ones. Whilethe time is opportune for increasing or shipping fleet, withprices falling on account of global slowdown, a special


financing mechanism needs to be developed. This also bringsto focus the importance of India’s shipbuilding industry whichhas the capacity and expertise but is functioning belowcapacity. Government owned shipyards like Visakhapatnamare facing problems like declining orders. With the need toreplace many of our old ships and a growing ship repairsbusiness, special attention can be given be utilizing India’sshipbuilding and repairs yards and further enhancing theircapacity.Railways - India’s FDI policy restricts FDI in rail transport,except in mass rapid transit systems. FDI and privatizationin the railways could be the next big ticket reforms. A proposalhas been initiated by Indian Railways, for making suitablechanges in the existing FDI policy in order to allow FDI inrailways, to foster creation of world class rail infrastructure.The proposal envisages allowing FDI in all areas of the railsector except railway operations. Even in railway operations,FDI is proposed in PPP projects, for suburban corridors,high speed train systems, and dedicated freight lines. Whileprivatization of railways has been successful in somecountries like Japan, it has failed in some others like theUK. So this proposal needs to be examined carefully andquickly to allow privatization/FDI in area where it is feasible.Challenges - India’s growth story with a services led growthhas been unique for a developing country. The immediatechallenge in this sector is revival of growth. While this couldbe achieved through reforms and speeding up of the policydecision making, a targeted approach with focus on big ticketservice could lead to a rebounding of services sector growthfor India. Some services like software and telecom were bigticket items that gave India a brand image in services. Whilefurther focus on these services needed to retain and furtherour lead, the time has come to focus on some other highpotential big ticket items that have high manufacturing sectorand employment linkages.Outlook - India’s services sector which was growing at asteady rate of over 10 percent since since 2005-06 hasshown subdued performance in the last three years. Theresilience of services growth witnessed even during and inthe aftermath of the 2008 global recession has started waningthough services sector growth is still higher than that of othersectors directly affected some service like railways, shipping,ports and other related services on account of the stronglinkage effect, other services were affected by the incomeeffect with slowdown in growth of both global and domesticincomes.

There was also lackluster performance of communityand social services, which had shown robust growth in 2008-09 and 2009-10 owing to the payment of arrears togovernment employees as per the sixth pay commissionrecommendations resulting in high growth in the publicadministration and defense category. However, the goodperformance by some important sectors like financing,insurance, real estate and other business services, andcommunity social and personal services other than publicadministration and defense helped pull up services growth

rate to modest levels of 7 or near 7 percent in the last threeyears.

Going forward, the year 2014-15 seems to augur wellfor the services sector with expansion in business activity inIndia as also indicated by some indices. There are also signsof revival in growth of the aviation sector with theannouncement of new players, like Air Asia and TATA-SIAAirline after a turbulent period of withdrawals and losses bysome airlines. Indications of revival in world GDP and tradegrowth in general and of developed countries in particular,could help in revival of the tourism and shipping sectors.With a stable government in place and growing optimismwhich could translate into investment and growth, some quickreforms and removal of some barriers and obsoleteregulations in the services sector could help. The downsiderisk however is the fragile global situation.Conclusion - The services sector is, at present, the largetcontributor to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Thegrowth of services sector GDP has been higher than that ofoverall GDP during 2000-01 to 2013-14. Despite deceleration,services GDP growth at 6.8 percent was above the 4.7percent overall GDP growth in 2013-14

India’s capacity for innovation has been lower that thatof other BRICS Countries except Russia. India has not tappedthe full potential of its Tourism Sector and has not been ableto comparative advantage. The share of ships in India’soverseas trade has declined sharply from 40 percent in thelate 1980s to 9.1 percent in 2012-13 and the existing fleet isalso ageing, there is urgent need to increase India’s shippingfleet. Some services like software and telecom were big ticketitems that gave India a brand image in services. The timehas come to focus on some other high potential big ticketitems that have high manufacturing sector and employmentlinkages. There are signs of services sector revival in 2014-15. Some quick reforms and removal of barriers and obsoleteregulations could further help this revival.

References :-1. Suresh D. Tendulkar, “India’s Growing Services Sector

: Database problems and issues” EPW, September 15,2007, P-3721

2. Jim Gordon and Poonam Gupta, “Understanding India’sServices revolution”, paper prepared for the IMF –NCAER Conference, November 12, 2013, P-2

3. Sunil Jain and T.N. Ninan, “Servicing India’s GDPGrowth”. In Shankar Acharya and Rakesh Mohan, (ed),India’s Economy : Performance and Challenges, (Delhi2010), P-120

4. The Hindi, Thursday, November 13, 2014, P-95. Economic Survey 2013-14, Oxford University, press page

No. 173-1746. Dr. Prasad HAC, Sathish R. Singh, “Emerging Global

Economic Situation : Opportunities and Policy issuesfor Service Sector, working paper, ministry of finance,January 2014.”


Table : 1.01 Share and Growth of India’ s Service Sector (at factor cost)2001-01 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Trade, Hotels, & Restaurants 14.5 (5.2) 17.4 (1.2) 17.2 (4.5) 24.0 (3.0)Trade 13.2 (5.0) 15.9 (1.0) 15.8 (4.8) -Hotels & Restaurants 1.3 (7.0) 1.5 (3.8) 1.4 (0.5) -Transport, Storage & Communication 7.6 (9.2) 7.3 (9.4) 7.5 (6.0) -Railways 1.1 (4.1) 0.7 (7.5) 0.8 (0.3) -Transport by other means 5.0 (7.7) 5.4 (8.6) 5.6 (6.6) -Storage 0.1 (6.1) 0.1 (2.9) 0.1 (8.6) -Communication 1.5 (25.0) 1.1 (11.2) 1.1 (6.5) -Financing, insurance, real estate & business services 14.1 (3.5) 16.5 (11.3) 17.2 (10.9) 18.5 (12.9)Banking & Insurance 5.4 (-2.4) 5.7 (12.9) 5.9 (11.8) -Real Estate,ownership of dwellings& business services 8.7 (7.5) 10.7 (9.9) 11.4 (10.0) -Community, social & personal services 14.7 (4.6) 13.8 (4.9) 14.3 (5.3) 14.5 (5.6)Public administration & defense 6.5 (1.9) 5.9 (4.2) 6.0 (3.4) -Other services 8.2 (7.0) 7.8 (5.4) 8.2 (6.8) -Construction 6.0 (6.1) 8.2 (10.8) 8.1 (1.1) 7.5 (1.6)Total Services 51.0 (5.1) 54.9 (6.6) 56.3 (7.0) 57.0 (6.8)Total Services (including Construction) 57.0 (5.2) 63.1 (7.1) 64.4 (6.2) 64.8 (6.2)Total GDP 100.0 (4.1) 100.0 (6.7) 100.0 (4.5) 100.0 (4.7)

Source : Central Statistics Office (CSO).Notes : Share are in current prices and growth in constant prices. Figures in parentheses indicate growth rate; * firstrevised estimates, @ second revised estimates, ** provisional estimate; # includes the combined share and growth oftrade, hotels, & restaurants and transport, storage & communication for 2013-14.

*************


Abstract - India moved towards liberalization after 1991 , banking sector in India is becoming increasingly morecompetitive. Liberalization policy introduced in the banking sector in India led to consolidated competition, efficientallocation of resources and introducing innovative methods for mobilizing of saving. After nationalization and prior toliberalization bank business was mainly focused towards interest earning activity by way of loans and advances whichwas guided by the administered rates. Banks have now become provider of a wide range of solution.

As a result, banks have increasingly turned to new non-traditional financial activities as a way of maintaining theirposition as financial intermediaries. The objective of this research study was to compare and analyze the Non- fundbased income of Indian banking industry.

The Variable used as an inputs and outputs give us some insight about the non-fund based activities of banks inIndia. Although these study shows that banks in India have expanded into fee based income activities present higherrisks and higher insolvency risks than bank which mainly supply loans.

Dr. L.N.Sharma * Priyanka Bharti **

A Comparative Study Of Non-Fund Based IncomeAnd Fund Based Income

Introduction - “With the monetary system we have now,the careful saving a lifetime can be wiped out in an eyeblink” (Larry Parks, Executive Director, FAME)

Could you imagine a world without banks? At first, thismight sound like a great thought but “banks and financialinstitutions” have become cornerstones of our economy forseveral reasons. They transfer risk, provide liquidity, facilitateboth major and minor transaction and provide financialinformation for both individuals and business.

The financial sector reforms in India are an integral partof the overall. Program of economy reforms aimed at inproving productivity and efficiency. Moreover having initiatedfundamental changes, the financial sector, particularly thebanking sector is now under an obligation to demonstratethe efficiency of the reforms undertaken so far. BankingIndustry is a part of the changing business paradigms, acrossthe globe. Especially banking sector is one of the largestcontributing forces to the growth of Indian economy.

In a market driven banking sector, competition is themost dynamic element. Due to market competition in IndianBanking industry, the pattern of banking business ischanging phenomenally continuous exploration of scope inmarket would demand a brilliant focus on emergingopportunities and convert that opportunities into competitivestrength that call for the competitive strategy and facilities.

The major income of the bank is interest income. Butnow a days bank are also offering wide range services likeshopping, ticket booking, fund transfer and also entered intomutual fund, insurance, financing export service. In presentage banking sector provide a world class non-fund basefacilities to the customer.

* Professor (Commerce) Govt. P.G. College, Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA** Research Scholar (Commerce) Vikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA

A number of studies have been conducted in India andabroad on banking sector. Especially non-fund based incomean attempt is made here to brief review on non-fund basedincome.

All banks are eager to go for fee based activities to alarge extent with various sources of income. At Present, thebanking sector income is divided into two major parts i.e.interest income and non- interest income. The structure ofincome is given below :1. Interest Income -a) Interest / Discountb) Income on Investmentc) Balance with RBI2. Non- Interest Income -Four Component Of Non-Fund Based Income Name of non-fund Example based income Fiduciary income • Administrating investment for

others.• Gross income from services rendered by the bank‘s trust.

Service charges in • Maintenance of deposit account. deposit account • Failure to meet minimum balance

excess check writing.• Withdrawals from non-transaction account.• Early withdraw or closure fee.• Dormant account.• Extensive activity.• ATM usage.• Bound check charges and other fee.


Trading Revenue • Net gain or loss from trading cash each instrument.• Off balance sheet derivatives contracts.• Sales of assets and other financial instruments.• Revaluation to carrying value of assets and reliabilities due to marking to market.• Revaluation of interest rate.• Foreign exchange.• Equity Derivatives.• Commodity and other contract due to marketing to market.• Incidental income related to purchase and sale of assets and liabilities.

Fee and other Income • Service charges.• Commission.• Safe Deposit Boxes.• Insurance sales.• Bank Draft.• Money order.• Bill collection.• Saving of acceptances and letters of credit.• Mortgage servicing fees.• Notary.• Consulting and Advisory Services.• Credit card fees.• Merchant credit and charges.• Rental fees• Loan Commitment fees• Net gain on sale of real estate• Foreign Transaction.

It is therefore, important to examine to what fee-basedincome contributes to total income. These days, banks arecompeting on the basis of fee-based activities by launchinginnovative products/services. Non-interest income is a vitalpart of total income of the banks and it may create stabilityin bank income .Objective Of The Study -• To study and analyze the trends in interest income and

non-interest income in the era of deregulation.• To find out various ways and means to entrance the

non-interest income.• To examine the contribution of non-fund based income

in the financial efficiency an pattern of services of theselected banks.

• To make a relative comparison of the non-fund basedincome of the selected banks.

Methodolgy - This is the conceptual one with detailedreview of literature for the purpose of study. The data shall be

collected from the records, documents, related subject matterand related websites. besides, the researcher shall collectand analyze published data as per requirement. The dataregarding selected banks have been obtained and collectedfrom the annual report of the banks and related websites.Literature Review - Prof. Singh, Y.P. Prof. Seth . A.K. &Prof. Rajput, Bhavana tried to examine the link between therevenue portfolio and risk in the adjusted performance ofbanks in Indian context. “Indian Journal of Finance andResearch (2006-07)”.

Traditionally it is believed that earning from non-interestincome generating revenue are more stable them loan basedearning and the increases focus on these activities, overallrevenue and profitability volatility via diverfication effects.

Zhou Haowen & Wong Ting(2008) find that there was astrong fluctuation exists in non-interest income. Oncediversified benefits decreases or disappears, Strongfluctuation of non-interest is sure to intensity the fluctuationof the strong fluctuation of non interest income is sure tointensity the fluctuation of the whole income, which is nothelpful for the healthy operation of commercial banks.

Mahadevan (2002) describes some major changes inthe bank business occurring during the financial reforms,period, affection the profitability. He has given wide variety ofstrategies to increase non-interest income. Nash (1993) foundthat credit card specialization gives higher and more voliatereturns than the conventional product mixes. Rosie & Wood(2002) studied in their working paper the income structureof European banking sector with the help of time series andcross sectional analysis. They concluded that non-interestincome has increased but does not fully offset the reductionin the interest margin are non-interest income is much morevolatile than interest income.

Non Fund Based Income Of Public Sector BanksState Bank Of India

Year Non Fund based Fund based Totalincome (crore) Income (crore) Income (crore)

2009 12691.35 63188.43 76479.78 2010 14968.15 70993.92 85962.07 2011 14930.42 81394.36 96324.78 2012 14351.45 106521.45 120812.90 2013 16034.84 119657.10 135691.94 Average14595.242 88474.652 120761.224

The above table shows the Non-fund bases income ofstate bank of India from the year 2008 to 2013 non-fundbased income was highest Rs. 16034.84 crore in year 2013and it was lowest Rs. 17691.35 crore in the year 2009. Afteryear 2009 non-fund based income representing continuousincreasing trend in the year to year. The average non fundbased INCOME is Rs. Crore only 2008 income was higherthan average non-fund based income


Non Fund Based Income Of Public SectorBanks Icici Bank

Year Non Fund based Fund based Totalincome (crore) Income (crore) Income (crore)

2009 8117.76 31092.55 39210.31 2010 7292.43 25706.93 32999.36 2011 6647.89 25974.05 32621.94 2012 7502.76 33542.65 41045.41 2013 8345.70 40075.60 48421.30Average 7581.308 31278.356 38859.664

The above table shows the Non-fund bases income ofICICI Bank from the year 2009 to 2013 non-fund basedincome was highest Rs. 8345.70 Crore in year 2013 and itwas lowest Rs. 6647.89 Crore in the year 2011.. The averagenon fund based income is Rs.7581.308 Crore. Non fund basedincome of the year 2009, 2013 was higher than average non-fund based income.Suggestions - “ Banks in the Businesses of maintainingrisk not avoiding it “ We deem it desirable to review the various aspect ofover study and sum up the important observations. As such,this chapter epitomizes the major findings and offer newsuggestion for the increasing non-fund based. Income ofbanking industry in India.1. The banks in India need to focus at ensuring greater

financial stability to tackle lots of challenges successfullyto keep growing and strengthen of banking sector.

2. For the financial repression construct Indian bankingindustry have to focusing and concerning the challenges,strategy pre-emption and directed credit.

3. Banking sector in India need to move towards a moremarket based system for to create the sound andcondition for well functioning of a market based bankingsystem .

4. Public sector banks required to set up modem ITinfrastructure in place within a short time of period.

5. Both of banks need to expand branches in rural area.6. required to launch innovative products and services as

per the customer‘s expectation.7. Banking sector in India need to start moving into areas

that yield non-fund based income activities that earnmore income than interest income.

8. Banking sector extend the technology which is used ininternal order to remove the difficulties.

9. Banks should in India need to require risk managementin order to remove the difficulties.

10. Bank should prove the services in different language.Conclusion -

For every beginning, there is an end ;For every ending, there is a beginning

All those developments in Indian banking are says thatthe Indian banks are moving towards modern bankingchanging a face of traditional banking of Indian economy . Itis grate change of banking industry. They having a installingan information technology for banking business and theytrying to provide technology based banking products andservices to their customers, Indian banks also trying touniversilization of banking products and services to one topbanking shop for customer delight, but comparatively privateand foreign banks existing in Indian economy are having ahigher level of modernization and those providing numbersof modern services to their customers. For a long termsuccess of banking institution to require effectivemanagement of credit risk and diversified into fee basedactivities. Non-traditional activities of banks are moresophisticated and versatile instrument for risk assessment.

It is tempting to conclude that interest based,intermediation activities have been become less central tofinancial health and business strategy of the typicalcommercial banks andthat fee based non-intermediationfinancial services have been more important.References : -1. RBI report on term progress of banking in India.2. Consolidated report of condition and income, call report3. Coulthelen, V.”Management in banking” Sultan chand

2 sons4. Desai, C.I. “Analyzing Productivity in Banking Concepts

and Methodology”,Prajanan Publications.

5. Rao Ramchandra, “Present Day Banking in India” 1st

Edition. Websites/Portals -1. www.moneycontrol.com 2. www.sbi.com3. www.icicibank.com 4. www.expressindia.com


*************


Abstract - Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of individuals andcommunities. Entrepreneurship is a way to empower women by which she is able to stand in front of the society. Itactually gives capacity to women to cope up with the obstacles in their life. Entrepreneurs are the backbones of anyeconomy. Therefore it is necessary to nurture the quality of entrepreneurship among the people and to avoidentrepreneurial failures. Women entrepreneur are the women who think of a business enterprise initiate it, organizeand combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risks and handle economic uncertaintyinvolved in running a business enterprise by nut shell. The women should be provided with adequate training indevelopment of entrepreneurial skills covering management of enterprises, maintaining account, enhancing productivity,marketing, selling etc, So that they can undertake income generating activities. The international agencies and thenational government should adopt appropriate measures to encourage women for their development through theentrepreneurship.Keywords: Empowerment, Women entrepreneur, adequate training, development, skills.

Introduction - Entrepreneurship is a way to empower womenby which she is able to stand in front of the society. It actuallygives capacity to women to cope up with the obstacles intheir life. Women entrepreneurs can more easily undertakethree types of industrial enterprises:l Operate purely as a sub-contractor on raw materialsprovided by the customer;l Manufacture an item to the long or short term order ofanother enterprise usually a large scale unit; andl Manufacture the item for direct scale in the market;generally, the first two types of enterprises are known asancillaries. Women entrepreneurs produce both consumergoods and intermediate goods which are used in theproduction of other articles.Objectives of the Study -l To find the Role of entrepreneurship for the Empowermentof women.Methodology - This Paper’ is based on Secondary datawhich are published in the Books, journals, University News,websites, newspaper, articles and summary of differentsouvenirs on this particular topic.Opportunities for Women Entrepreneur - The entry ofwomen entrepreneurs in the conventional product is justifiedon the grounds that they have acquired the required skills toproduce and introduce products traditionally. If they couldexcel in these product lines, let them excel. But at manyall-India level surveys have proved that in recent years, womenentrepreneurs have entered all fields of “business andindustry.” In the last decade, there has been a remarkableshift in from the manufacturing industry to the service industry.

* Professor (Commerce) Shri Atal Bihari V ajpayee Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA** Asst. Professor (Commerce) M.K.H.S. Gujarati Girls College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

considering this, some important opportunities are identifiedfor the women in urban areas:l Computer services and information dissemination.l Trading in computer stationary.l Computer maintenance.l Travel and tourism.l Quality testing, quality control laboratories.l Sub-assemblies of electronic products.l Nutrition clubs in schools and offices.l Poster and indoor plant library.l Recreation centers for old people.l Culture centers.l Screen printing, photography, and video shooting.l Stuffed soft toys, wooden toys.l Mini laundry, community eating centers.l Community kitchens.l Distributing and trading of house hold provision as well

as saris, dress materials, etc.l Job contracts for packaging of goods.l Photocopying, typing centers.l Beauty parlors.l Communications centers like STD booths, cyber cafes,

etc.l Crèchesl Catering servicesl Health clubs, etcOpportunities for women in semi-urban areas -Considering the socio-economic, cultural and educationalstatus and the motivation of women in semi-urban,particularly projects with low investments, low technical

Dr. Ashish Pathak * Dr. Reeta Chawla **

Women’s Empowerment through theEntrepreneurship


know-how and assured market are suggested for theImprovement opportunities identified for semi-urban womenare enlisted below:l Production of liquid soap, soap power, detergents,

deodorants etc.l Office stationary like cushion pads, gum, ink pads etc.l Convenience, readymade, instant food products

including pickles, spices, papads etc.l Community kitchens.l Communication services.l Different types of training and coaching classes.l Child care centers and cultural centers for children.l Nursery classes.l Manufacturing of leather goods.l Garments.Opportunities for women in rural areas - In the recentindustrial policy, the government has given tremendousimportance for the agro- based products and allied products;only one to two percent of the total production of fruits andvegetables is processed every year in India. This reveals ahuge scope for the food, fruit and vegetables processingindustry. Women have a natural flair and instinct for foodpreparation and processing. A new market is developed forthe processed fruits and vegetables in form of baby foods,ice cream, convenience food, cold drinks, canned products,traditional medicine preparations etc. Thus, there are plentyof opportunities available for women entrepreneurs.l Problems of women entrepreneurs - Womenentrepreneurs encounter two sets of problem, i.e., generalproblems of entrepreneurs and problems specific to womenentrepreneurs. These are discussed as follows:1. Problem of Finance - Finance is regarded as “life-blood” for any enterprise, be it big or small. However, womenentrepreneurs suffer from shortage of finance on two counts:Firstly, women do not generally have property on their namesaccess to the external sources of funds is limited. Secondly,the banks also consider women less credit-worthy anddiscourage women borrowers on the belief that they can atany time level their business. Given such situation, womenentrepreneurs are bound to rely on their own savings, if anyand loans from friends and relatives who are expectedlymeager and negligible. Thus, women entrepreneurs fail dueto the shortage of finance.2. Scarcity of Raw Material - Most of the womenenterprises are plagued by scarcity of raw material andnecessary inputs. Added to this, the high price of rawmaterial, on the one hand, and getting raw material at theminimum of discount, on the other. The failure of many womenco-operatives in 1971 engaged in basket-marking is anexample how the scarcity of raw material sound the death-knell of enterprises run by women.3. Limited Mobility - Unlike men, women mobility in Indiais highly limited due to various reasons. A single womenasking for room is still looked upon suspicion. Cimber someexercise involved in starting an enterprise coupled with the

official’s humiliating attitude towards women compels themto give up idea of starting an enterprise.4. Family Ties - In India, it is mainly a women’s duty tolook after the children and other members of the family. Manplays a secondary role. In case of married women, she hasto strike a fine balance between her business and family.Her total involvement in family leaves little or no energy andtime to devote for business. Support and approval ofhusbands seem necessary condition for women’s entry intobusiness. Accordingly, the educational level and familybackground of husbands positively influence women’s entryinto business activities.5. Lack of Education - In India, around three-fifths (60%)of women are still illiterate illiteracy is the root cause ofsocio-economic problems. Due to the lack of education andthat too qualitative education, women are not aware ofbusiness, technology and market knowledge. Also, lack ofeducation causes low achievement motivation amongwomen. Thus, lack of education creates problems forwomen’s for the setting up and running of businessenterprises.6. Male-Dominated Society - The Constitution of Indiaspeaks of equality between sexes. But, in practice, womenare looked as unable, i.e. weak in all respects. Women sufferfrom male reservation about a woman’s role, ability, capacityand are traded accordingly.7. Low Literacy - Low literacy level hinders women incarrying out their activity as entrepreneur. Lack of educationhandicaps their grasps of technological and marketingknowledge.In addition to above problems, low risk bearing, inadequateinfrastructural facilities, social attitude, low need forachievement etc also hold the women back from entering into business.Suggestions -1. Provide education or vocational education and technical

education to girls and women. The contents of theireducation include accountancy, management,computers, entrepreneurship development etc.

2. To motivate the women, a coordinated effort should bemade among the Educational Institutions, Governmentdepartments and the business world.

3. Setting up of special Institutions would help to upgradetheir skill and acquire new techno- managerialknowledge so that they could go in for innovativetechnologies of production and financial institution forthe financial support.

4. The crimes against women fly directly againstorchestrating women empowerment in India. Preventingcrime against women and fostering a safe environmentfor women through the Indian Law Act.

5. Arrangements of “Awareness and motivationalprogrammes” for spreading awareness in the society.

6. The international agencies and the national governmentshould adopt appropriate measures to encourage


women for their development through the entrepreneurship.7. Training and capacity building on various issues like

Leadership, Legal rights etc.Conclusion - Empowerment encourages people to gain theskills and knowledge that will allow them to overcomeobstacles in life or work environment and ultimately, helpthem develop within themselves or in the society. To empowera female “...sounds as though we are dismissing or ignoringmales, but the truth is, both genders desperately need to beequally empowered.”Empowerment occurs throughimprovement of conditions, standards, events, and a globalperspective of life.References -1. Gordon, E. & Natarajan, K, Entrepreneurship

Development, Himalayas Publication House, 2013.2. Khanka. S.S, Entrepreneurial Development, S.Chand

& company Ltd, 2005.3. Sharma Dr. Sudhir, Singh Balraj, Singhal Sandeep,

Entrepreneurial Development, Wisdom Publications ,2005.

4. Taneja Satish and Gupta Dr. S.L, EntrepreneurDevelopment, Galgotia Publishing Company, 2001.

5. Soundarapandian, M, Women Entrepreneurship: Issuesand Strategies, Kanishka publishers, Distributors, 1999.

Journals & Reports -

1. Mission poorna sakti … hum sunege naari ki batBrochure of National Mission for Empowerment ofwomen Ministry of Women and child development, Govt.of India.

2. Title: WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA-

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Authors: Meenu Goyal;Jai Parkash (www.zenithresearch.org.in) Publish- -edin International journal of multidisciplinary research vol.1issue 5,Sept 2011)

3. Title: Women Entrepreneurship in India: Opportunitiesand Challenges Author : Gurendra Nath Bhardwaj, SwatiParashar, Dr. Babita Pandey, Puspamita Sahu(www.chimc.in)

4. Title: Women entrepreneurs in India - Emerging issuesand challenges Author Dr. Vijayakumar, A. andJayachitra, S (www.chimc.in)

5. Title: Women’s Empowerment and Economicdevelopment Author Duflor Esther (www.nber.org./papre/w17702)

Web References -1. http://www. Google.co.in2. http://www.women empowerment.com3. http://www.zenithresearch.org.in4. http://www.nber.org5. http://www.chimc.in

*************


Namrata Ganguly * Priyanka Kurup **

Changing Dimension in Human ResourceManagement

Abstract - The present research paper is an attempt to analyze the changing dimensions of human resource managementin the present era right from its evolution. There has been drastic change in the dimensions of Human ResourceManagement from the development of personnel management to Human resource management, strategic humanresource management and e-Human resource management. The research has tried to find out different dimensions inthe human resource management function and its changing role, emerging issues and ways to overcome them.Keywords - Change, dimension, Human Resource Management

Introduction - Human resource management (HRM orsimply HR) is the term commonly used to describe all thoseorganisational activities concerned with recruiting andselecting, designing work for, training and developing,appraising and rewarding, directing, motivating and controllingworkers. In other words, HRM refers to the framework ofphilosophies, policies, procedures and practices for themanagement of the relationship that exists between anemployer and worker.

Following are the five broad functions of HRM, centralto managing the workforce:• People resourcing – Ensuring adequate staffing forcurrent and future business needs through activities thatinclude human resource planning, recruitment, selectioninduction, talent management, succession planning and thetermination of the employment relationship (includingmanaging retirement and redundancy).• Managing performance – Managing individual andteam performance and the contribution of workers to theachievement of organisational goals, for example, throughgoal-setting and performance appraisals.• Managing reward – Designing and implementing reward and pay systems covering individual and collective,financial and non-financial reward, including employee benefits, perks and pensions.• Human resource development – Identifyingindividual, team and organisational developmentrequirements and designing, implementing and evaluatinglearning and development interventions.• Employment relations – Managing employee ‘voice’,communication and employee involvement in organisational decision-making, handling union management relations(including industrial action and collective bargaining overterms and conditions of employment), managing employeewelfare and handling employee grievance and discipline.The Emergence of HRM - The significance of HRM incontemporary firms is to discuss in greater depth the more

* Asst.Prof. (Commerce & Management) Career College, Barkatullah University , Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA** Asst.Prof. (Commerce & Management) Career College, Barkatullah University , Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

specific meaning attached to HRM, as it helps to explainwhy and how the term ‘human resource management’ cameto be so widely used. The term ‘personnel management’has traditionally been used in British companies (and morewidely) to denote the area of managerial activity, most usuallya distinct department, that is principally concerned withadministering the workforce (for example, in respect of payrolland contractual issues), providing training, ensuring legalcompliance (for example in the area of health and safety)and managing collective industrial relations between the firmand trade unions.

In many firms, personnel management has traditionallybeen constituted as a support function, existing on theperiphery of organizational and strategic decision-making,which held a relatively low operational status Redman andWilkinson, (2006). In the mid-1980s, however, patterns ofinnovative forms of people management began to emergethat held more strategic ambitions Storey,(2007).Subsequently, over the course of the past three decades,people management has gradually developed and, whilstacknowledging that in many firms HRM remains marginalizedand primarily an administrative function, for many firms itsscope is rather wider today than in the past. Torrington et al.(2008) suggest that rather than representing a revolution inpeople management practices, the emergence of HRMrepresents an evolution towards more effective practice. HRMis taken up by people in charge of any human enterprise inwhich work tasks are undertaken and where there is aconcern for that enterprise to continue into the future as aviable social and economic unit.

I is the latest incarnation of historical attempts to allocatework tasks within a social group and to compel each memberof that group to make best use of their individual knowledge,behaviours and capabilities for the greater organisationalsuccess.Changing dimension in HRM – The HR Management hasseveral dimensions in the organization as it supports the


organization in its growth and competitiveness. HRManagement dimensions need to be identified byorganisation. The HR Function has to design processes,policies and procedures in all dimensions. The non-presenceof HR dimensions will make the organization weak. Withthe changing scenario HR management dimension alsochanged. Some of them are as follows -• Development of Personnel Management to HumanResource Management - PM is basically an administrative record-keeping function, at operational level. PM tries tokeep fair terms and conditions of employment, although atsame time, efficiently managing personnel activities forindividual departments etc. It is expected that results fromproviding justice and achieving efficacy in management ofpersonnel activities will outcome ultimately in attainingorganizational success. Broadly, ‘personnel management’may be described as: All management decisions and actionsthat directly affect people as members of the organizationrather than as job-holders. The origins of traditional conceptof PM can be drawn to the post World War One ‘welfaretradition’ of concern for the basic needs of employees. Thedeveloping and mature phases of PM from the 1940s to the1970s saw an rise in the status and professionalization ofthe personnel function, particularly in relation to industrialrelations matters.• Strategic Human Resource Management as aresponse to challenges of globalisation - The world hasundergone a dramatic change over the last few decades,the forces of globalization; technological changes have greatlychanged the business environment. Organisations wererequired to respond in a strategic manner to the changestaking place in order to survive and progress. StrategicHuman Resource Management involves a set of internallyconsistent policies and practices designed and implementedto ensure that a firm’s human capital contribute to theachievement of its business objectives. It provides basis forstrategic analyses which examines organisational contextand current HR practices focusing on strategic policies forimprovement of HR strategies.• e- Human Resource Management - e-HRM methoddo not simply apply technology in care of HR but in its placesee technology as permitting the HR function to be donecontrarily by changing “flows of information, social interactionpatterns, and communication procedures”. We can define e-HRM which emphasizes the Internet-supported way ofperforming HR activities ’e-HRM uses IT in a dual manner:First, technology assists as a medium with goal of linkingand incorporation in a office or on different countries. Second,technology assists actors by partly or completely – replacingfor them in performing HR activities. Hence, IT servesfurthermore as a tool for job fulfilment. The common executionof tasks through at least two performers’ points out thatsharing of HR tasks is an added feature of interaction andnetworking. e-HRM is multilevel phenomenon; there arecollective performers i.e. groups, organizational units andwhole organizations. e-HRM ,is particularly web-orientated

also contains additional technologies like networked ERP-Systems.The changing HR function - As the high-commitmentperspective on HRM has developed since the 1980s so hasthe role of HR managers and specialists. The HR professionhas undergone a significant transformation reflecting theincreased responsibility placed upon it to deliverimprovements in workspace performance; a ‘mission’ at oddswith the traditional outsider status of the personnel functions.In line with the movement of HRM to centre stage in itsperceived ability to contribute to the sustained competitiveadvantage of the firm, the HR function in some organisationshas shifted from a predominant emphasis on operationalissues to a more strategic focus Francis and Keegan, (2006).Stanton and Coovert (2004) suggest that the HR functioncan be divided into three broad, interlocking functional areas:• Administrative – HR professionals ensure theorganisation’s compliance with regulatory structures(including organisational policy and employment law) as theyrelate to personnel activities such as recruitment anddismissal• Financial – HR professionals research, recommend,and manage the organization’s use of monetary rewards andperquisites.• Performance – HR professionals develop, deploy andmaintain organisational policies and practices that allowworkers to create the greatest possible value with theavailable ‘human capital’ (for example, training, performancemanagement, talent management)Issues in changing HRM dimension -• Increasing cut-throat competition - Currently,organizations are facing increasing internal and externalcompetitions.The size and complexity of organizations areincreasing day by day. To face these growing challenges ofcompetition, innovative human resource management andpractices are needed.• Globalization - Globalization of markets andmanufacturing has vastly increased international competition.Those firms who have been successful have highly focusedon their human resources activities in selection, training andcompensation policy. Due to this fact many firms are payingtheir interest in human resource management.• Technological changes - Technology is changingrapidly. Organizations must keep up pace with technologicalchanges and implement them in the workplace. Technologyis only the mean to increase productivity. To utilize this meanneeds the skilled man power, who can handle it easily andefficiently. Due to this fact, there is the need of humanresource management• Work-force diversity - It is human resourcemanagement which brings all the people of different natureunder the same umbrella of organization. It is the mostsignificant task done by human resource management, whichother management cannot perform. This has played a vitalrole in rising interest in human resource management.• Nature of work - Technological and globalization trend


has changed the nature of jobs and works. Development oninformation technology has completely changed theformulation of

working style. 1 person with the help of computer cando a work, which needs 10 people to complete before. Towork with computers, trained human resources are needed.This is also a reason, which has caused rising interest inhuman resource management.Suggestions -• Cross cultural training of HR personnel so that theyunderstand other cultural people.• Motivate professional personnel more and more so thatdo not change organisation more frequently. Non financialmotivation like encouragement, training employee, jobsatisfaction can be done.• HR should adopt the change at the internet speed.• Shifting HR strategy with the changing economy –strategy of HR should be agile, capable of flexing and adaptiveto changes in the economy.• Technical changes in the workplace often require theimplementation of additional training for workers. Humanresource managers must also determine when it may trainexisting employees, and when it must search for new workersto fill technical positions within the organisation.• Training of HRIS – Human resource information systemshould be given to the HR managers or HR professional sothat they can overcome information technology challenges.• Proper performance evaluation system evaluationsystem and proper career development plans should be usedin the organisation to reduce professional mobility.Conclusion - HR practice is becoming more and morechallenging day by day; they have to face lot of problemslike retention, attraction of employee, dealing with differentcultural people, managing workforce diversity, technological

and informational changes. To overcome with thesechallenges training (cross cultural training and technologicaland informational training) is necessary of HR people. Toreduce mobility of professional personnel, HR people haveto motivate them by monetary and non-monetary techniques.Proper performance evaluation system and proper careerdevelopment plans should be used in the organisation toreduce professional mobility. More importantly the internaland external environment of business is changing at a fasterrate. Therefore, HR personnel need to flexible in theirapproach to deal with the growing complexities of thebusiness.

References :-1. Agarwal, Tanuja 2007.Strategic Human Resource

Management Oxford Publication2. Challenges for HRM http://risings.150m.com/project/

marketing/hrm.3. Francis, H., & Keegan, A. (2006). The changing face of

HRM: in search of balance. Human ResourceManagement Journal, 16(3), 231-249.

4. http://www.sagepub.com/wilton2/Wilton%20Chapter %201.pdf

5. J. Storey (ed.) (2007) Human Resource Management:A Critical Text (3rd edn)

6. Redman,&Wilkinson, (2006). Contemporary humanresource management: text and cases.PearsonEducation.

7. Stantan & Coovert, (2004) Human ResourceManagement: The Intersection of Information Technologyand Human Resource 43(2 3), 121-125

8. Torrington et al (2008). Fundamentals of human resourcemanagement: managing people at work. PearsonEducation.

*************


Dr. Vijay Grewal *

Role And Contribution Of Cottage Industries InThe Economic Development Of India

* Asst. Professor (Commerce) Shri Vaishnav College of Commerce, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

Introduction - A cottage industry is one which is carried onwholly or primarily with the help of the members of the familyeither as a whole time or as a part-time occupation. Thereare various types of cottage industries. The first categoryconsists of those cottage industries which providesupplementary occupation to the cultivator, e.g., handloomweaving, basket making, rope-making etc.

The second category consists mostly of village craftslike blacksmithy, carpentry, oil-pressing by ghanis, pottery,village tanning industry, handloom weaving by professionalvillage weavers.

The third category covers those cottage industries whichin urban areas provide whole time occupation to the workersengaged in them, e.g., wood and ivory carving, toy making,gold and silver thread making, brass utensils, shoe makingand carpet weaving etc.

In the modern technological age when most of the oldcottage industries have become out-dated or have lost theireconomic viability, new ones have emerged to give even fulltime employment to those who go in for them. Electronicshas revolutionized the very concept of cottage industry. Alarge number of jobs are carried out by the computers. Themakers in cities are dotted with small shops andestablishments which are carrying on a good business inelectronic typing, printing, cyclostyling, photostating,scanning etc. Thus these small occupation have come tohave good employment potential.The causes for establishment of cottage industries -Firstly , cottage industries are labour intensive. A givenamount of investment in a cottage industry may provideemployment to more people than the same amount ofinvestment in a large scale undertaking. This is of greatimportance for a country like India where the number of theunderemployed and unemployed is very large. Japan is asingular example of a country which has scared the spectreof unemployment far away from its territory by establishingcottage or small scale industries to their optimum level.Secondly , cottage industries require a meagre amount ofinvestment for turning out manufacture goods. They are whatis called Capital light. They thus make possible economiesin the use of capital. As capital is very scarce in a developingcountry like India, it will cut much ice in the direction of

industrialization if small scale or cottage industries areestablished in as large a number as possible.Thirdly , apart from making economies in the use of capital,cottage industries may call into being capital that would nototherwise have come into existence. The spread of industriesover the country-side would encourage the habits of thriftand investment in the rural areas. Moreover, the smallentrepreneur would try to arrange for a capital with the helpof his relative and friends. There are examples galore of greatenterpreneurs who started as managers of a cottage industryand by ploghing their earnings back in the industrysystematically succeeded in rising to the present status.The great American industrial tycoon Ford started as a Simpleordinary blacksmith.Fourthly , cottage industries are skill-light. A large scaleindustry requires a host of paraphernalia and a largespectrum of skilled-foremen, engineers, accountants, andso on. Like capital these skills in a very short supply in ourcountry and it is important to economize as much as possiblein their use.Fifthly , cottage industries depend far less on importedequipment and material than large-scale industries. Large-scale industries require huge imports in the form ofequipment and material, thereby upsetting the country’sbalance of payments. Further, investment in cottageindustries has quicker return than in the large-scale ones.Japan owes its present prosperity to the large number of thepulsating cottage industrial complexes in every town andvillage.Sixthly , cottage industries preclude the chances ofconcentration of economic power in the hands of a few people.They make for a more and fairer distribution of income andwealth. Large-scale industries, on the other hand, tend toconcentrate large incomes and wealth in a few hands. Thisstate is repugnant to the very idea of establishing anegalitarian society in India. Gandhiji had focused on thisvirtue of cottage industries.Seventhly , cottage industries help in the spiritual upliftmentof people engaged in them. Heavy industry has dehumanizedhumanity and filled man with gross materialism. Prolongedengagement in a fruitful occupation yielding sufficient incomekeeps the devil in man away. Gandhiji had faith in the


spiritualizing qualities of cottage industries and henceadvocated their promotion. The personnel engaged in turningout handlooms goods, or working in the sale of finished goodsin Gandhi Khadi Ashrams invariably succeed in impressingthe customer with their simplicity, courtesy and whateverlittle manner one can except. On the other hand the so-called big people flushed with enormous amount of capitaland black money earned through large scale industries flauntsnobbery, superiority complex and sophistication of arepulsive variety.

Seen from an environmental angle, the cottageindustries are largely free from pollution problems. Largescale industries have already contributed to environmentaldegradation beyond repair and further additions to them inadvanced countries are bound to spell disaster. The furtherof mankind now lies with cottage industries and only leastwith large scale ones.

Thus we have seen from various angles that cottageindustries can play a very important role in India’s economybut they can do so if the difficulties they are faced with areremoved.Cottage industries and their importance - Cottageindustries occupy an important place in the economy of India.India is a predominantly agricultural country. About seventypercent of our country’s population depends on agriculture.In India agriculture can be termed the largest and the mostimportant industry. Agriculture is a seasonal industry whichdoes not provide any work to the agriculturists for aboutthree to four months in a year. The women and the old arewithout any useful employment almost throughout the year.Cottage indutries can provide them some gainful employmentand add to their income. They can increase the totalproduction in the country as well.

This is the age of machines. Mechanisation is the orderof the day all over the world. But in’ an underdeveloped andagricultural country like India, the importance of cottageindustries cannot be over-emphasised. Even MahatmaGandhi strongly recommended the development andexpansion of cottage industries in India. He said, “I can haveno consideration for machinery which is meant to enrich thefew at the expenses of many.” According to him,“Mechanisation is good when the hands are too few for thework intended to be accomplished. It is an evil when thereare more hands that required for work as is the case inIndia. The problem is how to utilise the idle hours of teemingmillion inhabitants of our villages which are equal to theworking days of six months in a year”.

Cottage industries are of special importance becausethey can be carried on with the help of the members of thefamily. They do not require large premises, huge machinesand great investment. They are labour intensive. The greatestadvantage of such industries is that even the women andthe old in the family can usefully utilise their leisure. Theynot only increase the income of the family but also reduceunemployment and thus raise the standard of living of themembers of the family. In olden times, India had fairly

developed cottage industries. The commodities produced inthese industries were famous for their beauty, art anddelicacy. Every village in India was a centre of theseindustries. But during the British rule these industriesreceived no protection, what to talk of encouragement, andso they were ousted by large industries. After the attainmentof independence our national government has paid sufficientattention to the development of these industries.

Cottage industries have I great potential to solve theproblem of unemployment and also to blip in the equitabledistribution of wealth. There is not denying the fact that bigindustries increase the level of production but a Riejor partof the profit goes into the pockets of big industrialists, Wiultingin wide disparity in the distribution of wealth of nation. Thecottage industries prevent the evils of concentration ofindustries. Big industries can be located only in certain partsof the country where the necessary infrastructure alreadyexits, whereas cottage industries can be carried on in everyvillage. Big industries, tend to create regional imbalance :on the other hand cottage industries reduce regionalimbalance in the field of economic activities.Opportunities for cottage industries in India - Cottageindustry is often characterized by its enormous potential foremployment generation and the person getting employed isbasically regarded as a self-employed one. It has beenempirically found out that cottage industry has giveneconomic independence to the women in the developing aswell as developed countries. Cottage industries involve allthe family members contribution for the development of thefamily. The most common form of support extended by thegovernments towards this industry is through forwarding ofcapital subsidies. Another form through self-help groups.They are very much helpful for the cottage industries. As thewomen employed in the cottage industries are the membersof the self-help group and they can get financial assistanceat low interest rate which is a great boon for them.Organization working for the benefit of cottage industryin India - The well-known organization like Khadi and VillageIndustries Commission (KVIC) is working towards thedevelopment and endorsement of cottage industries in India.Other premier organizations are Central Silk Board, CoirBoard, All India Handloom Board and All India HandicraftsBoard, and organizations like Forest Corporation and NationalSmall Industries Corporation are also playing an active rolein the meaningful expansion of cottage industries in India.The Department of Industries and Commerce alsoimplements a variety of programmes to provide financialassistance, technical support and guidance service to theexisting as well as new industries. These programmes areimplemented with an accent on the development andmodernization of industries, up-gradation of technology andquality control. It operates through a network of DistrictIndustries Centres (DICs), one in each district, headed by aGeneral Manager.Difficulties - Here are some of the main difficulties. The firstis the inefficient human factor owing to illiteracy, ignorance,


and the out-of-date methods of the cottage workers.Secondly, people in India are generally very poor, and cheapcredit is a far cry for them. Thirdly, there is conspicuousabsence of oraganized marketing. On account of this thehelpless artisans are completely at the mercy of middle men.Fourthly, there is an inadequate supply of machinery andequipment to cottage industries. Lastly, cottage industrieshave not yet succeeded in producing goods of a better qualitythan those produced by large scale industries.Suggestions - In view of the every important place that theyoccupy in the industrial structure of the country, it is veryessential that suitable steps are taken to remedy existingdefects and remove the main difficulties of such industries.First, the artisans should be familiarised with new and moreeconomical methods of production. Modern tools should bepopularised on the hire-purchase system. Secondly, supplyof good raw-materials may be ensured by suitable measures.Thirdly, supply of credit should be made available on easyterms. Fourthly, efforts should be made for the marketing ofgoods manufactured by cottage industries. Fifthly, co-ordination of cottage industries with large-scale industrieswith large-scale industries is very essential. Cottageindustries should be complementary to large-scale ones.Sixthly, suitable measure of protection may be afforded tocottage industries by reservation of spheres and in otherways.

Five things are very essential for making the abovesuggestions practicable and of some substance ;1. adoption of the principle of co-operation in the field of

small-scale and cottage industries ;2. an active policy of State assistance ;3. encouraging the Swadeshi spirit among the people ;4. improvement in the quality of products of cottage

industries ; and5. banning the field of cottage industry for entry by

multinationals, which unfortunately seem, of late, to belobbying to enter the field of consumer goods in India.

It is, however, gratifying that Government is wide awaketo the need of promoting cottage industries in India. Certainmeasure of state encouragement has already been given in

various plans. This needs to be made more meaningful. Letus remember our deliverance from poverty rests squarely onmaking cottage industry a hundred percent successfulmovement. Great caution needs to be exercised by our rulersand politicians in determining the point beyond which themultinationals should out expand their activities in India,otherwise the cause of cottage industry will suffer beyondredemption and repair.Conclusion - Cottage industries are of cultural and economicimportance to India. They keep the age old traditions aliveand also provide employment to a number of people. Supportshould be provided by the community to prevent exploitationand further develop these industries as they face stiffcompetition from other economies. In the over-populatedcountries like ours, the only way to fight the monster ofunemployment is the development of cottage industries.They will bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth.In the words of Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, “Cottage industries have aspecial claim for consideration in that they are the localinvestments through which the decentralization of industrialproduction can be achieved.”

Finally this research shows the clear picture of thecauses for establishment, status, importance, opportunities,difficulties and suggestions of cottage industries.References :-1. R. Datt and K.P.M. Sundaram, (2007) - Indian Economy,

S. Chand & Company New Delhi2. T.N. Dhar and H. Lydall, (1961) - The Role of Small

Enterprises in India’s Economic Development, AsiaPublishing House, Mumbai

3. Aditi Swami, (2003) - Cottage Industries in India4. Durgesh Shanker, (2004) - Crafts of India and Cottage

Industries, Indusvista Editions5. Shah, (1947) - Rural and Cottage Industries.6. National Planning Committee Series, Mumbai, Vora &

Co.7. The Views paper, 5 March 20108. www.economywatch.com9. www.mapsofindia.com10. www.youthkiawaaz.com

*************


Dr. D.L. Ahir *

Abstract - In order to survive in the modern business environment, all the commercial organizations should have theirown strategies. This strategic development process is derived from corporate vision of the organization. Therefore,before deciding strategies, each and every organization should have their own vision regarding the future status.Organizational mission, Objectives, goals and values are also to follow this vision. Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) play a critical role in Indian economy. Due to their inherent problems, SMEs could not show much concernabout development and implementation process of the corporate vision . Researchers as well as Government Institutionsof India have also not taken considerable attempts to make a proper investment about this field .Key words - vision, corporate visioning, mission, objectives, corporate values, strategies.

Introduction - The corporate vision is a very important strategicmanagement tool. It has been discussed and developedthroughout centuries since the initial stages of the civilizations.However, many of those early cases were based on impact ofvision to the personal success rather than applications onbusiness. charisma is an early concept of vision, which isdiscussed about the ability to make miracles or predict futureevents. Both concepts were highly influenced by religious andpolitical leadership (krantabutra, 2008)

Before the 1980s, vision was highly recognized as asocial concept and widely used with political and religiousleadership. As a result of development in the leadershiptheories,vision has been recognized as a business conceptduring last two decades of the 20th century. Modern businessconcept such as “visionarY leadership” and “visionarycompanies” were taken into account and new paradigmshave been practiced in the business field during that period.(Bratianu and Balanescu, 2008)

As the word “vision” suggested, it is an image of how theorganization sees it self in future. It is a dream and aspiratingof the organization which holds for its future. It might thereforebe difficult for the organization to actually achieve its visioneven in the long term, but it provides the direction to worktowards it. When people talk about shared vision inorganizations, it is expected that members of the organizationshare a conmon mental image of the future, which integratestheir efforts towards that future state. (krantabutra, 2008)

Vision needs to be appropriate according to the natureof the organization. On the other hand it should reflect thefuture demand. If vision becomes obsolete, it could lead todisasters (Eriksson, 2008). Each and every organizationshould have a vision in order to have survival and growth in themarket. However development and implementation processto the vision might differ, according to the investment leveland structure of the organization.

The purpose of this research paper is to identify the currentknowledge about corporate vision of Indian SMEs through areview of the theoretical and empirical literature. As per the

* Asst. Prof. (Commerce) Govt. college, jawad (M.P .) INDIA

Corporate Vision of Indian SMEs: A Review of the Literature

general view, SMEs do not take considerable attempts tofollow well developed and standardized business procedureslike large companies. However SMEs should have a vision foreither maximizing their revenues or maximizing their profits.If not so then there will be a problem towards survivals in themarket.

Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs play a critical rolein economic development as they provide a considerablenumber of employment opportunities and generate a largeproportion of technical innovations. In developing economylike India, this sector is considered to be a source of innovation, flexibility and economic development .

SMEs are defined in different ways in different parts ofthe world. Some definitions are based on the term assets,while others use employment, shareholders funds, sales andthe revenue as the hybrid criterion. According to the Ministryof Micro, small and Medium Enterprises (2013), Small andmedium business entities are classified on the basis of theirinvestment size. The classification of manufacturingenterprises is based on their investment in plant andmachineries while service enterprises are classified withrespect to their investment in equipment .

In accordance with annual reports (2012-13) of Ministryof Micro Small and Medium Enterprises, total number ofenterprises in MSME sector was estimated to be 361.76lakh with total employment of 805.24 lakh. However majorityof them are recorded as unregistered organizations and theircontribution to the economy has not been properly valued .SMEs include organizations such as proprietorships, hinduundivided families, association of persons, co-operativessocieties, partnerships, corporations and other legal entities.Development and Implementation of Corporate Vision- Effective strategic management begins with the organizationclearly articulating its vision for the future. The vision of theorganization refers to the broad category of long term intentionthat the organization wishes to pursue. It is broad, all inclusiveand futuristic ( Ireland et al -2009)


Table 1.1 – Classification of Micro, Small andmedium Enterprises

Description Manufacturing ServicesEnterprises Enterprises

Micro Does not exceed Does not exceed Enterprises twenty five lakh twenty five lakh

rupees rupees Small More than twenty Ten lakh rupees Enterprises five lakh rupees but does not but

does not exceed exceed two crorefive crore rupees rupees

Medium More than five More than two Enterprises crore rupees but crore rupees but

does not exceed does not exceedten crore rupees five crore rupees

Kantabutra and Avery (2005) found that visionscharacterized by the attributes such as brevity , clarity,stability, abstractness, future orientation , challenge ,desirability and ability to inspire, and containing customerand staff satisfaction imagery. However there is no proper,generally accepted definition over the corporate vision.According to kantabutra (2008), vision is still not defined ina generally agreed upon manner, because various researchershave defined it differently based on the nature of their studies.He also noted that vision was about the future , encouragedpeople to act toward a common goal , provided a betterdirection and became very useful for strategic planning .Illesanmi (201 1) emphasized that vision is a difficult thing todescribe and no wonder most executives find it difficult toformulate a clear vision for their organizations. A strongcorrelation can be identified between organizationalperformances and customer and staff satisfaction , whensharing vision among leader and followers. Shared visionsdirectly create a positive impact on overall organizationalperformance through staff and customer satisfaction .

The vision should be external and market oriented andshould express preferably in aspirational terms. Corporatevision of an organization must be operationalized through thevision statement which must also be measurable. A quantifiedvision statement provides clear focus for the strategicmanagement. However many organizationsvisions are toovague. (Kaplan et al.,2008). In addition to that some ofthem are not forward looking ,too broad , uninspiring , notdistinctive and too reliant on superlative. An effectives wordedstrategic vision might be graphic, directional, focused , flexible, feasible , desirable , and easy to communicate . (Thompsonet al . , 2010)Corporate Vision Of Indian SMEs - The success or failureof small and medium enterprises is highly influenced by thepersonality and leadership characteristics of owner or boardof directors. These companies basically target to enter to asingle market or a small number of markets with a limitedrange or products or services because virtually they are unableto compete with existing companies. Practicing of strategicmanagement tools on these businesses are considerably atlow level when comparing with larger organizations (Adriana,2011).In many cases, experiences of the owners are veryinfluential to make direct contact with the market place.Similarly values, expectations and leadership characteristicsof the owner or board of directors are also critical to success

or failure of the business. Many researchers argued thatstrategic management methods and techniques applied inlarge companies will not work in small firms. Strategies ofmany small and medium size enterprises are intuitive orempirical and not Kept as written documents and are subjectto change in accordance with attitudes and knowledge of theowner (Adrina,201 1). Strategic planning is not widely practicedamong SMEs , because they do not have the time or staff toinvest on the same. However it is further noted that SMEswere increasingly turning their attention towards strategicplanning practices ( Neneh and vanzyl , 2012).

Indian SMEs, are suffering from inherent bottleneckssuch as traditional technologies, financial problems , low scaleof economies, mostly family-owned enterprises andinsufficient division of labour. As a result of this, there is alethargic growth in the SME sector (Prajapati, 2008) . Theseorganizations don’t follow porper strategies like large firms.However, in order to survive in the market, they have to adoptnew marketing strategies as well as new innovative techniquesfor the product development. As they don’t have layers betweenthe decisions makers and the people who implement thesedecisions, new strategies can be easily practiced ( Trivedi,2013). Gautam and Singh stated that Indian small firms arenow coming forward to accepting professional managerialtechniques. They are becoming out- ward looking from inwardlooking and competition is greatly acknowledged. Thereforeit is needed to practice proper strategies to satisfy thecustomers, to capture the market and meeting challenges inthe business environment.Knight (2008) States, the success of SMEs which havealready entered to the international market depend in largepart on the formulation and implementation of strategy .Strategy reflects the way of accepting challenges andopportunities posed by the competitive business environment.However evidence of planning strategies of SMEs show thatthey prefer to focus on short term goals rather then long termgoals . (Avram and kuhne , 2008) Normally small firms willhave to find opportunities and strategies that are mostlyappropriate to the particular resources and competencies ofthe organization . Their visioning process is also influencedby experiences , knowledge, attitudes and expectations ofthe owner or senior management (Johnson et al. 2009).According to the federation of Indian chambers of commerceand industry (2012), Indian SMEs are usually single or multipromoter or a partner venture. Decision making process ofthese organizations is dependent on their experience andeducation. Similarly human resource practices of theseorganizations are in a very low level. There is no clear processfor segregation of duties and delegation of authorities. In manycases business plans of these organizations are superficialand not widely covered in all essential areas. However,business practices of medium typed private limited companiesare somewhat different. According to the companies act 1956, before a company is registered , it is essential to submitMemorandum of Association and Articles of Association.Memorandum of Association defines the company’srelationship with outside worlds and Articles disclose theregulations for the internal management of the company. Theobjects clause is the most important clause in thememorandum of Association .It is disclose how company’s


money is going to be invested under the permitted range ofactivities. (Bulchndani, 2010) . There fore they have to beclear in their future targets well the corporate vision.Charantimath (2009) Identified some common reasons withSMEs to avoid strategic planning :-1. As small business , they believe they don’t need

strategic planning .2. They do not have time for strategic planning.3. They believe strategic planning might limit their choices.4. They believe strategic planning may be wrong for theirbusiness .Some instances, non-practicing of strategicmanagement tools will lead to sickness of SMEs. On otherhand, Pasanen (2005 ) stated that lack of marketing skillsand lack of prior managerial experiences of entrepreneursare highly responsible for the failures of Indian SMEs. Thereforestrategic management practices are very vital for survival ofSMEs also.However there are a very few number of researchesdone in the field of corporate vision of SMEs in India . As pergeneral belief, most of the SMEs don’t have proper vision andstrategy development process due to their inherent issuessuch as low investment , improper decision making and lackof knowledge about markets. Due to feasibility problems withinvestigations, research institutions as well as individualresearchers have ignored this critical area form studies.Government institution are also not much concerned aboutthis area when formulating development plans. Even though,all the SMEs as well as regulatory bodies should accept theimportance of corporate vision because it will play a criticalrole in improving and sustaining organizational performance.Conclusion - The literature review suggest that vision hasbeen critical to organizations when formulating strategies toachieve their goals. In addition to that it will make a positiveimpact on performance outcomes. However vision has notbeen properly defined in the literature. When coming to all ofthese definitions, it can be concluded that, vision is a corporatestrategic tool which relates with future status of an organization.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are backbone ofthe Indian Economy. Therefore these organizations shouldhave a corporate vision for their growth and survival. Howeverwe know very little about corporate vision of Indian SMEs asit has not been properly investigated. There as a huge researchgap in this area which has to be fulfilled immediately, becauseit will critically affect development plans of the country. It isrecommended to design and undertake exploratory as wellas descriptive researches in this area, to identify barriers andpossibilities within the SMEs to develop and implement theircorporate vision.References :-1. Avram, D.O. and kuhne ,S. (2008) Implementing responsible

business behaviour form a strategic managementperspective developing a framework for austrain SMEs,Journal of Business Ethics No. 02, pp. 463-475.

2. Brtianu, C. and Balanescu, G.V. (2008) ’vision Mission andcorporate values, A comparative Analysis of the top 50 U.S.companies’ Journal of Management & Marketing , vol. 3,No.2, pp-19-38

3. Bulchandani,K R. (2010) ‘Business law for management’,6th edition. Himalaya Publishing House ,pp.325-450.

4. Charantimath , P.M. (2009) ‘Entrapper neurosisDevelopment : small Business Enterprises’, 4th edition.

Pearson Education ,pp. 330-370.5. Eriksson , T. (2008) ’Corporate visioning : A cross

comparison between SMEs in Scotland and Sweden’ ,M.Phil Thesis, University of St. Andrews ,pp.03-101.

6. Kantabura, S.& Avery, G.C. (2005) ‘Essence of shared vision:Empirical investigation’, New Zealand Journal of HumanResources Management, volume, 05,p.p.01-28.

7. Kantabura, S.(2008) What do we know about Vision, TheJournal of Applied Business Research . volume. 24 ,Number 2, pp.03-11

8. Kaplan , R.S. Norton, D.P. and Barrows , E.A. (2008)‘Developing the strategic: vision, Value gaps andAnalysis’,Harvard Business school publishing ,pp.01-07.

9. Khan, N.K. Awing, M and Zulkifili , C.M. (2013) ‘small andMedium Enterprises and Human Resource practice inPakistan’ , International Journal of Asian Social Science,pp.03-12.

10. Knight, G. 2000. ‘Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategic.The SMEs under globalization’, Journal of InternationalMarketing vol. 08, Issue. 2, pp.14-20.

11. Krishnaswamy , K.N, Sivakumar , A.L, and Maharajah,M.(2012) ‘Management Research Methodology’ , DorlingKindersley (India) pvt. Ltd, Eight Edition , pp.06-24.

12. Malhotra, N.k. and Dash, A. (2011) ‘Marketing Research: AnApplied Orientation,’ Tata McGraw Hill Education privateLimited, pp.42-55 .

13. Mantere, S and Sillince, J.A.A. (2007) ‘Strategic Intent as aRhetorical Device’, Scandinavian Journal of Management,pp. 01-36.

14. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, (2013)Annual Report 2012-13. [Online ] Available at: www.Scmsme.gov.in@ANNUALREPORT –MSME-2012-13P.pdf.

15. O’Brien F., Meadows M. (2000) Corporate visioning a surveyof UK Practice, Journal of the operational research society, vol-51 , pp.36-44.

16. Pasanen , M. (2005). ‘Tracking small Business FailureFactors and Trajectories’, 2nd inter – RENT OnlinePublication.

17. Pearce II , J.A. Robinson , R.B. and Mittal ,A. (2008) ‘ StrategicManagement Formulation , Implementation and Control’,Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited , pp 24-53.

18. Prajapati, K. (2008) ‘strategic Issue in SMEs 11th Annualconvention of the strategic management Forum 2008, pp.01- 14.

19. Suresh Mohideen , P and Akbar ,M (2012) ‘ Small mediumEnterprises in India. Issues and Prospectus, InternationalJournal of Management Research and Reviews,vol.,02,pp.03-09.

20. Thompson ,A.A , Strickland , A.J. Gamble J.E. and Jain A.K.(2010) ‘Crafting and Executing strategy : A Quest forCompetitive Advantage Concepts and cases’. Tata McGrawHill Education Private Limited , pp. 20-48.

21. Trivedi, J.Y (2013) ‘A study on Marketing Strategies of smalland Medium Sized Enterprises’. Research Journal ofmanagement Science , vol-2, Issue. 8 , pp.20-22

22. Vanzyl , J.H and Neneh, N.B. (2012) Achieving optimalperformance through business practices: Evidence fromSMEs in selected areas in South Africa , South AfricanBusiness Review , vol.-16 , Issue.03, p.p 118-135.

23. Wilson I. (1992) ‘Realizing the Power of strategic vision’.Long range planning. Vol-.25.pp.18-28.


Dr. Vimmi Behal * Dr. O.P. Sharma **

Role Of Media In The Politics

* Asst. Prof. (Commerce) Atal Bihari V ajpayee Hindi V ishvavidyalaya, Bhop al (M.P) INDIA* * H.O.D (Commerce) Govt. College Kalapipal (M.P) INDIA

Abstract - The media plays a very important role in everyday life Public meetings, Newspaper Radio, Television are themajor tools. The only form of education a very powerful influence over peoples beliefs and opinions. The utilization ofnew media communication tools and strategies gave a new fact that was highly beneficial to the indianpolictics.Thepolitical parties have reached a large number of voters the new media like mobile phone and internet. It made theirelection campaign easy, fast and successful.Key words :- Media, political, communication election, campaign etc.

Introduction - The End of the second world war, it hasbecome clear that the media can often have a hidden agendawhen reporting politics. The most contentious issues overthe last few years, at least since 1 have been consumingmedia products has been the debate over media ownership.In the begining they used oral comminication like publicspeech, radio and textual communication via news papers,pamphlets, posters, etc and then they used television andother tools. They are changing thrie comminication vehiclesfrom time to time on the basis of the availability, convenienceand reach.

The media has remarkable impact on politics. Howeverthe impact may not always be good. If used against politicansit can easily but not always , destroy his or her carrer, but ifthe media likes that one politicians it can take his or hercarrer to new heights. The media can also exploit politicianscandals, ruining their political carrer. The new mediatechnologies have given a new dimension to the politicalcampaign. Many political parties have created their ownwebsites, blogs and facebook/twitter acconts. They areregularly watching and reading their content. The content isalso updated regularly. This paradign shift has significantlyhelped them in reaching the voters. Political parties andleaders are enjoying the communication development andtravel in the cyber world.

The message of the campaign is the ideas that theparty/ candidate wants to share with the voters. The messageoften consists of several talking points about policy issues.Most of the campaigns prefer to keep the message broad toattract the potential voters. “Barack obama” ran on aconsistent simple message of ‘’change ’’ throughout hiscampaign. If the message is disigned and crafted carefully, itwill assure the candidate a victory at the polls. A major part ofan election campaign is done through electronic media suchas sms, blogs, e-mails, banner advertisements, phone calls,brochures and different websites. With the out break of newtechnologies, election candidates are looking for new ways.

SMS used for political campaigns especially for partylist groups. The idea of one vote for one person may requirepeople to register their names and their phone numbers.During the first decade of the 21st Century, Indian electionsfaced Vibrant new media Campaigns in different levels.Compared to the previous the last 2009 parliamentary andassembly elections have experienced extraordinarycampaigns through the new Media. During the recentelections they used Interactive Voice Response systems(IVRS), Short Messsage Services (SMSs), E-Mails InternetBanners, Websites, Online Advertising, Blogs, Mobile PhoneServices, etc. According to Gaurav Mishra, (2009) mobiletechnology is playing a small but important role in the Indianparliament election.Conclusion - Every major political Parties have used toVarious tools to propagate their messages, policiesManifesto, plans. Almost all parties today are using newmedia. India is today india in the stage of Early Majorityadopters. Over all there is a need to achieve a good fitbetween the adopting individual or organization and theenvironment where the process takes place. Mobile phoneplayed a cost effective and highly reachable role than theother media during the campaigns.

On the whole the study reveals that, though new mediatechnologies. especially internet and mobile are good meansof election campaigns. Political parties feel the use of mobilephones is cheap and effective way to reach the people.Therefore say that Technology acting as a determinant isplaying a crucial role in the society and individuals.References :-1. Gaurav Mishra (2009) The role of Mobile technology in

the India loksabha.2. Stein (2009) -- Mobile Phone in the election and voter

regisration.3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India - Shining.4. http://www.thehindu.com/news5. http://www.topnews.in/young - vorts.


Dr. Abhay Kumar Mungee *

Future Challenges Of Business ProcessOutsourcing

* Asst. Prof. (Commerce) Govt. College Barwaha (M.P .) INDIA

Introduction - As the growth of the internet and e-businessdrives more and more power into the hands of consumers.Companies have to compete on the basis of customer servicemore than ever before. BPO allows you to save on time andresources that can perform if faster and cheaper.Defination - Business process outstanding (BPO) is thecontracting of a specific business task, such as payroll. Toa third-party service provider.Description - Usually BPO is implemented as a cost-savingmeasure for tasks that a company requires but does notdepend upon to maintain their position in the marketplace.BPO is often decided into two categories back officeoutsourcing, which includes internal business function suchas billing or purchasing and marketing or tech support.Outstanding is an arrangement in which one companyprovides services for another company that could also be orusually have been provided in-house. Outstanding is a trendthat is become in information technology and other industriesfor services that have usually been regarded as intrinsic tomanaging a business. In some cases , the entire informationmanagement of a installation, management, and servicingof the network and workstations. Outsourcing can range fromthe large contract on which a company like IBM manages ITservice for a company like Xerox to the practice of hiringcontractors and temporary officer workers on an individualbasis.Type of BPO -1. Offshore: BPO that is contracted outside a company’s

own country is sometime called offshore outsourcing.2. Nearshore: BPO that is contracted with the company’s

own country is some time called near shore outsourcing.3. Onshore: BPO that is contracted with the companies’

own country is some time called onshore outsourcing.Application of in india -1. Call centers2. Medical transcription

3. Back Office Operation Revenue Accounting OtherAncillary Operations

4. Insurance Claims Processing5. Legal Databases6. Digital Content Development/Anima nationCompanies, which are engaged in BPO, services in India -1. progeon Ltd. ( infosys’s sister concern)

plot No. 26/3. 26/4. & 26/6.3th cross 1st Main Road,Electronic city, Banglore 561229Email; [email protected]

2. Infocon Internation Ltd166’9th cross 1 st phaseJP Nagar Bangluru 560078Email: [email protected]

Conlusion - To sum up any activity carried out dezed onthe application of Information technology could be termedas termed as it enabled service (its) in other words It enabledservices cover entire range of services, which exploitinformation

Technology for empowering an organization withimproved which exploit information technology forempowering An organization with improved which exploitinformation technology for empowering an organization withimproved efficiency or a type of service which may not to berendered cost effectively without it the activity could meanto increase the operational efficiency through work forceresiding within the organization or could be outsourced theoutsourced or cross bored it enabled services is nor receivinggreater attention as this category of ITESHas a great potential for growth and contribution towardsemployment opportunities in india.References :-1. Indian statically abstract 20132. India 20133. Economic surver of india 11th And 12th five year plan4. Many other websites.

*************


‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _.‡. _ß bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010ZmJnaH$ AoYH$mamß H$m ge∫$ ]ZmZ H$m Ao^Zd ‡`mg h°& VWm h H$mZyZ‡Xe H$ eÒdr _wª`_ßÃr oedamOogßh Mm°hmZ ¤mam ‡Xe _ß oH$` Om ahgwemgZ H$ ‡`mgmß _ß _hÀd[yU© H$∂S>r h° A] oMo›hV gdmAmß H$m ‡m· H$aZH$ ob` Am_OZ H$m oH$gr AoYH$mar H$r B¿N>m [a oZ^©a Zht ahZm hmJm]oÎH$ CZH$m gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r JmaßQ>r Xr JB© h°& bmH$ gdmEß ‡m·H$aZm A] CZH$m AoYH$ma hmJm&

bmH$ gdm ‡XmZ H$aZ _ß H$mVmhr ]aVZ dmb AoYH$mna`mß [a AW©X S>Amamo[V H$aZ H$m ‡mdYmZ ^r Bg AoYoZ`_ _ß oH$`m J`m h°& gmW hrbmH$ gdmAmß H$m EH$b oI∂S>H$r ‡Umbr g ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ ob` bmH$ gdmH$ß–mß H$r ÒWm[Zm r H$r JB© h°& oOZH$ _m‹`_ g AmdXH$ bmH$ gdmAmß H$gß]ßY _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a AmdXZ [Ã X gH$Vm h°& `h H$mZyZ ]ZmH$a_.‡. gaH$ma Z Am_OZ H$r mMZm^md H$m eo∫$ _ß ]Xb oX`m h° A] bmH$gdmAmß H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$ ob` oH$gr AoYH$mar g AZwZ`-odZ` ZhtH$aZm hmJm&emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - ‡Xe H$ Am_OZ H$m ‡emgZ g H$B© X°ZßoXZ H$m`©hmV h° CZ H$m`m H$m [yam H$admZ H$ ob AoYH$mna`mß H$ M∏$a bJmZ [∂S>Vh° H$m © g_` [a [ya Zht hmV h° Am°a g_` [a [ya H$admZ H$ ob AoYH$mna`mßH$m naÌdV XZr [∂S>Vr h° AV: ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã H$ _m‹`_ g h kmV H$aZmh° oH$ bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 A[Z C‘Ì`mß _ßH$hm± VH$ g\$b hwAm h° ? ∑`m bmH$ gdm ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ ob` A[ZCŒmaXmo`Àd H$m ‡^mdr Tß>J g oZd©hZ H$a ahm h° ?emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ - emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ - emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ - emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ - emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ - ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã _ß _.‡. bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZH$r JmßaQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$ AßVJ©V Zr_M oOb Edß ‡Xe H$ ‡H$moeVo¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mß H$m, A‹``Z H$m AmYma ]Zm`m J`m h° Edß ‡H$moeV([woÒVH$m) OmZH$mar Edß _.‡. amO[Ã _ß ‡H$moeV OmZH$mar H$m r AmYma

_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$moH$`m›d`Z(Zr_M oOb H$ odef gßX © _ß - EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z)

S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© * S>m∞. g_Vm _hVm ** Amerf e_m© ***

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ ‡Xe H$ bmH$o‡` Edß eÒdr _wª`_ßÃr _mZZr` lr oedamOogßh Or Mm°hmZ ¤mam bmH$ gdmAmß H$ JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 [mnaVH$a ZmJnaH$mß H$ AoYH$mamß H$m ge∫$ ]ZmH$a Ao^Zd H$m © oH$`m h¢& Am_OZ H$m mMZm^md g _w∫$ H$a ge∫$ ]Zm oX`m h¢ Edß bmH$ gdm _ß H$mVmhr]aVZ dmb AoYH$mna`mß H$m Xo S>V H$aZ VWm AmdXH$mß H$m _wAmdOm o_bZ H$m ‡mdYmZ ^r aIm J`m h¢& dV©_mZ _ß `h AoYoZ`_ ‡Xe H$ 21od^mJmß _ß 104 gdmAmß [a hr bmJy hwAm h¢& odÓ` _ß ‡Xe H$ ef od^mJmß Edß ef gdmAmß H$m r Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©V bmZm Mmoh` VWm OmbmJ Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m XwÈ[`mJ H$a ah h° CZ [a amH$ bJmZm Mmoh` VWm bmH$ gdm od^mJ H$m Òdm`Œmm ‡XmZ H$r OmZm Mmoh` VmoH$ ‡Xe _ß^´ÓQ>mMma g_yb ZÓQ> oH$`m Om gH$& bmH$ gdm H$›–mß H$r gßª`m _ß d•o’ H$aH$ Edß oObm ÒVa H$ gmW gmW gß^mJ d ‡Xe ÒVa H$r gdmAmß H$m r BgAoYoZ`_ _ß emo_b oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`& [maXoe©Vm bmZ hVw g_ÒV bmH$ gdm H$ H$m`m H$m Am∞ZbmB©Z H$r AoZdm`©Vm H$aZm Mmoh`& OZVm H$m›`m` o_bZm Vm ewÈ hwAm Mmh N>mQ> ÒVa [a hr ghr AV: bmH$ gdm JmßaQ>r AoYoZ`_ H$m Ao^ZßXZ Edß dßXZ&e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - bmH$ gdm, AoYgyoMV, ohVJ´moh`mß, [Xmo^ohV, emoÒV &

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV** AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

*** 795, odH$mg ZJa odÒVma 14/2, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

]Zm`m J`m h° VWm ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã _ß Zr_M oOb H$r bmH$ gdmAmß H$m‡Xe H$r bmH$ gdmAmß g VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°&Ï`mª`m - Ï`mª`m - Ï`mª`m - Ï`mª`m - Ï`mª`m - _.‡. bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$moXZmßH$ 17 AJÒV 2010 H$m _hm_oh_ am¡`[mb ¤mam ÒdrH•$Vr ‡XmZH$r JB© oOg _.‡. amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) oXZmßH$ 18 AJÒV 2010 _ß‡H$moeV oH$`m J`m& Bg AoYoZ`_ _ß Hw$b 11 YmamEß h° AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma_B© 2011 _ß Bg AoYoZ`_ _ß gßemYZ oH$`m J`m odefH$a Ymam 5, 6, 7Edß 8 _ß gßemYZ H$a _.‡. amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) _ß ‡H$moeV oH$`m J`m&dV©_mZ _ß _.‡. bmH$ gdm H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmßaQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$ AßVJ©V21 od^mJmß H$r 104 gdmAmß H$m AoYgyoMV oH$`m J`m h° Om g_` gr_mgohV Bg ‡H$ma h° :-H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. AoYgyoMV bmH$ gdmAmß H$m oddaUAoYgyoMV bmH$ gdmAmß H$m oddaUAoYgyoMV bmH$ gdmAmß H$m oddaUAoYgyoMV bmH$ gdmAmß H$m oddaUAoYgyoMV bmH$ gdmAmß H$m oddaUgm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ -gm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ -gm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ -gm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ -gm_m›` ‡emgZ od^mJ -1. ÒWmZr` oZdmgr ‡_mU [Ã Omar H$aZm&2. Am` ‡_mU [Ã &3. OmoV ‡_mU [Ã ‡Xm` H$aZm &4. am¡` oZdm©MZ H$ AßVJ©V ZJar` oZH$m` d J´m_rU oZH$m` _VXmVm

gyMr H$r gÀ` ‡oVobo[ H$m ‡Xm`&J•h od^mJ -J•h od^mJ -J•h od^mJ -J•h od^mJ -J•h od^mJ -5. _•VH$ H$ [nadma H$ gXÒ` H$ AmdXZ [a [mÒQ>_mQ©>_ na[mQ©> H$r ‡oV

H$m ‡Xm` H$aZm&6. E\$.AmB©.Ama. H$r ‡oVobo[ oeH$m`VH$Vm© H$m ‡Xm` H$aZm&7. bm`gßg AdoY g_m· hmZ H$ [yd© AdoO©V ]ma H$ eÛ bm`gßg H$m

ZdrZrH$aU&8. bm`gßg AdoY g_m· hmZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ AdoO©V ]ma H$ eÛ bm`gßg

H$m ZdrZrH$aU&


odV od^mJ -odV od^mJ -odV od^mJ -odV od^mJ -odV od^mJ -9. [ßeZa ¤mam oZYm©naV [ßeZ AmdXZ ‡[Ã âH$a ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$roÒWoV _ß [ßeZ/[nadma [ßeZ ‡H$aU gß^mJr` [ßeZ/oObm [ßeZ

H$m`m©b` OZm&10. [ßeZ/[nadma [ßeZ ‡H$aU _ß od^mJ ¤mam Am[oŒm`mß H$ oZamH$aU

H$aZ [a [ßeZ/[nadma [ßeZ ^wJVmZ AmXe Omar H$aZm&11. [ßeZ/[nadma [ßeZ ^wJVmZ AmXe H$mfmb` AoYH$mar H$m ‡m·

hmZ H$r oÒWoV _ß [ßeZ/[nadma [ßeZ H$m ‡W_ ^wJVmZ&amOÒd od^mJ -amOÒd od^mJ -amOÒd od^mJ -amOÒd od^mJ -amOÒd od^mJ -12. amOÒd [wÒVH$ [na[Ã I S> N>: H´$ß_mH$ 4 H$ AZwgma ‡mH•$oVH$ ‡H$m[

g emarnaH$ AßJhmoZ AWdm _•À w hmZ [a AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmZm&13. Mmby Igam/IVm°Zr H$r ‡oVobo[`mß H$m ‡Xm`&14. Mmby Z∑em H$a ‡oVobo[`mß H$m ‡Xm`&15. ^y-AoYH$ma Edß F$U [woÒVH$m H$m ‡W_ ]ma ‡Xm`&16. ^y-AoYH$ma Edß F$U [woÒVH$m H$r o¤Vr` ‡oV (Sw>flbrH$Q> H$m∞[r)

H$m ‡Xm`&17. d›` ‡moU`mß g \$gb hmoZ H$m wJVmZ (amOÒd Edß dZ J´m_mß _ß)&18. ZOyb AZm[oŒm ‡_mU [Ã&19. em‹` j_Vm ‡_mU [Ã&20. amOÒd ›`m`mb` (amOÒd _ S>b H$m N>mS>H$a) _ß ‡MobV ‡H$aUmß _ß

[mnaV AmXe/AßVna_ AmXe m A›` XÒVmdO H$r gÀ` ‡oVobo[[jH$ma H$m ‡Xm` H$aZm&

21. Ao^bI ‡H$mÓR> _ß O_m ^y-Ao^bImß/amOÒd ‡H$aUmß/Z∑emß EdßA›` Ao^bImß H$r gÀ` ‡oVobo[ ‡Xm` H$aZm&

22. amOÒd [wÒVH$ [na[Ã 6-4 H$ AßVJ©V Am[XmAmß H$ ‡^modVmß H$AmdXZ oX` OmZ [a AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmZm&

23. ]ßQ>dmam H$ AmXe H$ [ÌMmV≤ Z∑emß _ß ]ßQ>mH$Z/Va_r_ VWm Va_r_[ÌMmV≤ A∑g Z∑em E-4&

24. ^yo_ H$m gr_mßH$Z H$aZm&25. AoddmoXV Zm_mßVaU H$aZm&26. AoddmoXV ]±Q>dmam H$aZm&[nadhZ od^mJ -[nadhZ od^mJ -[nadhZ od^mJ -[nadhZ od^mJ -[nadhZ od^mJ -27. boZ™J S≠>mòdßJ bm`gßg Omar H$aZm&28. dmhZ o\$Q>Zg ‡_mU [Ã Omar H$aZm&29. dmhZ H$m [ßOr`Z&dZ od^mJ -dZ od^mJ -dZ od^mJ -dZ od^mJ -dZ od^mJ -30. d›`‡moU`mß g OZhmoZ hVw amhV amoe H$m ^wJVmZ&31. d›`‡moU`mß g OZKm`b hVw amhV amoe H$m ^wJVmZ&32. d›`‡moU`mß g [ewhmoZ hVw amhV amoe H$m ^wJVmZ&33. _mobH$ _H$]yOm ‡H$aU _ß wJVmZ - 1. oS>[mß _ß 2. ‡WH$ ZmQ> _ß&34. H$mÓR> H$ [nadhZ H$m AZwkm [Ã ‡XmZ H$aZm1. emgH$r` H$mÓR>Ja

2. [ßOrH•$V Ï`m[mar3. ^yo_ Òdm_rdmoU¡` C⁄mJ Am°a amOJma od^mJ -dmoU¡` C⁄mJ Am°a amOJma od^mJ -dmoU¡` C⁄mJ Am°a amOJma od^mJ -dmoU¡` C⁄mJ Am°a amOJma od^mJ -dmoU¡` C⁄mJ Am°a amOJma od^mJ -35. JwUdŒmm ‡_mUrH$aU [a hwE Ï`` H$r ‡oV[yoV©&36. [na`mOZm ‡oVdXZ Ï`` ‡oV[yoV©&37. Q>_©bmZ [a „`mO AZwXmZ ÒdrH•$oV Edß odVaU (gy˙_, bKw Edß

_‹`_ odoZ_m©U C⁄_mß hVw)&

38. amOJma H$m`m©b` _ß [ßOr`Z&39. amOJma H$m`m©b` _ß [ßOr`Z H$m ZdrZrH$aU&40. _mBH´$m, Ò_mb EßS> _roS>`_ BßQ>a‡mBOO S>db[_ßQ> E∑Q> 2006 H$

VhV __ma S>_ O_m H$aZ [a Ao^ÒdrH•$oV ‡XmZ H$aZm&41. oMo›hV J°a ‡XyfUH$mar C⁄mJmß H$ ob` AZm[oŒm ‡_mU [Ã Omar

H$aZm&D$Om© od^mJ -D$Om© od^mJ -D$Om© od^mJ -D$Om© od^mJ -D$Om© od^mJ -42. oZÂZXm] H$ Ïò∫$JV ZdrZ H$Z∑eZ H$ ob _mßJ [Ã ‡XmZ H$aZm

Ohmß Egm H$Z∑eZ dV©_mZ ZQ>dH©$ g gß^d h¢&43. _mßJ-[Ã AZwgma amoe O_m H$aZ H$ ]mX dV©_mZ ZQ>dH©$ g oZÂZXm]

ZdrZ H$Z∑eZ ‡XmZ H$aZm&44. Ohmß dV©_mZ AYmgaßMZm _ß odÒVma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Z hm dhmß 10

oH$bm dmQ >VH$ H$ ob` amoe O_m H$aZ H$ C[amßV AÒWmB© H$Z∑eZ‡XmZ H$aZm&

45. Ohmß dV©_mZ AYmgaßMZm _ß odÒVma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Z hm dhmßC[^m∫$m ¤mam gÂ[yU© XÒVmdO ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$ C[amßV ^mad•o’ H$‡H$aUmß _ß _mßJ [Ã Omar H$aZm&

46. Ohmß dV©_mZ AYmgaßMZm _ß odÒVma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Z hm dhmß _mßJ[Ã AZwgma amoe O_m H$aZ VWm AZw[yaH$ AZw]ßY oH$` OmZ H$C[amßV ^mad•o’ H$aZm&

47. oZÂZXm] C[^m∫$mAmß H$ _rQ>a ]ßX hmZ `m VO MbZ H$r oeH$m`V[a OmßM H$amZm Edß _rQ>a Iam] [m` OmZ [a gwYmaZm/]XbZm&

48. oZÂZ Xm] gß`mOZ H$ ÒWm`r od¿N>XZ H$m oZamH$aU&oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ -oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ -oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ -oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ -oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ -49. amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$/H$rQ>ZmeH$/]rO H$m odH$` bm`gßg Omar H$aZm&50. amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$/H$rQ>ZmeH$/]rO H$m odH$` bm`gßg ZdrZrH$aU

H$aZm&l_ od^mJ -l_ od^mJ -l_ od^mJ -l_ od^mJ -l_ od^mJ -51. ‡gyoV ghm`Vm `mOZm H$m bm^ ‡XmZ H$aZm&52. oddmh ghm`Vm `mOZm H$m bm^ ‡XmZ H$aZm&53. _•À`w H$r Xem _ß AZwJ´h ghm`Vm `mOZm H$m bm^ ‡XmZ H$aZm&54. oZ_m©U lo_H$mß H$m [ßOr`Z&55. oZ_m©U H$m`© H$ Xm°amZ XwK©Q>Zm H$r oÒWoV ÒWmB© A[ßJVm hmZ [a

ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm&56. XwH$mZ gßÒWmZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m [ßOr`Z&57. XwH$mZ gßÒWmZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ [ßOr`Z H$m ZdrZrH$aU&bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a [nadma H$Î`mU od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a [nadma H$Î`mU od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a [nadma H$Î`mU od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a [nadma H$Î`mU od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a [nadma H$Î`mU od^mJ -58. am¡` ]r_mar ghm`Vm oZoY H$ AYrZ È. 1.00 bmI H$ ‡H$aU H$m

ÒdrH•$V oH$`m OmZm& (oObm ÒVar`)&59. odH$bmßJVm ‡_mU [Ã oX`m OmZm&60. XrZX`mb AßÀ`mX` C[Mma H$mS©> Omar H$aZm&61. amÓQ≠>r` Q>rH$mH$aU H$m`©H´$_ H$ AßVJ©V oZYm©naV AdoY _ß J^©dVr

_ohbmAmß Edß oeewAmß H$m E_grQ>rEg _ß [ßOr`Z H$r Q>rH$mH$aUH$aZm&

ZJar` ‡emgZ Edß odH$mg od^mJ -ZJar` ‡emgZ Edß odH$mg od^mJ -ZJar` ‡emgZ Edß odH$mg od^mJ -ZJar` ‡emgZ Edß odH$mg od^mJ -ZJar` ‡emgZ Edß odH$mg od^mJ -62. Ohmß VH$ZrH$r È[ g gm‹` hm dhmß ZdrZ Zb H$Z∑eZ ‡Xm` oH$`m

OmZm&


63. Jar]r aIm H$ ZrM [nadmamßß H$r gyMr _ß Zm_ Om∂S>Zm (ZJar` jÃ)&64. ZJar` jÃmß H$ h° S>[ß[ Edß Q>Áy]db H$m gwYma&65. [mZr [rZ `mΩ` h° `m Zht gß]ßYr OmßM H$a na[mQ©> XZm&[ßMm`V Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ -[ßMm`V Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ -[ßMm`V Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ -[ßMm`V Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ -[ßMm`V Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ -66. Jar]r aIm H$ ZrM [nadmamß H$r gyMr _ß Zm_ Om∂S>Zm (J´m_rU jÃ)&`mOZm, AmoW©H$ Am°a gmßoª`H$r od^mJ -`mOZm, AmoW©H$ Am°a gmßoª`H$r od^mJ -`mOZm, AmoW©H$ Am°a gmßoª`H$r od^mJ -`mOZm, AmoW©H$ Am°a gmßoª`H$r od^mJ -`mOZm, AmoW©H$ Am°a gmßoª`H$r od^mJ -67. O›_ H$m A‡mfl`Vm ‡_mU [Ã&68. _•À`w H$m A‡mfl`Vm ‡_mU [Ã&69. O›_ H$ 1 df© H$ [ÌMmV≤ [ßOr`Z H$ ob` AZw_oV&70. _•À`w H$ 1 df© H$ [ÌMmV≤ [ßOr`Z H$ ob` AZw_oV&71. O›_ ‡_mU [Ã&72. _•À`w ‡_mU [Ã&73. oddmh [ßOr`Z&AmoX_ OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ -AmoX_ OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ -AmoX_ OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ -AmoX_ OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ -AmoX_ OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ -74. _.‡. AZwgyoMV OmoV/OZOmoV AmH$oÒ_H$Vm mOZm oZ`_ 1995H$ AßVJ©V amhV ‡m· Z hmZ gß]ßYr AmdXZ H$m g_mYmZ H$aZm&gm_moOH$ ›`m` od^mJ -gm_moOH$ ›`m` od^mJ -gm_moOH$ ›`m` od^mJ -gm_moOH$ ›`m` od^mJ -gm_moOH$ ›`m` od^mJ -75. gm_moOH$ gwajm [ßeZ ‡W_ ]ma ÒdrH•$V Eßd ‡Xm` H$aZm&76. BßoXam JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` d•’mdÒWm [ßeZ ‡W_ ]ma ÒdrH•$V Edß ‡Xm`

H$aZm&77. BßoXam JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` odYdm [ßeZ ‡W_ ]ma ÒdrH•$V Edß ‡Xm` H$aZm&78. BßoXam JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` oZ:e∫$ [ßeZ ‡W_ ]ma ÒdrH•$V Edß ‡Xm`

H$aZm&79. amÓQ≠>r` [nadma ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm&Im⁄, ZmJnaH$ Edß C[^m∫$m gßajU od^mJ -Im⁄, ZmJnaH$ Edß C[^m∫$m gßajU od^mJ -Im⁄, ZmJnaH$ Edß C[^m∫$m gßajU od^mJ -Im⁄, ZmJnaH$ Edß C[^m∫$m gßajU od^mJ -Im⁄, ZmJnaH$ Edß C[^m∫$m gßajU od^mJ -80. ZdrZ ]r[rEb ameZH$mS©> Omar H$aZm&81. ZdrZ E[rEb ameZH$mS©> Omar H$aZm&82. Sw>flbrH$Q> ]r[rEb ameZH$mS©> Omar H$aZm&83. Sw>flbrH$Q> E[rEb ameZH$mS©> Omar H$aZm&84. gmd©OoZH$ odVaU ‡Umbr XwH$mZ g Im⁄mfi, e∏$a Edß H°$amogZ

‡m· Zht hmZ [a Cg [mÃVmZwgma oXbdm`m OmZm&Amdmg Edß [`m©daU od^mJ -Amdmg Edß [`m©daU od^mJ -Amdmg Edß [`m©daU od^mJ -Amdmg Edß [`m©daU od^mJ -Amdmg Edß [`m©daU od^mJ -85. AßJrH•$V odH$mg `mOZmAmß _ß ^yo_ C[`mJ H$r OmZH$mar&86. AßJrH•$V odH$mg mOZmAmß _ß amS> H$r ‡ÒVmodV Mm°∂S>mB© H$r OmZH$mar&87. Ob (‡XyfU oZdmaU VWm oZ`ßÃU) AoYoZ`_ 1974 H$r Ymam

25/26 Edß dm w (‡XyfU oZdmaU VWm oZ ßÃU) AoYoZ`_ 1981H$r Ymam 21 H$ VhV bKw lUr H$ C⁄mJmß H$m gÂ_oV&

88. Ob (‡XyfU oZdmaU VWm oZ`ßÃU) AoYoZ`_ 1974 H$r Ymam25/26 Edß dm w (‡XyfU oZdmaU VWm oZ ßÃU) AoYoZ`_ 1981H$r Ymam 21 H$ VhV d•hX/_‹`_ lUr H$ C⁄mJmß H$m gÂ_oV&

89. ‡moYH$aU H$ ]mS©> ¤mam gßH$oÎ[V AWdm Ymam 50 H$ AßVJ©VAoYgyoMV ÒH$r_ _ß oH$gr oZOr yo_ H$ goÂ_obV hmZ H$r OmZH$mar&

90. ‡moYH$aU H$ ]mS©> ¤mam gßH$oÎ[V AWdm Ymam 50 H$ AßVJ©VAoYgyoMV ÒH$r_ _ß goÂ_obV ^yo_ [a ^yo_ Òdm_r ¤mam odH$mgH$aZ H$ gß]ßY _ß ‡moYH$aU ¤mam AZm[oŒm/Am[oŒm ‡Xm` H$aZm&

bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` `mßoÃH$r od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` `mßoÃH$r od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` `mßoÃH$r od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` `mßoÃH$r od^mJ -bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` `mßoÃH$r od^mJ -91. od^mJr` h° S>[ß[ H$ O_rZ H$ D$[ar mJ H$r gmYmaU Iam]r H$m gwYma&

92. od^mJr` h° S>[ß[ H$ O_rZ H$ oZMb ^mJ _ ß h° S>[ß[ H$rbmBZAgÂ]br d ogb S>a H$r Jß^ra Iam]r H$m gwYma&

93. [mZr [rZ `mΩ` h° `m Zht gß]ßYr Om±MH$a na[mQ©> XZm&CÉ oejm od^mJ -CÉ oejm od^mJ -CÉ oejm od^mJ -CÉ oejm od^mJ -CÉ oejm od^mJ -94. Zm_mßH$Z/_mBJéZ ‡_mU [Ã ‡XmZ H$aZm&95. ‡mdrOZb C[moY/Sw>flbrH$Q> AßH$gyMr ‡XmZ H$aZm&96. AßH$gyMr _ß gwYma/Zm_/C[Zm_ (gaZ_) gwYma H$aZm&97. emY C[moY go_oV (AmaS>rgr) H$r ]°R>H$ _ß obE JE g_ÒV Amj[mß

H$ oZamH$aU hmZ H$ ]mX emY [ßOr`Z [Ã ‡XmZ H$aZm&98. emY ‡]ßY (Thesis) ‡ÒVwoV H$ [ÌMmV≤ [rEMS>r AdmS©> H$aZ H$

gß]ßY _ß AßoV_ oZU©` bZm&_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ -_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ -_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ -_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ -_ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ -99. bm∂S>br b˙_r `mOZm H$ AßVJ©V ÒdrH•$oV Omar H$aZm&100.[ßOrH•$V ohVJ´moh`mß H$m AmßJZdm∂S>r _ß [mfU Amhma ‡m· Zht hmZ

[a Cg [mÃVmZwgma oXbdm`m OmZm&bmH$ gdm ‡m· H$aZ H$r g_` gr_m - bmH$ gdm ‡m· H$aZ H$r g_` gr_m - bmH$ gdm ‡m· H$aZ H$r g_` gr_m - bmH$ gdm ‡m· H$aZ H$r g_` gr_m - bmH$ gdm ‡m· H$aZ H$r g_` gr_m - AoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©V AoYgyoMVodo^fi gdmAmß H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$r AbJ-AbJ g_` gr_m V` H$r JB© h°&`h g_` gr_m AmdXH$ ¤mam AmdXZ ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$ oXZmßH$ g ‡mßa^hmJr oOg_ß emgH$r` AdH$me goÂ_obV Zht hmJß&AmdXZ-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m - AmdXZ-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m - AmdXZ-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m - AmdXZ-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m - AmdXZ-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m - Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©VAoYgyoMV gdmAmß H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$ ob` [mÃ AmdXH$mß H$m gmX H$mJO[a m od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV ‡mÈ[ _ß [XmoôhV AoYH$mar H$m AmdÌ`H$XÒVmdO gbßæ H$a AmdXZ [Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZm hmJm& òX AmdÌ`H$XÒVmdO gbßæ Zht oH$` OmV h° Vm gdm ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ ob` oZoÌMVg_` gr_m H$r AmoIar VmarI [mdVr _ß XO© Zht H$r OmEJr& gmW hrAmdXZ oZaÒV ^r oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& gbßæ oH$` OmZ dmb XÒVmdOmßH$r OmZH$mar od^mJ H$ gyMZm [Q>b g ‡m· H$r Om gH$Vr h°&AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr - AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr - AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr - AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr - AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr - [XmoôhV AoYH$mar AmdXH$ H$m ‡mÈ[-1_ß AmdXZ H$r [mdVr XJm& AmdXZ [Ã H$r [mdVr _ß hr gdm ‡XmZ H$aZH$ g_` gr_m H$r OmZH$mar o_bJr& gmW hr A[rb H$aZ H$ ob` [mdVrAmdÌ`H$ h°&gdm ‡m· Zht hmZ [a A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m - gdm ‡m· Zht hmZ [a A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m - gdm ‡m· Zht hmZ [a A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m - gdm ‡m· Zht hmZ [a A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m - gdm ‡m· Zht hmZ [a A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m - òX[XmoôhV AoYH$mar ¤mam oZYm©naV g_` gr_m _ß gdm ‡Xm` Zht H$rOmVr h° `m AmdXZ [Ã Zm_ßOya H$a oX`m OmVm h° Vm g_` gr_m H$ ^rVaemgZ ¤mam oZYm©naV ‡W_ A[rb AoYH$mar H$m A[rb H$r Om gH$Vr h°&òX AmdÌ`H$ ‡W_ A[rbr` AoYH$mar H$ oZU© g gßVwÓQ> Zht hm `mAmdXZ oZaÒV H$a oX`m OmVm h° Vm oZYm©naV g_` gr_m _ß o¤Vr` A[rbrÀoYH$mar H$ `hmß A[rb H$r Om gH$Vr h°& òX AmdXH$ o¤Vr` A[rbAoYH$mar H$ oZU© g ^r g›VwÓQ> Z hm Vm dh [wZarjU H$ obE AmdXZ XgH$Vm h°& A[rb Edß [wZarjU H$ obE H$mB© ewÎH$ Zht bJVm h°&emoÒV gÂ]›Yr ‡mdYmZ emoÒV gÂ]›Yr ‡mdYmZ emoÒV gÂ]›Yr ‡mdYmZ emoÒV gÂ]›Yr ‡mdYmZ emoÒV gÂ]›Yr ‡mdYmZ - AoYoZ`_ H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZ H$ C‘Ì` gBg_ß emoÒV AoYamo[V oH$E OmZ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& [XmoôhV AoYH$marEdß ‡W_ A[rb AoYH$mar [a emoÒV Amamo[V H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma o¤VrÀ[rb AoYH$mar H$m Am°a o¤Vr` A[rb AoYH$mar H$ D$[a emoÒVAmamo[V H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma [wZarjU AoYH$mar H$m h°& emoÒV Amamo[VH$aZ H$ [yd© gÂ]o›YV AoYH$mar H$m A[Zm [j aIZ H$m Adga r ‡XmZoH$`m OmVm h°& emoÒV H$r amoe gdm ‡Xm` _ß Ag\$b hmZ [a ›`yZV_


500 Í$[` Am°a AoYH$V_ 5000 Í$[` VH$ hm gH$Vr h° Edß gdmAmß _ßodbÂ] H$aZ [a ›`yZV_ 250 Í$[` ‡oVoXZ Edß AoYH$V_ 5000 Í$[`VH$ hm gH$Vr h°& gmW hr AZwemgZmÀ_H$ H$m`©dmhr ^r H$r Om gH$Vr h°&AmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$m wJVmZ- AmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$m wJVmZ- AmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$m wJVmZ- AmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$m wJVmZ- AmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$m wJVmZ- AoYoZ`_ H$ A›VJ©VAmdXH$ H$m ‡oVH$a H$ wJVmZ H$m r ‡mdYmZ h°& o¤Vr` A[rb AoYH$mar¤mam [XmoôhV AoYH$mar `m ‡W_ A[rbr` AoYH$mar `m XmZmß [aAoYamo[V emoÒV H$ ]am]a amoe VH$ ‡oVH$a H$ Í$[ _ß AmdXH$ H$m^wJVmZ oH$E OmZ H$m AmXe oX`m Om gH$Jm& ‡oVH$a H$m wJVmZ oObmH$b∑Q>a H$m`m©b` ¤mam AmXe oXZmßH$ g 30 oXZ H$ rVa oH$`m OmEJm&Om Zr_M oOb _ß emoÒV Amamo[V ewÎH$ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r amoeVmobH$m 01 g Ò[ÓQ> h°&VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01 (AJb [•> [a XI|)VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01 (AJb [•> [a XI|)VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01 (AJb [•> [a XI|)VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01 (AJb [•> [a XI|)VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01 (AJb [•> [a XI|)bmH$ gdm H$›–m ß H$r ÒWm[Zm- bmH$ gdm H$›–m ß H$r ÒWm[Zm- bmH$ gdm H$›–m ß H$r ÒWm[Zm- bmH$ gdm H$›–m ß H$r ÒWm[Zm- bmH$ gdm H$›–m ß H$r ÒWm[Zm- AoYoZ`_ H$ A›VJ©V bmH$ gdmAmß H$obE AmdXZ [Ã ‡m· H$aZ Edß AmdXZ [a obE JE oZU©` AmoX H$rOmZH$mar C[b„Y H$amZ H$r —oÓQ> g odH$mgI S> ÒVa Edß ehar j°Ã _ßbmH$ gdm H$›– ÒWmo[V oH$E JE h°& oOgg oH$ ZmJnaH$m H$m bmH$ gdm‡m· H$aZ H$›– Am°a Zr_M oObß _ß Hw$b 03 bmH$ gdm H$›– ÒWmo[V oH$EJE h° Om Bg ‡H$ma h° -

VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 02VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 02VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 02VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 02VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 02Zr_M oOb Edß _.‡. _ß bmH$ gdm AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$ AßVJ©V bmH$

gdmEß ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z (‡maß^ g A] VH$)oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU Zr_M oObmZr_M oObmZr_M oObmZr_M oObmZr_M oObm _.‡. _.‡. _.‡. _.‡. _.‡.‡m· AmdXZ 489208 1,50,81,184oZamH•$V AmdXZ 459793 1,38,53,516boÂ]V AmdXZ 29415 12,27,668ÛmV- bmH$ gdm ‡]ßY H$m`m©b` Zr_M (_.‡.) Edß gßX^© H´$ß. 9 Edß 10

C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Zr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>rAoYoZ`_ 2010 H$ AßVJ©V ‡m· AmdXZmß _ß g 94 ‡oVeVmß H$m oZamH•$VoH$`m J`m h¢ Edß 6 ‡oVeV hr AmdXZ boÂ]V h° O]oH$ ‡Xe _ß 92‡oVeV ‡m· AmdXZmß H$m oZamH•$V oH$`m J`m h¢ Edß 8 ‡oVeV AmdXZoZamH$aU hVw bßo]V h¢& ‡Xe H$r VwbZm _ß oOb H$r oÒWoV R>rH$ h° EdßoZamH•$V AmdXZmß _ß 2 ‡oVeV AoYH$ h°& AV: oOb H$r oÒWoV ]hVa h°&_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$r_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$r_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$r_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$r_‹`‡Xe bmH$ gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$r‡_wI g_Ò`mE± -‡_wI g_Ò`mE± -‡_wI g_Ò`mE± -‡_wI g_Ò`mE± -‡_wI g_Ò`mE± -1. AmdXH$mß H$m AoYoZ`_ H$ ]ma _ß ghr Edß [yU© OmZH$mar Z hmZ H$

H$maU A[yU© AmdXZ [Ã ‡ÒVwV oH$E OmV h° gmW hr AmdÌ`H$XÒVmdO gßbæ Zhr oH$E OmV h°&

2. oOb _ß bmH$ gdm H$›– odH$mgI ∂S> ÒVa [a hr ÒWmo[V oH$E JE h°oOgg BZ H$›–mß [a AmdXH$mß H$r ^r∂S> AoYH$ EH$oÃV hm OmVr h°&

3. ÒQ∞>m\$ H$r H$_r g od^mJr` AoYH$mna`mß/H$_©Mmna`mß [a H$m_ H$m X]mdahVm h°, Bg H$maU g gdmAmß H$m C[b„Y H$amZ _ß H$oR>ZmB© AmVr h°&

4. AoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©V ‡Xe H$ g^r od^mJmß H$r g_ÒV gdmAmß H$mgoÂ_obV Zht oH$`m J`m h° H$db ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa H$r gdmAmß H$m hrgoÂ_obV H$aZ g AoYoZ`_ H$m jÃ gro_V hm J`m h¢ &

5. ‡Xe H$ oOZ od^mJmß _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma Ma_ gr_m [a h° CZ gdmAmß H$mAoYoZ`_ _ß goÂ_obV Zht oH$`m J`m h°&

6. bmH$ gdm ‡oH´$`m ewÎH$ 30/- g^r gdmAmß H$ ob` g_mZ aImJ`m h¢ Om ZroVJV È[ g ghr Zht h¢&

7. dV©_mZ _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ _ß oObm ÒVa H$ AoYH$mna`mß¤mam ‡XmZ H$r Om ahr gdmAmß H$m hr AoYoZ`_ H$ Xmà _ß aImJ`m h¢& AV: gß^mJ d ‡Xe ÒVa H$r gdmEß goÂ_obV Z hmZ H$H$maU OmZH$mar ‡m·H$Vm© H$m odef H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>ahm h°&

8. AoYgyoMV gdmAmß _ß oOZ_ß H$mB© [wÒVH$ O°g [mdVr AWdm Z∑em,oZ_m©U lo_H$ H$mS©> AmoX g_` gr_m _ß oZamH$aU hmZm gm‚Q>dà[a oXIm` Vm OmV h° oHß$Vw dmÒVodH$Vm _ß Am_ ZmJnaH$mß H$m C›hß‡m· H$aZ _ß AoVna∫$ ‡`mg H$aZm [∂S>V h°&

9. oObm bmH$ gdm H$›–mß H$m AoYH$ma Edß ÒdVßÃVm g dßoMV aIm J`mh° AV: H$ht Z H$ht bmH$ gdm H$›–mß H$r gdmEß ‡^modV hm ahr h°&

10. bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ _ß AoYH$V_ g_` gr_m H$m AoYH$marXwÈ[`mJ H$a ah h° Edß ^ßQ> [yOm dmb AmdXZmß [a OmZH$marerKóVerK´ Xr OmVr h° VWm o]Zm ßQ> [yOm dmb AmdXZmß H$m AßoV_oXdg [a OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h°&

11. AmdXZ [Ã _ß AmdXH$ H$r \$mQ>m Edß ]m`m_oQ≠>H$ H$m ‡`mJ Z hmZ H$H$maU bmH$ gdm _ß OmZH$mar bZ H$m XwÈ[`mJ ^r hm ahm h°&

_‹`‡Xe _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZ_‹`‡Xe _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZ_‹`‡Xe _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZ_‹`‡Xe _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZ_‹`‡Xe _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 H$m ‡^mdr ]ZmZH$ gwPmd -H$ gwPmd -H$ gwPmd -H$ gwPmd -H$ gwPmd -1. bmH$ gdm H$›–m H$r gßª`m ]∂T>mB© OmE&2. OmJÍ$H$Vm H$ obE ‡Mma-‡gma H$ gmW-gmW bmH$ gdm oXdg

_Zm`m OmE&3. ‡Xe H$ ef od^mJm H$m ^r Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ Xmà _ß bm`m OmE&4. Am_OZ H$ gmW hr gaH$ma H$m A[Z AoYH$mna`mß/H$_©Mmna`mß gß]ßYr

odo^fi gdm gß]ßYr AmdÌ`H$ gdmAmß H$m r AoYgyoMV oH$`m OmEodefH$a gßMmbZmb` gß]ßYr gdmAmß H$ obE&

5. H$m`m©b` ‡_wImß Edß od^mJ ‡_wImß H$r ]°R>H$ bH$a `h OmZH$marEH$Ã H$r Om` oH$ od^mJ H$r Am°a H$m°Z-H$m°Z gr gdmEß bmH$ gdmAoYoZ`_ 2010 _ß goÂ_obV H$r Om gH$Vr h°&

6. ‡Xe H$ odo^fi od^mJmß H$r oeH$m`V Edß oZdmaU H$m r bmH$ gdmAoYoZ`_ _ß goÂ_obV oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`&

7. ‡Xe H$ Om H$m`m©b` Edß od^mJ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU ]XZm_ h°oOZ_ß odefH$a [nadhZ, J•h, amOÒd AmoX goÂ_obV h¢, CZH$rg_ÒV gdmAmß H$m Bg AoYoZ`_ H$r [naoY _ß bmZm Mmoh` EdßBZH$r gdmEß Am∞Z bmB©Z H$r OmZm Mmoh`&

8. bmH$ gdm ‡oH$`m ewÎH$ (ÒWm`r 30/-) H$m H$m © H$ AZwgma oZYm©naVH$aZm Mmoh`&

9. bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ _ß oObm ÒVa H$r gdmAmß H$ gmW gmWgß^mJ Edß ‡Xe H$r gdmAmß H$m goÂ_obV H$a AoYoZ`_ H$m jÃ]T>m`m OmZm Mmoh` oOgg gß^mJ ÒVa d ‡Xe ÒVa [a hm ah^´ÓQ>mMma [a bJm_ bJmB© Om gH$&

10. am¡`, gß mJ, oObm, odH$mgI S> ÒVa H$ g_ÒV bmH$ gdm H$›–mß H$mEH$ AbJ g od^mJ H$m oZ_m©U H$a oZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r Vah Òdm`Œmm‡XmZ H$r OmZm Mmoh V^r ‡Xe g ^ÓQ>mMma g_yb ZÓQ> hmJm&


11. Hw$N> ‡H$aUmß _ß g_` gr_m ]hwV AoYH$ aIr JB© h°& AV: CZH$r g_`gr_m H$_ H$r OmZm Mmoh` VWm ‡H$aUmß H$ oZ[Q>mamß _ß OmZH$mar‡XmZ H$aZ _ß ‡W_ AmdXZmß H$m ‡W_ OmZH$mar XZ H$ H´$_ H$moZoÌMV H$aZm AoZdm`© hmZm Mmoh`&

12. bmH$ gdm AoYoZ`_ _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ _ß Xbmbmß H$m ‡de hmJ`m h¢ Edß Bgg ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r ]y AmZ bJr h° AV: AmdXH$ H$r[hMmZ gwoZoÌMV hmZm Mmoh` Am°a AmdXZ [a AmdXH$ H$m \$mQ>mEdß ]m`m_oQ≠>H$ H$m ‡`mJ hmZm Mmoh` VmoH$ \$Or© AmdXZmß [a amH$bJ gH$& V^r Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z H$ gmW-gmW‡Xe _ß gwemgZ H$r H$Î[Zm H$m gmH$ma oH$`m Om gH$Jm&

gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-1. _‹`‡Xe amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) H´$_mßH$ 162 ^m[mb, oXZmßH$

10 A‡°b, 2010, [•.H´$. 8562. _‹`‡Xe amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) H´$_mßH$ 259 ^m[mb, oXZmßH$

12 _B©, 2010, [•.H´$. 5183. _‹`‡Xe amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) H´$_mßH$ 428 ^m[mb, oXZmßH$

18 AJÒV, 2010, [•.H´$.8 56

4. _‹`‡Xe amO[Ã (AgmYmaU) H´$_mßH$ 26 ^m[mb, oXZmßH$17 OZdar, 2012, [•.H´$. 52

5. _‹`‡Xe OZgÂ[H©$ od^mJ, ^m[mb ¤mam ‡H$moeV gwemgZ H$rZB© [hb-2011

6. _‹`‡Xe OZgÂ[H©$ od^mJ, ^m[mb ¤mam ‡H$moeV bmH$gdmAoYH$ma H$ Xm df©-2012

7. gwemgZ Edß ZroV odÌbfU ÒHy$b, Z_©Xm ^dZ, 59 Aaam ohÎg,^m[mb ¤mam df© 2012 _ß ‡H$moeV "gdm H$m AoYH$ma' bmH$gdmAmß H$ ‡XmZ H$r Jma Q>r AoYoZ`_ -2010

8. ZB© XwoZ`m 25 ogVÂ]a 2014 B›Xm°a gßÒH$aU [•ÓR> 179. e_m©, S>m∞. H$ed_oU, emY [Ã ‡H$moeV ZdrZ emY gßgma ISSN

2320-8767 OwbmB© g ogVß]a 2014 [•ÓR> 68-7010. d]gmB©Q> -

(A) www.lokseva.gov.in(B) www.midmp.nic.in(C) www.mpedistrict.gov.in

11. AmdXH$mß g Ïò∫$JV ^ßQ> ‡m· OmZH$mar H$ AmYma [a&

VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01VmobH$m H´$ß_mH$ 01Zr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ AßVJ©V Ow_m©Zm Edß emoÒV AoYamo[V H$aZ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r OmZH$maZr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ AßVJ©V Ow_m©Zm Edß emoÒV AoYamo[V H$aZ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r OmZH$maZr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ AßVJ©V Ow_m©Zm Edß emoÒV AoYamo[V H$aZ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r OmZH$maZr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ AßVJ©V Ow_m©Zm Edß emoÒV AoYamo[V H$aZ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r OmZH$maZr_M oOb _ß bmH$ gdm JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ AßVJ©V Ow_m©Zm Edß emoÒV AoYamo[V H$aZ Edß ‡oVH$a (_wAmdOm) H$r OmZH$mar

g.H´$ß. [XmoôhV AoYH$mar od^mJ H$m Zm_ ‡H$aU H´$ß_mH$ Amamo[V ewÎH$ _wAmdOm H$r amoe _wAmdOm [mZ dmbH$m Zm_ Edß [XZm_ H$m Zm_

1 lr Ïhr.Eg. R>H$amd gm_moOH$ ›`m` 04/04.09.12 5000/- È. 5000/- È. lr H$›h°`mbmb o[Vmod^mJ ImH$a_b ]maR> oZdmgr

Ym_oZ`m Vhgrb OmdX2 lr Ïhr.Eg. R>H$amd gm_moOH$ ›`m` 06/04.09.12 3250/- È. 3250/- È. lr MVam ogßh o[Vm [rWm

od^mJ MmaU oZdmgr AmbmarJadm∂S>m Vhgrb ogßJmbr

3 lr OèßH$a oVdmar gm_moOH$ ›`m` 05/04.09.12 5000/- È. 5000/- È. lr ]JXram_ o[VmVhgrbXma OmdX od^mJ ‡ wbmb oZdmgr oZob`mß

4 lr emÌdV e_m©, amOÒd od^mJ 03/o¤Vr` A[rb 1000/- È. oZaßH$ oZaßH$VhgrbXma /bmgJm/13-14

oXZmßH$ 28.02.2014

5 lr emÌdV e_m©, amOÒd od^mJ 03/o¤Vr` A[rb 1000/- È. oZaßH$ oZaßH$VhgrbXma /bmgJm/12-13

oXZmßH$28.02.2014

6 lr AoZb [Q>dm, amOÒd od^mJ 03/o¤Vr` A[rb 1000/- È. oZaßH$ oZaßH$AZwod^mJr` /bmgJm/12-13AoYH$mar (‡W_ A[rb oXZmßH$AoYH$mar) 28.02.2014

ÛmV: bmH$ gdm ‡]ßY H$m`m©b` Zr_M (_.‡.)

*************


S>m∞. odO` Jdmb *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ odŒmr` g_mdeZ gaH$ma H$r EH$ amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$Vm h°,∑`mßoH$ `h g_mder odH$mg H$m gwJ_ ]ZmVr h°& ]∂S>r gßª`m _ß bmJmß H$odŒmr` gdmAmß g dßoMV hmZ H$ H$maU Xe H$m odH$mg ]moYV hmVm h°&_mZZr` ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr Za›– _mXr Z 15 AJÒV, 2014 H$m ÒdVßÃVmoXdg H$ ew Adga [a "‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm ([rE_OS>rdmB©)''"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm ([rE_OS>rdmB©)''"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm ([rE_OS>rdmB©)''"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm ([rE_OS>rdmB©)''"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm ([rE_OS>rdmB©)''H$r KmfUm H$r Wr Om odŒmr` g_mdeZ H$ gÂ]ßY _ß EH$ amÓQ≠>r` o_eZ h°,Om dhZr` VarH$ g odŒmr` gdmAmß Zm_V: ]¢oHß$J/]MV VWm O_m ImV,od‡fU, F$U, ]r_m, [ßeZ VH$ [hw±M gwoZoÌMV H$aVm h°&

‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm [ya Xe _ß EH$ gmW 28 AJÒV, 2014H$m ‡maÂ^ H$r J`r& CX≤KmQ>Z oXdg [a Xe H$ ha ZmJnaH$ H$m ]¢H$ gOmS>Z dmbr ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm H$ _m‹`_ g [ya Xe _ß 79 _Jmoeoda, 70,000 oeoda bJm` J` Am°a BZ oeodamß _ß 1,84,68,000H$am∂S> ]¢H$ ImV Imb J` Am°a BVZ hr bmJmß H$m ]r_m gwajm C[b„YH$amB© J`r& Bg `mOZm H$m g]g ]S>m b˙` h° g]H$m AW©Ï`dÒWm gOmS>H$a AmoW©H$ Nw>AmNw>V H$m IÀ_ H$aZm& OZJUZm 2011 H$ AZwgmaXe _ß 24.67 H$am∂S> [nadmamß _ß g 14.48 H$amS> (58.7 ‡oVeV) [nadmamßH$r [hw±M ]¢oHß$J gdmAmß VH$ h°&`mOZm H$m [naM` Edß bm^ - `mOZm H$m [naM` Edß bm^ - `mOZm H$m [naM` Edß bm^ - `mOZm H$m [naM` Edß bm^ - `mOZm H$m [naM` Edß bm^ - ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm amÓQ≠>ròdŒmr` g_mdeZ o_eZ h°& Bg `mOZm _ß ImVm oH$gr ^r ]¢H$ emImAWdm Ï`dgm` ‡oVoZoY (]¢H$ o_Ã) AmCQ>bQ> _ß Imbm Om gH$Vm h°&ImVm Oram ]°b›g H$ gmW Imbm Om ahm h°&

‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm H$ H$am∂S>m ImV Iwb MwH$ h° VWm H$am∂S>mImV Om oH$ IwbZ dmb h°, C›hß H$B© ‡À`j Am°a A‡À`j bm^ hmßJ&

Bg `mOZm g OwS> odef bm^ oZÂZmZwgma h° :-1. O_m amoe [a „`mO oX`m Om`Jm&2. ‡À`H$ ImVmYmar H$m EH$ bmI Í$[` H$m XwK©Q>Zm ]r_m _w‚V oX`m

OmdJm&3. H$mB© ›`yZV_ ef aIZm AmdÌ`H Zht h°&4. 30,000 Í$. H$m OrdZ ]r_m H$da _w‚V o_bJm&5. ^maV â _ß YZ H$m AmgmZr g AßVaU oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&6. gaH$mar mOZmAmß H$ bm^moW©`mß H$m BZ ImVmß g bm^ AßVaU ‡m·

hmJm&7. N>h _mh VH$ BZ ImVmß H$ gßVmfOZH$ [naMmbZ H$ [ÌMmV≤

AmdaS≠>m‚Q> gwodYm Xr Om`Jr&8. [ßeZ VWm ]r_m CÀ[mXmß VH$ [hw±M gß^d&9. Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> oX`m Om`Jm oOgH$m 45 oXZmß _ß H$_ g H$_ EH$ ]ma

BÒV_mb oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ hmJm&

‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm g ^maV H$r ]XbVr VÒdra

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) lr d°ÓUd dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

10. ‡oV [nadma _wª`V: [nadma H$r Ûr H$ obE EH$ ImV _ß 5,000 Í$.VH$ H$r Amda S≠>m‚Q> H$r gwodYm C[b„Y h°&

11. Bg mOZm H$ AßVJ©V oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> H$m r Í$[ oH$gmZ H$mS©> H$Í$[ _ß Omar oH$E OmZ H$m ‡ÒVmd emo_b h°&

12. Bg `mOZm _ß bmJmßß H$m gy˙_ ]r_m ^r C[b„Y H$am`m Om`Jm&Jm±d _ß 28 Í$[E amO Am°a eha _ß 32 Í$[E amO [a JwOa H$aZ dmb

oH$gr ^maVr` H$m AJa BVZr gwodYm o_b OmE Vm ∑`m h_ `h Zht H$hgH$V oH$ CgH$r bm∞Q>ar Iwb JB© ?`h `mOZm òX "_ZaJm'' H$r Vah‡dmh-‡oVV Z hwB© Vm _mZ broOE oH$ h H$am∂S>m bmJm H$r oOßXJr _ß ZB©ameZr â XJr&`mOZm H$r ‡JoV - `mOZm H$r ‡JoV - `mOZm H$r ‡JoV - `mOZm H$r ‡JoV - `mOZm H$r ‡JoV - ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm H$r ‡maÂ^ oVoW g 28AJÒV, 2014 g oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ ‡JoV Bg ‡H$ma h° :-VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 H$ oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$]¢H$mß ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 345.74 bmI345.74 bmI345.74 bmI345.74 bmI345.74 bmIVWm ehar jÃmß _ß 290.63 bmI 290.63 bmI 290.63 bmI 290.63 bmI 290.63 bmI Bg ‡H$ma 636.37 636.37 636.37 636.37 636.37 Hw$b ImV Imb J h°& Bgr ‡H$ma 452 bmI Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> Omar oH$E J` h° VWm BZ ImVm_ß ef amoe 5,02,173.63 bmI 5,02,173.63 bmI 5,02,173.63 bmI 5,02,173.63 bmI 5,02,173.63 bmI Í$[` h° VWm ey›` ef dmb ImVmß H$rgßª`m 475.70 bmI 475.70 bmI 475.70 bmI 475.70 bmI 475.70 bmI h° Om oH$ Hw$b Imb J` ImVmß H$m 74.75 ‡oVeVh°& VmobH$m H$ oddMZ g h r Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g]g AoYH$ 144.11 bmI144.11 bmI144.11 bmI144.11 bmI144.11 bmIImV ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m H$ ¤mam Imb JE h° VWm g]g H$_ 0.450.450.450.450.45bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI ImV ^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$ H$ ¤mam Imb JE h°&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 H$ oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ J´m_rU jÃ _ß 113.84 bmI 113.84 bmI 113.84 bmI 113.84 bmI 113.84 bmI VWmehar jÃ _ß 20.21 bmI 20.21 bmI 20.21 bmI 20.21 bmI 20.21 bmI ImV Imb J` h°& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 134.10134.10134.10134.10134.10bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI ImV Imb JE h° VWm BZ ImVmß _ß O_m amoe 83,318.29 bmI 83,318.29 bmI 83,318.29 bmI 83,318.29 bmI 83,318.29 bmI Í$.h° VWm ey›` ef dmb ImVmß H$r gßª`m 104.50 bmI 104.50 bmI 104.50 bmI 104.50 bmI 104.50 bmI Í$. h°, Om oH$ Hw$bImb JE ImVmß H$m 77.92 ‡oVeV 77.92 ‡oVeV 77.92 ‡oVeV 77.92 ‡oVeV 77.92 ‡oVeV h°& BZ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 18.97 bmI18.97 bmI18.97 bmI18.97 bmI18.97 bmIÍ$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> r Omar oH$E Om MwH$ h°& g]g AoYH$ 20.73 bmI 20.73 bmI 20.73 bmI 20.73 bmI 20.73 bmI ImVÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m g gß]ßoYV jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam Imb JE h°VWm g]g H$_ 0.1 bmI 0.1 bmI 0.1 bmI 0.1 bmI 0.1 bmI ImV [ßOm] E S> og›Y ]¢H$ g gß]ßoYV jÃr`]¢H$m H$ ¤mam Imb J` h°&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 H$ oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oZOr jÃ H$r ]¢H$m¤mam J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 10.51 bmI 10.51 bmI 10.51 bmI 10.51 bmI 10.51 bmI VWm ehar jÃmß _ß 10.81 bmI 10.81 bmI 10.81 bmI 10.81 bmI 10.81 bmI ImVImb h°& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b Imb J ImVmß H$r gßª`m 21.32 bmI 21.32 bmI 21.32 bmI 21.32 bmI 21.32 bmI h° VWm BZ


ImVmß _ß O_m amoe 37,005.91 bmI 37,005.91 bmI 37,005.91 bmI 37,005.91 bmI 37,005.91 bmI Í$[` h° VWm ey›` ef dmb ImVmßH$r Hw$b gßª`m 14.07 bmI 14.07 bmI 14.07 bmI 14.07 bmI 14.07 bmI Í$[` h°, Om oH$ Hw$b Imb J` ImVmß H$m 66‡oVeV h°& BZ ImVmß [a 11.03 bmI 11.03 bmI 11.03 bmI 11.03 bmI 11.03 bmI Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©> r Omar oH$` OmMwH$ h°&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (ZrM XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (ZrM XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (ZrM XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (ZrM XI )VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (ZrM XI )

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 H$ oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a,2014 VH$ maV Xe H$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 470.09 bmI 470.09 bmI 470.09 bmI 470.09 bmI 470.09 bmI VWm ehar jÃ _ß321.65 bmI 321.65 bmI 321.65 bmI 321.65 bmI 321.65 bmI Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 791.79 bmI 791.79 bmI 791.79 bmI 791.79 bmI 791.79 bmI ImV Imb JE h°& BZImVmß _ß Hw$b O_m amoe 622497.83 bmI 622497.83 bmI 622497.83 bmI 622497.83 bmI 622497.83 bmI Í$[E h° VWm ey›` ef dmbImVmß H$r gßª`m 594.27 bmI 594.27 bmI 594.27 bmI 594.27 bmI 594.27 bmI h° Om oH$ Hw$b Imb JE ImVmß H$m 75.0575.0575.0575.0575.05‡oVeV ‡oVeV ‡oVeV ‡oVeV ‡oVeV h°& Bgr ‡H$ma Omar oH$` JE Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©> H$r gßª`m 482482482482482bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI h°&

VmobH$m H$ oddMZ g h r Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ g]g AoYH$ 636.37636.37636.37636.37636.37bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI ImV gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam Imb JE h°& CgH$ ]mX 134.10134.10134.10134.10134.10bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI ImV jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam Imb JE h° VWm g]g H$_ 21.3221.3221.3221.3221.32bmI bmI bmI bmI bmI ImV oZOr jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam Imb JE h°&

C[`w©∫$ oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> ‡VrV hmVm h° oH$ 28 AJÒV, 2014 g28 AJÒV, 2014 g28 AJÒV, 2014 g28 AJÒV, 2014 g28 AJÒV, 2014 g22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 H$r _mÃ 87 oXZm ß 87 oXZm ß 87 oXZm ß 87 oXZm ß 87 oXZm ß H$r AdoY _ß Hw$b 791.79 bmI791.79 bmI791.79 bmI791.79 bmI791.79 bmIImV IwbZm _mXr gaH$ma H$r Bg ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm H$rbmH$o‡`Vm, OZ_mZg H$ ]rM Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma-‡gma VWm dV©_mZ _mXrgaH$ma H$ ‡oV OZVm H$ odÌdmg Edß ‡_ H$m [naMm`H$ h°&C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - y[rE gaH$ma Xe H$ [m±M H$am∂S> [nadmamß H$ ]mah H$am∂S> bmJmßH$m \$m`Xm [hw±MmZ H$ obE "_ZaJm'' "_ZaJm'' "_ZaJm'' "_ZaJm'' "_ZaJm'' bmB© Wr& Bgr `mOZm H$r Q>∏$a _ß‡YmZ_ßÃr _mZZr` Za›– _mXr H$r EZS>rE gaH$ma Z "‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-"‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ `mOZm'' YZ `mOZm'' YZ `mOZm'' YZ `mOZm'' YZ `mOZm'' ewÍ$ H$a OZVm H$r A[jmAmß [a Iam CVaZ H$m âgH$‡`mg oH$`m h°& `h `mOZm BVZr AmH$f©H$ h° oH$ [hb hr oXZ1,84,68,000 1,84,68,000 1,84,68,000 1,84,68,000 1,84,68,000 ImV Iwb JE& gaH$ma H$m b˙` Wm oH$ H$_ g H$_ gm∂T>gmV H$amS> ImV OZdar 2015 VH$ Iwb Om ß boH$Z 22 ZdÂ]a, 201422 ZdÂ]a, 201422 ZdÂ]a, 201422 ZdÂ]a, 201422 ZdÂ]a, 2014VH$ hr Bgg AoYH$ bJ^J 7.92 H$am ∂S> 7.92 H$am ∂S> 7.92 H$am ∂S> 7.92 H$am ∂S> 7.92 H$am ∂S> ImV Bg mOZm _ß Iwb MwH$ h°&oOg a‚Vma g A^r ImV Iwb h°, òX H$_m]e `hr a‚Vma ahr Vm H$mB©AmÌM © Zhr oH$ Xe _ß AJb gmb VH$ 20 H$am∂S> ImV Iwb OmE oX Egm

hm gH$ Vm EH$ AW© _ß h odŒmr` H´$mßoV hmJr ∑`mßoH$ maV H$ CZ bmJm| H$^r A] ]¢H$ _ß ImV hmZ bJ h° oO›hß h_ Jar]r aIm H$ ZrM OrdZ-`m[ZH$aZ dmbmß H$r lUr _ß aIV h°& Bg `mOZm H$m gaH$mar b˙` AJÒV2018 VH$ 7.5 H$am∂S> [nadmamß _ß 15 H$am∂S> ]¢H$ ImV ImbZm h°& Bg`mOZm H$r ewÍ$AmV H$m _wª` C‘Ì` `h h° oH$ 7.64 H$am∂S> ehar Jar]mßAm°a 2.55 H$am∂S> J´m_rU Jar]mß H$ [mg ]¢H$ ImVm Zht h°& BZ bmJmß H$ImV ]¢H$ _ß IwbZ H$ ]mX gm_moOH$ gwajm `mOZmAmß VWm go„gS>r H$mÍ$[`m grY bm^moW©`mß H$ ImVmß _ß O_m hm Omd& O] gaH$mar Í$[`m ZJX]±Q>Vm h° Vm h_ß [yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr amOrd Jm±Yr H$m dh A_a dm∑` `mX AmVmh° oH$ Agbr AmX_r H$ [mg [hw±MV-[hw±MV dh ]g 15 [°g ah OmVm h°&O] h Í$[`m ]¢H$m H$ OnaE J´m_rUmß, Jar]mß, dßoMVmß, AÎ[oeojVmß Am°a_ohbmAmß H$ hmW _ß Om Jm Vm CgH$r byQ>-IgmQ> Oam _woÌH$b hm Om Jr&CÂ_rX h° oH$ Bg `mOZm H$ AmZ H$ ]mX S>mà∑Q> ]oZo\$Q> Q≠>mßg\$a hmJm&ewÍ$AmV agmB© J°g g hm gH$Vr h°, J°a OÍ$aV_ßXmß H$m go„gS>r amH$Z _ß_XX o_bJr& oH$gmZ H$mS©> ^r Bgr `mOZm H$ VhV Omar hmßJ& _ZaJm H$VhV _OXyar H$m wJVmZ B›ht ImVm H$ _m‹`_ g hmJm ZJXr H$m BÒV_mbZhr hmJm oOgg oH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma ^r H$_ hmJm& _ZaJm H$ Om∞] H$mS©> YmaH$^r ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm H$ Xmà _ß Am Om ßJ& mOZm 80 \$rgXrVH$ ^r bmJy hm OmE Vm EZS>rE gaH$ma H$r ]S>r H$m_`m]r _mZr Om`Jr&dmÒVd _ß XIm Om` Vm ^maV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ`mOZm EH$ o_b H$m [ÀWa gmo]V hmJr Am°a ‡À`H$ ^maVr` H$m A[Zm]¢H$ ImVm gmW _ß Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> hmJm Am°a Bgr ImV ¤mam g_ÒV emgH$r``mOZmAmß H$m Cg grYm bm^ ‡m· hmJm&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, B›Xm°a2. X°oZH$ ZB©XwoZ`m, B›Xm°a3. amOJma Am°a oZ_m©U, ^m[mb4. B›Q>aZQ> g ‡m· odo^fi Am±H$S> Edß gyMZmE±5. ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ-YZ mOZm H$m ]´mea6. www.pmjdy.gov.in

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 : odo^fi ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` Hw$b ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 : odo^fi ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` Hw$b ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 : odo^fi ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` Hw$b ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 : odo^fi ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` Hw$b ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 : odo^fi ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` Hw$b ImV]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_ ImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`m Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©> ImVm| _ ß ef amoeImVm| _ ß ef amoeImVm| _ ß ef amoeImVm| _ ß ef amoeImVm| _ ß ef amoe ey›` ef dmb ImVm|ey›` ef dmb ImVm|ey›` ef dmb ImVm|ey›` ef dmb ImVm|ey›` ef dmb ImVm|

(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehar ehar ehar ehar ehar Hw$b ImV Hw$b ImV Hw$b ImV Hw$b ImV Hw$b ImV

gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$ 345.74 290.63 636.37 452.00 502173.63 475.70jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$ 113.84 20.21 134.10 18.97 83318.29 104.50oZOr ]¢H$oZOr ]¢H$oZOr ]¢H$oZOr ]¢H$oZOr ]¢H$ 10.51 10.81 21.32 11.03 37005.91 14.07Hw$bHw$bHw$bHw$bHw$b 470.09470.09470.09470.09470.09 321.65 791.79 321.65 791.79 321.65 791.79 321.65 791.79 321.65 791.79 482 482 482 482 482 622497.83622497.83622497.83622497.83622497.83 594.27594.27594.27594.27594.27


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01: gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01: gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01: gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01: gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01: gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb JE ImV]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_ ImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`mImVm ß H$r gßª`m Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[` S>o]Q> H$mS©> ImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoe ey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ß

(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehar ehar ehar ehar ehar Hw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImV

ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 59.29 84.82 144.11 82.57 13568 132.77]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm 17.46 25.11 42.57 36.8 30242 23.39H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$ 28.19 13.73 41.92 33.96 72960.45 22.83[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$ 32.59 8.2 40.8 18.28 77553.49 33.71g›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 27.47 8.96 36.43 24.77 10785.51 28.64]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 14.57 21.24 35.8 27.2 13180 26.63`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 22.69 741 30.1 26.28 11560.66 23.2ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ 15.64 8.54 24.18 13.29 10722.57 19.01`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$ 10.75 11.06 21.81 19.4 39595 16.36`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 12.29 8.55 20.84 12.67 34003.35 7.19BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$ 6.42 13.09 19.51 14.88 926.38 16.3^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$ 11.82 7.07 18.89 18.28 5714.92 14.6Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$ 12.81 5.75 18.56 9.49 3174.99 15.25ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mX 5.51 11.12 16.63 16.58 5061.34 14.13AmnaEßQ>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$m∞_g©AmnaEßQ>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$m∞_g©AmnaEßQ>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$m∞_g©AmnaEßQ>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$m∞_g©AmnaEßQ>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$m∞_g© 9.08 6.47 15.54 10.25 48935.5 7.34XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$ 8.95 5.39 14.34 11.83 6471 11.08]rH$mZa E S> O`[wa-]rH$mZa E S> O`[wa-]rH$mZa E S> O`[wa-]rH$mZa E S> O`[wa-]rH$mZa E S> O`[wa- 6.17 7.92 14.1 12.17 20031.4 8.84ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$ 8.08 5.48 13.56 12.1 2802.67 10.73H$m[maeZ ]¢H$H$m[maeZ ]¢H$H$m[maeZ ]¢H$H$m[maeZ ]¢H$H$m[maeZ ]¢H$ 6.64 6.36 13 9.29 21625.72 5.49]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠> 8.41 4.11 12.52 7.64 6029.44 9.16[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$ 5.8 3.28 9.08 7.23 24388.95 5.5ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbm 3.1 5.86 8.96 8.2 23106 6.18odO`m ]¢H$odO`m ]¢H$odO`m ]¢H$odO`m ]¢H$odO`m ]¢H$ 4.37 3.46 7.82 7.01 1578.89 5.68AmB©S>r]rAmB©AmB©S>r]rAmB©AmB©S>r]rAmB©AmB©S>r]rAmB©AmB©S>r]rAmB© 3.09 3.12 6.22 4.66 1030.27 5.5ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gya 4.24 1.41 5.65 5.37 278.92 5.34ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ÃmdUH$maÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ÃmdUH$maÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ÃmdUH$maÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ÃmdUH$maÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ÃmdUH$ma 0.31 2.67 2.98 1.34 15758 0.59^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$^maVr` _ohbm ]¢H$ 0 0.45 0.45 0.45 188.4 0.26Hw$bHw$bHw$bHw$bHw$b 345.74345.74345.74345.74345.74 290.63290.63290.63290.63290.63 636.37636.37636.37636.37636.37 452.00452.00452.00452.00452.00 5,02,173.635,02,173.635,02,173.635,02,173.635,02,173.63 475.70475.70475.70475.70475.70

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 Edß 03 AJb [•> [a h°VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 Edß 03 AJb [•> [a h°VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 Edß 03 AJb [•> [a h°VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 Edß 03 AJb [•> [a h°VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 Edß 03 AJb [•> [a h°


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 : jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 : jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 : jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 : jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 : jÃr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam oXZmßH$ 22 ZdÂ]a, 2014 VH$ Imb J` ImV]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_ ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) Í$[ S >o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[ S >o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[ S >o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[ S >o]Q> H$mS©>Í$[ S >o]Q> H$mS©> ImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoe ey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ß

(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehareharehareharehar Hw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImV

ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 17.8 2.92 20.73 1.23 10513 14.55`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yZmBQ>S> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 15.98 0.26 16.24 0.44 8602.59 12.39g›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`mg›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 11.92 2.23 14.15 0.58 16321.31 12.38[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$[ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$ 11.11 2.31 13.43 1.36 18205.9 9.93]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]S>m°Xm 8.89 2.65 11.54 4.69 5520 9.62]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 8.52 1.98 10.5 0.42 1132 9.83ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ogßoS>H$Q> ]¢H$ 6.72 2.17 8.9 0.98 7733.87 7.03]rH$mZa EßS> O`[wa ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$]rH$mZa EßS> O`[wa ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$]rH$mZa EßS> O`[wa ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$]rH$mZa EßS> O`[wa ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$]rH$mZa EßS> O`[wa ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ 4.89 0.16 5.05 3.95 3976.64 4.6Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$ 4.13 0.84 4.98 0.92 548.16 3.8`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m`yoZ`Z ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m 3.73 1.06 4.8 0.17 2476.33 4.45H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$H$Zam ]¢H$ 2.84 1.57 4.41 1.56 215.46 2.19ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mXÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ h°Xam]mX 3.31 0.17 3.49 0.47 568.84 2.84`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$`yH$m ]¢H$ 3.18 0.08 3.26 0.13 2644 2.07BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$BßoS>`Z AmdagrO ]¢H$ 2.92 0.09 3.01 0 1890.24 1.64^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$^maVr` ]¢H$ 2.23 0.36 2.59 0 719.09 2.13ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gyaÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gya 1.81 0.77 2.59 1.59 1125.75 1.78]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠>]¢H$ Am∞\$ _hmamÓQ≠> 1.24 0.43 1.67 0.18 89 1.12XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$XZm ]¢H$ 1.34 0.05 1.39 0.28 756 1.2AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$AmßY´m ]¢H$ 0.89 0.08 0.96 0 189.74 0.76ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbmÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ [oQ>`mbm 0.3 0.01 0.31 0.01 87 0.17[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$[ßOm] EßS> ogßY ]¢H$ 0.09 0.02 0.1 0.01 3.37 0.02`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 113.84 113.84 113.84 113.84 113.84 20.2120.2120.2120.2120.21 134.10134.10134.10134.10134.10 18.9718.9718.9718.9718.97 83318.2983318.2983318.2983318.2983318.29 104.50104.50104.50104.50104.50

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 : oZOr ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 22-11-2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 : oZOr ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 22-11-2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 : oZOr ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 22-11-2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 : oZOr ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 22-11-2014 VH$ Imb JE ImVVmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03 : oZOr ]¢H$m H$ ¤mam 22-11-2014 VH$ Imb JE ImV]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_]¢H$ H$m Zm_ ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) ImVm ß H$r gßª`m (bmI _ß) Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> Í$[ S>o]Q> H$mS©> ImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoeImVm ß _ ß ef amoe ey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ßey›` ef dmb ImVm ß

(bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) (bmI _ß) H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)H$r gßª`m(bmI _ß)J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehar ehar ehar ehar ehar Hw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImVHw$b ImV

Eo∑gg ]¢H$Eo∑gg ]¢H$Eo∑gg ]¢H$Eo∑gg ]¢H$Eo∑gg ]¢H$ 0.67 1.29 1.97 0.73 1188.22 1.3ogQ>r `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ obo_Q>S>ogQ>r `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ obo_Q>S>ogQ>r `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ obo_Q>S>ogQ>r `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ obo_Q>S>ogQ>r `yoZ`Z ]¢H$ obo_Q>S> 0.08 0.35 0.44 0 210.33 0.3\$S>ab ]¢H$\$S>ab ]¢H$\$S>ab ]¢H$\$S>ab ]¢H$\$S>ab ]¢H$ 1.1 0.33 1.43 0.64 9770.97 0.75EMS>rE\$gr ]¢H$EMS>rE\$gr ]¢H$EMS>rE\$gr ]¢H$EMS>rE\$gr ]¢H$EMS>rE\$gr ]¢H$ 1.21 4.95 6.16 2.51 21110.06 3.74AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ]¢H$AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ]¢H$AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ]¢H$AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ]¢H$AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ]¢H$ 4.09 1.03 5.12 5.11 658.28 4.25BßS>gBßS> ]¢H$BßS>gBßS> ]¢H$BßS>gBßS> ]¢H$BßS>gBßS> ]¢H$BßS>gBßS> ]¢H$ 0.1 0.67 0.76 0.6 97.41 0.69OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra ]¢H$OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra ]¢H$OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra ]¢H$OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra ]¢H$OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra ]¢H$ 2.27 0.53 2.8 0 3363.18 1.47H$Í$a d°Ì` ]¢H$H$Í$a d°Ì` ]¢H$H$Í$a d°Ì` ]¢H$H$Í$a d°Ì` ]¢H$H$Í$a d°Ì` ]¢H$ 0.04 0.55 0.6 0.51 123.23 0.49H$mQ>H$ _oh›–m ]¢H$H$mQ>H$ _oh›–m ]¢H$H$mQ>H$ _oh›–m ]¢H$H$mQ>H$ _oh›–m ]¢H$H$mQ>H$ _oh›–m ]¢H$ 0.23 0.17 0.39 0.38 98.83 0.35b˙_r odbmg ]¢H$b˙_r odbmg ]¢H$b˙_r odbmg ]¢H$b˙_r odbmg ]¢H$b˙_r odbmg ]¢H$ 0.04 0.17 0.21 0 40.92 0.13aÀZmH$a ]¢H$aÀZmH$a ]¢H$aÀZmH$a ]¢H$aÀZmH$a ]¢H$aÀZmH$a ]¢H$ 0.57 0.28 0.85 0.28 49.94 0.57gmCW BßoS>`Z ]¢H$gmCW BßoS>`Z ]¢H$gmCW BßoS>`Z ]¢H$gmCW BßoS>`Z ]¢H$gmCW BßoS>`Z ]¢H$ 0.09 0.48 0.57 0.24 284.26 0`g ]¢H$`g ]¢H$`g ]¢H$`g ]¢H$`g ]¢H$ 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 10.28 0.03`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 10.5110.5110.5110.5110.51 10.8110.8110.8110.8110.81 21.3221.3221.3221.3221.32 11.0311.0311.0311.0311.03 37005.9137005.9137005.9137005.9137005.91 14.0714.0714.0714.0714.07

*************


S>m∞. F$Vw [madmc *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ [mÌMmÀ` Xemß _ß Am°⁄moJH$aU H$m AmoW©H$ ‡JoV H$m ⁄mVH$_mZm OmVm h° O]oH$ ^maV _ß H•$of odH$mg H$m hr AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$mAmYma _mZm OmVm h°& AV: Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$ obE H•$of odH$mg H$aZmAoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& ^maV EH$ H•$of ‡YmZ Xe h° oOg_ß 74.29 ‡oVeVOZgßª`m Jmßdmß _ß oZdmg H$aVr h° Am°a oOZH$m ‡_wI C⁄_ H•$of h°& maV_ß 76.3 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m H•$of gß]ßoYV H$m`m g A[Zm OrdZ`m[ZH$aVr h°& ^maVr` OZVm H$m ‡_wI Ï`dgm` H•$of hmZ H$ H$maU H•$of [aAmdÌ`H$Vm g AoYH$ OZgßª`m oZ ©a h°& AV: ‡oVÏò∫$ C[O H$m ohÒgm^r ]hwV H$_ AmVm h°& H•$of _ß oN>[r ]amOJmar [mB© OmVr h¢ oOg H$_ H$aZg Am°⁄moJH$aU H$m ^r JoV ‡m· hm gH$Jr oOgg CZH$ OrdZ ÒVa Edß‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` _ß d•o’ hmJr& Xe H$ obE ]amOJmar g]g ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr h°oH$ AmO Jmßd H$m ]amOJma H$m_ H$r Vbme _ß _hmZJamß H$r Ama [bm`ZH$a Xa-Xa H$r R>mH$a Im ahm h°& Egr Xem _ß AmdÌ`H$ hm OmVm h° oH$ Om^r J´m_rU ]amOJma h° CgH$m H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJmß H$r Ama_m∂S>m OmE oOgg J´m_rU ‡oV^m H$m ehamß H$r Ama [bm`Z Í$H$ OmE&]amOJmar H$m amH$Z H$ obE H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJmß O°g AmQ>mo_b, Xmb o_b, Vb o_b AmoX H$m ]∂T>mdm oX`m OmZm MmohE& oX Xe H$modH$mg H$aZm h° Vm H•$of Edß CgH$ CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJmß H$m d°oÌdH$[na—Ì` _ß AoYH$ VmH$V H$ Í$[ _ ‡oVoÓR>V H$aZm hmJm&

H•$of C⁄mJmß H$r AdYmaUm H•$of Edß C⁄mJmß H$ _hÀd Edß AßV:oZ ©aVmH$m Xem©Vr h°& "H•$of C⁄mJ Eg C⁄mJmß H$m H$hV h° Om ‡À`j m A‡À`jÍ$[ g H•$of H$ AmJV-oZJ©V g Ow∂S> hwE hmV h°& C⁄mJ AoYH$mßeV: H•$ofC[O [a oZ^©a ahV h° `m H•$of g ‡m· H$É _mb H$r ‡oH´$`m g C[`mJgm_J´r H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aV h°&' H•$of ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m AmYma hmZH$ H$maU Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB©`mß Am°⁄moJH$ amOJma VWm Hw$b CÀ[mXZ _yÎ`_ß H•$of C⁄mJmß H$m _hÀd[yU© `mJXmZ hmVm h° O]oH$ BZ C⁄mJmß H$m ]hwVH$_ [yßOr odoZ`mJ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°& BgH$m H$maU h h° oH$ o_b_wª`V: l_ ‡YmZ hmVr h°&C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - emY H$m ‡_wI C‘Ì` C¡O°Z oOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$r odŒmròÒWoV H$m A‹``Z H$a CZH$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU H$aZm h° Edß o_bmß _ßAmZ dmbr g_Ò`mAmß H$m A‹``Z H$a CZH$m g_mYmZ H$aZm h°&‡m∏$Î[Zm - ‡m∏$Î[Zm - ‡m∏$Î[Zm - ‡m∏$Î[Zm - ‡m∏$Î[Zm - [woÓQ> H$r ‡À`mem _ß ‡m∏$Î[Zm H$r OmVr h° oH$ H$É _mb H$^mdmß AoZoÌMVVm H$ H$maU bmJV ‡^modV hwB© h° oOgH$ H$maU bm^mO©Zj_Vm ^r ‡^modV hwB© h°&AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - bmJV gßaMZm - AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - bmJV gßaMZm - AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - bmJV gßaMZm - AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - bmJV gßaMZm - AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - bmJV gßaMZm - oH$grdÒVw H$ oZ_m©U _ß Om IM oH$E OmV h° d g] o_bH$a dÒVw H$r bmJVH$hbmVr h°& oH$gr ^r dÒVw H$m oZ_m©U gm_J´r, l_ VWm A›` Ï``mß H$r

AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU(C¡O°Z oOb H$ odef gßX © _ß)

ghm`Vm g hr gß^d hmVm h°& CXmhaUmW© AmQ>m o_bmß H$m gßMmobV H$aZ H$obE H$Ér gm_J´r H$ Í$[ _ß Jhy±, l_ VWm A›` Ï``mß (JmXm_ oH$am`m,]r_m Ï``, od⁄wV) H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m OmVm h°& bmJV gßaMZm bmJV H$VÀdmß [a AmYmnaV hmVr h°& ` VrZ VÀd h°- gm_J´r, l_ VWm Ï``&

` VÀd ‡À`j VWm A‡À`j XmZmß ‡H$ma H$ hmV h°& ‡À`j AWm©VoOg dÒVw oZ_m©U _ß ‡À`j Í$[ g ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m hm Edß A‡À`jAWm©V≤ oOgH$m ‡`mJ dÒVw oZ_m©U _ß ‡À`j Í$[ g Zht oH$`m J`m h°&CXmhaUmW© AmQ>m o_b _ß ‡ w∫$ Jhy± EH$ H$É _mb H$ Í$[ _ß ‡À`j gm_J´rh° VWm _erZmß H$ obE Vb, PmSy>, _erZmß H$r g\$mB© H$m H$[∂S>m BÀ`moXA‡À`j gm_J´r h°&

‡À`j gm_J´r, ‡À`j l_ Edß ‡À`j Ï`` H$m Om∂S>Z [a _yb bmJVkmV H$r OmVr h°& C[naÏ`` g VmÀ[`© hmß H$maImZm C[naÏ`` H$m`m©b`C[naÏ`` VWm odH´$` Edß odVaU C[naÏ``mß g h°&AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV odõfU -bmJV H$ odo^fi VÀdmß H$m AWm©V≤‡À`j Edß A‡À`j Ï``mß H$m Om∂S>H$a CÀ[moXV dÒVw H$r Hw$b bmJV ‡m·H$r OmVr h°& oH$gr ^r gßÒWm _ß bmJV kmV H$aV g_` odo^fi MaUmß _ßH$m`© oH$`m OmVm h°& AV: oOg H´$_ g bmJV kmV H$r OmVr h° Cg hrbmJV odõfU H$hm OmVm h°& Hw$b bmJV kmV H$aZ H$ obE bmJVodõfU H$ oZÂZ ‡mÍ$[ H$m ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°-oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b‡oV oπ$ßQ>b‡oV oπ$ßQ>b‡oV oπ$ßQ>b‡oV oπ$ßQ>b aH$_aH$_aH$_aH$_aH$_gm_J´r H$m _yÎ` -----+ ‡À`j Ï`` Edß l_ -----

l_yb bmJV -----+ H$maImZm C[naÏ`` -----

l H$maImZm bmJV -----+ H$m`m©b` C[naÏ`` -----

l H$m`m©b` bmJV -----+ odH´$` Edß odVaU C[naÏ`` -----

l ]M JE _mb H$r bmJV -----+ H$a Edß odŒmr` C[naÏ`` -----

l Hw$b bmJV -----AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU -AmQ>m o_bmß H$m bmJV-bm^ odõfU - _mb H$r bmJV Edß odH´$`bmJV H$ AßVa H$m bm^ H$ Í$[ _ß ‡Xoe©V oH$`m OmVm h°& bmJV [a O]odH´$` H$m AmoY∑` [m`m OmVm h° V] odH´$Vm H$m bm^ hmVm h° Edß O]odH´$` [a bmJV H$m AmoY∑` [m`m OmVm h° Vm odH´$Vm H$m hmoZ hmVr h°&AmQ>m o_bmß H$r hmoZ `m bm^ H$m oZÂZ g_rH$aU ¤mam ‡ÒVwV oH$`m OmgH$Vm h°-

* AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`,ImMam°X, oObm-CÇm°Z (_.‡) ^maV


hmoZ = bmJV _yÎ` - odH´$` _yÎ`bm^ = odH´$` _yÎ` - bmJV _yÎ`VmobH$m AJb [•ÓR> [a XIVmobH$m AJb [•ÓR> [a XIVmobH$m AJb [•ÓR> [a XIVmobH$m AJb [•ÓR> [a XIVmobH$m AJb [•ÓR> [a XIC[am∫$ VmobH$m H$ A‹``Z g `h Ò[ÓQ> hwAm h° oH$ oOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß_ß gdm©oYH$ bm^ Kmgram_ H$mbyam_ AmQ>m o_b ¤mam 249 Í$[` ‡oVoπ$ßQ>b 20.81 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g ‡m· oH$`m J`m h°& o_b ¤mam Hw$b 550hOma oπ$ßQ>b _mb H$m CÀ[mXZ oH$`m J`m h°& o_b ¤mam CÀ[moXV _mb H$mbmJV _yÎ` 1196 Í$[` ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b h° VWm odH´$` _yÎ` 1445 Í$[`‡oV oπ$ßQ>b [m`m J`m h°& I S>bdmb B S>ÒQ≠>rO ¤mam Hw$b 1300 hOmaoπ$ßQ>b _mb H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odH´$` oH$`m J`m h°& o_b _ß 214 Í$[` ‡oVoπ$ßQ>b bm^ 17.96 ‡oVeV H$r Xa ‡m· oH$`m h°& amO›– B›Q>a‡mBOg¤mam 500 hOma oπ$ßQ>b _mb H$m CÀ[mXZ oH$`m J`m h°& o_b ¤mam 202Í$[` ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b bm^ 16.79 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g kmV oH$`m J`m h°& _mbH$m bmJV _yÎ` 1203 Í$[` ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b h° VWm odH´$` _yÎ` 1405 Í$[`‡oV oπ$ßQ>b [m`m J`m h°& amO›– B›Q>a‡mBOg H$ odH´$` oH$E JE _mb H$mbm^ ‡oVeV A›` Xm o_bmß H$r VwbZm _ß H$_ [m`m J`m h°& VmobH$m H$A‹``Z g h Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ bm^ ‡oVeV _ß d•o’ H$m H$maU bmJV [aodH´$` H$m AmoY∑` [m`m J`m h°&H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJm ß H$r g_Ò`mE± Edß gwPmd -H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJm ß H$r g_Ò`mE± Edß gwPmd -H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJm ß H$r g_Ò`mE± Edß gwPmd -H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJm ß H$r g_Ò`mE± Edß gwPmd -H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJm ß H$r g_Ò`mE± Edß gwPmd - h_mamXe H•$of ‡YmZ Xe h° VWm BgH$r OZgßª`m ]hwV AoYH$ hmZ H$ H$maUAW©Ï`dÒWm H$m gw—∂T> ]ZmZm AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ h°& oX h_ A[Z Xe H$rAW©Ï`dÒWm H$m gw—∂T> ]ZmZm MmhV h° Vm H•$of CÀ[mX [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJmßH$m odH$mg AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ hm OmVm h°& gaH$ma BZ C⁄mJmß H$ obE‡`mg Vm H$a ahr h° [a›Vw o\$a ^r BZH$ odH$mg H$ _mJ© _ß H$oR>ZmB©`m±AZw^d H$r Om ahr h°& oOb _ß gßMmobV C⁄mJmß H$m H$B© g_Ò`mAmß H$mgm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h° Om oZÂZmZwgma h°-1. H•$of H$m _mZgyZ H$m OwAm H$hm OmVm h°& _mZgyZ H$r AoZoÌMVVm H$

H$maU H•$of C[O _ß r AoZoÌMVVm ]Zr ahVr h° oOgg BZ C⁄mJmßH$m H$É _mb H$r ‡mo· _ß H$oR>ZmB© AmVr h°&

2. BZ C⁄mJmß H$ ¤mam H$É _mb H$r ‡mo· am¡`r` Edß AßVam©¡`r`]mOmamß g H$r OmVr h° oOgg H$Ém _mb AoYH$ _yÎ` [a ‡m· hmVmh° \$bÒdÍ$[ BgH$m bmJV _yÎ` AoYH$ hmVm h°&

3. AmQ>m o_bmß H$ obE ]¢H$m ¤mam H$mB© odef `mOZm Zht MbmB© JB© h°oOgg C›hß CÉ „`mO Xa [a F$U bZm [∂S>Vm h° VWm ]¢H$ g F$U‡m· H$aZ _ß C⁄_r H$ g_j ‡oV^yoV H$r g_Ò`m ^r CÀ[fi hmVr h°&

4. AmQ>m o_bmß ¤mam A[Zm _mb _‹`ÒWmß H$ ¤mam odH´$` H$adm`m OmVmh°, oOgg bmJVmß _ß d•o’ hm OmVr h°&

5. ZmJnaH$mß ¤mam ]´m S>S> CÀ[mXmß H$m C[`mJ ÒWmZr` CÀ[mXmß H$rA[jm AoYH$ oH$` OmZ H$ H$maU B›hß OoQ>b ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m gm_ZmH$aZm [∂S>Vm h° Edß A[Zm _mb ‡oVHy$b eVm~ [a ]MZm [∂S>Vm h°&

6. lo_H$ g gß]ßoYV g_Ò`m r ]Zr ahVr h°& Ï`ÒV g_` _ß h g_Ò`mAoYH$ Vrd´ hm OmVr h°&

7. od⁄wV H$r g_Ò`m H$ H$maU jÃmß H$r AZH$mß o_b ]ßX [∂S>r h°&8. C¡O°Z oOb H$ AßVJ©V AZH$ o_b [wamZr h° oOgH$ H$maU BZH$

^dZ H$r oÒWoV _mb H$r gwajm H$r —oÓQ> g R>rH$ Zht [mB© JB© h° oOgH$maU ^ S>maU H$r g_Ò`m ]Zr hwB© h°&

9. gaH$ma ¤mam BZ C⁄mJmß H$ odH$mg H$ obE H$mB© odef H$m ©H´$_ ZhtMbmE JE h° oOZg BZH$m dmßoN>V odH$mg Zht hm [m`m h°&

10. BZ C⁄mJmß ¤mam ZdrZV_ VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`mJ Zht oH$E OmZ H$H$maU BZH$r [yU© CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$m C[`mJ Zht hm [m ahm h°&

BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw oZÂZ ‡`mg oH$E Om gH$V h°-BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw oZÂZ ‡`mg oH$E Om gH$V h°-BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw oZÂZ ‡`mg oH$E Om gH$V h°-BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw oZÂZ ‡`mg oH$E Om gH$V h°-BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw oZÂZ ‡`mg oH$E Om gH$V h°-1. H$É _mb H$r C[b„YVm ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a Edß oZH$Q>V_ ÒWmZmß g

H$r Om gH$ Bg oXem _ß ‡`mg oH$` OmZ MmohE& odef Í$[ g^ S>maU [a ‹`mZ oX`m OmZm MmohE&

2. H•$of AmYmnaV C⁄mJmß H$ obE F$U ‡oH´$`m Edß „`mO Xa wo∫$ gßJVH$r OmZr MmohE&

3. o_b _mobH$mß ¤mam _mb H$r od[UZ ‡oH´$`m _ß gwYma H$aZm MmohE&C›hß ]mOma _ß A[Z _mb H$ ÒWmo`Àd hVw CgH$m ‡Mma-‡gma H$aZmMmohE oOgg ÒWmZr` C[^m∫$m Cgg AmH$of©V hmH$a odH´$` d•o’_ß mJXmZ X&

4. od⁄wV H$r g_Ò`m H$ g_mYmZ H$ obE gaH$ma Edß oZOr jÃ ¤mam BZC⁄mJmß H$ obE oZaßVa A]moYV od⁄wV Am[yoV© hVw ‡`mg oH$` OmZMmohE&

5. lo_H$mß H$m ‡oeojV Edß Ao^‡naV H$a CZH$ H$m`©hrZ g_` H$m› yZV_ H$aV hwE AoYH$moYH$ CÀ[mXZ hVw ‡naV oH$`m OmZm MmohE&

6. CÀ[mX H$ gwaojV S>maU hVw AmYwoZH$V_ S>maJ•hmß H$r ÒWm[ZmH$r OmZr MmohE gmW hr [wamZ ^ S>maJ•hmß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma_aÂ_V H$r OmZr MmohE&

7. gaH$ma Edß Am°⁄moJH$ gßJR>Zmß H$ ¤mam BZ C⁄mJmß H$ odH$mg hVwH$m`©H´$_mß, gßJmoÓR>`mß Edß H$m`©embmAmß H$m Am`mOZ oH$`m OmZmMmohE&

8. C⁄mJmß H$ Òdmo_`mß H$m VH$ZrH$r kmZ H$r OmZH$mar ‡XmZ H$aZ H$obE gaH$ma ¤mam H$m ©H´$_ Am`moOV oH$E OmZ MmohE VWm C›hß hAdJV H$adm`m OmE oH$ d oH$gr VH$ZrH$r odefk H$r ghm`VmbH$a A[Z C⁄mJmß _ß AmYwoZH$ VH$ZroH$`mß H$m ‡`mJ H$a oOggCÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ H$a bm^ _ß ^r d•o’ H$r Om gH$&

9. BZ C⁄mJmß H$ odH$mg hVw oZa›Va emY Edß AZwgßYmZ ‡oH´$`m OmarH$r OmZr MmohE&

emY H$ A[ojV [naUm_ H$r [woÓQ> -emY H$ A[ojV [naUm_ H$r [woÓQ> -emY H$ A[ojV [naUm_ H$r [woÓQ> -emY H$ A[ojV [naUm_ H$r [woÓQ> -emY H$ A[ojV [naUm_ H$r [woÓQ> - [woÓQ> H$r ‡À`mem _ß ‡m∏$Î[ZmH$r JB© Wr oH$ H$É _mb H$ mdmß _ß AoZoÌMVVm H$ H$maU bmJV ‡^modVhwB© h° oOgH$ H$maU bm^mO©Z j_Vm ‡^modV hwB© h°&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -1. BZ C⁄mJmß _ß oH$gr odefk H$r oZ`wo∫$ Zht H$r JB© h°&2. AmQ>m o_bmß _ß EH$mH$r Ï`dgm` H$ AßVJ©V H$m © H$aZ dmbr o_bmß H$m

]mhwÎ` [m`m J`m h°&3. BZ o_bmß _ß EH$ [mbr 8 KßQ> H$r hmVr h°&4. oOb _ß gßMmobV AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡]ßYZ H$m © o_b _mobH$mß H$ [nadma

H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam oH$`m Om ahm h°&5. bIm gß]ßoYV g_ÒV H$m © H$aZ H$ obE _wZr_ H$r oZ wo∫$ H$r JB© h°&6. BZ o_bmß _ß od^mJrH$aU [’oV H$m ‡`mJ Zht oH$`m J`m h°&7. lo_H$mß H$r ^Vr© H$ obE "H$maImZ H$ XadmO [a ^Vr©' ÛmV H$m

gdm©oYH$ ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°&


8. AmQ>m o_bmß _ß ÒWm`r [yßßOr H$r VwbZm _ß H$m`©erb [yßOr H$r AoYH$Vm[mB© JB© h°&

9. oOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß ¤mam [yßOr H$ ÛmV _ß Òd`ß H$r [yßOr H$m ‡`mJAoYH$ oH$`m J`m h°&

10. o_bmß H$r od[UZ ‡oH´$`m CoMV Zht [mB© JB© h°&11. od[UZ H$m`© Òdm_r Edß _‹`ÒWmß H$ _m‹`_ g oH$`m Om ahm h°&12. BZ o_bmß _ß gwaojV ^ S>maU H$r d°kmoZH$ [’oV Zht [mB© JB© h°&13. BZ o_bmß _ß AÀ`mYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$mß H$m ‡`mJ Zht oH$`m Om ahm h°

oOgg CÀ[mXZ j_Vm ‡^modV hwB© h°&14. AmQ>m o_bmß _ß gdm©oYH$ bm^ ‡oVeV Kmgram_ H$mbyam_ AmQ>m o_b

H$m h° Edß ›`yZV_ bm^ ‡oVeV amO›– B›Q>a‡mBOg H$m h°&15. BZ o_bmß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ g kmV hwAm h° oH$ [yd© H$r VwbZm _ß bm^

‡oVeV _ß d•o’ hwB© h° oOgH$m H$maU CZH$r bmJV Edß odH´$` H$_‹` [m`m J`m AßVa h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. `mXd gw]hogßh : H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm, amdV [o„bH$eZ, ZB© oXÑr&2. _wIOr© aod›–ZmW : gm_moOH$ emY Edß gmßoª`H$r, oddH$ ‡H$meZ

oXÑr&3. odH$mg Am`w∫$ : bKw C⁄mJ, bKw C⁄mJ [na`mOZmE±, I S> ‡W_,

C⁄mJ _ßÃmb` maV gaH$ma, ZB© oXÑr&4. ogßh Bß–OrV : lo_H$ odoY`m±, g›Q≠>b bm∞ EOßgr, Bbmhm]mX&5. oH$ema aod E_ : bmJV bImßH$Z Q>∑g_Z AbmBS> god©gg ‡m. ob.,

oXÑr&6. www.industries.com7. BßoS>`Z b]a B©`a ]wH$8. www.raftar.in

VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01oOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡oV oπ$ßQ>boOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡oV oπ$ßQ>boOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡oV oπ$ßQ>boOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡oV oπ$ßQ>boOb H$r AmQ>m o_bmß H$m ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b

bmJV-bm^ odõfUbmJV-bm^ odõfUbmJV-bm^ odõfUbmJV-bm^ odõfUbmJV-bm^ odõfUH´$. o_b H$m Zm_ Hw$b CÀ[mXZ odH´$` _yÎ` (Í$. _ß) bmJV _yÎ` (Í$. _ß) bm^

(hOma oπ$ß.) Í$[ ‡oVeV1. I S>bdmb B S>ÒQ≠>rO 1300 1405 1191 214 17.962. Kmgram_ H$mbyam_ AmQ>m o_b 550 1445 1196 249 20.813. amO›– B›Q>a‡mBOg 500 1405 1203 202 16.79Ï`o∫$JV gdjU ¤mam o_b _mobH$m g ‡m· Am±H$∂S>m [a AmYmnaV

*************


ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J $- C[bo„Y`m± Am°a MwZm°oV`m±

S>m∞. gmZr Ï`mg *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ oH$gr H$r Xe H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß ]¢H$m H$m ‡_wI ÒWmZ hmVmh° & `oX `h H$hm Om` oH$ oH$gr ^r Xe H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß ]¢H$ H$m`mJXmZ _mZd H$r Y_oZ`mß _ß a∫$ H$ g_mZ h° Vm H$mB© AoVÌ`mo∫$ ZhthmJr& H$mB© ^r Xe ]¢H$mß H$ o]Zm AmoW©H$ odH$mg Zht H$a gH$Vm h° & Xe_ß d•hV C⁄mJmß H$r ÒWm[Zm, H•$of d bKw C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg, ]MV Edß [yßOroZ_m©U, ‡mWo_H$Vm jÃ H$m ‡mÀgmhZ, amOJma Adgamß H$m odÒVma VWmoZ`m©V gßd’©Z o]Zm ]¢H$mß H$ gß^d Zht h° & bmJm H$r N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r ]MVmßH$m gßJ´h H$aH$ C›h bm^Xm`H$ VWm CÀ[mXH$ H$m`m _ß bJmZ H$m l ]¢H$mßH$m hr OmVm h°& oH$gr ^r Xe H$ odH$mg _ß ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$m _hÀd[yU©`mJXmZ hmVm h°&ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam - ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam - ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam - ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam - ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam - ghH$mnaVm H$r odMmaYmam Edß CgH$ odH$mgH$m A‹``Z H$aZ [a kmV hmVm h° oH$ ghH$mnaVm H$r CÀ[oŒm ghH$maAWm©V o_bH$a H$m`© H$aZ g hwB© h°& dÒVwV: oOg h_ ghH$ma H$hV h° dh_mZd _∂mÃ H$r Òdm^modH$ ‡H•$oV h°&

ghH$mnaVm H$r ^mdZm H$m ‡mXw^m©d BßΩb° S> H$ ‡og’ C⁄mJ[oVam]Q©> AmdZ gZ≤≤≤ (1771-1850) VWm CZH$ Hw$N> gh`mJr ¤mam hwAm&am]Q©> AmdZ Z C[^m∫$m ghH$mar ^ S>ma ‡maÂ^ oH$`m& oOZ_ß gXÒ`lo_H$mß H$m A¿N>m _mb gÒV _yÎ` [a XZ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB©& O_©Zr H$a°\$gZ _| A[Z Xe _ß H•$fH$mß Edß lo_H$mß H$ obE AÎ[ „`mO [a F$UC[b„Y H$aZ H$ obE Jm´_rU gmI go_oV`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& Bgr ‡H$maewÎO S>bre Z ZJam H$ _‹`_dJr© [nadmam H$m › yZV_ „`mO [a ZmJnaH$ghH$mar go_oV`m∞ ÒWmo[V H$r& VXw[amßV `yam[ A_naH$m VWm odÌd H$A›` Xemß _ß ghH$mar gßÒWmE∞ ÒWmo[V hmZm ‡maÂ^ hm JB© Am°a Bg ‡H$maodÌd _ß ghH$mnaVm AmßXmbZ gd©Ã \°$b J`m &^maV _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg- ^maV _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg- ^maV _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg- ^maV _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg- ^maV _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg- maV H$r ghH$mar gßaMZm EH$ eVm„Xr[wamZr VWm odÌd H$r g]g [wamZr ghH$mar gßaMZmAmß _ß g EH$ h°& maV H$obE ghH$mnaVm H$mB© ZdrZ odMmaYmam Zht h°& bmS©> H$O©Z Z gZ≤ 1901 _ßEH$ H$_reZ oZ`w∫$ oH$`m& H$_reZ Z `h gwPmd oX`m J`m oH$ Xe H$roÒWoV H$m CfiV H$aZ H$ obE J´m_rU jÃ _ß ghH$mar go_oV`m± AmaÂ^H$aZm bm^Xm`H$ og’ hmJm& \$bV: gZ≤ 1903 _ß H$ß–r` odYmZg^m _ßEH$ o]b ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m BgH$ AmYma [a gZ≤ 1904 H$m ghH$mar gmIAoYoZ`_ ]Zm& Bg ‡H$ma maV _ß ghH$mar Vm°a [a ghH$mar AmßXmbZ H$mlrJUe hwAm BgH$ [ÌMmV≤ odo^fi ‡mßVr` gaH$mamß Z A[Z-A[Z ‡mßV_ß ghH$mnaVm H$r g\$bVm H$ obE H$›–r` ]¢H$m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r &

gd©‡W_ H$›–r` ]¢H$ 1906 _ß CŒma‡Xe _ß EH$ ‡mWo_H$ go_oV H$Í$[ _ß ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m [a›Vw dmÒVodH$ Í$[ g H$›–r` ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zmg]g [hb _‹`‡mßV o]hma _ß hwB©& amOÒWmZ _ß Bg ‡H$ma H$m g]g [hbm]¢H$ AO_a _ß 1910 _ß ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m& gßemoYV AoYoZ`_ Z H$›–r`odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß H$ gßJR>Z H$m odef ‡mÀgmhZ ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m oOgH$\$bÒdÍ$[ Hw$N> hr dfm _ß Eg H$B© ]¢H$ ÒWmo[V hm JE& 1906 g 1918VH$ H$r AdoY H$m Xe H$ odo^fi ^mJm _ß H$›–r` ]¢H$mß H$m CX≤^d H$mbH$hm Om gH$Vm h°&ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm AWdm Í$[aIm - ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm AWdm Í$[aIm - ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm AWdm Í$[aIm - ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm AWdm Í$[aIm - ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm AWdm Í$[aIm - Xe _ß ghH$margmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm EH$ "o[amo_S>' H$ g—e h°, Om gßKr` T>mßM [aAmYmnaV h°& gß[yU© gßaMZm H$m AmYma J´m_ ÒVa [a ÒWmo[V ‡mWo_H$ gmIgo_oV h°, oOg [a gß[yU© ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm AmYmnaV h°& ‡mWo_H$gmI go_oV`mß H$m o_bmH$a oObm ÒVa [a H$›–r` go_oV gßJoR>V H$rOmVr h°, oOgg go_oV`m± gßKr` Ï`dÒWm H$ AZwgma gXÒ` H$ Í$[ _ßgß]ßoYV ahVr h°& oObm ÒVa [a ÒWmo[V H$›–r` go_oV H$m hr H$›–r`ghH$mar ]¢H$ H$hV h°& am¡` ÒVa [a H$›–r` ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$r ^r EH$gßKr` gßÒWm ÒWmo[V H$r OmVr h°, oOg erf© ]¢H$ AWdm am¡` ghH$mar]¢H$ (A[∑g ]¢H$) H$hV h°& amÓQ≠>r` H•$of Ama J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ gß[yU©ghH$mar ]¢H$ Ï`dÒWm H$m AmdÌ`H$ odÀVr` ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°&ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m oZÂZ ‡H$ma g ‡ÒVwV oH$`mghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m oZÂZ ‡H$ma g ‡ÒVwV oH$`mghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m oZÂZ ‡H$ma g ‡ÒVwV oH$`mghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m oZÂZ ‡H$ma g ‡ÒVwV oH$`mghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m oZÂZ ‡H$ma g ‡ÒVwV oH$`mJ`m -J`m -J`m -J`m -J`m -

amÓQ≠>r` H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ (Zm]mS©> ]¢H$)

am¡` ghH$mar ]¢H$ (A[∑g ]¢H$)

oObm H$›–r` ]¢H$(oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$)

‡mWo_H$ ghH$mar gmI go_oVC[`w©∫$ ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm H$m XIZ g `h ‡VrV

hmVm h° oH$ odo^›Z ÒVamß [a ÒWmo[V gßÒWmEß EH$-Xyga g gß]’ h°, [a›Vw

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, ^maVr` _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


dmÒVodH$Vm `h h° oH$ d°YmoZH$ VWm odŒmr` _m_bmß _ß CZH$m AbJ-AbJ AoÒVÀd h°& ‡À`H$ gßÒWm A[Z ÒVa [a VWm jÃ _ß odef C‘Ì`mßH$r [yoV© H$aVr h°, oOgH$ H$maU Cg EH$ ÒdVßÃ BH$mB© _mZm OmVm h°&gm_yohH$ Í$[ g ` g^r gßÒWmEß EH$ Eg gßJR>Z H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h°& Om[maÒ[naH$ ghm`Vm H$aZ VWm gmI AmßXmbZ _ß gßVwbZ ]ZmE aIZ H$C‘Ì` g ]mhar ÛmVmß g F$U ‡m· H$aVm h°& ‡m· oH$` J` F$Umß _ß `gßÒWmEß H•$of gmI H$r [yoV© H$aVr h°& ‡XmZ oH$ J F$Umß _ß CoMV C[`mJH$r d OmßM H$aVr h° VWm X` oVoW`mß [a CZ F$Umß H$m dgyb H$aZ H$rÏ`dÒWm H$aVr h°& gßKr` T>mßM H$r odefVm `h h° oH$ ÒdVßÃ hmV hwE ^rodo^›Z gßÒWmAmß H$r gß[yU© H$S>r A[Zr ‡À H$ BH$mB© H$m eo∫$ g ‡^modVhmVr h°&ghH$mar ]¢oH$J H$r H$_Omna`m± - ghH$mar ]¢oH$J H$r H$_Omna`m± - ghH$mar ]¢oH$J H$r H$_Omna`m± - ghH$mar ]¢oH$J H$r H$_Omna`m± - ghH$mar ]¢oH$J H$r H$_Omna`m± - ^maV _ß ghH$mar gmI AmßXmbZA[Zr ‡XrK© C[oÒWoV H$ ]mdOyX g_H$mbrZ J´m_rU odŒmr` gßÒWmZm H$gmW H$X_ o_bmH$a Zht Mb [m`m h°& Z Vm gXÒ`-MmobV C⁄_ ah [mEh° Z hr ¡`mXmVa _m_bmß _ß BZH$m ZV•Àd Òd ß H$m [eda, [maXer©, oOÂ_XmaAm°a oH´$`mÀ_H$ Í$[ g ‡^mdr gmo]V H$a [m`m h° & oZMb ÒVa H$r ]woZ`mXrH•$of gmI go_oV`m∞ H$_Oma ahr h°& Bg_ß g AoYH$mße AmH$ma _ß BVZrN>mQ>r hmVr h° oH$ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g H$m`©j_ Zht ah [mVr VWm ]S>r VmXmX _ßoZoÓH´$` Edß _aUmgfi h°&odo^fi A‹Y`Zmß H$ ¤mam gmI ghH$mnaVmAm ß H$ AgßVmfOZH$odo^fi A‹Y`Zmß H$ ¤mam gmI ghH$mnaVmAm ß H$ AgßVmfOZH$odo^fi A‹Y`Zmß H$ ¤mam gmI ghH$mnaVmAm ß H$ AgßVmfOZH$odo^fi A‹Y`Zmß H$ ¤mam gmI ghH$mnaVmAm ß H$ AgßVmfOZH$odo^fi A‹Y`Zmß H$ ¤mam gmI ghH$mnaVmAm ß H$ AgßVmfOZH$H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$ oZÂZ H$maU h°-H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$ oZÂZ H$maU h°-H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$ oZÂZ H$maU h°-H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$ oZÂZ H$maU h°-H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$ oZÂZ H$maU h°-1. A[`m©· ‡aUm VWm gXÒ`mß H$r gh^moJVm H$m oZÂZ ÒVa&2. OZVßÃrH$aU VWm [eda ‡]ßYZ H$r H$_r&3. am¡` gaH$ma Am°a ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$m Xmham oZ`ßÃU&4. AoYH$ H$_©Mmar VWm CÉ ‡]ßYZ bmJV&5. ]woZ`mXr H•$of gmI go_oV`mß [a Egr J°a-gmI JoVodoY`m∞ MbmZ

H$ obE X]md S>mbm OmVm h° Om H•$of jÃ H$ odH$mg g Zht OwS>r hmVrh°& \$bV: C›hß hmoZ CR>mZr [S>Vr h°&

ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm CXmarH$aU,oZOrH$aU VWm d°ÌdrH$aU H$ AmbmH$ _ß ghH$mnaVm H$m A[Zr ^yo_H$mH$m gmI VWm J°a-gmI gdmAmß H$ ¤mam J´m_rU Kam H$m ÒVa gwYmaZ [aH$ßo–V H$aZm hmJm VmoH$ J´m_rU AW©VßÃ H$ ‡mWo_H$, _m‹ò_H$ VWmghm`H$ jÃmß H$m C[b„Y H$amB© JB© gmI ]S> [°_mZ [a ÒdamOJma H$Adga C[b„Y H$amZ H$m _m‹`_ ]Z gH$ Am°a Bg Vah J´m_rU [nadmam _Ï`m· Jar]r [a ‡hma oH$`m Om gH$& oOZ MwZm°oV`mß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm h° d J´m_rU ]¢oHß$J H$ ¤mam g_J´J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _ß ^mJrXmar g gÂ]’ h°&amÓQ≠>r` odH$mg VWmgm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H$ obE J´m_rU odH$mg H$m A] gdm©oYH$ _mZZm hmJm&g_Ò`m H$db J´m_rU BbmH$m H$ odH$mg H$r Zht h° daZ≤ J´m_rU g_mOm H$odH$mg H$r h° VmoH$ AkmZVm VWm Òd[mfr ÒdÒW AmYwoZH$ bKw g_mOH$m oZ_m©U H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m _ß ghm`Vm H$r Om gH$& Bg ‡H$ma J´m_rUodH$mg H$m A] H$db gH$b amÓQ≠>r` Am` _ß d•o’ g Om∂S>H$a Zht XIm OmgH$Vm& gjß[ _ß gH$b amÓQ≠>r` CÀ[mX VWm ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` ]T>mZ _ß‡À`H$ J´m_rU [nadma H$m VH©$gßJV ohÒgm hmZm MmohE& _wª` C‘Ì`[wZoZ_m© m Am°a odH$mg H$aZ H$m hmZm MmohE VmoH$ CÀ[mXH$ [nagÂ[oŒm`mßAm°a l_ H$ Òdmo_Àd g hmZ dmbr Am` H$m H´$o_H$ Í$[ g AoYH$ g_Vm[yU©odVaU hm& `h AdYmaUm h_mam ‹`mZ CfiV Amdmg, odÌdgZr` VWm

gwb^ D$Om© Am[yoV©, mV`mV Am°a gßMma H$r g_woMV gwodYm g w∫$ H$m ©H$_J´m_rU ]oÒV`mß H$ oZ_m©U [a H$ßo–V H$aVr h°&ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r A[jmE± - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r A[jmE± - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r A[jmE± - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r A[jmE± - ghH$mar ]¢oHß$J H$r A[jmE± - ghH$mar ]¢H$m H$m dV©_mZ MwZm°oV`mß H$mgm_Zm H$aZ H$ obE A[Zr H$m`©e°br H$m ]XbZm hmJm Edß JwUdŒmm[yU©‡oVÒ[Ym©À_H$ H$m°eb hmogb H$aZm hmJm& AmdÌ`H$Vm ghH$mnaVmAmßam¡` gaH$mamß, Ama]rAmB©, Zm]mS©> VWm H$ß– gaH$ma H$ g_o›dV Edß gH$ßo–V‡`mg g g^r ÒVamß [a Ï`m[H$ Am°a gVV≤ gwYma AmaÂ^ H$aZ VWm C›hßH$m`©Í$[ _ß [naoUV H$aZ H$r h°& C›hß VÀH$mb A[Z H$m°eb, CÀ[mXH$VmEdß bm^ H$m ‡^modV H$aZ dmb _m_bmß H$m hb H$aZm hmJm VWm C›hßJoVerb gmI gßÒWmZ ]ZmZ Am°a J´m_rU J´mhH$mß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$‡oV gßdXZerb hVw odoeÓQ> AZweßgmE± H$aZr hmJr& Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© o]ßXwAmß[a gaH$ma Am°a Ama]rAmB© ¤mam VÀH$mb ‹`mZ oXE OmZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vmh°-1. AÎ[H$mbrZ Edß XrK©H$mbrZ XmZmß hr jÃmß _ß erf© ]¢H$mß g oZMb

ÒVa g bH$a g_woMV gmI gßaMZm H$ odH$mg _ß AJÚr ^yo_H$moZ^mZ H$r A[jm H$r OmVr h°&

2. ghH$mar ]¢H$mß _ß ‡oejU ‡Umbr C[b„Y h° VWmo[ CZH$m o_bmZdV©_mZ VWm ^mdr H$_©Mmar H$r OÍ$aVmß g em`X hr H$^r H$aZ H$m‡`mg oH$`m OmVm h°& ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ _ß H$m°eb Ao^d’©Z VWm`mΩ`Vm odH$mg H$m g_woMV Í$[ _ß emo_b oH$`m OmE& g_`-g_`[a H$_©Mmna`mß H$ H$m_ _ß [nadV©Z, H$m`©-gßd’©Z, VWm H$m`©-oZÓ[mXZ H$r [hMmZ XH$a CZH$m H$m_ H$r Ama ‡d•Œm aIZm ^rAoZdm`© h°&

3. dV©_mZ _ß H•$of gmI go_oV`mß VWm XrK©H$mobH$ gßaMZm H$m ]¢oHß$JodoZ`_Z AoYoZ`_ H$ jÃ g ]mha aIm J`m h°& H•$of Edß J´m_rUodH$mg ]¢H$mß H$m [yU© ]¢H$ H$ Í$[ _ß H$m`© H$aZ VWm J´m_rU ]MV H$mAZw_oV XZ g d _O]yV gßgmYZ AmYma V°`ma [mE±J Edß ]mharodŒmr` ghm`Vm [a oZ^©aVm H$_ H$a [m`ßJ& Bgg BZ ]¢H$mß H$m]¢oHß$J gwodYmE± C[b„Y H$amZ VWm A›` ]¢oHß$J Edß odŒmmr`gßÒWmZmß H$ gmW ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$aZ _ß _‘ o_bJr&

4. ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$m ÒdÒW ‡]ßYH$r` ‡Umbr A[ZmH$a Ï`mdgmo`H$gßJR>Zmß H$r Vah H$m_ H$aZm MmohE& ]mOma _ß A[Zr ohÒgXmar]∂T>>mZ H$ obE C›hß ^mdr AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$ AZw_mZ H$m ‹`mZ _ßaIZm MmohE&

5. Ï`m[ma H$r _mÃm ]∂T>mH$a Am°a A[Zr gdmE± ]hVa H$a ÒdÒW ]¢H$J´mhH$gÂ]›Ymß H$m odH$mg H$aZm ]¢H$mß H$ H$m`©H´$_ ]Z ahZ H$ obEAoZdm`© h°&

6. ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$m gßgmYZmß H$ ‡À`H$ ÛmV [a Hw$eb H$mf ‡]ßYZZroV VWm H$m`©odoY H$ ¤mam bm^ H$m AoYH$V_ H$aZ [a ‹`mZXZm MmohE&

7. gaH$ma H$m `h oZU©` H$aZm MmohE oH$ oH$gr ^r H$maU g F$U/„`mO H$m Z Vm _m\$ oH$`m OmEJm, Z hr ÒWoJV, Z hr „`mO Xa [ago„gS>r Xr OmEJr&

8. EH$ bmI Í$[` g AoYH$ H$ F$Umß H$ _m_b _ß ]H$m` H$r dgybr VOH$aZ H$ obE ghH$mar ]¢H$mß _ß ]H$m`m dgybr ‡moYH$aU H$m bmJyH$aZm MmohE&


oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- J´m_rU ghH$mnaVmAmß Z H•$of _ß AmÀ_oZ ©aVm ‡XmZ H$aZ VWmBg oZ`m©Vm›_wI ]ZmZ _ß ]hwV hr CÑIZr` `mJXmZ oH$`m h° hm±bmoH$H•$of C[O H$ bm^ J´m_rU Am]mXr H$ ]S> ohÒg VH$ Zht [hw±M gH$V&BgH$ Abmdm M∞yßoH$ ` gßÒWmE± J´m_rU BbmH$mß _ß gwJ_Vm[yd©H$ A[ZH$m`©gßMmbZ _ß JÂ^ra g_Ò`mE± Pb ahr h°, BgobE C›hß _m›`Vm ‡XmZH$aZ VWm o\$a g VmH$V ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° VmoH$ C›hß J´m_r m]¢oHß$J Edß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m ‡^mdembr C[H$aU ]Zm`m Om gH$&


1. S>m∞. _mWwa ]r. Eg. - ghH$mnaVm, gmohÀ` dZ [o„bH$eZ, AmJam &2. MVwdXr Zrb_K - ghH$mnaVm : odMma Am°a odõfU ,AO` ‡H$meZ

oga[wa,Yma&3. `mXd gw]h ogßh - ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J H$r AmYwoZH$ ‡d•oŒm`m± ,amdV

[o„bH$eZ, O`[wa - ZB©oXÑr &

4. S>m∞. d_m© gdob`m∞ o]hmar, S>m∞. [mR>H$ Eg. dr.,S>m∞. [m S>` [r. [r. -J´m_rU ]¢H$mß H$r ^yo_H$m, `yoZdog©Q>r [o„bH$eZ, ZB©oXÑr &

5. ^mJ©d M›–e - ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr, yoZdog©Q>r [o„bH$eZ, ZB©oXÑr &

[Ã - [oÃH$mE∞ -[Ã - [oÃH$mE∞ -[Ã - [oÃH$mE∞ -[Ã - [oÃH$mE∞ -[Ã - [oÃH$mE∞ -1. Hw$Í$jÃ [oÃH$m -gß[mXH$ -Hw$Í$jÃ Jm_rU jÃ Am°a amOJma _ßÃmb`

H•$of ^dZ, ZB©oXÑr &2. `mOZm [oÃH$m - 538 `mOZm ^dZ gßgX _mJ© ZB©oXÑr &3. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U,

g_mMma -[Ã -g_mMma -[Ã -g_mMma -[Ã -g_mMma -[Ã -g_mMma -[Ã -X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a , o]OZg ÒQ>›S>S©> , o]OZg ^mÒH$a &

d]gmB©Q> d]gmB©Q> d]gmB©Q> d]gmB©Q> d]gmB©Q> - www.24duniya.com www.nayaindia.com

*************


Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr© `mOZm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß ‡^md(AW©Ï`dÒWm Edß ]mahdt `mOZm H$ gßX © _ß)

S>m∞. ‡roV emh *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Xgdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm AdoY H$ Xm°amZ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ßß7.7 ‡oVeV ‡oVdf© H$r Xa g d•o’ hmZ H$ H$maU Ω`madht [ßMdfr©``mOZm H$r ewÍ$AmV ]hwV hr AZwHy$b [naoÒWoV`mß _ßß hwB© VWmo[ V] ^rXe _ßß ]∂S>r gßª`m _ßß bmJmß H$m [mfU, oejm Am°a ]woZ`mXr ÒdmÒœ` VWmOb[yoV© Am°a _b-oZH$m` Ï`dÒWm O°gr A›` gmd©OoZH$ gdmEß Om oH$EH$ A¿N> ahZ-ghZ H$r ]woZ`mXr OÍ$aVß _mZr OmVr h° C[b„Y Zht Wr&Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m C‘Ì` odH$mg H$m Am°a AoYH$ [yU©Vm H$r Ama ]∂T>mVhwE Am°a CgH$r JoV H$m VO H$aV hwE H$o_`mß H$m Xya H$aZm Wm& odH$mg H$mC‘Ì` mOZm AdoY H$ Xm°amZ 9 ‡oVeV ‡oVdf© H$r Am°gV d•o’ Xa ‡m·H$aZm Wm& mOZm _ßß H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg, oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, AmYma yVgßaMZm H$m odH$mg AmoX odf`mß [a H$B© aUZroV`mß ]ZmB© JB©& ‡ÒVwVemY [Ã Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr©` mOZmAmß H$ C‘Ì` ‡mo· _ßß jÃdma mJXmZEdß AmZ dmbr ]mYmAmß H$m AW©Ï`dÒWm d ]mahdt [ßMdfr© `mOZm [a[∂S>Z dmb ‡^mdmß Edß ZB© aUZroV`mß H$m A‹``Z H$aVm h°&C‘Ì` : C‘Ì` : C‘Ì` : C‘Ì` : C‘Ì` : ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã H$ _m‹`_ g h OmZZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h° oH$-1. `mOZm H$m b˙` H$r VwbZm _ßß ∑`m C[bo„Y ‡m· hwB© ?2. H$m°Z-gr ]mYmEß `mOZm H$r g\$bVm _ßß ]mYH$ ]Zr ?3. ]mahdt `mOZmAmß H$m ]ZmV g_` ]mYmAmß H$m Xya H$aZ H$m ‡`mgoH$`m J`m `m Zht&4. ]mahdt `mOZm _ßß ∑`m aUZroV A[ZmB© JB©&VmoH$ AmemVrV odH$mg d•o’ Xa H$m ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$&jÃdma `mOZm H$ b˙`/C[bo„Y -jÃdma `mOZm H$ b˙`/C[bo„Y -jÃdma `mOZm H$ b˙`/C[bo„Y -jÃdma `mOZm H$ b˙`/C[bo„Y -jÃdma `mOZm H$ b˙`/C[bo„Y -jÃjÃjÃjÃjÃ Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m b˙`Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m b˙`Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m b˙`Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m b˙`Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$m b˙` C[bo„YC[bo„YC[bo„YC[bo„YC[bo„YH•$of 4.0 3.7C⁄mJ 10.11 7.2gdmEß 9.11 9.7Or.S>r.[r. 9.0 8.0

g´mV - H$ß–r` gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b`

Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr© `mOZm _ßß AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m jÃH$r` odH$mg oZÓ[mXZ:df©df©df©df©df© H•$ofH•$ofH•$ofH•$ofH•$of C⁄mJC⁄mJC⁄mJC⁄mJC⁄mJ gdmEßgdmEßgdmEßgdmEßgdmEß Or.S>r.[r.Or.S>r.[r.Or.S>r.[r.Or.S>r.[r.Or.S>r.[r.2007-08 5.8 9.7 10.3 9.32008-09 0.1 4.4 10.0 6.72009-10 0.8 9.2 10.5 8.62010-11 7.9 9.2 9.8 9.32011-12 3.6 3.5 8.2 6.2

g´mV - H$ß–r` gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b``oX h_ BoVhmg H$r Ama ‹`mZ X Vm Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm

(2007-2012) H$m C‘Ì` 9.0 ‡oVeV Am°gV dmof©H$ odH$mg b˙` H$gmW, Xgdt mOZm _ßß ‡m· 7.6 ‡oVeV odH$mg Xa g H$m\$r AoYH$ Vrd´VWm g_mder odH$mg ‡m· H$aZm Wm& Ω`mahdt mOZm H$ Xm°amZ ‡W_ df©_ßß 9.3 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Xa ‡m· hwB© [aßVw odÌd odŒmr` gßH$Q> H$r dOh g2008-09 _ßß odH$mg Xa H$_ hmH$a 6.7 ‡oVeV hm JB©& ]mX _ßß df©2009-10 Edß 2010-11 H$ Xm°amZ [wZ: odH$mg Xa ]∂T>H$a 8.6 ‡oVeVd 9.3 ‡oVeV hm JB©& VÀ[ÌMmV df© 2011-12 _ßß odH$mg Xa KQ>H$a_mÃ 6.2 ‡oVeV hm JB© BgH$r dOh yam[ _ßß amOH$r` F$U gßH$Q>, 2011H$r d°oÌdH$ _ßXr, H$∂S>r _m°o–H$ ZroV Edß Am[yoV© [j O°gr H$B© ]mYmEßC[oÒWV Wr& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Hw$b o_bmH$a Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$ Xm°amZgH$b Kaby CÀ[mX (OrS>r[r) H$r Am°gV dmof©H$ Xa 8 ‡oVeV ‡m· hwB©Om h_ma b˙` H$r VwbZm _ßß H$_ Wr, [aßVw Xgdt `mOZm H$r C[bo„Y g]hVa Wr& AV: Ω`mahdt mOZm _ßß ‡m· odH$mg Xa H$m C∫$ g_Ò`mAmß H$H$maU gßVmfOZH$ H$hm Om gH$Vm h°&

Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$ Xm°amZ h_ H•$of, C⁄mJ Edß gdm jÃ H$ gß]ßY _ßß‡m· OrS>r[r d•o’ Xa [a ‹`mZ S>mb Vm H´$_e: 3.7 ‡oVeV, 7.2 ‡oVeV,9.7 ‡oVeV ‡m· hwB©& BZ jÃmß [a [•WH$-[•WH$ Í$[ g Jm°a H$a Vm gd©‡W_H•$of jÃ _ßß df© 2007-08 _ßß 5.8 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ‡m· H$r JB©, [aßVw2008-09 `h Xa H$m\$r oJa JB©& df© 2009-10, 2010-11 _ßß Xa _ßßd•o’ hwB© oOgH$m H$maU gm_m›` _mZgyZ Wm& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2011-12H$ Xm°amZ d•o’ _ßß [wZ: oJamdQ> AmB©& Bg oJamdQ> H$ Im⁄mfimß H$ CÀ[mXZH$r d•o’ _ßß oJamdQ> H$r —oÓQ> g ]Vm`m Om gH$Vm h°&

Bgr Vah df© 2009-10 Edß 2011-12 AdoY H$ Xm°amZAm°⁄moJH$ Am°a gmW hr gdm jÃH$ _ßß r _ßXr XIr JB©& Am°⁄moJH$ jÃ _ßß_ßXr _wª`V: IZZ Am°a CÀIfi Am°a odoZ_m©U jÃ _ßß d•o’ oZÓ[mXZ _ßß H$_rH$ H$maU Wr& `h oJaVr ‡d•oŒm d°oÌdH$ _ßXr H$ gVV ‡^md Am°a gmW hrKaby d•hX-AmoW©H$ ‡mßMbmß _ßß oJamdQ> H$m [nabojV H$aVr h°&

Ω`mahdt `mOZm H$ Xm°amZ gdm jÃ H$r Am°a ‹`mZ X Vm ‡W_ VrZdfm~ _ßß 10-10.5 ‡oVeV H$r aßO _ßß Xa AoYH$ g_mZ Í$[ Edß gVV Tß>J g

* 63/1 ]oZ`mdm∂S>r, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


Dß$Mr d•o’ Xa XIr JB©, VWmo[ gdm jÃ ^r d°oÌdH$ _ßXr g ANw>Vm Zhtahm& df© 2010-11 d df© 2011-12 _ßß Xa gmYmaU aht, BgH$m ‡_wIH$maU Ï`m[ma, hmQ>b, aÛm VWm [nadhZ, ßS>maU d gßMma _ßß oJamdQ> Wr&[aßVw Hw$b o_bmH$a OrS>r[r H$ odH$mg _ßß gdm jÃ H$m _hÀd[yU© `mJXmZahm&

C[am∫$ VmobH$mAmß g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZmAmß H$Xm°amZ h_ jÃdma oZYm©naV b˙` ‡m· Zht H$a [mE oOgH$ H$B© ‡_wIH$maU O°g df© 2008 d df© 2011 H$r d°oÌdH$ _ßXr, AoZò_V _mZgyZ,Im⁄mfi H$ CÀ[mXZ _ßß oJamdQ>, H$∂S>r _m°o–H$ ZroV AmoX W&]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g A[jmEß - ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g A[jmEß - ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g A[jmEß - ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g A[jmEß - ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g A[jmEß - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r_O]yVr Am°a gmW hr AmßVnaH$/]m¯ ]mYmAmß H$m r ÒdrH$maV hwE ]mahdt[ßMdfr© mOZm H$m C‘Ì` Vrd´, gßYmaUr` VWm AoYH$ g_mder odH$mg‡m· H$aZm h°& ]mahdt `mOZm g A[jm h° oH$ g_mder odH$mg H$[naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Jar]r H$ ^ma _ßß H$_r, ÒdÒW [naUm_mß _ßß Ï`m[H$ Am°a_hÀd[yU© gwYma, ]Émß H$ obE oejm H$r gd©gwb^Vm, oejm H$ gwYa ÒVa‡m· hmZm MmohE& gmW hr _OXyar amOJma Am°a AmOrodH$m XmZmß H$ obE]hVa Adgamß Am°a [mZr, o]Obr, g∂S>H$mß, Òd¿N>Vm Am°a AmdmgZ O°gr]woZ`mXr gwodYmAmß H$ ‡mdYmZ _ßß gwYma r [nabojV hmZm MmohE& mOZmH$m g\$b ]ZmZ hVw AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ g_W©ZH$mar ZroV`mß bmJy H$r OmE&]mahdt `mOZm H$ b˙` ‡m· hVw H$aZ hVw oH$E ‡`mg - ]mahdt `mOZm H$ b˙` ‡m· hVw H$aZ hVw oH$E ‡`mg - ]mahdt `mOZm H$ b˙` ‡m· hVw H$aZ hVw oH$E ‡`mg - ]mahdt `mOZm H$ b˙` ‡m· hVw H$aZ hVw oH$E ‡`mg - ]mahdt `mOZm H$ b˙` ‡m· hVw H$aZ hVw oH$E ‡`mg - ]mahdt`mOZm _ßß Or.S>r.[r. H$r d•o’ Xa hVw Xm ]woZ`mXr _ybmYma [a ‹`mZ oX`mOm ahm h°& (A) ]MV (]) oZde Xa

Bg ‡H$ma gaH$mar ]MVmß _ßß gwYma hVw H$m ©ZroV AoYH$ H$a OwQ>mZ damOÒd KmQ> H$ ÒVa H$m H$_ H$aZ H$r hmZr MmohE& mOZm _ßß g_J CÀ[mXH$VmH$m ]∂T>mZ [a ]b oX`m Om ahm h° oOgg CÉ CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ \$bÒdÍ$[l_ d [yßOr H$m AoYH$ Hw$ebVm H$ gmW C[`mJ hmJm d AW©Ï`dÒWm H$mCÉ odH$mg _mJ© [a bmZ H$ obE AoZdm © hmJm& ‡oVÒ[Ym© Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm

ÒVamß _ßß d•o’ Am°a AoYH$ ‡À`j oZde H$ _m‹`_ g hmJr& Bg ‡H$maamOH$mfr` KmQ>m H$_ hmZ H$ gmW AW©Ï`dÒWm _ßß Am°a AoYH$ d•o’ hmJroOgg ‡À`H$ jÃ _ßß CÀ[mXH$Vm _ßß gwYma hmJm&

`⁄o[ Or.S>r.[r d•o’ _ßß AmB© _ßXr H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE H$B© H$X_CR>mE JE CZ_ßß ]∂S>r oZde [na`mOZmAmß H$m JoV ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ obEoZde gß]ßYr _ßoÃ_ßS>b go_oV H$m JR>Z H$aZm, _ÎQ>r ]´mßS> naQ>b, [mdaE∑gMßO Am°a od_mZZ O°g jÃmß _ßß ‡À`j oZde H$m _ßOyar XZm, odŒmrÀm°a ]¢oHß$J jÃ H$m gw—∂T> H$aZm Am°a AdgßaMZm H$ odŒm [mfU H$m ]∂T>mdmXZm emo_b h°& Bgr ‡H$ma Hw$N> AdgßaMZm F$U oZoY`mß H$m ‡mÀgmohVH$aZ, AdgßaMZm H$[ßoZ`mß H$ obE CYma XZ _ßß ]∂T>mVar, Jm_rU AdgßaMZmodH$mg oZoY H$ g_yhmß H$m Cfi`Z, oZde Œmm ‡maß^ AmoX h°& Bgr ‡H$maH•$of jÃ _ßß \$gb H$ ododYrH$aU H$ H$m ©H´$_ ‡_wIV: Í$[ g emo_b h° OmVH$ZrH$r Zd‡dV©Z H$m ]∂T>mdm XJm& H´$oS>Q> JmaßQ>r oZoY ^r bKw H•$fH$H•$of H$mam]ma oZJ_ g•oOV H$r Om ahr h° oOgH$r ewÍ$AmVr gßJ´h amoe100 H$am∂S> Í$. H$r h° oOg_ßß g amÓQ≠>r` H•$of odH$mg `mOZm Am°a amÓQ≠>rÌm⁄ gwajm o_eZ BÀ`moX H$ obE AmdßQ>Z hmJm&

AV : C[am∫$ ‡`mgmß g ]mOma H$ [wZÍ$’ma AmdÌ`H$ Í$[ g hmJmAm°a ` odH$mg H$m EH$ ‡aUm ‡XmZ H$aßJ&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ^maVr` mOZm Am`mJ2. _.‡. mOZm Am`mJ3. gßXe [oÃH$m _.‡. emgZ4. ZdrZ emY gßgma (A›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY [oÃH$m) AmB©.Eg.Eg.EZ.

2320-8767.5. `mOZm [oÃH$m6. Hw$ÈjÃ

*************


Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›– [rW_[wa - EH$ A‹``Z(df© 2012 VH$ H$r oÒWoV H$ gß]ßY _|$)

S>m∞. ‡roV emh *

* 63/1 ]oZ`mdm∂S>r, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _‹`‡Xe H$r Am°⁄moJH$ oÒWoV H$m _O]yV AmYma eha[rW_[wa oObm Yma _ßß oÒWV h°& ]rV 10 dfm~ H$ Xm°amZ _‹`‡Xe H$mAm°⁄moJH$ [na—Ó` VOr g [nadoV©V hm ahm h°& _.‡. _ßß Or.Eg.S>r.[r. _ßßC⁄mJ H$m `mJXmZ 29 ‡oVeV ahm& gmW _ßß df© 2011-12 _ß C⁄mJodH$mg Xa 8 ‡oVeV ahr h°& Am°⁄moJH$ gwYma _ßß [rW_[wa jÃ H$m _hÀd[yU©`mJXmZ ahm h°&

Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›–mß H$r [hMmZ dhmß ÒWmo[V Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB`mßAm°a Am°⁄moJH$ CÀ[mXZ g Vm hmVr h°, [aßVw [rW_[wa Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mgH$›– A[Z gßaojV [`m©daU H$ H$maU A[Zr EH$ AbJ [hMmZ aIVm h°&gmW hr C⁄mJmß H$m odH$ogV H$aZ hVw AmdÌ`H$ AmYma^yV gwodYmEß Cg_O]yV Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›– ]ZmVr h°&h_Z `hmß [a df© 2012 VH$ [rW_[wa jÃ H$m EH$ _O]yV Am°⁄moJH$odH$mg H$›– ]ZmZ hVw gaH$ma ¤mam ‡m· AmYma^yV gwodYmAmß H$mA‹``Z oH$`m h° VWm `h ^r OmZZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h° oH$ -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -1. [rW_[wa jÃ H$r dV©_mZ Am°⁄moJH$ oÒWoV ∑`m h°&2. C⁄mJmß g ‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoV H$m OmZZm&3. H$m`©aV C⁄mJmß H$m A‹``Z Edß [yßOr oZde oÒWoV H$m AmH$bZ

H$aZm&4. gaH$ma ¤mam odH$mg H$ß– ]ZmZ hVw H$m°Z-H$m°Z gr AmYma yV gwodYmEß

‡XmZ H$r JB© h°&jÃ d gr_m - jÃ d gr_m - jÃ d gr_m - jÃ d gr_m - jÃ d gr_m - ‡ÒVwV emY Yma oOb H$ [rW_[wa Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mgH$›– H$ A‹``Z [a AmYmnaV h° Edß ‡ÒVwV emY _ßß AmßH$∂S> df© 2012 VH$H$r AdoY g gß]ßoYV h°&emY [’oV - emY [’oV - emY [’oV - emY [’oV - emY [’oV - ‡ÒVwV emY o¤Vr`H$ gß_H$m [a AmYmnaV h°& gßJ´hU hVw[Ã-[oÃH$mAmß VWm BßQ>aZQ> g ‡m· gyMZmAmß H$m gßJóhV oH$`m J`m h°&[`m©daU gßajU hVw - [`m©daU gßajU hVw - [`m©daU gßajU hVw - [`m©daU gßajU hVw - [`m©daU gßajU hVw - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›– _ßß [`m©daU gßajUhVw 62 hOma d•jmß H$m am[U oH$`m J`m& Bg_ßß g 37 hOma d•j Am°⁄moJH$odH$mg oZJ_ BßXm°a Z Am°a 25 hOma d•j [rW_[wa _ßß ÒWmo[V Am°⁄moJH$BH$mB`mß Z bJmE&`mVm`mV gwodYmEß - `mVm`mV gwodYmEß - `mVm`mV gwodYmEß - `mVm`mV gwodYmEß - `mVm`mV gwodYmEß - `h odH$mg H$›– _hy-Zr_M amO_mJ© [a BßXm°a gbJ^J 25 oH$bm_rQ>a H$r Xyar [a oÒWV h°& BßXm°a eha H$ _m‹`_ g g∂S>H$,ab Edß dm`w _mJ© g Xe H$ ‡_wI ÒWmZmß g Ow∂S>m hwAm h°& gß[yU© jÃ _ßßbJ^J 70 oH$bm_rQ>a g∂S>H$mß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& gaH$ma ¤mamgaH$ma ¤mamgaH$ma ¤mamgaH$ma ¤mamgaH$ma ¤mam[rW_[wa jÃ H$m ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z - [rW_[wa jÃ H$m ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z - [rW_[wa jÃ H$m ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z - [rW_[wa jÃ H$m ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z - [rW_[wa jÃ H$m ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z - _.‡. Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg oZJ_ BßXm°aH$m Yma oOb H$ [rW_[wa jÃ _ßß Am°⁄moJH$ jÃ H$ odH$mg hVw Hw$b 1876.28

h∑Q>à H$r ^yo_ C[b„Y H$admB© JB©& oOg_ßß 546.884 h∑Q>à ^yo_emgH$r` h° Am°a 1413.396 h∑Q>à ^yo_ oZOr h°& [rW_[wa Am°⁄moJH$jÃ VrZ g∑Q>amß _ßß od^∫$ h°& Bgr ‡H$ma [rW_[wa H$r Hw$b C[b„Y1876.28 h∑Q>à ^yo_ _ßß g 1361.40 h∑Q>à ^yo_ AmdßQ>Z `mΩ` h°VWm 588.29 h∑Q>à ^yo_ g∂S>H$, d•jmam[U VWm A›` gwodYmAmß hVwAmaojV h°&[rW_[wa jÃ _ß ß H$m`©aV BH$mB`m ß ß/oZdf/‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoV[rW_[wa jÃ _ß ß H$m`©aV BH$mB`m ß ß/oZdf/‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoV[rW_[wa jÃ _ß ß H$m`©aV BH$mB`m ß ß/oZdf/‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoV[rW_[wa jÃ _ß ß H$m`©aV BH$mB`m ß ß/oZdf/‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoV[rW_[wa jÃ _ß ß H$m`©aV BH$mB`m ß ß/oZdf/‡m· amOJma H$r oÒWoVBH$mB©`mßBH$mB©`mßBH$mB©`mßBH$mB©`mßBH$mB©`mß gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m oZdeoZdeoZdeoZdeoZde ‡m· amOJma‡m· amOJma‡m· amOJma‡m· amOJma‡m· amOJmad•hX d _‹`_ 146 97 Aa] 48 H$am∂S> È[E 26,390bKw BH$mB© mß 571 45 Aa] 46 H$am∂S> È[E 16,862

dV©_mZ _ßß Hw$b 717 BH$mB`mß [rW_[wa jÃ _ßß H$m`©aV h°& oOg_ß 1Ia] 42 Aa] 94 H$am∂S> È[E g AoYH$ H$m oZde oH$`m OmH$a 43 hOma252 ZmJnaH$mß H$m ‡À`j Í$[ g amOJma ‡m· hmZ H$ gmW hr hOmamßZmJnaH$mß H$m A‡À`j amOJma ^r ‡m· hwAm h°&Òd¿N>Vm gß]ßYr gwodYmEß - Òd¿N>Vm gß]ßYr gwodYmEß - Òd¿N>Vm gß]ßYr gwodYmEß - Òd¿N>Vm gß]ßYr gwodYmEß - Òd¿N>Vm gß]ßYr gwodYmEß - [rW_[wa jÃ _ßß Òd¿N>Vm [a ‹`mZ XV hwEbJ^J 43.5 oH$._r. [∏$r Zmob`mß VWm bJ^J 61 oH$._r. H$Ér Zmob`mßH$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m&od⁄wV gwodYmEß - od⁄wV gwodYmEß - od⁄wV gwodYmEß - od⁄wV gwodYmEß - od⁄wV gwodYmEß - [rW_[wa _ßß od⁄wV _ßS>b ¤mam [`m©· gßª`m _ßß od⁄wVC[H$›–mß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& oOgg Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB`mß H$ gmW-gmWAm_ ZmJnaH$mß H$m ^r [`m©· od⁄wV ‡Xm` H$r Om ahr h°& Am°⁄moJH$jÃdmog`mß H$m g∂S>H$mß [a ]hVa AmdmJ_Z H$m ‹`mZ _ßß aIV hwE ‡H$meÏ`dÒWm H$r Am°a ^r Am°⁄moJH$ jÃ _ßß odef ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°& df©2012 VH$ 68 oH$._r. _mJ© [a ÒQ≠>rQ> bmBQ> bJmB© JB© h°& Bgr ‡H$maoZdmog`mß H$r gwodYmAmß hVw _hy-Zr_M _mJ© [a Am°⁄moJH$ H$›– odH$mgoZJ_ BßXm°a ¤mam AoVna∫$ ÒQ≠>rQ> bmBQ> ^r bJmB© JB©&Ob gwodYmEß - Ob gwodYmEß - Ob gwodYmEß - Ob gwodYmEß - Ob gwodYmEß - Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB`mß Edß ahdmog`mß hVw Ob gwodYmEß‡Xm` H$aZ H$ obE hmß gßO` Obme` [na`mOZm H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`mh° VWm Ob ewo’H$aU hVw Ob emYZ `ßÃ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& Ob‡Xm` hVw 50 oH$._r. Ob odVaU bmBZ o]N>mB© JB©& 83 ZbHy$[mß H$mIZZ oH$`m J`m& Bgr ‡H$ma Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB`mß H$m Ob ‡XmZ H$aZ H$obE H$ma_ Obme` [na`mOZm ]ZmH$a Ob emYZ gß ßÃ ÒWmo[V H$a ObodVaU hVw 70 oH$._r. bÂ]r Ob odVa m bmBZ o]N>mB© JB©©&e°joUH$ d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmEß - e°joUH$ d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmEß - e°joUH$ d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmEß - e°joUH$ d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmEß - e°joUH$ d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmEß - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$g H$›– ¤mam oZdmog`mßH$ ]Émß H$m e°joUH$ gwodYm H$m ‹`mZ aIV hwE CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`ÒWmo[V oH$E JE& ÒdmÒœ` gwodYm hVw 30 o]ÒVamß H$m AÒ[Vmb r ÒWmo[VoH$`m J`m&


gßMma gwodYmEß - gßMma gwodYmEß - gßMma gwodYmEß - gßMma gwodYmEß - gßMma gwodYmEß - [rW_[wa _ßß hr 1600 bmBZmß dmb AÀ`mYwoZH$Bb∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ E∑gMßOmß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& oOg_ßß Eg.Q>r.S>r., AmB©.Eg.S>r.Edß \°$∑g O°gr gwodYmEß C[b„Y h¢&Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmEß - Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmEß - Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmEß - Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmEß - Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmEß - Am`mV-oZ`m©V gwodYmAmß hVw Hß$Q>ZaH$m[maeZ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m H$m BßΩb¢S> Hß$Q>Za oS>[m H$r ÒWm[Zm hVw _.‡.Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg oZJ_ ¤mam na`m`Vr Xamß [a yo_ C[b„Y H$admB© JB©&A›` gwodYmEß - A›` gwodYmEß - A›` gwodYmEß - A›` gwodYmEß - A›` gwodYmEß - Aoæe_Z dmhZ, ÀdnaV AmJ_Z hVw (BßXm°a-[rW_[wa) B›]ÒQ≠>∑Ma broOßJ Edß \$mBZZoe`b god©g _wÂ]B© H$ _m‹`_g 12 oH$._r. _mJ© oZ_m©U, Am°⁄moJH$ BH$mB`mß _ßß H$m ©aV lo_H$mß, H$_©Mmna`mßEdß ‡]ßYH$r` dJ© hVw Amdmgr` Ï`dÒWm H$r JB©&

Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg jÃ H$ oZdmog`mß H$r X°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r[yoV© hVw [rW_[wa g∑Q>a VrZ _ßß dmoUo¡`H$ [naga ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m h°&Bg [naga _ßß 8-10 \w$Q> gmBO H$r yo_ XwH$mZmß H$r ÒWm[Zm hVw na`m`VrXamß [a ÒWmZr` bmJmß H$m Xr JB© h°& [naga H$r ÒWm[Zm g Ohmß EH$ AmaAoZ`ßoÃV AoVH´$_U [a amH$ bJr h°, dht Am_ oZdmog`mß Edß lo_H$mß H$rX°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© ÒWmZr` Í$[ g hm gH$r h°&

C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - C[gßhma - [rW_[wa _ßß AYmgßaMZm Hw$eb Edß AHw$eb _mZd gßgmYZ,C⁄mJmß H$ obE ^yo_ H$r C[b„YVm, na`b ogßJ_ od S>m ‡Umbr, [`m©·Ob, oZaßVa od⁄wV Am[yoV© Am°a CŒm_ H$mZyZ Ï`dÒWm O°g g^r ghm`H$H$maH$ h°, Om a[ya Am°⁄moJH$rH$aU H$r gß mdZmAmß g gd©Wm AZwHy$b h°&C[am∫$ gwodYmEß oZdeH$mß H$m C⁄mJ ÒWmo[V hVw AmH$of©V H$aJr&[naUmÒdÍ$[ odÓ` _ßß [rW_[wa gdm©oYH$ _O]yV Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$›–H$ Í$[ _ßß C^aH$a AmEJm&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. _‹`‡Xe gßXe2. _.‡. Am°⁄moJH$ H$ß– odH$mg oZJ_ (BßXm°a) ob. d]gmBQ>3. amOJma oZ_m©U4. ZdrZ emY gßgma (A›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY [oÃH$m) AmB©.Eg.Eg.EZ.

2320-8767.5. `mOZm [oÃH$m6. Hw$ÈjÃ7. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a

*************


S>m∞. dr. H$. O°Z *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Xe _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r O∂S> BVZr Jhar Am°a Ï`m[H$ hm MwH$r h°oH$ H$db ‡emgoZH$ gwYmamß g Zht ]oÎH$ Ï`m[H$ amOZroVH$ Xbmß H$‡OmVmßoÃH$aU g gß^d h°, hmbmoH$ dV©_mZ [na[˙` _ß Xe _ß ^´ÓQ>mMmaImgH$a gßÒWmoZH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ oIbm\$ EH$ Ï`m[H$ OZMVZm oXImB©[∂S> ahr h°& ^´ÓQ>mMma Ë ^´ÓQ>mMma Ë ^´ÓQ>mMma Ë ^´ÓQ>mMma Ë ^´ÓQ>mMma Ë (EH$moYH$ma + oddH$moYH$ma) - ( Odm]Xhr +(EH$moYH$ma + oddH$moYH$ma) - ( Odm]Xhr +(EH$moYH$ma + oddH$moYH$ma) - ( Odm]Xhr +(EH$moYH$ma + oddH$moYH$ma) - ( Odm]Xhr +(EH$moYH$ma + oddH$moYH$ma) - ( Odm]Xhr +

B©_mZXmar + [maXof©Vm )B©_mZXmar + [maXof©Vm )B©_mZXmar + [maXof©Vm )B©_mZXmar + [maXof©Vm )B©_mZXmar + [maXof©Vm )^´ÓQ>mMma _ß oZÂZmßoH$V _m_b emo_b h°l oZ`_mß, oZ`_Zmß ,ZroV`mß Edß H$mZyZ H$m A^mdl H$_Oma ‡dV©Z ‡Umbrl oZJamZr H$r H$_Oma ‡Umbrl Odm]Xhr H$m A^mdl [maXoe©Vm H$m A^mdl ‡Umbr H$ oZ`ßÃU H$m A^mdl B©_mZXmar H$m A^mdl EH$moYH$mal AÀòYH$ oddH$moYH$mal A[amY AZwgßYmZ H$r oZÂZ Xa

´ÓQ>mMma yVH$mb H$r XZ h° _mZd g_mO _ß h oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _ßod⁄_mZ ahm h°, H$m°oQ>Î` Z A[Z ‡og¤ J›W AW©emÛ _ß ^ÓQ>mMma H$ododY Í$[mß H$m dU©Z oH$`m Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ CgH$ H$mb _ß r ÓQ>mMma _m°OXy Wm&^´ÓQ>mMma H$m AW©^´ÓQ>mMma H$m AW©^´ÓQ>mMma H$m AW©^´ÓQ>mMma H$m AW©^´ÓQ>mMma H$m AW©- gm_m›` AWm _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oH$gr AoYH$mar H$ ¤mamA[Z [X oÒWoV `m gßgmYZm H$m Ïò∫$JV CfioV H$ obE ‡À`j `mA‡À`j Tß>J g B¿N>mZwÍ$[ Am°a odMma[yd©H$ oH$`m J`m emfU h°&

^maVr` X S> gßohVm H$ AZwgma H$mB© Ïò∫$ Om gaH$mar H$_©Mmar h°`m Egm ]ZZ H$m ‡À`mer òX oH$gr Ïò∫$ g d°Y dVZ H$ AoVna∫$ ,oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ ‡oV H$mB© [j[mV `m H$mB© hmoZ H$aZ, `m oH$gr gaH$marH$m`© H$m H$aZ `m Z H$aZ `m H$›–r` AWdm oH$gr am¡` gaH$ma AWdmgßgX m oH$gr am¡` odYmZ _ S>b m oH$gr gaH$mar AoYH$mar g oH$grXyga Ïò∫$ H$ obE H$mB© gdm m hmoZ H$aZ hVw oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m H$mB© bm^‡m· H$aVm h° Vm dh Ïò∫$ VrZ dfm VH$ H$ H$mamdmg H$m m Ow_m©Zm AWdmXmZm g Xo S>V oH$`m OmEJm&^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ H$maU -1. EoVhmogH$ yV[yd© emgH$ g^r CÉ [Xm H$m A[Z ZmJnaH$m H$ obE

gwaojV aIV W O]oH$ oZÂZ [X AYrZ ZmJnaH$m H$ obE aI OmV W&

Ï`m[H$ ^ÓQ>mMma H$m bmH$[mb g oZXmZ - EH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡) ^maV

2. AZmdÌ`H$ AmdÌ`H$VmE± CÉ hmZm - O] Ïò∫$ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm[`m©· g ]T>H$a AZmdÌ`H$ ]∂T> OmVr h° O]oH$ d AmdÌ`H$VmCgH$ obE AoZdm`© Zht h°& O°g - JßO H$m Hß$Kr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm_hgyg hmZm Am°a O] AZmdÌ`H$ B¿N>mE± ]T>Vr h° Vm CgH$r gßVwoÓQ>H$aZ H$ obE EH$ gmYZ _w–m h° Am°a CgH$r _w–m _m±J ]T> OmVr h° oOgdh Z-H$Z ‡m· H$aZm MmhVm h° Am°a ^ÓQ>mMma H$r Ama C›_wI hmOmVm h°&

3. g_mO emÛr` - g_mO oX YZ ¤mam Xdr XdVmAm H$m ‡gfi H$agH$Vm h° Vm ogodb H$_©Mmar H$m ∑`m| Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

4. oH´$`modoYH$ ‡Umbr - Xmf[yU© oH´$`modoYH$ ‡Umbr Edß ‡^mdhrZ^´ÓQ>mMma odamYr H$mZyZ abd ^´ÓQ>mMma Om±M go_oV Z oZ`_mß EdßodoZ`_mß _ß CZ Xmfmß H$r Ama ‹`mZ AmH$of©V oH$`m oOZg ´ÓQ>mMmaCÀ[fi hmVm h°&

5. ZmJnaH$ MVZm H$m A^md - ^maV Xe _ß OZ MVZm H$m AmO ^rA^md h° Am°a O] VH$ MVZm OmJ´V Zht hm JB© V] VH$ ´ÓQ>mMma _ßMbVm ahJm&

6. amOZ°oVH$ - maV H$db H$›–r` Edß am¡`mß H$ _ßÃr hr Zhr Ao[Vw A›ÒZ‡oVoZoY ^r H$_©Mmna`mß [a JbV H$m_ H$ obE X]md S>mbV h°

7. Ï`m[mnaH$ dJm H$m Agh`mJ-8. bmb \$rVmemhr - maV _ß gaH$mar H$m © ‡Umbr OoQ>b Edß [MrXJr

[yU© h° oZ`_mß Am°a H$mZyZ H$m`Xmß H$m BVZm ^mar Omb \°$bm hwAm h°oH$ erK´Vm Am°a AmgmZr g H$m_ hm hr Zht [mVm h°&

9. gr.]r.AmB© Am°a A›` Jw· EOßog`mß H$r ‡^mdembr yo_H$m H$m A^md10. g_mO _ß ]∂T>>Vm YZ H$m ‡^md11. gOJ ‡g H$m A^md AmoX12. `mamZm [wßOrdmX (naÌVXmam, MhVm Am°a H$ar]r`mß H$ N>mQ> g_yh H$m

d°Y Ad°Y VarH$m g bm^ [hw∞MmZ dmbm [wßOrdmX) H$m MbZ^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$ C[m` -^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$ C[m` -^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$ C[m` -^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$ C[m` -^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$ C[m` -1. bmH$_V V°`ma H$aZm- ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ odÍ$’ bmH$_V V°`ma oH$`m

OmZm MmohE& 2. MwZmdm _ Am°a gwYma bmZm - Egm gwYma hm oH$ MwZmd _ß H$_ g H$_

Ï`` hm& 3. H$R>ma X S> H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZm - ^´ÓQ>mMma _ß ob· Ïò∫$`m H$ obE

H$R>ma X S> H$m ‡mdYmZ hmZm MmohE VmoH$ A›` ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ ]ma _ßgmM ^r Zht &


4. OZgdH$m H$ obE AmMma gßohVm H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm- AmMma gßohVmH$m H$R>maVm g [mbZ ^rH$admZm h°&

5. oZ`wo∫$ Edß dVZ Ï`dÒWm _ß gwYma H$aZm- gaH$mar gdm _ß oZ`wo∫$`mΩ`Vm H$ AmYma [a hmZr MmohE&

6. gV©H$Vm Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - maV _ß H$›–r` gV©H$Vm Am`mJ Am°aCgH$r ghm`Vm H$ obE H$›–r` Om±M „`yam H$m ´ÓQ> AoYH$mna`m H$H$m`m H$r Om±M H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma h° H$db A[Zr na[mQ©> J•h_ßÃmb`H$m XV h°&

7. gwMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$m bmJy hmZm&8. bmH$gdm JmßaQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2011 H$m bmJy H$aZm&9. bmH$[mb Edß bmH$m`w∫$ H$r oZ`w∫$rbmH$[mb - bmH$[mb - bmH$[mb - bmH$[mb - bmH$[mb - gZ≤ 1966 _ß ‡emgoZH$ gwYma Am`mJ Z OZVm H$r oeH$m`VmEdß ÓQ>mMma H$ ]T>Vß hwE H$X_mß H$m amH$Z H$ obE H$›–r` gaH$ma Z bmH$[mbd bmH$m w∫$ H$r gßÒWmAmß H$m ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$r og\$mnae H$r Wr ß bmH$[mbodY H$ 1971 _ß aIm J`m oOg_ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr H$m N>mS>H$a ef H$ obE Om±MH$m ‡mdYmZ aIm J`m [a›Vw odY H$ [a H$mB© oZU© Zht hwAm& 1977 _ß r`h odY H$ AoYoZ`_ H$m Í$[ Zhr bß gH$m CgH$ [ÌMmV 1985, 1989 ,1996 , 1998 [a›Vw AoYoZ`_ Zht ]Z gH$m&bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998-bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998-bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998-bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998-bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998- 3 AJÒV 1998 H$m ‡YmZ_ßÃr AQ>bo]hmar dmO[`r Z ]hwMoM©V bmH$[mb odY`H$ H$m bmH$g^m _ß ‡ÒVwVoH$`m `h odY`H$ ^r gßgX H$ ^ßJ hmZ H$ H$maU [mnaV Zht hm gH$m &

Bg odY H$ H$ AZwgma bmH$[mb gßª`m oÃgXÒ`r hmJr oOg_ß A‹`jH$ AoVna∫$ Xm A›` gXÒ` hmJ& gdmÉ ›`m`mb` H$ gdmaV _wª`›`m`mYre H$m hr bmH$[mb gßÒWm H$m A‹`j ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h° O]oH$gXÒ` H$ Í$[ _ß gdmÉ ›`m`mb` H$ ›`m`mYre H$m oZ w∫$ oH$`m Om gH$Jm&BZH$m H$m ©H$mb 3 df© H$m hmJm VWm 70 df© H$r Am w VH$ [X [a ahßJß&jÃmoYH$ma - jÃmoYH$ma - jÃmoYH$ma - jÃmoYH$ma - jÃmoYH$ma - bmH$[mb am¡` gaH$ma `m H$›–r` gaH$ma H$ oH$gr _ßÃr`m goMd ¤mam m CgH$r ÒdrH•$oV g oH$ JE ‡emgH$r` H$m © H$ odÍ$’oH$gr Eg Ïò∫$ ¤mam oOg Cg H$m`© g H$mB© hmoZ hwB© h° oH$ oeH$m`V H$rOm±M [∂S>>Vmb H$a gH$Vm h°&bmH$[mb Egr oeH$m`Vm H$r Om±M Zht H$a gH$Vm Om oZÂZ h°1. oOZH$m gß]ßY H$›–r` gaH$ma VWm oH$gr odXer gaH$ma `m

A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gßJR>Z H$ ]rM gÂ]ßYm H$ H$m`© g gß]ßoYV h°&2. ‡À`[©U H$mZyZ3. am¡` H$r gwajm g gß]ßoYV odf`4. bmH$ H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gdm g gß]ßoYV odf`5. C[moY`mß Edß _mZ [Ã XZ g gß]ßoYV6. Ï`m[mnaH$ ‡H•$oV H$ odfòH´$`m odoY - oH´$`m odoY - oH´$`m odoY - oH´$`m odoY - oH´$`m odoY - H$ÓQ> H$ ]ma _ß oeH$m`V [roS>V Ïò∫$ ¤mam H$r OmZrMmohE& òX [roS>V Ïò∫$ H$r _•À`w hm JB© h Vm odoY H$ AZwgma CgH$mAoYH•$V Ïò∫$ H$a gH$Vm h°&

oH$gr Om±M H$m AmaÂ^ H$aZ g [yd© bmH$[mb oeH$m`V H$r ‡oVob[rgß]ßoYV AoYH$mar H$m ÔVm h° VmoH$ dh Bg [a A[Zm Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU XgH$ Om±M [S>Vmb g_m· hmZ H$ ]mX dh gß]ßoYV AoYH$mar H$ ]ma _ß gj_AoYH$mar H$m A[Zr na[mQ©> ÔVm h°&bmH$m`w∫$ -bmH$m`w∫$ -bmH$m`w∫$ -bmH$m`w∫$ -bmH$m`w∫$ - bmH$m[mb H$ [am_e© g amÓQ≠>[oV EH$ `m AoYH$ bmH$m`w∫$oZ`w∫$ H$a gH$Vm bmH$m`w∫$ bmH$[mb _ß ‡emgH$r` oZ`ßÃU H$ AYrZ

hmJm Omß Cg H$m`© H$m erK´ oZ[Q>mZ H$ obE oZXe Ô gH$Vm h° [a›VwbmH$[mb bmH$m`w∫$ ¤mam [hw±M JE oH$gr Vœ`, oZÓH$f© `m og\$mnae [aH$mB© Am[oV Zht CR>m gH$Vm h°& bmH$[mb odY`H$ 1998 EH$ ‡H$ma H$mo]Zm Xm±Vm dmbm ea o]Zm Xm±Vm dmbm ea o]Zm Xm±Vm dmbm ea o]Zm Xm±Vm dmbm ea o]Zm Xm±Vm dmbm ea h¢&bmH$m[mb odY`H$ 2001 - bmH$m[mb odY`H$ 2001 - bmH$m[mb odY`H$ 2001 - bmH$m[mb odY`H$ 2001 - bmH$m[mb odY`H$ 2001 - bmH$g^m _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m `h AmR>dmßodY`H$ h° Bg odY`H$ H$r _wª` odefVm `h ahr h oH$ bmH$[mb ÒdVßÃÍ$[ g H$m`© H$a gH$ Am°a A[Z Xmo`Àdmß H$m oZdm©h o]Zm oH$gr ^` Am°a[j[mV g H$aZ _ß g_W© hm gH$-bmH$[mb odY`H$ 2001 H$r odefVmE± - bmH$[mb odY`H$ 2001 H$r odefVmE± - bmH$[mb odY`H$ 2001 H$r odefVmE± - bmH$[mb odY`H$ 2001 H$r odefVmE± - bmH$[mb odY`H$ 2001 H$r odefVmE± - 14 AJÒV 2001 H$m Z`mbmH$[mb odY`H$ bmH$g^m _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m Wm `h AmR>dt ]ma‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° BgH$r oZÂZ odefVm h°-1. JR>Z - JR>Z - JR>Z - JR>Z - JR>Z - bmH$[mb oÃgXÒ`r` hmJm oOg_ß A‹`j H$ Abmdm Xm

gXÒ` hmJ Om CÉV_ ›`m`mb` H$ gdmaV m [yd© _wª` ›`m`mYre`m ›`m`mYre H$m oZ`w∫$ oH$`m Om`Jm&

2. oZ`wo∫$ - oZ`wo∫$ - oZ`wo∫$ - oZ`wo∫$ - oZ`wo∫$ - odY H$ H$ AZwgma bmH$[mb H$r oZ wo∫$ gmV gXÒ`r`M`Z go_oV H$r AZweßgm H$ AmYma [a amÓQ≠>[oV ¤mam H$r Om`Jrgo_oV H$ A‹`j C[amÓQ≠>[oV hmßJ VWm 6 gXÒ` _ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr ,bmH$g^m A‹`j ,J•h_ßÃr , gßgX H$ Cg gXZ H$ ZVm oOg_ß‡YmZ_ßÃr Z hm , bmH$g^m Edß am¡`g^m H$ od[j H$ ZVm hmßJ&

3. H$m`©H$mb-H$m`©H$mb-H$m`©H$mb-H$m`©H$mb-H$m`©H$mb- bmH$[mb H$ A‹`j Edß gXÒ`mß H$m H$m ©H$mb VrZ df©`m 70 df© H$r Am w VH$ hmJm [a›Vw XwÏ ©dhma m Aj_Vm og¤ hmZ[a bmH$[mb H$ A‹`j `m oH$gr gXÒ` H$m amÓQ≠>[oV ¤mam CgH$[X g hQ>m`m Om gH$Jm&

4. jÃmoYH$ma-jÃmoYH$ma-jÃmoYH$ma-jÃmoYH$ma-jÃmoYH$ma-_ßÃr [nafX H$ g^r gXÒ`m,gmßgXm d gaH$marH$_©Mmoa`mß H$ gmW-gmW ‡YmZ_ßÃr H$m ^r bmH$[mb H$r Om±M H$Xmà _ß aIm J`m h°&[a›Vw CÉV_ ›`m`mb` H$ ›`m`mYremß Edß oZdm©MZ Am`w∫$m AmoX

[XmoYH$mna`m H$m Bgg ]mha aIm J`m h°& oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©- bmH$[mb d bmH$m`w∫$- AH$b ^´ÓQ>mMma Xya Zht H$a gH$V h°`h H$db EH$ gmYZ h° h_ß AÎ[H$mbrZ ∂T>J H$ gmW-gmW XrK©H$mbrZC[m`mß [a ^r Ï`dÒWm H$aZr hmJr, h_ma —oÓQ>H$mU ]XbZ hmJ, [X Edß‡^wVm H$m [naMm`H$ ZroO gÂ[oŒm Zht hmZr MmohE BgH$ AoVna∫$amOZ°oVH$ ÒVa [a Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma Om H$_©Mmna`mß _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m ‡_wIH$maU h°, H$m Xya H$aZm AoVAmdÌ`H$ h°

gßj[ _ß ´ÓQ>mMma maV _ß H$ßga H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a MwH$m h° oX g_àhV BgH$m C[Mma Zhr oH$`m J`m Vm ^maV H$r g_yMr Ï`dÒWmamOZ°oVH$,AmoW©H$,gm_moOH$ Edß ‡emoZH$ oN>fi-o^fi hmH$a AamOH$Vm_ß ]Xb Om Jr& bmH$[mb odY H$ H$m oH$`mo›dV H$aZ dmb bmJ B©_mZXmahmZ MmohE& A›`Wm ´ÓQ>mMma H$m ´ÓQ>mMma XH$a Am°a ]∂T>mdm oX`m Om Jm&^maV _ß bmH$VßÃ H$ g\$b gMmbßZ H$ obE ´ÓQ≠>mMma _w∫$ maV V^r gß dh° O] bmH$[mb odY`H$ [maXer© ah&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. bmH$‡emgZ H$ og¤mV-odÓUw ^JdmZ odYm ^yfU &2. ^maVr` gaH$ma Edß amOZroV oÃdXr,am` &3. ^maV _ß bmH$ ‡emgZ-Xw] Edß e_m© &4. ZdrZ emY gßgma A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` OZ©b, OZdar g _mM© 2014 &5. amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m H$ AßH$ &


d°oXH$ oejm H$ gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ AmXe© Edß _yÎ`(^maVr` gßX © _|$)

S>m∞. pdÂ_r ]hb * S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr * *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ dX gÂ[yU© _mZd OmnV H$ nbE AmXe© gßnhVm h°& dX _›Ã (_ßÃ) B©Ìda H$r [ndÃ dmUr h°& nOg_ß _mZd H$m gdm©nYH$ g_mnOH$H$Î`mU hm gmW hr AH$Î`mU H$mar _mJ© g nZd•nV H$r ‡aUm Xr JB© h°& gßj[ _ß dXm _ gXmMma, gÀ`, Anhßgm, n_ÃVm [wÍ$fmW© VWm g›_mJ© H$mC[Xe nX`m J`m h°&Hw$ ßOr e„X Hw$ßOr e„X Hw$ßOr e„X Hw$ßOr e„X Hw$ßOr e„X - AmXe©, gßnhVm, [wÍ$fmW©, g›Vmf, AZwemgZ AmnX&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ nejm _ZwÓ` H$ A‰`wX` H$ nbE hmVr h°& nejm H$r ‡nH´$`m_ZwÓ` H$ O›_ g _•À`w VH$ nZa›Va MbVr ahVr h°& nejm H$ ¤mam _ZwÓÀ[Zr emarnaH$, _mZngH$, dm°n”H$ Am°a Am‹`mnÀ_H$ en∫$`mß H$m ndH$ngVH$a dmÒVndH$ gwI H$m ‡m· H$aVm h°& BgH$ AnVna∫$ dX gÂ[yU© _mZdOmnV H$m gmW-gmW dmVm©bm[ H$aZ [aÒ[a EH$ Xyga H$m OmZZ H$r nejmXVm h°& d°nXH$ nejm _ß AWd©dX H$m ndef _hÀd h°&

gmÙ Z Bg odf` _| ‡H$me S>mbV hwE H$hm h° oH$ Ohmß A›` VrZdX ÒdJ© ‡mo· AmoX [mabm°oH$H$ \$c XZ dmb h° dht, AWd©dX bm°oH$H$Am°a [mabm°oH$H$ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$m \$b XZ dmb h°& AVï H$h gH$V h° oH$‡m`ï odf`m| H$m dU©Z oH$`m J`m h°& odefVï Bg _| Am`wdX, amOZroV,ZroV oejm AmMmañoejm, oejm, g_mO Am°a AmoW©H$ OrdZ CÎbIZr`h°& d°oXH$ g_mO Xe©Z $H$ (KQ>H$) _hÀd[yU© o]›Xw ` h°&gd©H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm - gd©H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm - gd©H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm - gd©H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm - gd©H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm - AWd©dX H$ EH$ _ßÃ _ß ‡]w” OZmß H$m MmnhEnH$ d nJa hwE AWm©V≤ bmJmß H$m ]ma-]ma D$[a CR>mE∞

"CV Xdm AdnhßV Xdm Cfi`Wm [wZ:'CV Xdm AdnhßV Xdm Cfi`Wm [wZ:'CV Xdm AdnhßV Xdm Cfi`Wm [wZ:'CV Xdm AdnhßV Xdm Cfi`Wm [wZ:'CV Xdm AdnhßV Xdm Cfi`Wm [wZ:'11111

dXm _ß _mZd g `h H$m_Zm H$r JB© h° nH$ H$_mZm Vm gm° hmWmß g MmnhEbnH$Z H$_m` YZ H$m ndVaU hOma hmWmß g H$aZm MmnhE&

eVhÒV g_mha ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&eVhÒV g_mha ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&eVhÒV g_mha ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&eVhÒV g_mha ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&eVhÒV g_mha ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&22222

F$ΩdX _ß AZH$ ‡aH$ gy∫$ n_bV h° O°g-nOZ_ g Xe_ _ßS>b CÑIZr` h°

Z dm 3 Xdm; jwKn_¤Yß XXwÍ$VmneV_w[ J¿N>n›V _••À`d:&Z dm 3 Xdm; jwKn_¤Yß XXwÍ$VmneV_w[ J¿N>n›V _••À`d:&Z dm 3 Xdm; jwKn_¤Yß XXwÍ$VmneV_w[ J¿N>n›V _••À`d:&Z dm 3 Xdm; jwKn_¤Yß XXwÍ$VmneV_w[ J¿N>n›V _••À`d:&Z dm 3 Xdm; jwKn_¤Yß XXwÍ$VmneV_w[ J¿N>n›V _••À`d:&CVm an`: [•UVm Zm[XÒ`À`wVm[•UZ≤≤ _nS©>Vmaß Z nd›XV&&CVm an`: [•UVm Zm[XÒ`À`wVm[•UZ≤≤ _nS©>Vmaß Z nd›XV&&CVm an`: [•UVm Zm[XÒ`À`wVm[•UZ≤≤ _nS©>Vmaß Z nd›XV&&CVm an`: [•UVm Zm[XÒ`À`wVm[•UZ≤≤ _nS©>Vmaß Z nd›XV&&CVm an`: [•UVm Zm[XÒ`À`wVm[•UZ≤≤ _nS©>Vmaß Z nd›XV&&

(10.117.9)(10.117.9)(10.117.9)(10.117.9)(10.117.9)H$db yI bmJ hr yI g Zht _aV, d r _aV h° nOZH$ [Q> a hwE

h°& XmZ XZ dmb H$m YZ g_m· Zht hmVm Am°a H•$[U [a H$mB© X`m ZhtH$aVm)

g BX_mOm Om _• •hd XXmÀ`=mH$m_m` MaV H•$•em`& g BX_mOm Om _• •hd XXmÀ`=mH$m_m` MaV H•$•em`& g BX_mOm Om _• •hd XXmÀ`=mH$m_m` MaV H•$•em`& g BX_mOm Om _• •hd XXmÀ`=mH$m_m` MaV H•$•em`& g BX_mOm Om _• •hd XXmÀ`=mH$m_m` MaV H•$•em`&Aa_Ò_° ^dnV `m_hyVm CVm[arfw H•$•UwV gIm`_≤&& (10µ117µ3µ)Aa_Ò_° ^dnV `m_hyVm CVm[arfw H•$•UwV gIm`_≤&& (10µ117µ3µ)Aa_Ò_° ^dnV `m_hyVm CVm[arfw H•$•UwV gIm`_≤&& (10µ117µ3µ)Aa_Ò_° ^dnV `m_hyVm CVm[arfw H•$•UwV gIm`_≤&& (10µ117µ3µ)Aa_Ò_° ^dnV `m_hyVm CVm[arfw H•$•UwV gIm`_≤&& (10µ117µ3µ)

Afi H$r H$m_Zm g ^Q>H$V hwE nÎmar H$m Om XmZ XVm h°, dh CXmah°& `mMH$ H$m _mJ© _ß Om ghm`Vm H$a XVm h° dh ^ndÓ` H$ nbE Cg n_Ã]Zm bVm h°&

Ad°Y YZ H$r AZw[mX`Vm - Ad°Y YZ H$r AZw[mX`Vm - Ad°Y YZ H$r AZw[mX`Vm - Ad°Y YZ H$r AZw[mX`Vm - Ad°Y YZ H$r AZw[mX`Vm - dX H$ AZwgma Ï`n∫$ H$m Ad°Y C[m`mß gYZm[mO©Z Zht H$aZm MmnhE& Anæ H$m ‡mW©Zm H$a F$nf H$h ah h° nH$ hAnæXd! h_ g›_mJ© g YZm[mO©Z H$r ‡aUm ‡XmZ H$am -

AWd©dX _ß F$nf H$hV h° - _¢ Ad°Y _mJm g AnO©V YZ amne H$m\$ßH$ ahm hy∞& _a Ka _ß dhr ew^ YZamne Í$H$, nOgH$m AO©Z B©_mZXmar gnH$`m J`m h°& AWd©dX H$ EH$ F$nf H$r ‡mW©Zm h° nH$ h Òd m©_` hmWm dmb‡^m! Am[ h_ß Cg YZ b˙_r g Xya anI , Om h_ß [VZ H$r Am°a b OmVr h°nOgg h_mar nZ›Xm hmVr h° Am°a Om h_ß [aOrdr d•jmß H$r m±nV Mmamß Ama gOH$∂S> bVr h°& Am[ h_ß dhr YZ XrnOE, nOgg h_ß emßnV [yU© AmZ›X n_b-

"`m _m b˙_r [V`mbya OwÓQ>mn_MÒH$›X d›XZd d••j_≤≤& "`m _m b˙_r [V`mbya OwÓQ>mn_MÒH$›X d›XZd d••j_≤≤& "`m _m b˙_r [V`mbya OwÓQ>mn_MÒH$›X d›XZd d••j_≤≤& "`m _m b˙_r [V`mbya OwÓQ>mn_MÒH$›X d›XZd d••j_≤≤& "`m _m b˙_r [V`mbya OwÓQ>mn_MÒH$›X d›XZd d••j_≤≤&A›`ÃmÒ_V≤ gndVÒVmn_Vm Ym nha `hÒV dÒVw Zm aamU:&&A›`ÃmÒ_V≤ gndVÒVmn_Vm Ym nha `hÒV dÒVw Zm aamU:&&A›`ÃmÒ_V≤ gndVÒVmn_Vm Ym nha `hÒV dÒVw Zm aamU:&&A›`ÃmÒ_V≤ gndVÒVmn_Vm Ym nha `hÒV dÒVw Zm aamU:&&A›`ÃmÒ_V≤ gndVÒVmn_Vm Ym nha `hÒV dÒVw Zm aamU:&&55555

nÛ`m Am°a A›` ‡mnU`m g gX≤^md[yU© Ï`dhma H$aZ H$m nZXe-nÛ`m Am°a A›` ‡mnU`m g gX≤^md[yU© Ï`dhma H$aZ H$m nZXe-nÛ`m Am°a A›` ‡mnU`m g gX≤^md[yU© Ï`dhma H$aZ H$m nZXe-nÛ`m Am°a A›` ‡mnU`m g gX≤^md[yU© Ï`dhma H$aZ H$m nZXe-nÛ`m Am°a A›` ‡mnU`m g gX≤^md[yU© Ï`dhma H$aZ H$m nZXe-AWd©dX H$ nZÂZnbnIV _ßÃ _ß H$hm J`m h° nH$ nÛ`m|, n_Ãmß Am°a ]∂S>mß gH$^r An‡` Ï`dhma Zht H$aZm MmnhE& H•$nf, j_, YZ Am°a [mfU H$ nbEnÛ`mß H$m gX°d AmXa H$aZm MmnhE& nH$gr nZXmf Am°a nZa[amY Ï`n∫$H$r hÀ`m H$aZm `m Cg AmKmV [hw∞MmZm g]g ]∂S>m [m[ VWm A[amY h°&AWd©dX _ß g[ÓQ> H$hm h° Òdß` nO`m Am°a Xyga H$m OrZ Xm&

"Ordm ÒW OrÏ`mg_V≤'"Ordm ÒW OrÏ`mg_V≤'"Ordm ÒW OrÏ`mg_V≤'"Ordm ÒW OrÏ`mg_V≤'"Ordm ÒW OrÏ`mg_V≤'66666 (AWd© 19.69.1) (AWd© 19.69.1) (AWd© 19.69.1) (AWd© 19.69.1) (AWd© 19.69.1)Z°nVH$ nZ`_m H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE CfinV H$aZ H$m gßXe -Z°nVH$ nZ`_m H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE CfinV H$aZ H$m gßXe -Z°nVH$ nZ`_m H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE CfinV H$aZ H$m gßXe -Z°nVH$ nZ`_m H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE CfinV H$aZ H$m gßXe -Z°nVH$ nZ`_m H$m [mbZ H$aV hwE CfinV H$aZ H$m gßXe - F$ΩdXH$m H$WZ h° nH$ D$[a CR>Zm Am°a AmJ ]∂T>Zm OrndV ([wÍ$f) _ZwÓ` H$r[hMmZ h° -

"AmamhU_mH´$_Uß OrdVm OrdVmS>`Z_≤&'"AmamhU_mH´$_Uß OrdVm OrdVmS>`Z_≤&'"AmamhU_mH´$_Uß OrdVm OrdVmS>`Z_≤&'"AmamhU_mH´$_Uß OrdVm OrdVmS>`Z_≤&'"AmamhU_mH´$_Uß OrdVm OrdVmS>`Z_≤&'77777

_ZwÓ`m|$ H$ [mg [oj`m|$ ñ O°g [ßI Zht h°, boH$Z CgH$ [mg JwUm| gg_o›dV ‡oV_m H$ gw›Xa [ßI h°, oOZH$ ]b [a dh JwÍ$∂S> H$ g—e D [aCR>H$a A[Zr VOm_`Vm g gÂ[yU© odf` H$m ¡`moV©_` H$a gH$V h°&

gw[UmS>ng JwÍ$fl_mZ≤≤ [• •ÓR> [•nWÀ`m: grX&gw[UmS>ng JwÍ$fl_mZ≤≤ [• •ÓR> [•nWÀ`m: grX&gw[UmS>ng JwÍ$fl_mZ≤≤ [• •ÓR> [•nWÀ`m: grX&gw[UmS>ng JwÍ$fl_mZ≤≤ [• •ÓR> [•nWÀ`m: grX&gw[UmS>ng JwÍ$fl_mZ≤≤ [• •ÓR> [•nWÀ`m: grX&^mgm›Vnaj_m[•U ¡`mnVfm nXd_wV^mZ VOgm nXeS>CX≤≈ß>h &&^mgm›Vnaj_m[•U ¡`mnVfm nXd_wV^mZ VOgm nXeS>CX≤≈ß>h &&^mgm›Vnaj_m[•U ¡`mnVfm nXd_wV^mZ VOgm nXeS>CX≤≈ß>h &&^mgm›Vnaj_m[•U ¡`mnVfm nXd_wV^mZ VOgm nXeS>CX≤≈ß>h &&^mgm›Vnaj_m[•U ¡`mnVfm nXd_wV^mZ VOgm nXeS>CX≤≈ß>h &&88888

AWd©dX H$m AmXe h° nH$ g^r _ZwÓ` ndH$mg Am°a CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>mZH$ nbE H$_© H$a&

AV: H$hm J`m h° nH$ AWd©dX H$ EH$ gy∫$r g [Vm MbVm h° nH$OrdZ H$db A¿N>r-A¿N>r dÒVwAmß H$m hr Zht h°& Cg_ß Agw›Xa, An‡`m

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r, oh›Xr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** od^mJm‹`j, AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r, oh›Xr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


VWm nZ›XZr` dÒVwAmß H$m r g_mde ndYmVm Z H$a aIm h°& _mZd eara_ß `nX gm°›X`© h°, gw—T>Vm h°, C[`mnJVm h° Vm AmbÒ`, _•À`w, [m[,d••”mdÒWm H$ bjU r h°& g_••n” H$ gmW Ag_•n”, md H$ gmW A^md,‡eßgm H$ gmW nZ›Xm, kmZ H$ gmW AkmZ r h°& Bg g] An‡` nÛ`mß H$‡nV gX°d gmdYmZ ahH$a hr OrdZ H$r g_J´Vm H$m AZw^d nH$`m OmgH$Vm h°& d°nXH$ nejm _ dXm _ß d´V H$m AW© g`ß_ h°& g`ß_ gmYZm H$aZg nMŒm ‡gfi ahVm h°& eara ÒdÒW VWm Ò\y$oV©dmZ ahVm h°& d´V H$ gmW-gmW dX H$_© H$r r nejm XVm h°& V[ d´V H$ ¤mam A^rÓQ> H$r ngn” hmVrh° H$_© Cg_ß ghm`H$ hmVm h°& Om Ï`n∫$ H$_© H$aVm h°& [wÍ$fmW© H$aVm h°,XdVm Cgr H$r ghm`Vm H$aV h°& OrdZ H$m b˙` h° H$_© H$aZm Am°a e ‡m·H$aZm& H$_© _ nZ`w∫$ Ed_≤ H$m`© H$r ‡aUm XZ dmbm B©Ìda ([a_mÀ_m) h°&_mZd gÀH$_© H$m AmMmaU H$a Ed_≤ X©wJwUmß g ajm H$a&

"dmMß V ew›Ymn_, ‡mßU V ew›Ymn_ MjwÒV ew›Ymn_&"dmMß V ew›Ymn_, ‡mßU V ew›Ymn_ MjwÒV ew›Ymn_&"dmMß V ew›Ymn_, ‡mßU V ew›Ymn_ MjwÒV ew›Ymn_&"dmMß V ew›Ymn_, ‡mßU V ew›Ymn_ MjwÒV ew›Ymn_&"dmMß V ew›Ymn_, ‡mßU V ew›Ymn_ MjwÒV ew›Ymn_&99999

lmÃß V ew›Ymn_ Zmn_ß V ew›Ymn_ MnaÃmÒV ew›Ymn_&& (ÒwdXlmÃß V ew›Ymn_ Zmn_ß V ew›Ymn_ MnaÃmÒV ew›Ymn_&& (ÒwdXlmÃß V ew›Ymn_ Zmn_ß V ew›Ymn_ MnaÃmÒV ew›Ymn_&& (ÒwdXlmÃß V ew›Ymn_ Zmn_ß V ew›Ymn_ MnaÃmÒV ew›Ymn_&& (ÒwdXlmÃß V ew›Ymn_ Zmn_ß V ew›Ymn_ MnaÃmÒV ew›Ymn_&& (ÒwdX6µ14µ)6µ14µ)6µ14µ)6µ14µ)6µ14µ)

AWm©V≤ _°ß Var dmUr H$m ew” H$aVm h∞y, Var Am±Imß H$m ew” H$aVm hy∞, VaH$mZmß H$m ew” H$aVm hyy∞, Var Zmn^ H$m ew” H$aVm h∞y, _° Va AmMaU Am°a [°amH$m ew” H$aVm h∞y& VmÀ[ © h° nH$ Am∞I, ZmH$, H$mZ, dmUr [°a Am°a MnaÃ ew”hmZm MmnhE& kmZn›–`mß H$ ew” ahZ g ew^ ndMmam H$m J´hU hmVm h°,dmUr g AgÀ` m H$Qw>dMZ Zht ]mb OmV AV: MnaÃ H$r [ndÃVm H$r ajmH$aZm [a_ H$V©Ï` h°&

dXmß _ß XmZ H$m AnZdm`© H$_© _mZm J`m h°& XmZ H$aZ g AmÀ_ewn”,AmÀ_gßVwnÓQ> hmVr h° CXma XmZr H$ nbE gÂ[yU© gßgma gwI XZ dmbm hmVmh°& Om Jm`m H$m XmZ H$aVm h° ÒdJ© _ß CÉ ÒWmZ [a OmVm h°, Om AÌd H$mXmZ H$aVm h° dh gy © bmH$ _ß nZdmg H$aVm h°, Om ÒdU© H$m XmZ H$aVm h° dhXdVm hmVm h°, Om [naYmZ H$m À`mJ H$aVm h° dh XrK© OrdZ ‡m· H$aVmh°&10 (ÃΩdX 10µ107µ8µ) XmZ XZ g OrdZ _ß Aj` OrdZ emn∫$ ‡m·hmVr h°& Om ew^ H$m`m _ß YZ Ï`` H$aVm h° Cg ÒWm`r EÌd`© ‡m· hmVm h°&XmZ H$m ‡aH$ _ßÃ h° -

"eVhÒV g_mha, ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&"eVhÒV g_mha, ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&"eVhÒV g_mha, ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&"eVhÒV g_mha, ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&"eVhÒV g_mha, ghÚhÒV gß nH$E&1111111111

H•$VÒ` H$m`©Ò` Mh Ò\$mnV© g_mdh&& (AWd©dX 3.24.5)H•$VÒ` H$m`©Ò` Mh Ò\$mnV© g_mdh&& (AWd©dX 3.24.5)H•$VÒ` H$m`©Ò` Mh Ò\$mnV© g_mdh&& (AWd©dX 3.24.5)H•$VÒ` H$m`©Ò` Mh Ò\$mnV© g_mdh&& (AWd©dX 3.24.5)H•$VÒ` H$m`©Ò` Mh Ò\$mnV© g_mdh&& (AWd©dX 3.24.5)AWm©V≤ gm° hmWmß g YZ gßJ´h H$am, hOma hmWmß dmb hmH$a Cg ]m±Q>

Xm& Bg ‡H$ma Vw_ A[Z nH$E hwE Am°a AmJ H$aZ mΩ` H$m`m H$r g_•n” H$m

‡m· H$amJ& BgH$m VmÀ[`© h° nH$ _ZwÓ` Xm hmWmß dmbm hmH$a ^r BVZm[wÍ$fmWr© Am°a CÀgmhr hm gH$Vm h° nH$ CgH$r nH´$`merbVm gm° hmWmß H$]am]a hm& H$hZm h h° nH$ gm° hmWmß g gßJ´h H$am Am°a hOma hmWmß g C›_w∫$ˆX` g XmZ H$am& XmZ YZ H$r gwajm H$m [amj gmYh°& XmZ XZ g YZ H$rAn^d•n” hmVr h°&

lr_X≤^JdVJrVm _ß XmZ H$ ndf` _ß H$hm J`m h° nH$ XmZ XZmH$V©Ï` h°, Eg md g Om XmZ Xe, H$mb Am°a [mÃ H$ ‡m· hmZ [a ‡Ï w[H$maZ H$aZ dmb H$ nbE nX`m OmVm h° dh XmZ gmnŒdH$ H$hm OmVm h° Am°a OmXmZ "bg[yd©H$ VWm ‡Ï`w[H$ma' H$ ‡`mOZ g AWm©V≤ ]Xb _ß A[ZmgmßgnaH$ H$m © ng” H$aZ H$r Amem g AWdm \$b H$ C‘Ì` g nX`m OmVmh°, dh amOg H$mnQ> H$r nÒWnV H$m XmZ hmVm h°&nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - gjß[ _| dXmß _ß gXmMma, gÀ`, Anhßgm, n_ÃVm [wÍ$fmW© VWmg›_mJ© [a ‡d•V hmZ H$m C[Xe nX`m J`m h°& d°nXH$ gßÒH•$nV H$m [mbZH$aH$ gwI emn›V VWm [a_ gßVmf H$r ‡mn· hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma g d°nXH$nejm H$ Vœ` dV©_mZ _ß ^r CVZ hr _yÎ`dmZ h°& nejm H$m d°nXH$ CXÌ``h ^r h° nH$ N>mÃ JwÍ$ H$ gmnfi‹` _ß ahH$a emarnaH$ Am°a _mZngH$ XmZmß‡H$ma H$m ndH$mg H$a& eara g d AfimX, ÒdßÒW, ]bdmZ≤ VOÒdr Am°aXrKm©`w ]Z VWm _Z, ]•n” Am°a AmÀ_m g —∂T>gßH$Î[, _Kmdr, kmZdmZ≤≤èÒdr ]Z& gÉm _ZwÓ` m gÉm ZmJnaH$ ]ZmZm hr nejm H$m CXÌ` h°&AV: _yÎ`mß [a AmYmnaV nejm _ZwÓ` H$m AkmZ g_m· H$a Cg H$Î`m mH$mar_mJ© H$r Am°a b OmVr h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. AWd©dX 4µ13µ12. VXd 3µ24µ5µ3. F$ΩdX 10µ117µ14. F$ΩdX 10µ117µ35. AWd©dX 7µ115µ2µ6. AWd©dX 19µ69µ1µ7. F$ΩdX8. ewîb ÒwdX 17µ72µ9. ÒwdX 6µ1410. F$ΩdX 10µ107µ211. AWd©dX 3µ24µ5

*************


S>m∞. Eg. gr. _yUV≤ * godVm d_m© **

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _mZd gßgmYZ gX°d hr YZ g•OZ H$m ‡_wI ÛmV ahm h°& BgH$_m‹`_ g ‡oVÒ[Ym©À_H$ bm^ ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& amÓQ≠>m H$ CÀ[mXZ Am°aOrdZ ÒVa H$r d•o’ _ß _mZd [ßyOr H$m _hÀd[yU© mJXmZ ahm h°& odH$ogV Xemß_ß C¿M bm^ Am°a CÉ _OXyar ]ZmE aIZ H$ obE _mZd [ßyOr H$m _hÀd ]∂T>m h°&_mZd [ßyOr gßJR>Z H$r [nagß[oŒm hmVr h°& oH$gr gßJR>Z H$m oZ`m∫$m H$_©Mmna`m|H$ H$m°eb ÒVa _ß gwYma H$aZ H$ obE ‡oejU H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°& H$_©MmarH$m°eb _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$m ohÒgm hr Zht, Ao[Vw Bgg gßJR>Z H$rbm^Xm`H$Vm Eßd CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m AoYH$V_ oHß$`m Om gH$Vm h°°& H$_©Mmna`m| H$kmZ, H$m°eb Am°a mΩ`Vm g bm^ ‡m· H$aZ H$ obE gßJR>Z _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZH$ odo^fi —oÓQ>H$mU H$m A[ZmV h°&

_mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$ ¤mam dV©_mZ _yÎ` _m[m Om gH$Vm h° Am°a odÓ`_yÎ` oZde H$ _m‹`_ g ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& EH$ gßJR>Z _ß _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZH$ A›VJV© ‡]ßYH$ H$_©Mmna`m| H$m [wÈÒH•$V H$aZ, odoeÓQ> Ï`mdgmo`H$ b˙`mH$m ‡m· H$aZ H$ obE, ZdmMma ]ZmZ Am°a gVV≤ gwYma H$ obE Odm]Xh hmVmh°°&X MmQ©>Q>S> B›ÒQ>rQy> Q>≤ [g©Zb Eßd S>db[_›Q> H$ AZwgma "_mZd [yßOr ‡]ßYZ_ß H$m°eb, AZw d Am°a Z`m H$aZ H$r j_Vm Ïò∫$`m H$ Òdmo_Àd _ß hmVr h°& hgm_moOH$ Eßd gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ [ßyOr ^r hmVr h°°&'AmO _mZd [yyßßOr _ß AoYH$odoZ`mOZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, ∑`moH$ _mZd [ßyOr hr gßJR>Z H$m g\$bVm H$rCÉ gr∂T>r [a [hwßMm gH$Vm h°&_mZd [yßOr H$m VrZ dJm _ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m h° -1.1.1.1.1. ]m°o’H$ [yßOr gß[Xm - ]m°o’H$ [yßOr gß[Xm - ]m°o’H$ [yßOr gß[Xm - ]m°o’H$ [yßOr gß[Xm - ]m°o’H$ [yßOr gß[Xm - BgH$ A›VJ©V gm_m› kmZ g bH$a odoeÓQ>kmZ, VH$ZrH$r kmZ, H$m°eb , AZw d AmoX H$m emo_b oH$ m OmVm h°&2.2.2.2.2. gm_moOH$ [yßOr - gm_moOH$ [yßOr - gm_moOH$ [yßOr - gm_moOH$ [yßOr - gm_moOH$ [yßOr - BgH$ A›VJ©V _ZwÓ H$ _mZdr gß]ßYm [a odMmaoH$ m OmVm h°& _ZwÓ EH$ gm_moOH$ ‡mUr h°& EÎQ>Z _m`m Z hmWmZ ‡`mJ _ß hgÀ`mo[V oH$ m h°, oH$ gßJR>Z _ß gm_moOH$ [hby H$r AoYH$ _hŒmm h°&3.3.3.3.3. ^mdZmÀ_H$ [yßOr - ^mdZmÀ_H$ [yßOr - ^mdZmÀ_H$ [yßOr - ^mdZmÀ_H$ [yßOr - ^mdZmÀ_H$ [yßOr - BgH$ A›VJ©V _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m emo_boH$`m J`m h°& oOgH$m gßJR>Z _ß _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°, ∑`m|oH$ O] VH$ _mZd^mdZmÀ_H$ È[ g H$m © ÒWb g Ow∂S> Zht hmJ, V] VH$ CÀ[mXZ H$r ‡oH$`mghr ‡H$ma g gßMmobV Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h¢&

Elements Of Human Capital Intellectual Social Emotional capital capital capital 1. Specialized 1.Network or 1.Self confidence knowledge relationships 2. Skill and 2.Sociability 2.Ambition and expertise courage 3. Cognitive 3.Trust 3.Risk taking complexity worthiness ability 4. Learning 4.Resilience capacity

o]b JQ>≤g Z _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$r _hŒmm [a ]b XV hwE H$hm oH$ òXh_mar Hß$[Zr g 20 g]g A¿N> Ïò∫$`m| H$m oZH$mb oX`m Om`, Vm h_ amVm amV

_mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$m gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ H$m © oZÓ[mXZ [a ‡^md-EH$ A‹``Z (C¡O°Z gß mJ H$ odef gßX © _ß)

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmo m¡`) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm, dmoU¡`, odoY _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡) ^maV** emYmWr© emgH$r` _mYd H$bm, dmoU¡`, odoY _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡) ^maV

EH$ AoV gm_m›` Hß$[Zr ]Z H$ ah Om J&_mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$ gßJR>Z _ß oZÂZ bm^ h° -1.1.1.1.1. H$m`©j_Vm _ß d•∂o’ - H$m`©j_Vm _ß d•∂o’ - H$m`©j_Vm _ß d•∂o’ - H$m`©j_Vm _ß d•∂o’ - H$m`©j_Vm _ß d•∂o’ - _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ g gßJR>Z _ß H$_©Mmna`m| H$rH$m ©j_Vm _ß d•o’ hmVr h°& H$_©Mmar dJ© [yU© oZÓR>m Edß bJZ g A[Zm H$m ©H$aV h°&H$m © H$ ‡oV CZH$m _Zm]b ]∂T> OmVm h°&2.2.2.2.2. g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg - g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg - g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg - g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg - g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg - oH$gr gßJR>Z _ß g_yh mdZm H$ odH$mg _ß_mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$m _hÀd[yU© mJXmZ ahm h°& oOgH$ A›VJ©V H$_©Mmar dJ©_ß g_yh ^mdZm H$m odH$mg hmVm h°& VWm H$_©Mmar o_b-Owb H$a H$m © H$aZ H$obE ‡naV hmV h°&3.3.3.3.3. _mZd gß[Xm H$m ‡`mJ -_mZd gß[Xm H$m ‡`mJ -_mZd gß[Xm H$m ‡`mJ -_mZd gß[Xm H$m ‡`mJ -_mZd gß[Xm H$m ‡`mJ - _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ g gßJR>Z _ß H$m ©aV _mZd gß[XmH$m ‡ mdembr C[ mJ hmVm h°& gßJoR>V b˙ m H$ AmYma [a _mZd H$m © H$m oZYm©aUoH$ m OmVm h°& VmoH$ b˙ H$r ‡mo· gabVm g H$r Om gH$&4.4.4.4.4. Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V - Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V - Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V - Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V - Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V - _mZd [yßOr ‡]ßYZ g gßJR>Z _ß Am°⁄moJH$ emo›V]Zr ahVr h°& ‡]ßYH$ Edß H$_©Mmna`m H$ _‹` VWm H$_©Mmna`m| Edß H$_©Mmna`m| H$_‹` _V X hmZ H$r gß mdZm H$_ hm OmVr h°&5.5.5.5.5. gm_moOH$ gwajm - gm_moOH$ gwajm - gm_moOH$ gwajm - gm_moOH$ gwajm - gm_moOH$ gwajm - _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ gßJR>Z _ß H$m ©aV H$_©Mmna`m|H$m gm_moOH$ gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& oOgg H$_©Mmar dJ© oZoÌßMV VWm ßÒdVßÃÈ[ g A[Zm H$m © H$aV h°&

Source from Internet website

oZÂZ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h°, oH$ oH$gr odŒmr` gdm gßJR>Z _ß CÉ _mZd[yßOr ‡ß]YZ g gßJR>Z H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ^r gw—∂T> hmVr h°&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - AmO H$ Bg dV©_mZ ‡oVÒ[Yr© wJ _ß AoYH$mßeV: g^r gßJR>Zm|,Ï`dgm`, d ‡oVÓR>mZm| H$m d°oÌdH$ MwZm°oV`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& BgMwZm°oV`m| H$m ‡À`j È[ g gm_Zm H$aZ H$ obE _mZd [ßyOr ‡]ßYZ H$ odoZ`mJH$m ]∂T>mZm MmohE& oOgg _mZd gß[Xm d°oÌdH$ ÒVa [a AmZ dmbr MwZm°oV`m|H$m gm_Zm H$a gH$& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1.Pandit ,k (2009) “ Industrial relation andtrade unions” Novelty & co. patana.2. Pandit ,k (2010) “Human Resource Management” patana

university, patana.3. Journal 4. Website of Internet.


_mZd gßgmYZm| H$m ‡]ßY

JUe bmb amR>m°a *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ dV©_mZ _ß oOg VOr g gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$, Am°⁄moJH$ amÓQ≠>r` Edß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a [nadV©Z XIZ _ß Am ahm h°,CgH$m _yb H$maU ‡À H$ jÃ _ß odefk ‡]ßY gdmAmß H$m C[`mJ H$aZm h°& oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ odH$mg H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om` Vm Cg_ß CgH$ Òd ß ¤mamV°`ma oH$` JE ‡]ßY d CgH$ AZwemgZ H$m hr _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ XIZ H$m o_bJm&oH$gr ^r AW©Ï`dÒWm ‡]›Y H$ VrZ _hÀd[yU© gßgmYZ hmV h°& (1) _mZd gßgmYZ (2) ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ (3) dÒVw ‡]ßY

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _mZd gßgmYZ H$ A›VJ©V _mZdr` eo∫$ emarnaH$ Edß_mZogH$ d ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß _ß ‡H•$oV ¤mam ‡XŒm gßgmYZmß O°g Ob,dm`w, hdm, [hm∂S>, IXmZ AmoX AmV h°& _mZd gßgmYZ H$ A›VJ©V _ZwÓÀm°a CgH$ ¤mam oZo_©VgmYZ _erZ C[H$aU dÒVw ‡]ßY H$ A›VJ©V AmVh°& ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã _ß _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY g OwS> jÃm| H$m A‹``Z H$aodMma ‡ÒVwV oH$` Om ah h°&

_mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY H$ A›VJ©V oH$gr gßJR>Z H$ _mZdr` KQ>H$mß ggß]ßYrV hmVm h°& dV©_mZ g_` _ß gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$,Ï`dgmo`H$ AmoX jÃ _ß CfiV _erZm H$m C[`mJ VOr g hm ahm h°, ZdrZVH$ZrH$mß, C[H$aUmß Am°a _erZmß H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$, gm_moOH$,amOZ°oVH$, AmoW©H$ AmoX jÃmß _ß ]hwV [nadV©Z hm ahm h°& _ZwÓ` H$ ÒVa dgmM _ß Ï`m[H$ ]Xbmd Am` h°& CfiV Am°a Vrd´ [naUm_ dmbr _erZmß H$rZrV-ZB© ImO hm ahr h°& ‡À H$ Ïò∫$ dJ©, g_mO m amÓQ≠> A[Z H$m Xygag AbJ aIZm MmhVm h°& JbmH$mQ> ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$ Bg Xm°a _ß ha H$mB© “I amthe best” H$ ‡`mg H$aVm h°& J°a _mZd gßgmYZm (^yo_, YZ, _erZ)AoYH$ g AoYH$ C[`mJ H$aVm h°& boH$Z oH$gr ^r jÃ H$ odH$mg `mCfioV _ß _ybÍ$[ g _mZd hr OwµS>>m ahm h°& Egr oÒWoV _ß _mZd H$m lÓR>V_C[`mJ hr b˙`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß ghm`H$ hm gH$Vm h°& _mZd H$m hrgmYZmß H$ AZwÍ$[ CgH$r j_Vm H$ AZwgma gß moOV H$a oH$gr r jÃ H$mVrd´ odH$mg oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ‡À H$ jÃ _ß ]S>r gßª`m _ß _mZd gßgmYZmßH$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h°, Egr oÒWoV _ß CZH$ Hw$eb ‡]ßY H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm_hgyg H$r OmVr h°& _mZd eo∫$ H$m _mZd H$ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙`mß H$AZwÍ$[ gß`mOZ H$aZm oOgg ›`w›V_ bmJVm [a Hw$eb d JwUdŒmm w∫$CÀ[mXZ H$aZm hr _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY h°&

_mZd H$db BÒV_mb H$r dÒVw Zht h° dh oZOr©d m JwßJm ]ham Zhth°, BgobE H$db H$m`© H$ AoVna∫$ _mZd Òd`ß H$ odH$mg, gwajm,_ZmaßOZ, ÒdmÒœ`, Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg AmoX g^r ]mVmß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIVhwE _mZd odH$mg H$r gmM bH$a _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$aVm h°&

_mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY H$ A›VJ©V H$m`© H$ AZwÍ$[ Ïò∫$ H$m M`ZodH$mg C[`mJ AmoX H$m goÂ_obV oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg_ß M`Z H$ A›VJ©VH$m © H$ AZwÍ$[ oZYm©naV mΩ`Vm aIZ dmb g_mZ Ïò∫$`mß _ß g lÓR> H$m

M`Z H$aZm odH$mg H$ A›VJ©V M`Z H$ ]mX H$m © g gÂ]o›YV ‡oejU,oejU AmoX ‡XmZ H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ obE AmXe© dmVmdaU C[b„YH$admZm CZH$ H$m`m H$ AmYma [a ‡mÀgmohV H$aZm d [waÒH•$V H$aZm_mZd gmYZmß H$ C[`mJ H$ A›VJ©V CZH$m CZH$ H$m © [a bJmZm d A¿N>[naUm_ H$ bJmVma ‡naV H$aZm h°&

dV©_mZ g_` _ß _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY _ß AZH$ ZdrZ ‡d•oV`m∞ XIrOm ahr h°& oOg_ß g]g _hÀd[yU© _mZd gßgmYZ gÂ]›Yr emYH$m`© h°&oOg_ß oZÂZ o]›XyAmß H$ AmYma [a _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY H$m AoYH$ C[`mJrd d°kmoZH$ ]ZmZ H$ obE H$m`© oH$`m Om ahm h°&1. gßJR>Z _ß _mZd gßgmYZ hVw AZwgßYmZ H$aZm VWm ZB© odoY`mß H$m

bmJy H$aZm O°g -(A) `mΩ`Vm ‡_m[ oZYm©aU&(]) [arjUmß H$r Ï`dÒWm&(g) gmjmÀH$ma H$r ZB© odoY`m∞ ImOZm&(X) H$m`© g›VwoÓQ> A‹``Z&(B) oZ`wo∫$ ‡Umbr _ß gwYma&(\$) ‡_m[ bI [’oV&(O) oZ`›ÃU ‡Umbr _ß gwYma&2. ]m¯ H$m`m H$ A‹``Z _ß mJ bZm&3. Am°⁄moJH$ gß]ßY H$ obE C[`mJr odf` gm_J´r _ß gßJ´h H$aZm d

H$_©Mmna`mß H$ C[`mJ H$ obE C[b„Y H$amZm&A›V _ß _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY (‡emgZ) H$ A›VJ©V _mZd gßgmYZ

H$m`©H´$_ Edß ZroV`mß H$m Ï`m[H$ Í$[ _ß bmJw oH$`m OmVm h°& oOZ_ß M`Z,‡oejU,joV[yoV© gdmE±, H$m`©, H$m`©Xb H$m oZarjU Edß [`©djUAo^‡aUm VWm ZV•Àd Am°a ]b gÂ]›Yr H$m`© goÂ_obV oH$` OmV h°&gßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñgßX^© J´›W gyMr ïñ1. _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY - AJ´dmb Edß \$mOXma2. ‡]ßY H$ og’m›V - S>m∞. Jw·m3. ‡]ßY H$ og’m›V - AJ´dmb Edß AJ´dmb4. Q>mB©Âg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m5. BßoS>`m Qy>S>6. \$m„g© [oÃH$m

*************

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`,Yma (_.‡) ^maV


S>m∞. a_e Hw$_ma amdV *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ odoZ`mJ g Ame`≤ odŒmr` AWdm _yV© gÂ[oŒm`mß _ß YZbJmZ g h¢ oOgH$ A›VJ©V EH$ oZoÌMV AdoY H$ [ÌMmV oZdoeV YZ_ß Ao^d•o¤ H$r Amem hmVr h¢& dV©_mZ `wJ _ß oH$gr ^r jÃ _ß odoZ`mJ]hwV hr gmM g_PH$a oH$`m OmZm MmohE ∑`mßoH$ Bg_ß bm^ H$ gmWOmoI_ H$m VÀd r od⁄_mZ ahVm h¢& oZdeH$ Am_ Vm°a [a h _mZV h¢ oH$odo^fi EgQ> loU`mß _ß g Boπ$Q>rO _ß g]g ¡`mXm Am_XZr XZ H$r j_VmhmVr h¢& boH$Z Hw$N> eà _mH$Q> H$ CVma M∂T>md dmbr ‡H•$oV H$ H$maU¡`mXmVa oZdeH$ Boπ$Q>rO H$m bß]r AdoY _ß MH´$d•o¤ Xa g ]∂T>Z H$rj_Vm H$m bm^ Zhr CR>m [mV h¢ Hw$N> oZdeH$ Boπ$Q>r _mH$Q> _ß ‡de H$aZAm°a Cgg oZH$bZ H$m g_` oZYm©naV H$aZm MmhV h¢& Bg ‡oH´$`m _ß dAmoIa _ß ZHw$gmZ CR>mZ H$m ]m‹` hmV h¢& BZ g_Ò`mAmß g oZ[Q>Z H$mg]g A¿N>m amÒVm `h h¢ oH$ Boπ$Q>rO _ß bß]r AdoY obE oZdofV ahmOmE&bß]r AdoY H$m —oÓQ>H$mU - bß]r AdoY H$m —oÓQ>H$mU - bß]r AdoY H$m —oÓQ>H$mU - bß]r AdoY H$m —oÓQ>H$mU - bß]r AdoY H$m —oÓQ>H$mU - bß]r AdoY `moZ [mßM `m AoYH$ df© _ß_mH$Q> ¤mam oZdeH$m H$m H$B© \$m`X oXE OmV h¢ `h oZdeH$m H$mAÎ[mdoY H$ CVma M∂T>md g oZ[Q>Z _ß _XX H$aVm h¢ AÎ[H$mb _ß Hß$[Zr H$gß]ßY _ß H$mB© ]war I]a Hß$[Zr H$ e am _ß AÀ`moYH$ oJamdQ> bm gH$Vr h¢boH$Z bß]r AdoY _ß ]woZ`mXr Í$[ g _O]yV Hß$[oZ`m _O]yVr g I∂S>r ahVrh¢ VWm ha Vah H$ dmVmdaU _ß CZH$m o]OZg AmJ ]∂T>Vm ahVm h¢& BgobEBoπ$Q>rO _ß oOVZr bß]r AdoY H$ obE oZde H$aßJ, CVZm hr AoYH$ bm hmJm&AÎ[H$mb —oÓQ>H$mU - AÎ[H$mb —oÓQ>H$mU - AÎ[H$mb —oÓQ>H$mU - AÎ[H$mb —oÓQ>H$mU - AÎ[H$mb —oÓQ>H$mU - H$_ AdoY H$ obE odoZ`mJ H$aZ dmb ‡oV^mJroH$gr ^r KQ>Zm [a OÎXr ‡oVoH´$`m oXImV h¢ Bg H$maU g ÒQ>m∞H$ _mH$Q>_ß H$m\$r ¡`mXm CVma M∂T>md XIZ H$m o_bVm h¢ `hr H$maU h¢ oH$ O]9/11 H$r KQ>Zm H$ ]mX XwoZ`m â H$ ÒQ>m∞H$ _mH$Q> Yamem`r hm J`boH$Z bß]r AdoY dmb odoZ`mJ _ß gßVwbZ ]Zm ahVm h¢ VWm CVma M∂T>mdH$m ¡`mXm ‡^md Zhr [∂S>Vm&

BgobE odoZ`mJ H$m AÎ[mdoY H$ CVma M∂T>md g ‡^modV hmH$aoJaZ g ]MmZ H$ obE H$_ g H$_ [mßM df© H$r AdoY H$ obE Boπ$Q>r Â yMb\ß$S> _ß odoZ`mJ H$aZm MmohE&

oZdeH$ h_em hr MmhVm h¢ oH$ e`g© Boπ$Q>r \ß$S>g H$r H$r_V O]oJar hwB© hmVr h¢ V] IarXm OmE VWm H$r_V ]∂T>Z [a Bg ]M oX`m OmEboH$Z Egm H$aZ [a _mH$Q> H$ g]g A¿N> oXZmß H$m ZwH$gmZ hm gH$Vm h¢&AZwemgZ H$ gmW bß]r AdoY H$ obE oZde H$aZ dmb Y° ©dmZ oZdeH$H$m BgH$m \$m`Xm emZXma Am_XZr H$ Í$[ _ß o_bVm h° CXmhaU H$ Vm°a [aòX H$mB© Ïò∫$ ha _hrZ 5000/- H$r ]MV H$m oZde H$aVm h¢ Vm Cg12% H$r Xa g 30 dfm _ß Cg 1 H$am∂S> 52 bmI Í$[` o_bßJ boH$Z oXoZdeH$ oZde flbmZ H$m ]XbZm MmhVm hm Vm CgH$ [mg VrZ odH$Î[

oZde H$ jÃ _ß ¡`mXm bm^ H$_mZ H$ obE XrK©H$mobZodoZ`mJ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm

C[b„Y h¢-(A) 9% Am_XZr XZ dmbm odH$Î[ g o_bZ dmbr amoe 84.95 bmI

hmJr&(]) oZde H$r amoe 5000/- g KQ>mH$a 3000/- H$aZ [a o_bZ dmbr

amoe 91.58 bmI hmJr&(g) òX oZde H$r AdoY 25 df© H$aVr OmE Vm ‡m· hmZ dmbr amoe

84.33 bmI hmJr&AV: oZde H$r amoe H$m 40% H$_ H$aZ m Xa H$m 3% H$_ H$aZ [a

AßV _ß ‡m· hmZ dmbr amoe [a CVZm ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm oOVZm AgaAdoY H$m 30 df© g KQ>mH$a 25 df© H$aZ [a [∂S>Vm h¢ß&

Hß$[mCßoSß>J AWm©V MH´$d•o¤ oZde oZdeH$ H$m A¿N>m naQ>Z© XVm h¢Hß$[mCßoSß>J oZde oOVZr OÎXr ewÍ$ oH$`m OmE `h CVZm hr AoYH$bm^Xm`H$ og¤ hmVm h¢&

Hß$[mCßoSß>J H$r oZde eo∫$ H$r VmobH$mHß$[mCßoSß>J H$r oZde eo∫$ H$r VmobH$mHß$[mCßoSß>J H$r oZde eo∫$ H$r VmobH$mHß$[mCßoSß>J H$r oZde eo∫$ H$r VmobH$mHß$[mCßoSß>J H$r oZde eo∫$ H$r VmobH$m C_´ SI-P AdoY oZdoeV 60 df© ]mX [yßOr

_ybYZ 25 df© 2000/- pm 35 df© 8.4 bmI 10.09 H$am∂S> 35 df© 4000/- pm 25 df© 12 bmI 67.46 bmI 45 df© 8000/- pm 15 df© 14.4 bmI 37.72 bmI

AV: C∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ Hß$[mCßoSß>J oZde oOVZm OÎXrewÍ$ oH$`m OmE d XrK© AdoY H$ obE oH$`m OmE dh oZde CVZm hrAoYH$ bm^mXm`H$ hmVm h¢&

C[am∫$ VmobH$m AZwgma oZdeH$ 25 df© H$r C_ g 2000/- ‡oV_mh35 df© VH$ oZde H$aZ [a Hw$b oZdoeV amoe 8.40 bmI hmVr h¢ Om 35df© _ß AWm©V 60 d df© _ß oZde g ‡m· amoe 10.09 H$am∂S> hmJr& Bgr‡H$ma 35 df© H$r C_´ g 4000/- ‡oV_mh 25 df© VH$ oZde H$aZ [aHw$b oZdoeV amoe 12 bmI hmVr h¢ Om 25 df© _ß AWm©V 60 d df© _ßoZde g ‡m· amoe 67.46 bmò hmJr& Bgr ‡H$ma 45 df© H$r C_´ g8000/- ‡oV_mh 15 df© VH$ oZde H$aZ [a Hw$b oZdoeV amoe 14.40bmI hmVr h¢ Om 15 df© _ß AWm©V 60 d df© _ß oZde g ‡m· amoe 37.72bmò hmJr&

AV: oZde H$ jÃ _ß ¡`mXm naQ>Z© ‡m· H$aZ hVw XrK©H$mobZ odoZ`mJH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. odŒmr` ]mOma Edß odoZ`mJ ‡]ßYH$&2. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a g_mMma [Ã& 3.BH$mZm∞o_∑g Q>mB©Âg&4. \$m„g© [oÃH$m & 5. X oh›Xy g_mMma [Ã&

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX , Yma (_.‡) ^maV


Dr. R P Saharia *

Abstract - Balance of payments (Bops) account is an accounting record of all monetary transactions between acountry and the rest of the world .These transactions include payments for the country’s exports and imports ofgoods, services, financial capital, and financials transfers. The country’s ability to import would limited by the foreignexchange it has earned from its exports, or from what is called the ‘current account’ – unless it choose, as countriesoften do, to finance their deficit by borrowings, i.e. from the ‘capital account’. To the extent that deficit is not financedby the capital account, it will experience a reduction in its foreign currency ‘cash balance’ i.e. a fall in its forexreserves. In the same way, forex reserves will increase if the exports are more than the imports’. Until recently manyresearchers have shown interest in the field of the Balance of payments and Foreign Exchange Reserves. They havecarried out numerous field observations to illuminate the darkness of this fields. Their findings and suggestions arereviewed here in this paper .Key Words - Balance of payments Foreign Exchange/Forex Reserves, Current Account capital account.

Why is the Literature Reviewed ? A literature reviewdiscusses published information in a particular subjectarea,and sometime information in a particular subjects areaswithin a certain time period . Literature reviews provide ahandy guide to a particular topic . For professionals, theyare useful reports that keep them up to date with what iscurrent in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth ofthe literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writerin his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solidbackground for the research topic under investigation. Anddepending on situation, the literature review may evaluatethe sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent orrelevant point of research. Comprehensive knowledge of theliterature of the field is essential to most researches. Toanswer the question of “why the study of Bop

s?” the review

of literature (directly or indirectly pertaining Bops’/ForeignTrade / Foreign Exchange ) has been done . For the purposeof this proposal, a small review of literature goes throughthe following paragraphs:-Dhliwayo (1996) examined whether excess money supplyplayed a role as a disturbance to Zimbabwe’s balance ofpayment during the period 1980 to 1991 using multivariateco-integration and error – correction modeling . The one –to- one negative relationships and strong link betweendomestic credit and the flow of international reserves wasestablished in this research . The policy conclusion wasthat, given a stable demand for money function, balance ofpayments disequilibrium can be corrected through appropriatefinancials programming and monetary targeting .Reddy (2002) attempted to capture the basic concepts,theory and practice with orientation on issues relevant toIndia. The presentation proceeded further to focus on severalaspects of forex management, such as the implication for

* H.O.D (Economics) Govt. J.M.P . College, T akhatpur , Distt. Bilaspur (C.G .) INDIA

Balance Of Payments & Foreign Exchange Reserves : A Review of Literature

quasi fiscal deficit and communication policy of the ReserveBank. The issue in regard to policy and management offorex reserves in India were posed in some detail whileconcluding part contained his random thoughts from afuturistic perspective.Moreno-Bird and Perez (2003) examined the long-runrelationship between export performance and economicgrowth in three central American countries from 1950 to 1999. The co – integration analysis supports the view that theexternal sectors has been a key determinant of thesecountries long-run rate of economic growth. They alsosuggested that the trade liberalization experiences seensince the mid-1980s have had very disparate impacts onthese countries long-run rates of economic growth. And inthe end implications of these results for trade liberalizationstrategies and the possible impact of a United states –Central American Free Trade Agreement were examined.Frederico (2003) applied the Thirlwall’s balance of paymentsconstraint model to Brazilian economy. The results showthat there is a positive co-integration between growth inexports and long-term economic growth in Brazil, whichsupport the fact that external factors constrain Brazilianeconomic growth.Parikh (2004) examined the impact of liberalization on tradedeficits and current account of developing countries . Thisstudy used panel data of 42 countries (both time series andcross section dimension ) to estimate the effect of tradeliberalization and growth on trade balance while controllingfor other factors such as income terms of trade . The majorfinding of the study was that trade liberalization couldconstrain growth through adverse impact on balance ofpayments .Parikh and Stirbu (2004) studied 42 developing countries


of Asia, Africa and Latin America in which they first examinedthe impact of trade liberalization on economic growth,investment share of GDP, openness, trade balance andcurrent accounts (as percentages of GDP) .

This study used the latest available data on real GDP,growth rates of individual and advanced countries andexamined the relationship between liberalization and growth,liberalization and trade balance and also the impact ofexchange rate or terms of trade policies on trade balance.Razmi (2005) tested the validity of the BPCG hypothesisfor India, a large developing country with a relatively strongindustrial base and a relativety low trade to GDP ratio, forthe period 1950 -1999 . Johansen’s co -integration techniquewas employed to estimate trade parameters . Short-runadjustment were explored within a vector error correctionframework. The average growth rates predicted by variousforms of the BPCG hypothesis were found to be close tothe actual average growth rate, although individual decadesdisplayed substantial deviations .Dania and Spillan (2007) sought to revisit the internationalreserve policies of emerging market countries ; taking thecase of India they aimed to demonstrate how these reservescould be put towards effective growth by implementing betterreserve and debt management policies.

Descriptive and comparative ratio analysis methodswere used. These methods provided a clear view of India’sinternational reserves and how reserves vulnerabilities couldbe identified. Based on the suggested benchmarks, thefindings indicate that India may be holding reserves in excessof the suggested requirements .Kandil and Dincer (2008) examined the effects of exchangerate fluctuations on real output, the price level, and the realvalue of components of aggregate demand in Egypt andTurkey. In Turkey, anticipates exchange rate appreciationhad significant adverse effects, contracting the growth ofreal output and the demand for investment and exports, whileraising price inflation. Random fluctuations in Turkey hadasymmetric effects that highlighted the importance ofunanticipated depreciation in shrinking output growth andthe growth of private consumption and investment, despitean increase in export growth. In Egypt, anticipated exchangerate appreciation decreased export growth. Givenasymmetry, the net effect of unanticipated exchange ratefluctuations, in Egypt, decreased real output and consumptiongrowth and increased export growth on an average, over time.Jay Raman and Choong (2008) studied annual exchangemarket pressure (EMP) over a 31- year (1975-2005) periodand attempted to determine the factors behind EMP . Theautoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testingprocedure was applied to a multivariate model covering fourvariable, namely EMP in index numbers, and budget deficit,domestic credit to private sector and external debt, all thethree expressed as percentages of gross domestic product. Also, an uncertainty variable was added to the regressionanalysis with a view to find out whether political uncertaintyhad been responsible for speculative attacks on currency. It

was then followed by Granger-causality tests in an error-correction model with a view to exploring the short and long-term relationships between the variables . The findings werethat there existed a long-run relationship between EMP andbudgets deficit, domestic credit to private sector, externaldebt and political uncertainty; and EMP was positively relatedto budget deficit, domestic credit to private sector andexternal debt as well as speculative pressures exercised bypolitical uncertainty .Singh and Pandey (2010) attempted to take a meticulouslook on stability of money demand in India with quarterlydata for 1996-97 : 2001-02 and 2009-10 period in the backdropof 1991 balance of payments crisis that brought muchneeded reforms in the economy and financial sector andtriggered financial innovation fueled with revolution ininformation technology world- wide and in India. Based onGregory- Harden (1996) method of co-integration estimationthe analysis confirms that in contrast to most of the previousstudies ,money demand function in India is not stable in thepost reform period .Chakra borty et. Al. (2010) explored how far capital accountconvertibility (KAC) was destabilizing the current accountbalance (CAB) and measured the strength of the inter-relationship between CAB and KAC and also contributed tothe literature by incorporating multiple endogenous structuralbreaks in the empirical analysis . They found that there wasno long term relationship between capital and current accountbalance and revealed that two significant structural breakswere observed in 1993-94 and 2003-04 .Uegaki (2010) clarified each country‘s (i.e. china ,Indiaand Russia ) similarities and peculiarities in their internationalfinancing in a globalizing economic situation by using balanceof payments statistics .Shined (2010) - attempted to study the trends in balanceof payments in various period since independence, the periodfor study was subdivided into four periods as :-(1) 1956-57to 1975-76(2) 1976-77 to 1979-80 (3) 1980-81 to 1990-91 (4)1991 onwards.Adamu and Itsede (2010) examined the monetary approachto the balance of payments for the WAMZ countries duringthe period 1975-2008. It examined whether excess moneysupply played a role as a disturbance using panel dataestimation technique involving both the within -country andthe cross -country effects . The empirical results suggestedthat money played a significant role in determining thebalance of payments . The strong negative link betweendomestic credit and net foreign asset was established.Interest rate and GDP growth were also found to havesignificant impact on the balance of payment in the WAMZ. The policy conclusion was that, the balance of paymentsdisequilibrium could be corrected through appropriate financialprogramming ,monetary targeting and the implementationof prudent fiscal policy.Seguino (2010) investigated the impact of gender equalityin economic growth by considering both the short and longrun, evaluating the effects of gender equality in two types of


economies- semi -industrialized economies (SIEs) and lowincome agricultural economies (LIAEs) . it incorporatedgender effects on the balance of payments constraint togrowth. The results were that gender wage and capabilitiesequality work in opposite directions in SIEs and in the same(positive) direction in LIAEs. In the long run- analysis,government macroeconomic management policies are shownto be necessary in order to ratify movements towards genderequality.IMF (2011) balance of payments and international investmentposition manual 6th edition, chapter -14 discussed the factorsinfluencing international transactions and positions and theextent to which such factors were sustainable. Finally, someof the implications of balance of payments adjustments foreconomic policy were considered.Thrill wall (201 1) surveyed balance of paymentsconstrained growth models from Thrill wall’ s originalcontribution in 1979 to the latest tests of the models usingco-integration techniques. Historical antecedents of themodel were explored (e.g. the Harrods trade multiplier; dualgap analysis; prebisch’s centre- periphery model ), andvarious extensions of the model were outlined including :capital flows; interest payments on debt. and generalizationof the model to include many countries and many goods.The relevance of the models is shown for the currentdiscussion of global imbalance in the world economy.Rana and Khurana (201 1) focused on the concept of BOPand comparative research on Indian balance of payments.Managements of the balance of payments will remain animportant problem especially if the objective is to achieve abalance so as to finance imports that is needed fortechnological modernization in numbers of sectors of theeconomy and also there is immediate need to strengthenIndia’s exports capability. They developed a technologicalmodern models for perfect export and import policies forsustained balance of payments.Amini et. Al. (2012) investigated the effects of tradeliberalization on current account balance of payments andeconomics growth in Iran . Time series data had been usedto estimate the model in the years 1961-2006. Using autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL), the existence of long –term relationships between variables had been investigatedand using the error correction method (ECM), the existenceof short term-relationship between variables had beeninvestigated . The results show that, the effect of tradeliberalization on the trade balance is positive and significantin the long run as well as on economic growth. But, theeffect of trade liberalization on the current account balanceof payments is not significant .Halicioglu (2012) tested the existence of Thrill wall’s law

for Turkey during the period of 1980-2008; bounds testapproach to co-integration was applied. The resultssuggested that Thrill wall’s law holds good for Turkey . Healso suggested some policy recommendations to curb thedeficits in the balance of payments.Tiwari (2013) examined the long-run sustainability of tradedeficits for the ASEAN’s five economies viz. Indonesia,Malaysia , the Philippines, Myanmar and Thailand, in thepresence of structural breaks. The saikkonen and Lu”tkepohlco-integration procedure was utilized , allowing for structuralbreaks in the series and to determine endogenous structuralbreakes , the Lanne et al. Unit root test was applied. Theresearcher found a long-run relation between exports andimports for Indonesia , Myanmar and Thailand; andsustainable long run trade deficit only for Myanmar .Conclusion - The balance of payments is one of the majorindicators of a country’s status in international trade, becauseit is affected not only by political events or government policiesbut also by the economic events represented by the BOPs.So, there is a need to study different aspects of BOPs.After reviewing the literature on the concerned topic, it canbe observed that most of the previous studies were conductedon the issue like impact of liberalization on trade deficitsand current account, impact of exchange rate on tradebalance, impact of externals factors on growth, impact ofBOPs on economic growth, trend in BOPs, and impact ofinflation on foreign trade . But still there is no suchcomprehensive study in India which could cover all the abovementioned aspects. So, there is a fresh attempt on the partof researcher to cover all the above mentioned aspects forthe researches to be under taken in future in India .

References :-1. Parikh ,Ashok (2004) . “Relationship between Trade

Liberalization , Growth and Balance of payments inDeveloping Countries : An Econometric study” . HWWADiscussion Paper No. 286.

2. Federico Gonzoga Jayme Jr. (2003). “Balance ofPayments Constrained Economic Growth in Brazil “ .Brazilians Journal of Political Economy . vol. 23. no.1(89).

3. Amini, Sadat Yalda et.al. (2012) “ The Effect of TradeLiberalization on Balance of Payment and EconomicGrowth in Iran “ . Journal of Basic and Applied ScientificResearch. Text Road Publication . 2(7). 7227-7231.

4. Parikh, A. and Stirbu, C. (2004) . “Relationship betweenTrade Liberalization, Economic Growth and TradeBalance: An Econometric Investigation. “ HWWADiscussion Paper. No. 289 . Hamburg Institute ofInternational Economics Hamburg . 1-50.

*************


S>m∞. brbm S>mda *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ d°ÌdrH$aU H$ dV©_mZ Xma _ß XwoZ`m H$ AoYH$Va Xemß H$rAW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ‡JoV H$ obE A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` oZ^©aVm H$ H$maU AoYH$mßeXe EH$ Xyga H$ H$ar] AmE h°& VWm A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`m[ma Edß g_PmV _ßVOr g d•o’ hwB© h°&

Ï`m[ma e„X g Ao^‡m` h° bm^ H$r ‡mo· H$ C‘Ì` g Ï`o∫$`mß Am°agßÒWmAmß H$ ]rM dÒVwAmß Am°a gdmAmß H$ H´$`-odH´$` g hmVm h°& Ï`m[maXm ^mJm _ß od^moOV oH$`m OmVm h°& AmßVnaH$ Ï`m[ma `m Kaby Ï`m[maVWm A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`m[ma `m odXer Ï`m[ma& O] oH$gr Ï`m[mnaH$ gm°XH$ H´$Vm odH´$Vm EH$ hr Xe H$ oZdmgr hmV h° Vm Cg Ï`m[ma H$m AmßVnaH$Ï`m[ma `m Kaby Ï`m[ma H$hV h° O°g- oXÑr, _wß]B©, B›Xm°a AmoX& BgH$od[naV A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`m[ma g Ao^‡m` Cg Ï`m[ma g h° Om Xm m Xm gAoYH$ Xemß H$ ]rM Am`mV Edß oZ`m©V hmVm h° dh A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`mm[maH$hbmVm h° O°g- maV, A_arH$m, BßΩb°S> AmoX& Ï`m[ma gßVwbZ _ß Am`mVoZ`m©V H$ H$db —Ì` _Xmß H$m hr emo_b oH$`m OmVm h° —Ì` _Xß d dÒVwE±h° oOZH$m bIm OmIm ]ßXaJmhm, hdmB© A»m, gr_m Mm°oH$`mß AmoX [a aImOmVm h°& Bg_ß A—Ì` _Xmß H$m emo_b Zht oH$`m OmVm h°&^wJVmZ gßVwbZ-^wJVmZ gßVwbZ-^wJVmZ gßVwbZ-^wJVmZ gßVwbZ-^wJVmZ gßVwbZ- ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ oH$gr Xe H$ ¤mam odÌd H$ A›`Xemß H$ gmW oH$` J` g_ÒV bZ XZ H$m odÒV•V oddaU hmVm h°& Bg_ßXe H$ —Ì` Edß A—Ì` XmZmß hr ‡H$ma H$ Am`mV Edß oZ`m©V H$m goÂ_obVoH$`m OmVm h°& ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ oH$gr Xe H$ AmoW©H$ gm°Xmß H$m bImOmIm hmVm h° oOg_ß Xm [j hmV h° ‡W_ bZXmar`m Am°a Xygam XZXmar`mhmVr h°& ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ gX°d gßVwobV ahVm h° AWm©V bZXmar`m EdßXZXmar`m ]am]a ahVr h°& Ï`m[ma gßVwbZ Edß ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ XmZmß hrl_ od^mOZ Edß odoeÓQ>rH$aU H$ H$maU hmV h°&

^maV _ß odXer Ï`m[ma H$m Aße-^maV _ß odXer Ï`m[ma H$m Aße-^maV _ß odXer Ï`m[ma H$m Aße-^maV _ß odXer Ï`m[ma H$m Aße-^maV _ß odXer Ï`m[ma H$m Aße-df© oZ`m©V Am`mV Ï`m[ma (‡oVeV _ß)1950 1.85 1.71 1.781960 1.03 1.69 1.361970 0.64 0.65 0.651980 0.42 0.72 0.571990 0.52 0.66 0.591999 0.60 0.80 0.702000 0.70 NA 0.702002 0.80 NA 0.802003 0.8 NA 0.802004 9.0 NA 1.102005 1.0 NA NA

^maV H$m odXer Ï`m[ma

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm - C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

2006 1.0 NA 1.52009 1.0 NA 2.0

ÛmV ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm 2009-10 ‡oV`moJVm X[©UNA AmßH$∂S> A‡m·

C∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV H$ odXerÏ`m[ma _ß CŒmamŒma d•o’ hwB© h°& odÌd H$ Hw$b odXer Ï`m[ma _ß ^maV H$mAße bJ^J 1 ‡oVeV Wm& WTO H$r odÌd na[mQ©> H$ AZwgma 2009 VH$odÌd dÒVwAmß H$ Hw$b odXer Ï`m[ma _ß ^maV H$m 2 ‡oVeV hm J`m h°&gZ≤ 2004-05 _ß H´$_e: 1.1 ‡oVeV Edß 1.5 ‡oVeV Wm& 2011-12_ 11.55 ‡oVeV VWm 2013-14 _ 13.97 ‡oVeV odÌd Ï`m[ma _ß^mJrXmar H$r h° VWm ^maV odÌd Ï`m[ma _ 31 dm± oZ`m©VH$ VWm 24 dm±Am`mVH$ Xe ahm &^maV H$m odXer Ï`m[ma, Am`mV, oZ`m©V Edß Ï`m[ma ef -

(H$am∂S> Í$. _)df© Am`mV oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma ef1950-51 608 606 -21960-61 1122 642 -4801970-71 1634 1535 -991980-81 12549 6711 -58381990-91 43196 32553 -106452000-2001 230873 203571 -273022006-07 840506 571779 -2667272007-08 1012312 655864 3564482008-09 1374436 840755 5336812009-10 1363736 845534 5182022010-11 1683467 1142649 540818

ÛmV AmoW©H$ gd 2011-12C∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ `mOZm AdoY _ß Xm dfm~ H$m

N>m∂S>H$a h_mam Ï`m[ma gßVwbZ ‡oVHy$b hr ahm h°& 1972-73 Edß 1976-77 _ß h_mam Ï`m[ma gßVwbZ AZwHy$b Wm& odÌd Ï`m[ma _ß d•o’ H$ gmWgmW Ï`m[ma gßVwbZ H$m KmQ>m Am°a CŒmamVa ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& 1980-81g 1990-91 _ß odXer Ï`m[ma ZroV _ß gwYma g [yd© Xe H$ oZ`m©Vm H$m_yÎ` Hw$b Am`mV o]b H$m dmof©H$ Am°gV 62 ‡oVeV Wm& 1992-93 g2011-02 _ oZ`m©Vm H$m dmof©H$ Am°gV _yÎ` Am`mV _yÎ` H$m 74 ‡oVeVhm J`m h°& ^maV H$m odXer Ï`m[ma odÌd H$ bJ^J g^r Xem H$ gmWhmVm h°& 93000 g ^r AoYH$ dÒVwE± bJ^J 190 Xem H$m oZ`m©V H$rOmVr h°& 8250 dÒVwE± Am`mV H$r OmVr h°&


odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S> - gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _ßXr H$ MbV 2009-10 _| oZ`m©Vm _ß 3.5

‡oVeV d Am`mVm _ß 5.0 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> XO© H$r JB© Wr & 2011-12 _ dÒVwE± oZ`m©Vm _ß 29.5 ‡oVeV d•o’ XO© H$r JB© h° & Am`mVm _ßd•o’ 19.0 ‡oVeV ahr h°&^maV _ oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± - gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)

VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 1950 H$ ]mX oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd[yU©[nadV©Z hwAm h°& Bg g_` maV gyVr H$[∂S>m, OyQ> Edß OyQ> H$r dÒVwE±, Mm`,M_∂S>m d Cgg ]Zr dÒVwE±, H$Ém bmhm, Ibr, H$mOy d _gmbmß H$m oZ`m©VH$aVm h°& dV©_mZ _ß h_ma ‡_wI oZ`m©V hmZ dmbm _ß BßOroZ`naßJ CÀ[mX,aÀZ Am^yfU CÀ[mXZ, M_∂S>m AmoX Ìmo_b h° Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 80 ‡oVeVdÒVwE± oZ`m©V H$r OmVr h°&

df© 2010-11 H$r AdoY _ß ^maV H$m Hw$b oZ`m©V 251136o_ob`_ A_arH$r S>mba h°& o[N>b dfm~ g 37.5 ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB© h° oZ`m©VÏ`m[ma _ß dÒVwAmß H$m ‡oVeV df© 2010-11 _ß maV g oZ`m©V hmZ dmbCÀ[mXm _ß ‡_wI Í$[ g BßOroZ`naßJ CÀ[mXZ (18.21 ‡oVeV ), aÀZAm yfU 16.27 ‡oVeV, [Q≠>mob`_ CÀ[mX 15.77 ‡oVeV, dÛ 10.23‡oVeV, agm`Z Edß Am°fYr` CÀ[mXZ 8.8 ‡oVeV, H•$of CÀ[mXZ 7.6‡oVeV, bmhm A`ÒH$ 3.37 ‡oVeV, Bb∑Q≠>moZ∑g gm_mZ 3.05‡oVeV, flbmoÒQ>H$ 1.88 ‡oVeV M_∂S>m VWm M_∂S> g oZo_©V gm_mZ 1.83‡oVeV, A^´H$ 1.5 ‡oVeV AmoX emo_b h°&^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± - gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - (XI AJb [•> [a)

VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Am`mV Ï`m[ma _ß r [nadV©Z hwE h°& Im⁄mfimH$m Am`mV ^r ]∂T>m h°& _erZ d A›` [y±OrJV dÒVwAmß Edß Cd©aH$, bmhmEdß BÒ[mV, [Q≠>mob`_, Vb d oMH$ZmB© w∫$ [XmW©, H$[mg, Abmh YmVwAmß,_mVr d ]hw_yÎ` [ÀWa AmoX H$ Am`mVm _ ^mar d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2010-11 _ß Am`mV 269769 o_ob`Z A_arH$r S>mba ahm Am°a Ï`m[ma KmQ>m118633 o_ob`Z S>mba ah J`m Am`mV H$ gß]ßY _ß maV H$ Hw$b Am`mVH$m 61.2 ‡oVeV Eoe`m Am°a Amoe`mZ Xemß g 19.3 ‡oVeV VWm`wam[ g 19.8 ‡oVeV Am`mV oH$`m OmVm h°&

df© 2010-11 _ß maV _ß oOZ ‡_wI MrOmß H$m Am`mV oH$`m J`m h°CZ_ß H$Ém Vb d CÀ[mXZ (28.6 ‡oVeV), gmZm Mm±Xr (11.5‡oVeV), _mVr d aÀZ (9.4 ‡oVeV), Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ gm_mZ (7.2

‡oVeV), _erZar (6.4 ‡oVeV), Cd©aH$ (1.9 ‡oVeV), Im⁄ Vb(1.8 ‡oVeV), [nadhZ C[H$aU (3.01 ‡oVeV), agm`Z (5.2‡oVeV), bmhm BÒ[mV (2.8 ‡oVeV), H$m`bm (2.7 ‡oVeV) AmoX &

ga_ma ¤mam oZ ßoÃV gßÒWmAmß ¤mam odXer Ï`m[ma H$r EH$ odefVmahr h° oH$ gaH$ma ¤mam oZ`ßoÃV gßÒWmE± ^r odXer Ï`m[ma H$aZ bJr h°&gßÒWmE± oZÂZ h°- ^maVr` am¡` Ï`m[ma oZJ_, hÒVH$bm Edß hWH$aKmoZ`m©V oZJ_, maVr` H$mOy oZJ_, maVr` MboMÃ oZ`m©V oZJ_, maVr`IoZO Edß YmVw oZJ_, maVr` A ´H$ Ï`m[ma oZJ_ BgH$ Abmdm oZ`m©VÏ`m[ma H$aZ dmbr gßÒWm O°g - oh›XwÒVmZ _erZ Qw>Îg& gaH$ma H$Â[Zr`mßEdß gßÒWmAmß H$m ^maV _ß oZ`m©V H$m ‡oVeV ]am]a ]∂T> ahm h°&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - dV©_mZ g_` _ß ^maV H$ Ï`m[ma gß]ßYr g^r ]∂S> Ï`m[mnaH$„bmH$m Ama XwoZ`m H$ g^r m°JmobH$ jÃm| g h°& maV H$ odXer Ï`m[maH$r oXem Edß gßaMZm _ß odefH$a 1990 H$ XeH$ _ß CXmarH$a m ‡oH´$`mewÍ$ hmZ H$ ]mX ]hwV ]Xbmd Am`m h°& Eoe`m Am°a Amog`mZ Xemß dA\´$rH$m H$m h_ma oZ`m©V _ß [`m©· maV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$ g^r ‡_wI jÃ‡À`j `m A‡À`j Í$[ g A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a H$mam]ma g Ow∂S> JE h°&

df© 2010-11 _ maV H$m Hw$b oZ`m©V 251136 o_ob`Z A_naH$rS>m∞ba H$m ahm & JV df© H$r A[jm 37.5 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& BgrAdoY _ß Am`mV 369769 o_ob`Z A_naH$r S>m∞ba ahm Am°a Ï`m[ma KmQ>m118633 o_ob`Z S>m∞ba ah J`m h°&


1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm (‡oV`moJVm X[©U)2. g_gm_o`H$ dmof©H$ - 20143. ^maVr` odXer Ï`m[ma Edß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gßÒWmE± (S>m± [r.S>r.

_mhÌdar, S>m± lrMß– Jw·m)4. A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` AW©emÛ Edß gmd©OoZH$ odŒm (S>m±. O`‡H$me o_l,

S>m∞. H$. Eb. Jw·m)5. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm (Anah›V [o„bH$eZ)6. bmH$Òdm_r [oÃH$m (15.09.2014)7. BßoS>`m Qw>S> Edß Vœ` ^maVr (OZdar 2014)


odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S >-odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S >-odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S >-odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S >-odXer Ï`m[ma H$ AmßH$∂S >- (Aa] S>m∞ba _ß )df© oZ`m©V Am`mV Ï`m[ma KmQ>m oZ`m©V d•o’ Xa Am`mV d•o’ Xa

(‡oVeV _) (‡oVeV _)2002-03 52.719 61.412 8.693 20.3 19.42003-04 63.893 78.149 14.307 21.1 27.32004-05 83.536 111.517 27.981 30.8 42.72005-06 103.091 149.166 46.075 23.4 33.82006-07 126.414 185.735 59.321 22.6 24.52008-09 163.132 251.654 88.522 29.0 35.52009-10 185.295 303.696 118.401 13.6 20.72010-11 178.751 288.373 109.622 -3.5 -5.02011-12 164.707 246.744 82.017 29.5 19.012012-13 144.67 1465959 1635261 11.55 13.97ÛmV -AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2011-12

^maV _| oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _| oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _| oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _| oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _| oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± - (H$am∂S> Í$. _ß)H´$ß. dÒVw 1950-51 1970-71 1990-91 2001-02 2010-111 OyQ> Edß OyQ> g ]Zr 113 190 298 612 2086

dÒVwE2 Mm` 80 148 1070 1719 32473 gyVr H$[∂S>m 119 142 2100 14655 250864 BßOroZ`naßJ dÒVwE± 0.4 198 3872 33093 3133825 H$m∞\$r 1.4 25 0252 1095 29086 aÀZ Am^yeU NA 45 5247 34845 1678467 aS>r_S> dÛ NA 29 4012 23877 510108 M_∂S>m Edß gß]ßoYV 25 80 2600 9110 17168

gm_Jr9 hÒVH$bm H$r dÒVwE± NA 73 6167 4406 594710 H$Ém bmhm NA 117 1049 2034 2141611 agm`Z NA 029 2111 22339 132054ÛmV AmoW©H$ gd 2011-12

^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± -^maV _ß Am`mV Ï`m[ma H$r dÒVwE± - (H$am∂S> Í$. _ß)H´$ß. dÒVw 1950-51 1970-71 1990-91 2001-02 2010-111 Afi Edß Cgg ]Zr 99 213 182 87 545

dÒVw2 [y±OrJV _mb 126 404 10466 28059 2214373 bmhm Edß BÒ[mV 14 147 2113 3975 472754 [Q≠>mob`_ [XmW© 54 187 10816 66769 4822825 Cd©aH$ [XmW© 31 187 1455 2964 315336 Abmh YmVwE± - 114 1102 3086 2211537 H$mJO 10 25 914 2131 96148 Im⁄ Vb 100 23 326 479 298609 flbmÒQ>rH$ gm_J´r NA 08 1095 3215 3130410 XdmB©`m± NA 24 468 2027 1111411 _mVr d ]hw_yÎ` [ÀWa NA 25 3738 22046 157596 ÛmV AmoW©H$ gd 2011-12

*************


S>m∞. Ama.Eg. _ S>bmB© *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ maV EH$ H•$of ‡YmZ Xe h°& hm± oH$ 70 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m‡À`j Edß A‡À`j Í$[ g H•$of [a oZ^©a h°& oH$gr ^r Xe H$m odH$mgH•$of H$ odH$mg g ‡mßa^ hmVm h°& odH$mg hVw H•$of g H$É_mb H$r ‡mo·,Im⁄mfi H$r ‡mo· AmoX ‡m· hmVm h°& AV: H•$of H$ odH$mg H$ o]Zm Xe H$mCÉV_ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$aZm Agß^d h°& Bgr H$ gßX^© _ß Xe H$ ‡W_‡YmZ_ßÃr [ß. Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ Z H$hm Wm oH$- "^maV H$m odH$mg H$aZmh° Vm H•$of H$m odH$mg H$aZm MmohE&' BgobE H•$of odH$mg g J´m_rUodH$mg VWm J´m_rU odH$mg g Xe H$m odH$mg H$m MH´$ ‡mßa^ hm OmVm h°&^maVr` H•$of H$m _mZgyZ H$m OwAm H$hm OmVm h° oOg df© _mZgyZ A¿N>mhmVm h° H•$of _ß CÀ[mXZ A¿N>m hmVm h°, VWm oOg df© _mZgyZ Ag\$bhmVm h° Vm H•$of ^r Ag\$b hmVr h°& ∑`mßoH$ ^maV _ß A^r ^r ogßMmB© H$gmYZ V°`ma Zhr h¢&

^maV _ß H•$of H$m odH$mg oZ`moOV VarH$ g df© 1951-52 g‡mßa^ hmVm h°& 1951 g 2014 VH$ oZaßVa H•$of odH$mg hVw mOZmE± ]ZrVWm h_mar H•$of _ß CÑIZr` [nadV©Z Zht oXImB© X ahm h°& o\$a r H•$ofAmYwoZH$rH$aU VWm Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g h_ Im⁄mfi H$ _m_b _ ßAmÀ_oZ^©aVm ‡m· H$r h°& H•$of H$m Yra-Yra odH$mg hm ahm h° Am°a AmOh_ Bg oÒWoV _ß h° oH$ H•$of AoY∑` H$m oZ`m©V H$a ah h°&

dV©_mZ H•$of _ß H$m\$r [nadV©Z XIZ H$m o_bVm h°& H•$of jÃ _ßoZaßVa ‡JoV g H•$of _ß AmYwoZH$rH$aU hwAm& oOgg H•$of jÃ _ß gwYmahwAm h°& H•$fH$ [wamZ H•$of `ßÃmß H$ ÒWmZ [a Z`-Z` AmYwoZH$ `ßÃm H$mVWm CfiV oH$Ò_mß H$ ]rOmß H$m ‡`mJ H$a ah h°& ogßMmB© hVw Zha, Vmbm]VWm Q>Áy]db H$m ‡`mJ hm ahm h° O°odH$ Edß amgm`oZH$ ImXmß H$m ^a[wa‡`mJ H$aV hwE Im⁄mfi H$m ]Â]a CÀ[mXZ H$a ah h°&

H•$of ‡YmZ Xe hmZ H$ ZmV Z og\©$ maV H$r amOH$mfr` AW©Ï`dÒWm_ß H•$of H$m Ah_≤ mJXmZ h° ]oÎH$ maV H$m 70 ‡oVeV _‹`_ Edß oZÂZdJ© ^r ‡À`j Edß A‡À`j Í$[ g H•$of [a AmolV h°& ^maV _ß ÒdVßÃVm‡mo· _ß [ÌMmV≤ g hr H•$of H$ odH$mg [a odef ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h¢ ‡W_[ßMdfr©` `mOZm g bH$a ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm VH$ H•$of gwYma _ß`mOZmEß ]ZmH$a bmJy H$r h°& oH$›Vw o\$a ^r Egm ‡VrV hmVm h° oH$ h_mamXe H•$of H$ jÃ _ß H$ht Z H$ht Cg _wH$m_ H$m hmogb Zht H$a [m`m OhmßAmO h_ß hmZm MmohE Wm& df© 1951 g bH$a dV©_mZ VH$ ^maV _ß Hw$bOrS>r[r _| H•$of H$m `mJXmZ oZaßVa KQ>m h°&

H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$m H•$fH$mß [a ‡^md(Yma oOb H$ gßX © _ß)

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`,Yma (_.‡) ^maV

VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01VmobH$m 01df© gH$b Kaby CÀ[mX H$ H•$oÓm H$r ohÒgXmar1950-51 59.3 ‡oVeV1982-83 36.3 ‡oVeV2001-02 24.9 ‡oVeV2006-07 18.7 ‡oVeV2011-12 16.2 ‡oVeV

ÒVmÃ - ‡oV`moJVm X[©U (dmof©H$) 2013, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWmodefmßH$ &A‹``Z H$m C’Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C’Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C’Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C’Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C’Ì` -1. Yma oOb H$ H•$fH$mß _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g hwE [nadV©Z H$m

OmZZm&2. ßH•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ bm^ Edß ‡^mdmß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&3. H•$of AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$ bm^ VWm hmoZ`mß H$m odõfUmÀ_H$

A‹``Z H$aZm&4. H•$of _ß hwE [nadV©Zmß H$m A‹``Z&5. H•$fH$mß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&6. oOb H$ H•$fH$mß H$r H´$` eo∫$ Edß H•$of od[UZ H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mH$ AmYma [a odõofV h°& ‡mWo_H$ gß_H$mß H$m gßH$bZ oOb H$ H•$fH$mß H$mXd oZXe©Z aroV H$ _m‹`_ g AZwgyMr ¤mam oH$`m J`m h° VWm o¤Vr`g_ßH$m H$m gßH$bZ gßX^© [wÒVH$mß, [Ã-[oÃH$mAmß, ‡H$moeV bI VWmd]gmBS> H$ _m‹`_ g oH$`m J`m h° VWm CZH$m gmßoª`H$r _m‹` g odõfUoH$`m J`m h°&A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[ZmE±-A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[ZmE±-A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[ZmE±-A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[ZmE±-A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[ZmE±-1. H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g oOb H$ H•$fH$mß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma

hwAm h¢&2. H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g H•$fH$, H•$of _ß AoYH$ Í$oM aIZ bJ h¢&Yma oOb H$m [naM` -Yma oOb H$m [naM` -Yma oOb H$m [naM` -Yma oOb H$m [naM` -Yma oOb H$m [naM` -Yma oObm _‹`‡Xe H$ B›Xm°a gß mJ _ß _mbdm-oZ_m∂S> _ß AdoÒWV h°& Yma oOb H$m Hw$b jÃ\$b 8153 dJ© oH$._r. VWm^m°JmobH$ odÒVma 200g 23010'CŒmar Ajmße VWm 75028' g 75012'[ydr© Xem›Va H$ _‹` AdoÒWV h°& oOb H$r 2011 H$r OZJUZm H$ AZwgma22,84,672 OZgßª`m h° VWm 60.57 ‡oVeV gmjaVm Xa h¢&


Yma oObm _wª` Í$[ g H•$of ‡YmZ h°& `hm± oH$ ‡_wI H•$of \$gb,gm`m]rZ, ¡dma, ]mOam, _∏$m, Jhy∞, MZm, H$[mg AmoX h°& ZJXr \$gbmß_ß H$[mg, gm`m]rZ, H$bm, [[rVm, AXaH$, fl`mO, bhgyZ AmoX \$gbmßH$m Ï`mdgmo`H$ \$gbmß _ß Í$[ _ß ]m`r OmVr h¢&H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU - H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU - H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU - H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU - H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU - H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g Ame` h° oH$ H•$of _ßZJXr \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aZm h°& H•$fH$mß ¤mam OrdZ oZdm©h \$gbmß H$mCÀ[mXZ Z H$aV hwE CZ \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aZm oO›hß ]ßMH$a AoYH$V_Am` ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$& H•$fH$mß ¤mam A[Zr Am_XZr _ß d•o’ H$aZ hVwIm⁄mfi \$gbmß H$m Zm__mÃ CÀ[mXZ _ß emo_b oH$`m OmVm h° VWm Vwa›V[°gm XZ dmbr \$gbmß H$m CÀ[moXV H$aZ H$r Ama ‡mÀgmohV hmZm H•$ofÏ`mdgm`rH$aU h°&

dV©_mZ _ß ^maVr` H•$of H$ Am_yb Myb [nadV©Z hm MwH$m h°& H•$of H$AmYwoZH$rH$aU g H•$fH$ H•$of _ß AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡`mJ H$a CÀ[mXZEdß CÀ[mXH$Vm _ß d•o’ H$a ah h°& \$gbmß H$r ZdrZV_ oH$Ò_, H$_ AdoYdmbr \$gb VWm amgmòZH$ Edß Cd©aH$ VWm O°odH$ ImX H$m ‡`mJ a[ya_mÃm _ß oH$`m Om ahm h¢& oOgg ]Â]a CÀ[mXZ hmZ bJm& H•$of _ßAmYwZrH$rH$aU g [aÂ[amJV H•$of Yra-Yra H$_ hmVr Om ahr h¢& AmOH$bN>mQ> H•$fH$ ^r H•$of H$m`© O°g - ]wAmB©, OwVmB©, oZßXmB©, Jw∂S>mB© H$m H$m`©Q>≠∑Q>a g H$a ah h°& H•$fH$ CÀ[mXZ hVw ]mOma g m gmgm`Q>r H$ _m‹`_ g]rO H´$` H$a ]mV h°, AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$a m gH•$fH$mß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma hm ahm h°& CZH$r ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` ]∂T>rh° VWm CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>H$a H´$` eo∫$ Edß amÓQ≠>r` _ß d•o’ hm ahr h°& oH$›VwBgH$m Xygam [hby ]hwV _hÀd[yU© h° H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU EdßAmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m bm^ H$db gÂ[fi H•$fH$ hr b [m ah h°& _‹`_ d N>mQ>H•$fH$ ]hwV H$_ BgH$m bm^ CR>m [m ah h¢ß& gmW hr H•$of H$r H$B© Xwb©^\$gbß ZÓQ> hmVr Om ahr h¢&

Bg ‡H$ma H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H•$of \$gbmß H$m ]mOmarH$aU h°oOg_ß H•$fH$ ZJXr \$gbmß H$m hr CÀ[mXZ H$aVm h°&H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ H$maU -H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ H$maU -H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ H$maU -H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ H$maU -H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ H$maU -1. H•$of CÀ[mXZ _ß gwYma H$m ‡_wI H$maU CÀ[mXZ H$r ZdrZV_ VH$ZrH$

H$m ‡`mJ H$aZ g h°& oOg_ß CfiV oH$Ò_ H$ ]rO, Cd©aH$, H$rQ>ZmeH$,XdmB©`m±, ogßMmB© AmoX&

2. o[N>b 50 dfm H$ Xm°amZ H•$of H$ CÀ[mXZ H$ VarH$m _ß _hÀd[yU©gwYma hwAm h° oOg H$maU H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm ]hwV ]∂T> MwH$r h°& AV:oH$gmZ ^yo_ H$m _mÃ oZdm©h H$m gmYZ Z _mZH$a Cgg AoYH$ gAoYH$ Am` ‡m· H$aZm MmhVm h¢&

3. H•$of _o S>`mß H$ odÒVma hmZ H$ H$maU H•$of \$gbmß H$m VwaßV ]Mm Omahm h¢&

4. H•$of [XmWm H$m CoMV _yÎ` ‡m· hmZm&5. g∂S>H$ Edß `mVm`mV H$ gmYZmß H$m odÒVma hmZm &6. H•$fH$mß H$m ]oZ`m| H$ F$U Omb g _wo∫$&7. \$gbmß H$ [H$Z H$r AdoY H$_ hmZm&H•$of H$m Ï`mdgm`rH$aU Am°a odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ‡^md - H•$of H$m Ï`mdgm`rH$aU Am°a odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ‡^md - H•$of H$m Ï`mdgm`rH$aU Am°a odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ‡^md - H•$of H$m Ï`mdgm`rH$aU Am°a odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ‡^md - H•$of H$m Ï`mdgm`rH$aU Am°a odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ‡^md - H•$ofÏ`mdgm`rH$aU H$m odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß [a ^r ‡^md [∂S>m h°& Bgg odŒmr`gßÒWmAmß H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd ]∂S>m h° Edß odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß H$m AmJ ]∂T>Z Am°aA[Z H$m`m H$ odÒVma H$aZ H$m Adga o_bm h° -1. H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g H•$of CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>m VWm H•$fH$mß H$r Am` _ß

d•o’ hmZ g ]MV ‡d•oŒm _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& oOgg odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß _ßO_m amoe ]∂T>r h¢&

2. [yßOr oZ_m©U H$r Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°&3. Ï`m[mnaH$ `mVm`mV H$ gmYZmß H$ odÒVma g odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß H$m

odÒVma hwAm oOgg CZH$r Am` ]∂T>r&4. gmYZ gÂ[fi H•$fH$ F$U OÎXr bm°Q>m XZ g odŒmr` gßÒWmAmß H$r

Am` ]∂T>r&5. Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g J´m_rU H•$fH$ H$r ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` ]∂T>r h¢&Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md -Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md -Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md -Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md -Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md - ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z_ß Yma H$ H•$fH$mß [a H•$of Ï`dgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md OmZZ hVw gdjUAZwgyMr H$ _m‹`_ g A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h¢&Yma oOb H$ H•$fH$mß _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md oÒWoVgmaUr - 02 (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - 02 (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - 02 (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - 02 (XI AJb [•> [a)gmaUr - 02 (XI AJb [•> [a)

VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Yma oOb _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g H•$fH$mßH$ bm^ h° CZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma hwAm h°& H•$of `mOZm H$m bm^H•$fH$mß H$m Zht o_b ahm h° Bg gß]ßY _ß 70 ‡oVeV H•$fH$mß Z H•$of mOZmH$m bm^ Zht o_bVm h°, H$hm h° VWm _o S>`mß _ß r H•$fH$ A[Zr C[O ]hwVH$_ ]MV h°& F$U ^r gmhyH$mamß g bV h¢&

AV: A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Yma oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß [a H•$ofÏ`mdgm`rH$aU Edß AmYwZrH$rH$aU H$m ‡^md [∂S>m h°& CZH$ OrdZ ÒVa_ß gwYma hm ahm h° CZH$r Am` Edß H´$` eo∫$ ]∂T>r h°& oH$›Vw A^r ^r YmaoOb H$ AoYH$mße H•$fH$ _o S>`mß _ß H•$of C[O Zht ]M [m ah h° VWmgmhyH$mamß d ]oZ`mß g F$U bH$a hr gÂ[yU© H$m`© gÂ[moXV H$a ah h°&oOgg CZH$r ]∂T>r hwB© Am` gmhyH$mamß H$ [mg Mbr OmVr h° Am°a H•$fH$ dhtH$m dhr h°& H•$fH$mß H$r Í$oM H•$of jÃ _ß Yra-Yra H$_ hmVr Om ahr h°& Bggß]ßY _| H•$fH$mß H$m H$hZm h° oH$ A] IVr KmQ> H$m gm°Xm hm J`r h°& ogßMmB©H$ gmYZmß H$m A^md VWm H•$of _mZgyZ H$r AoZoÌMVm H$ H$maU H$B©H•$fH$ H•$of H$m`© H$m N>m∂S>H$a A›` H$m`m H$r Am°a [bm`Z H$a ah h¢&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - oZ:gßXh H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g H•$fH$mß H$ OrdZ ÒVa _ßgwYma hwAm h°& H•$of CÀ[mXZ hVw ZdrZV_ VH$ZrH$ O°g Q≠>∑Q>a, W´ga,hmS©>dÒQ>a, _mQ>a [Â[, amgmòZH$ ImX, ]rO, H$rQ>ZmeH$ AmoX H$m C[`mJhmZ g CÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& [hb H•$fH$ CÀ[mXZ H$r [wamZr VH$ZrH$mßH$m ‡`mJ H$aV W oOgg CÀ[mXZ H$_ hmVm Wm& H•$fH$ A[Z [Q> VH$ H$rhr AZmO CÀ[moXV Zht H$a [mV W& H•$of H$ _mZgyZ [a oZ^©a ahZ H$H$maU VWm ogßMmB© gwodYmAmß H$ A^md g CÀ[mXZ H$_ hmVm Wm& oH$›VwAmO [naoÒœmoV`mß o^fi h°, AmO ‡À`H$ H•$fH$ CÀ[mXZ H$ ZdrZV_gßgmYZmß H$m ‡`mJ H$a ah h°& ]rO H$r hwB© \$gb _ß g Z ]mH$a gaH$ma¤mam ‡_moUV ]rOmß H$m hr ]m`m Om ahm h°& oOgg CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>m h° VWmH•$fH$mß H$r Am` _ß d•o’ hwB© h° VWm CZH$ OrdZ ÒVa _ß gwYma hwAm h¢& AmO‡À`H$ H•$fH$ H$ [mg _m]mB©b \$mZ h°& AoYH$mße H•$fH$ H$ [mg Q≠>∑Q>a,W´ga, OZaQ>a h°& Hw$b o_bmH$a Ï`mgm`rH$aU g H•$fH$ hmBQ>H$ hmH$aCÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm ]∂T>m ah h°& H•$of jÃ H$r Am°a AmH$of©V hm ah h°Yma oOb H$r C]∂S>-Im]∂S> O_rZ _ß r H•$fH$ Q≠>∑Q>a hmBdÒQ>a O°gr _erZH$ _m‹`_ g H•$of H$r Om ahr h°& A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ [m`m h° oH$ H•$fH$ [wamZrH•$of [’oV H$m Yra-Yra N>m∂S> ah h°& H•$fH$mß H$m H$hZm h° oH$ [wamZr H•$of_ß CÀ[mXZ H$_ hmVm Wm oOgg Am` _ß r d•o’ Zht hm [mVr Wr& AmO H$rH•$of _ßhJr OÍ$a h° [a CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ‡XmZ H$aVr h¢&


AßV _ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g H•$of CÀ[mXZ]∂T>m, H•$fH$mß H$r Am` ]∂T>r, H´$` eo∫$ ]∂T>r, H•$of ßÃmß H$ _mßJ ]∂T>, H•$fH$mßH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _O]yV hm ahr h°& H•$of amOJma H$ Adgamß _ß d•o’ hwB©oOgg H•$of _OXya [nadmamß H$m [bm`Z Í$H$m h°& Q>Áy]db H$m AoYH$C[`mJ H$aZ bJ & ogßMmB© H$ gmYZmß H$m odÒVma hwAm& H•$of H$ gmW-gmW [ew[mbZ ^r oH$`m Om ahm h°& Bgg H•$fH$mß H$r Am` _ß A¿N>r]∂T>mŒmar hm ahr h°& A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ [m`m h° oH$ AmO ^r H•$fH$ F$UgmhyH$ma g bV h°& oOZH$m ‡oVeV bJ^J 70 ‡oVeV h° VWm H•$of\$gb H$m ^r gmhyH$ma g hr ]M XV h°& H•$of H$m S> _ß Zht b OmV h¢&g_Ò`m VWm gwPmd -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -g_Ò`m -1. H•$of OmV H$m AmH$ma ]hwV N>mQ>m hmZ H$ H$maU H•$of _ß AmYwoZH$

VH$ZrH$mß H$m ‡`mJ Zht oH$`m Om gH$m&2. IV AbJ-AbJ ÒWmZ [a hmZ g AmYwoZH$ ßÃmß H$m ‡`mJ gß^d

Zht hm gH$Vm h°&3. H•$fH$mß H$m H•$of `mOZm H$m bm^ ‡m· Z hmZm &4. H•$of \$gb H$m CoMV _yÎ` Z o_bZm&5. ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[Xm g hwE ZwH$gmZ H$r ^a[mB© Z hmZm&6. AmYwoZH$ H•$of `ßÃmß g A[naoMV hmZm&7. H•$of _ßoS>`mß H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm Z hmZm&gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -1. MH$ ]›Xr AoZdm`© Í$[ g H$aZm MmohE&2. H•$fH$mß H$m \$gb aIZ H$ obE ^ S>maU H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm hmZr

MmohE&3. H•$of `mOZm H$m bm^ dmÒVodH$ bm^moW©`mß H$m hr oX`m OmZm

Mmoh`&4. H•$fH$mß H$ H•$of [XmWm H$ od[UZ H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm hm&5. H•$of [XmWm H$m CoMV _yÎ` H$m ^wJVmZ hmZm MmohE&

6. ZJXr \$gbmß H$ gmW-gmW Im⁄mfi \$gbmß H$m ^r CÀ[mXZ oH$OmZm MmohE&

7. ogMmßB© gwodYmAmß H$m odÒVma oH$`m OmZm MmohE&8. H•$fH$mß H$m gmhyH$mamß g F$U bZ H$r Ï`dÒWm g_m· hmZm MmohE&9. H•$of H$m amOJma _ybH$ ]ZmZ H$ gmW-gmW H•$of AmYmnaV C⁄mJ

YßYmß H$m odÒVma H$aZm MmohE&10. ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[Xm _ß hmZ dmb ZwH$gmZ H$r a[mB© emgZ ÒVa g _m°H$

[a VwaßV H$aZm MmohE&11. H•$fH$mß hVw gßÒWmJV F$U H$m ‡Mma-‡gma hmZm MmohE&12. AmYwoZH$ VarH$ g IVr H$aZ H$ VarH$ grImZ hVw ‡À`H$ Jmßd _ß

_mh _ß EH$ ]ma H•$of odefkmß ¤mam ‡oejU Ï`dÒWm gwoZoÌMVH$aZm MmohE &

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. [r.H$.ogßh, "\$gbmß H$ og’mßV' am_m [o„boeßJ hmD$g, oXÑr [•.-

75 &2. S>m∞. Jw·m oed yfU "H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm', [r.gr. [o„bogßeJ hmD$g,

AmJam &3. S>m∞. ‡_rbm Hw$_ma (2004), _‹`‡Xe - EH$ ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z

oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb &4. Ramarkrishnan Ruchika (2003), Rural marketing in India,

Century Publication, New Delhi.5. M.K. Nabi (1995) “Problems and Imperatives of Rural

Marketing an India” Indian Journal of Marketing, Feb. &March P.16-24

6. `mOZm _mogH$ [oÃH$m (2004) ‡H$meZ od^mJ, ZB©oXÑr &7. www.mpkrishi.org

8. www.agriculture.co.in

9. AoW©H$ gdjU, 2013, ^maV gaH$ma &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-02: Yma oOb H$ H•$fH$mß _ß H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU H$ ‡^md oÒWoVA. hm∞ Zht `mJH´$. hm∞ ‡oVeV Zht ‡oVeV1. H•$of Ï`mdgm`rH$aU g bm^ hwAm 30 60 20 40 502. AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _ß gwYma 38 76 12 24 503. H´$` eo∫$ ]∂T>r 35 70 15 30 504. H•$of `mOZm H$m bm^ ‡m· hwAm 15 30 35 70 505. ZJXr \$gb hr ]mV h°& 30 60 20 40 506. H•$of [XmWm H$m od[UZ 20 40 30 60 50

_o S>`mß _ß hr H$aV h°&7. F$U gmhwH$amß g bV h¢& 42 84 08 16 508. H•$of _ß Í$oM h°& 26 52 24 48 50

*************


H$moV©H$m Jw·m _hVm * S>m∞. e°b›– o_lm **

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ AmO H$ _hßJmB© H$ wJ _ß [∂T> obI _ohbmAmß H$m Ka ]°R> OmZm Am°a AZ[∂T> _ohbmAmß H$r Vah Ka [nadma H$r gmO gß mb H$aZm [wÍ$fmß[a ]mP S>mbZ H$ g_mZ h°& _ohbmEß H$m_H$mOr hm Vm CgH$m bm^ C›h| Òd`ß H$m Vm ‡m· hmVm hr h¢ gmW hr [wÍ$fm H$r oMßVmEß ^r Wm∂S>r H$_ hm OmVrh¢ Am°a [mnadmnaH$ Am` [a AZwHy$b ‡^md [S>Vm h¢& ]Émß H$m A¿N>r d CÉ oejm H$ gmYZ ‡m· hmV h¢ VWm _ohbmAmß H$r d•’mdÒWm H$r [aemoZ`mß^r Xya hm OmVr h¢& boH$Z BZ g] H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE _ohbmAmß H$m A[Z g_` H$m CoMV ‡]ßYZ r H$aZm hmVm h°& oOgH$ o]Zm d A[Z oH$gr H$m ©H$m gabVm[yd©H$ Zht H$a gH$Vr h°& H$m_H$mOr hmZ H$ H$maU C›h| ‡À`H$ H$m`© H$ obE odMma H$aZm [S>Vm h° oH$ H$m°Z gm H$m`© H$] H$a& _ohbmEß EH$hr g_` _ß H$B© ‡H$ma H$ H$m`© H$m H$aVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[Z g_` H$m ‡]ßYZ H$a bVr h°&[mnadmnaH$, gm_moOH$ Edß H$m_H$mOrOrdZ _ß odo^fi MwZm°oV`mß d VZmdmß H$m gm_Zm H$aV hwE H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m A[Z H$m`m [a ‹`mZ H$›–rV H$aZm hmVm h° VWm g^r H$m`m H$mH$aZ H$ obE CoMV g_` ‡]ßYZ H$aZm CZH$ obE AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ h°& CoMV g_` ‡]ßYZ ¤mam hr d A[Z [nadma H$r Am°a gßÒWmZ H$rAmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$a gH$Vr h°& ∑`mßoH$ g_` oH$gr H$m BßVOma Zht H$aVm&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡mMrZ g_` _ß _ohbmAmß H$m Ka H$ ]mha H$m_ H$aZ H$ obEZht OmZ oX`m OmVm Wm, CZH$m _wb H$m`© Ka _ß ahH$a Ka H$ H$m_H$mOH$aZm Wm& _ohbmEß MwÎhmß [a mOZ [H$mVr Wr VWm gm_m›` Í$[ g gß`w∫$[nadma ‡Wm H$m MbZ Wm& [nadma ]∂S>m hmZ H$ H$maU ‡m`: N>mQ>-]S> g^rH$m`© Ka H$r _ohbmAmß H$m hr H$aZ hmV W& Ka H$ ]∂S>m ¤mam _ohbmAmß (]hw]oQ>`mß) [a H$B© ‡H$ma H$ ‡oV]›Y d naoV nadmO Wm[ OmV W Om AmOVH$ Mb Am ah h¢&

Yra - Yra oejm H$m odH$mg hmZ bJm, ZdrZ VH$ZrH$mß H$m ‡H$me\°$bm oOgZ g_mO H$m ZB© ameZr Xr Am°a [wÍ$fmß H$ g_mZ _ohbmEß ^r‡À H$ jÃ _ß AmJ AmZ bJr&^maV _ß Am°gVZ ‡À H$ Ka H$r _ohbm Ka H$]mha m Ka _ß hr ]°R>H$a Am`mO©Z H$aZ _ß bJr h° gmW-gmW A[Z oZOrOrdZ H$m r JoVerb aIZ H$ ‡`mg H$aVr h°& Mmh d oH$VZ r CÉ [X[a AmgrZ hm OmEß gm_moOH$ ]ßYZ Cg AmO ^r OH$∂S> h°& H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß A[Z [nadma Am°a A[Z odÓ` H$m gßdmaZ H$ obE H$m © H$aVr h°&BVZr _hßJmB© H$ wJ _ß H$db Ka H$ [wÍ$f H$r Am` [a hr oZ^©a ahZm AmaCg [a IM© H$m ]mP bmXZm AH$b ]°b g IV OwVdmZ H$ g_mZ h°&

AmYwoZH$ wJ _ß _ohbmEß H$m_H$mOr hmZ H$ gmW gmW g\$b J•hoU`mß^r og’ hm ahr h° boH$Z H$^r oH$gr Z Bg ]mV [a em`X hr ‹`mZ oX`mhmJm oH$ _ohbmEß oH$g ‡H$ma g^r H$m`m H$m g_m`mOZ H$aVr hmJr&AmYwoZH$ `wJ H$r _ohbmEß K∂S>r H$r gwB© H$ gmW MbVr h° `m `h H$hm OmEoH$ mJVr ahVr h¢ Vm H$mB© AoVÌ`mo∫$ Zht hmJr& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß g^r dhr Amem H$r OmVr h¢ Om Hw$eb J•hoU`mß g H$r OmVr h°& BVZr AoYH$oOÂ_Xna`mß Cg [a hmVr h¢ oH$ dh dmÒVd _ß Xod` Í$[ YmaU H$a MwH$r h°,oOgH$ H$B© hmW h° Am°a ‡À H$ hmW _ß X‚Va d Ka H$ H$m_ h¢ VWm H$m_ H$aZH$ Xm°amZ oX_mJ _ß H$B© ‡H$ma H$ odMma ^r Mbm`_mZ ahV h°&

H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß gw]h CR>V g hr oXZ^a _ß oH$` OmZ dmb H$m`m

H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß ¤mam g_` ‡]ßY

H$r g_` gmaUr _Z hr _Z _ß ]Zm bVr h¢ VWm odo^fi H$m`m H$m H$aZ H$r‡mWo_H$Vm H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE A[Zr g_` gmaUr H$ AZyÈ[ H$m`© H$mgÂ[fi H$aVr h°& BZ g^r H$m`m H$ ]rM _ohbmAmß H$m A[Z g_` H$m CoMVg_m`mOZ H$aZm hmVm h° VmoH$ dh EH$ Hw$eb J••hUr Edß g\$b H$m_H$mOr_ohbm H$ H$V©Ï`mß H$m [mbZ H$a gH$ VWm A[Zm d A[Z ]Émß H$ odÓ`H$m gßdma gH$ Am°a gmW hr A[Z h_g\$a H$ gmW OrdZ H$ ha _mS> [a Hß$Yg Hß$Ym o_bmH$a Mb gH$& ‡ÒVwV bKw emY[Ã H$m ‡_wI C‘Ì` H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$ g_`‡]ßYZ H$m odõfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm h°& gmW hr A›` ghm`H$C‘Ì` Bg ‡H$ma h° :-1. H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$ H$m_H$mOr Am°a oZOr OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ

H$r oÒWoV kmV H$aZm&2. Ï`ÒVVAmß H$ ]rM [nadma H$ A›` gXÒ`mß H$ gmW H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß

oH$g ‡H$ma gm_ßOÒ` ÒWmo[V H$aVr h¢ `h kmV H$aZm&3. H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$r gm_moOH$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh _ß mJrXmar

kmV H$aZm&4. `h kmV H$aZm oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[Z OrdZ g oH$VZr gßVwÓQ> h°&5. `h kmV H$aZm oH$ [nadma H$ A›` gXÒ` H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m

oH$g ‡H$ma ‡mÀgmohV H$aV h°?A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - "H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß Hw$ebVm[yd©H$ A[Zg_` H$m g_m`mOZ H$a bVr h°' odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - oZOr gßÒWmAmß _ß H$m`©aV 60 H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß [a oH$`J` emY _ß oZÂZoboIV [naUm_ ‡m· oH$` J` - H´$. H´$. H´$. H´$. H´$. AmYmaAmYmaAmYmaAmYmaAmYma gH$mamÀ_H$gH$mamÀ_H$gH$mamÀ_H$gH$mamÀ_H$gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV 1 g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U 38 63.33% 2 Òd ß H$ ob g_` 48 80%

* Ï`mª`mVm, Ama.[r.Eb. _húar _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV** Ï`mª`mVm, Xdr AohÎ`m odúod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV


3 [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$ ob` g_` 54 90% 4 [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam ]mVm| H$m gmPXmar 46 76.67% 5 [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ 56 93.33% 6 H$m`m©b` m C⁄_ _ß g_` 60 100% 7 oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md 34 56.67% 8 [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ [a ‡^md 38 63.33% 9 H$m_H$mOr OrdZ ôdÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr 58 96.67%10 AdH$me H$m oXZ ^r Ï`ÒV 30 50%11 gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh _ß ^mJrXmar 42 70%12 H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm 36 60%13 CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]Vm` AmE AoVoW 36 60%

H$m gÎ\$ma14 BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ 46 76.67%15 BßQ>aZQ> C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr 12 20%16 AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` 50 83.33%17 Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ 28 46.67%18 H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> 60 100%C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H$ AdbmH$Z g :-1.1.1.1.1. g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U - g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U - g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U - g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U - g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U - emY _ß 60 _ß g 38 H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß hr g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h°& CZ_ß g Hw$N> _ohbmEß `hH$hVr h° oH$ d oboIV Í$[ g H$mB© g_` gmaUr Zht ]ZmVr h° H$db_mZogH$ Vm°a [a `h oZoÌMV H$aVr h° oH$ C›hß H$m°Z-g H$m`© H$] d H°$gH$aZ h° VWm EH$ H´$_ oZYm©naV H$a gÂ[yU© H$m`© H$aVr ahVr h°&2.2.2.2.2. Òd`ß H$ ob` g_` - Òd`ß H$ ob` g_` - Òd`ß H$ ob` g_` - Òd`ß H$ ob` g_` - Òd`ß H$ ob` g_` - emY H$ AZwgma H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$rÏ`ÒVVm BVZr AoYH$ hmV hwE ^r 80 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß Òd`ßH$ ob` g_` oZH$mbH$a A[Z Bo¿N>V Edß Í$oM[yU© H$m`© H$m H$aVr h°& MmhC›hß Ka [nadma Am°a H$m_H$mOr OrdZ H$ oH$VZ hr H$m_ hm d Òd ß H$ ob H°$g Z H°$g d∫$ oZH$mbH$a A[Z em°H$ [ya H$aVr hr h° d A[Zr Mmhr JB©ha B¿N>m H$m [yU© H$aVr h°& Egr _ohbmEß AoYH$ Iwe d ÒdÒW ahVr h° emY_ß Egm XIm J`m h°& BgH$ R>rH$ od[arV Om _ohbmEß Òd`ß H$ ob` g_`Zht oZH$mb [mVr d oM∂S>oM∂S>[Z H$m oeH$ma hm OmVr h°&3.3.3.3.3. [nadma H$ gXÒ`m ß H$ ob` g_` - [nadma H$ gXÒ`m ß H$ ob` g_` - [nadma H$ gXÒ`m ß H$ ob` g_` - [nadma H$ gXÒ`m ß H$ ob` g_` - [nadma H$ gXÒ`m ß H$ ob` g_` - H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$mXmhar yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aZm hmVm h°& EH$ Am°a Ohmß Cg A[Z H$m_H$mO[a ‹`mZ XZm hmVm h° dhr [mnadmnaH$ Xmo`Àdmß H$m ^r oZ^mZm hmVm h°&H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m BgH$m [yam [yam ‹`mZ aIZm hmVm h°& emY _ß `h[m`m J`m h° oH$ 90 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß h H$hVr h° oH$ d [nadma H$ gXÒ`mH$m ^r A[Zm g_` XVr h¢ CZH$ gmW Ky_Z OmZ, ]Émß H$m od⁄mb` H$mJ•hH$m`© H$admZ, [oV, gmg ggwa d Ka H$ g^r gXÒ`mß g ]mV H$aZ Edßg^r H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$aZ _ß A[Zm ‹`mZ bJmVr h°& 10‡oVeV _ohbmAmß H$r oÒWoV Egr h° oH$ d [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$ gmW g_`Ï`VrV Zht H$a [mVr ∑`mßoH$ CZH$ [mg g_` Zht hmVm &4.4.4.4.4. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam _Z H$r ]mVß gmPm H$aZm - [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam _Z H$r ]mVß gmPm H$aZm - [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam _Z H$r ]mVß gmPm H$aZm - [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam _Z H$r ]mVß gmPm H$aZm - [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam _Z H$r ]mVß gmPm H$aZm - emY _ß h[m`m J`m oH$ 90 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß A[Z [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$ gmW g_`Ï`VrV H$aVr h° o\$a ^r 76.67 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$ gmW[nadma H$ gXÒ` oXZâ _ß hwB© ]mVmß H$m, oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m oZU© bZ _ß mA›` H$mB© ]mV ]VmZ _ß gßH$mM Zht H$aV h°& 60 _ß g 8 H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß[nadma H$m A[Zm g_` XVr h° o\$a r [nadma H$ gXÒ` CZg A[Zr ]mVß

gmPm Zht H$aV& h EH$ oZ›XZr` ]mV h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß [nadmaH$m A[Zm H$r_Vr g_` XZ H$ ]mdOyX A[Z hr [nadma ¤mam AZXIr H$rOm ahr h°&5. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ - 5. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ - 5. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ - 5. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ - 5. [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß ¤mam gh`mJ - emY _ß h [m`m J`m h° oH$93.33 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m gh`mJ CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`H$aV h°& [nadma H$ gXÒ` H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m CÀgmhd’©Z ^r H$aVh° VWm gmW hr CZH$ [oV, ]É, gmg ggwa d [nadma H$ A›` gXÒ` CZH$H$m`m _ß gh`mJ r H$aV h°& H$B© H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß h H$hVr h° oH$ d O]A[Z H$m`© H$ ob` Ka g ]mha OmVr h° Vm Ka H$r A›` _ohbmEß ^mOZ[H$mZm, oQ>o\$Z [°H$ H$aZm, CZH$ ]Émß H$m bmbZ-[mbZ d A›` H$m © rH$a XVr h¢ & C›hß [nadma H$r [yU© gh`mJ ‡m· hmZ H$ H$maU hr d Ka H$]mha oZoÌßMV hmH$a oZH$b [mVr h°&6.6.6.6.6. H$m`m©b` `m C⁄_ _ ß g_` - H$m`m©b` `m C⁄_ _ ß g_` - H$m`m©b` `m C⁄_ _ ß g_` - H$m`m©b` `m C⁄_ _ ß g_` - H$m`m©b` `m C⁄_ _ ß g_` - emY _ß 100 ‡oVeV _ohbmEßA[Z H$m_H$mO H$m oZoÌMV g_` XVr h°& g_` [a H$m`© H$aZ H$ ob`[hwßMVr h° Am°a oZYm©naV g_` [a Ka H$ ob` oZH$b OmVr h°& H$m`m©b` /C⁄_ _ß r ghr g_` XVr h° em`X Bg hr H$maU AmYwoZH$ wJ _ß ‡À`H$jÃ _ß _ohbmAmß H$r mJrXmar H$m ]∂T>mdm oX`m Om ahm h°& ∑`mßoH$ _ohbmEßA[Z H$m_H$mO H$m ghr g_` XVr h°&7.7.7.7.7. oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md - oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md - oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md - oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md - oZOr OrdZ H$m [eda OrdZ [a ‡^md - H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmßH$m A[Zr oZOr oOßXJr Am°a [eda oOßXJr H$m AbJ AbJ aIH$a H$m`©Bg ‡H$ma H$aZm hmVm h° oH$ EH$ H$m ‡^md Xwga [a Z [∂S> & emY H$ AZwgma60 _ß g 34 _ohbmEß `h _mZVr h° oH$ CZH$ oZOr OrdZ _ß hmZ dmbrKQ>ZmAmß H$m ‡^md CZH$ H$m_H$mOr OrdZ [a [∂S>Vm h°, oOgH$ H$maUCZH$m g_` ‡]ßYZ AÏ`doÒWV hm OmVm h°& d H$B© ]ma g_` [a H$m`m©b`/ C⁄_ [hwßM Vm OmVr h° boH$Z _Z _ß oZOr OrdZ H$ odMma Mbm`_mZahV h° Om CZH$ H$m_H$mO H$ oZÓ[mXZ [a od[arV ‡^md S>mbV h°&8.8.8.8.8. [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ H$m ‡^md - [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ H$m ‡^md - [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ H$m ‡^md - [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ H$m ‡^md - [eda OrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ H$m ‡^md - emY H$ AZwgma63.33 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß `h H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$ H$m_H$mOrOrdZ H$m oZOr OrdZ [a ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& O] C›hß A[Z H$m_H$mO H$ob g_` [a oZH$bZm hm Am°a H$mB© AmdÌ`H$ H$m © Am OmE Vm C›hß A[ZH$m`© g AdH$me bZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a òX dm Egm Zht H$a [mVr `m oH$grH$maUde C›hß AdH$me Zht o_b [mVm Vm [nadma `m naÌVXmamß H$rVmZmH$er H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& H$B© ]ma _ohbmAmß H$m A[Z H$m ©ÒWb[a AoVna∫$ g_` Í$H$ H$a H$m © H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° oOgH$m grYm ‡^md CZH$oZOr OrdZ [a [∂S>Vm h°&9.9.9.9.9. H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm odÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr - H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm odÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr - H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm odÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr - H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm odÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr - H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm odÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr - emY H$ AZwgma96.67% H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß h H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$m dV©_mZ _ß H$m_H$mOr]Z ahZm CZH$ d CZH$ [nadma H$ ôdÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr h°& d g_`‡]ßY H$a g]Hw$N> Ï`doÒWV H$a bVr h° ∑`mßoH$ AmYwoZH$ wJ _ß ]Émß H$r[∂T>mB©, CZH$ H$naà, Òd`ß H$r d•’mdÒWm Am°a A›` H$B© ‡H$ma H$ IMm~ H$m]mP AH$b [wÍ$f [a Zht S>mbm Om gH$Vm& _ohbmEß g_` ‡]ßY H$a g_ÒVXmo`Àdmß H$m oZdm©h H$a ahr h°& 96.67 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß Bg ]mV g gh_Vh° oH$ CZH$m H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm ôdÓ` H$ ob` C[`mJr h°&10.10.10.10.10. AdH$me H$m oXZ r Ï`dÒVVm[yU© - AdH$me H$m oXZ r Ï`dÒVVm[yU© - AdH$me H$m oXZ r Ï`dÒVVm[yU© - AdH$me H$m oXZ r Ï`dÒVVm[yU© - AdH$me H$m oXZ r Ï`dÒVVm[yU© - emY H$ AßVJ©V 50 ‡oVeV_ohbmEß h H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$ AdH$me H$m oXZ r gm_m›` oXZmß H$r VahÏ`ÒVV_ hmVm h°& 5-6 oXZ VH$ Om H$m`© C›hmßZ H$m`© [a OmZ H$ H$maUZht oH$` W d H$m`© C›h|$ AdH$me H$ oXZ H$aZ hmV h°& AdH$me H$ oXZ


[nadma H$ gXÒ` ^r `h Amem H$aV h° oH$ d ^mOZ _ß Hw$N> Z` `m A¿N>Ï`ßOZ [H$mEß d CZH$ gmW H$ht Kw_Z Om` & Om H$m`© C›hmßZ [hb ZhtoH$` hmV d C›hß AdH$me H$ oXZ H$aZ [∂S>V h°& Bg [a g H$B© ]ma EgmhmVm h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m AdH$me H$ oXZ Ka H$ ]mha OmZm hmVm d g_` ‡´]ßY H$ ]ma _ß H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$a [mVr &

gmW hr 50 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß `h H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$m AdH$me H$moXZ gm_m›` oXZmß H$r Vah Ï`ÒV Zht hmVm h° ∑`mßoH$ d H$m`©erb oXdgmß_ß hr g_ÒV H$m © H$aVr OmVr h° VmoH$ AdH$me H$ oXZ A›` H$m © H$a gH$d [nadma H$m g_` X gH$r&11.11.11.11.11. gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh d oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ ß ^mJrXmar -gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh d oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ ß ^mJrXmar -gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh d oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ ß ^mJrXmar -gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh d oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ ß ^mJrXmar -gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_mamh d oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ ß ^mJrXmar -VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 70 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[Z Ï`ÒVV_ OrdZ_ß r BVZm g_` oZH$mb bVr h° oH$ d gm_moOH$, [mnadmnaH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$g_mamh _ß ^mJ bZ H$ gmW-gmW A[Z em°H$ H$ ob` oH$Q>r [mQ>r© _ß ^rohÒgm bVr h°& d H$m_H$mOr d J•hUr hmZ H$ gmW gmW gm_moOH$ AoÒVÀdH$m r ]Zm aIVr h°& d Bg ‡H$ma g_` H$m g_m`mOZ H$aVr h° oH$ g_mOd [nadma H$ Am`mOZ _ß ]∂T>M∂T> H$a ^mJ b gH$&12.12.12.12.12. H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm - H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm - H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm - H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm - H$m`© `mOZmAmß H$r g_` [a [yU©Vm - VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 60‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß hr AmZ dmb oXZmß H$ ob` ]ZmB© JB© H$m`©`mOZm H$m g_` [a [yU© H$a [mVr h°& BgH$ R>rH$ od[arV 40 ‡oVeVH$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß h H$hVr h° oH$ d Mmh H$a r A[Z H$m`m H$m g_` [a[yU© Zht H$a [mVr h°&13.13.13.13.13. CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]VmE AmE AoVoW H$m gÀH$ma - CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]VmE AmE AoVoW H$m gÀH$ma - CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]VmE AmE AoVoW H$m gÀH$ma - CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]VmE AmE AoVoW H$m gÀH$ma - CÀgmh[yd©H$ o]Z ]VmE AmE AoVoW H$m gÀH$ma - H$m_H$mOr_ohbmAmß H$ [mg g_` ]hwV H$_ hmVm h°, o\$a r VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 60‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß AdH$me H$ oXZ r BVZm g_` oZH$mb bVrh° oH$ `oX Cg oXZ H$mB© o]Zm ]VmE CZH$ Ka oH$gr H$maUde `m CZgo_bZ Am OmE Vm d CZH$m ÒdmJV [yU© CÀgmh g H$aVr h°& BgH$ od[arV40 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß ZH$mamÀ_H$ CŒma XV hwE H$hVr h° oH$ Bg‡H$ma AmE AoVoW h_ma g_` ‡]ßY H$m o]Jm∂S> XV h°&14.14.14.14.14. BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ - BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ - BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ - BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ - BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ - VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 76.67 ‡oVeVH$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß AmYwoZH$ `wJ H$r EH$ _hÀd[yU© gwodYm BßQ>aZQ> gOw∂S>r hwB© h° VWm BgH$m C[`mJ H$aZm OmZVr h°& O] H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmßg h [yN>m J`m oH$ d oH$g ob` BgH$m C[`mJ H$aVr h° Vm CZH$m H$hZmWm oH$ odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ H$m`m~ H$ ob` ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$ ob` VWmgmeb ZQ>doH©$ßJ gmBQ> H$ _m‹`_ g A[Z [nadma, naÌVXmamß, ghob`mßAm°a g_mO g Ow∂S>Z H$ ob` BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ H$aVr h¢ d Ka [nadma dH$m_H$mOr OrdZ g Ow∂S>r odo^fi ]mVmß H$r OmZH$mar H$ ob` ‡m`: BßQ>aZQ>H$m ghmam bVr h°&15.15.15.15.15. BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr -BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr -BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr -BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr -BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$ H$maU g_` H$r ]]m©Xr -VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 20 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß hr Egr h° Om BßQ>aZQ> H$ AoYH$V_C[`mJ H$aZ H$ H$maU g_` [a A[Z H$m`m~ H$m [yU© Zht H$a [mVr h°& dH$hVr h° oH$ O] d \$g]wH$, dmQ>≤g E[ O°gr gmB©Q>m H$m C[`mJ H$aVr h° Vmg^r g ]mV H$aZ _ß CZH$m ]hwV g_` ZÓQ> hm OmVm h°& BgH$ od[arV 80‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß `h H$hVr h° oH$ d BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ H$aVrVm h° [a BVZm r Zht H$aVr oH$ d A[Zm A_wÎ` g_` BßQ>aZQ> H$ C[`mJ_ß Ï`W© H$a X&16.16.16.16.16. AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` - AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` - AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` - AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` - AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`m H$ ob` g_` - VmobH$m H$ AZwgma 83.33:H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[Zr g_` VmobH$m _ß BVZm _moO©Z aIVr h¢ H$r

H$^r-^r H$mB© AmdÌ`H$ H$m © Am OmZ [a Cg gabVm[wd©H$ H$a bß& BggCZH$r g_` ‡]ßYZ Ï`dÒWm ‡^modV Zht hmVr h¢& oX Egm bJVm r h°Vm d ‡mWo_H$VmAmß H$m oZYm©aU H$a H$m`© gÂ[fi H$aVr h¢ &17.17.17.17.17. Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ - Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ - Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ - Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ - Ka [nadma d [eda OrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ - VmobH$m H$ AZwgma46.67% H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß hr `h _mZVr h° oH$ Ka [nadma d [edaOrdZ _ß g_m`mOZ H$aZm EH$ gab H$m`© h° Am°a d Hw$ebVmdy©H$ XmZmß H$]rM g_` H$m g_m`mOZ H$a bVr h° VWm A[Zr Xmhar wo_H$m H$m oZdm©hH$a gabVm g H$a bVr h°&

BgH$ R>rH$ od[arV 32 H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß `h H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$ob` Xmham H$m`© H$aZm ]hwV _woÌH$b hmVm h°&18.18.18.18.18. H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> -H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> -H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> -H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> -H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwoÓQ> -VmobH$m H$ AZwgma EH$ ‡gfiVmXm`r[naUm_ h ‡m· hwAm h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß BVZr Ï`ÒV Edß [aemoZ`mßg oKar hmZ H$ ]mdOyX r A[Z OrdZ g gßVwÓQ> h°& 100 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß A[Z H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwÓQ> h°& CZH$ AZwgma d H$m_H$mOA[Z em°H$, A[Z AoÒVÀd H$r ajm d AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$ ob` H$aVr h°& dH$hVr h° oH$ h_ A[Z [nadma Am°a A[Z ]Émß H$ ob` `h H$m`© H$a ah h¢VmoH$ CZH$ odÓ` H$m gßdmam Om gH$& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß oH$gr r H$m ©H$m A[Zr [yU© j_Vm g H$aVr h° VWm g^r H$ ]rM g_m`mOZ H$a [nadmaH$m EH$ gmW Om∂S> aIVr h°& AV: CZH$m H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm d g_`mZwgmag_m`mOZ H$aZm hr C›hß A¿N>m bJVm h° VWm d Eg hr OrdZ g gßVwÓQ> h°&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - C[ ©w∫$ odõfU g h og’ hmVm h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmßH$m A[Z OrdZ _ß Xmhar ^wo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aV hwE Òd`ß [a ^r ‹`mZXZm hmVm h° VmoH$ dh g_ÒV Xmo`Àdmß H$m gß[fi H$a gH$ & BZ g^r H$gmW-gmW H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m A[Z [oV, ]Émß, ggwamb H$ gXÒ`mßd naÌVXmamß Òd`ß H$ _mVm-o[Vm, mB©-]hZ d A›` gß]ßoY`mß H$ ÒdmÒœ`d CZH$ `hmß g_`-g_` [a hmZ dmb Am`mOZmß _ß ^r goÂ_obV hmZm[∂S>Vm h°& BZ g^r H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß d B¿N>mAmß H$m gßVwÓQ> H$aZm H$m_H$mOr_ohbm H$m Xmo`Àd h° AV: BZ g^r H$m`m~ H$ ob H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m24 x 7 H$m g_m`mOZ Bg ‡H$ma H$aZm hmVm oH$ dh g_ÒV H$m`© g_` H$agH$ &

emY _ß h [m`m J`m h° oH$ 100 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[ZH$m_H$mOr OrdZ g gßVwÓQ> h°& CZ_ß BVZm AmÀ_odÌdmg h° oH$ dgabVm[yd©H$ g_` H$m g_m`mOZ H$a gH$Vr h°& 63.33 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß g_` VmobH$m H$m oZ_m©U _m°oIH$ m _mZogH$ m oboIV Í$[ gH$aVr h°& o\$a r 83.33 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß A[Zr g_` VmobH$mH$m Bg ‡H$ma bmMerb ]ZmVr h¢ oH$ H$^r H$mB© AmH$oÒ_H$ H$m`© AmZ [aCZH$r g_` VmobH$m AÏ`doÒWV Zht hmVr h°& 93.33 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß h r H$hVr h° oH$ CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ` r Ka H$ H$m_H$mO _ßCZH$r ghm`Vm H$aV h°& emY _ß _ohbmAmß Z h r H$hm oH$ Ka H$ H$m_m _ßg]g ¡`mXm ghm`Vm CZH$ [oV H$aV h° oX d Egm Zht H$a Vm d Zm°H$arZht H$a gH$Vr h°& 80 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß hr Òd`ß H$ em°H$ [yaH$aZ H$ ob` g_` H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aVr h° AWm©V≤ emY H$ AZwgma 10‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß Òd`ß H$ ob` hr Zht Ao[Vw [nadma H$ ob`g_` oZH$mbH$a CZH$ gmW g_` Ï`VrV H$aVr h°& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEßA[Z _ZmaßOZ H$m ‹`mZ aIV hwE oH$Q>r [mQ>r©, gm_moOH$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$g_mamh _ß ]∂T>MT> H$a ^mJ bVr h°& 70 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß BZAm`mOZmß _ß goÂ_obV hmZ g gh_V r h°& 60 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß


g_` H$r BVZr [m]ßX hmVr h° oH$ oOg oXZ H$ ob` Om H$m`© oZYm©naVoH$`m Wm Cg H$m`© H$m V] hr [yam H$aVr h°& CZH$ AZwgma `oX d EH$ ^rH$m`© H$m AmJ oH$gr Ama oXZ H$aZ [a Q>mbVr h° Vm AmJ AmZ dmb g^rH$m`© `mOZmEß AÏ`doÒWV hm OmVr h°&

76.67 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß AmYwoZH$ C[H$aUmß H$m C[`mJ^r H$aVr h°& _ohbmEß g_` H$r Ï`dÒWm H$a BßQ>aZQ> H$m C[`mJ A[ZoZOr d H$m_H$mOr OrdZ H$ ob` H$aVr h° VmoH$ Òd`ß H$m AmYwoZH$ OJVg Om∂S> gH$ boH$Z 20 ‡oVeV H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m BßQ>aZQ> H$m BVZmem°H$ h° oH$ d BßQ>aZQ> H$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ H$aZ H$ H$maU g_` [a A[ZH$m`m H$m [yU© Zht H$a [mVr h°&

AV: AmYwoZH$ wJ _ß H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß g_` H$r H$r_V H$m g_PZbJr h° o\$a ^r g_`-g_` [a d A[Z ha em°H$ H$m [yam H$aVr h° VWm[mnadmnaH$ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a d°dmohH$ Xmo`Àdmß H$r [yoV© H$ gmWÒd`ß H$ ob` ^r g_` oZH$mbVr h¢ Am°a [nadma H$ ob` ^r & H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß OmZVr h° H$r CZH$m H$m_H$mOr ]Z ahZm, odÓ` H$ ob C[`mJrh° Mmh dV©_mZ _ß d H°$g r g_` ‡]ßY H$a & BZ g] H$ ]mdOyX H$m_H$mOr_ohbmEß A[Z H$m_H$mOr OrdZ g [yU©Í$[ g gßVwÓQ> h° boH$Z CZH$ ob`Ka [nadma Am°a [eda OrdZ H$ ]rM g_m`mOZ H$aV hwE g_` ‡]ßYZ

H$aZm EH$ H$oR>Z H$m`© h°& o\$a r H$m_H$mOr _ohbmEß hVme Zht hmVr h° &d oZa›Va H$m`©aV h° Am°a h_em ahJr &

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. [wÒVH$-C⁄o_Vm odH$mg (H$mR>mar, o_lm, gmhy) &2. [wÒVH$-H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE g_Ò`mEß Edß g_mYmZ (erbm gbyOm

,Mwfirbmb gbyOm) &3. H$mÀ`m`Z ¤mam doV©H$m 125, 24,77 &4. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a g_mMma [Ã &5. Vedic women : Loving Learned Lucky.6. Jyotsana Kamat “Status of women in medieval Karnataka”7. Women in India “ How Free How Equal ? “(Kalyani

Menon Sen, A.K.Shiva kumar )8. “Women of the world : Women’s Health in India” (Victoria

A Velkoff & Arjun Adlokha )9. “National policy for Empowerment of Women”(Rajya

Sabha Passed Women’s reservation Bill) 25.08.2010.10.Wikipedia.org/s

11. www.whereismypants.com

*************


_‹`‡Xe _ß Jm_rU odH$mg mOZmAmß _ß oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$_`m©oXV, IaJmZ H$m mJXmZ (IaJmZ-]∂S>dmZr oObmß H$ gßX © _ß)

S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^maV H$m ˆX` ÒWb _‹`‡Xe H$ oZ_m∂S>mßMb _ß oÒWVAmoXdmgr ]hwb¤` oObmß H$m A[Zm _hÀd h°& [yd© ]∂S>dmZr oObm IaJmZoOb H$r Vhgrb Wm& gV[w∂S>m Am°a odß‹`mßMb H$r dmoX`mß VWm OrdZXm`rZrZ_©Xm ZXr BZ jÃmß H$m odH$ogV Am°a ‡\w$oÑV H$aVr h°& `hmß H$r H$mbro_≈r g H$[mg H$r a[ya [°Xmdma hmZ g BZ ¤` oObmß _ß oOoZßJ-\$o∑Q≠> mßH$r ]hwVm`mV hmZ g oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ A[Zr_hŒmr ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h°&

oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ H$r OZOmVr` oObßIaJmZ Edß ]∂S>dmZr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ‡_wI `mOZmAmß _ß _hÀd[yU©gh^moJVm ahr h¢& _‹`‡Xe emgZ ¤mam BZ `mOZmAmß H$ oH´$`m›d`ZH$ obE _m[X S> oZYm©naV oH$E h°& BZ oZYm©naV _m[X S>mß H$ AmYma [aohVJ´moh`mß H$m J´m_rU odH$mg H$r `mOZmAmß g F$U ghm`Vm AWdmAZwXmZ ‡m· hm gH$Vm h°&emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - emY H$m C‘Ì` - _‹`‡Xe _ß J´m_rU odH$mg H$r AZH$ `mOZmEßgßMmobV h°& BZ mOZmAmß _ß oObm ghH$mar H$o›–` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV IaJmZH$m ∑`m `mJXmZ h°, `h kmV H$aZm emY H$m C‘Ì` h°&emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ- emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ- emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ- emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ- emY ‡odoY Edß jÃ- ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã _ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mß Edß gyMZmAmßH$ AmYma [a oddMZm H$a oZÓH$f© ‡m· oH$E JE h° Edß emY H$m A‹``ZjÃ _.‡. H$ IaJmZ Edß ]∂S>dmZr oOb H$m goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°& oOg_ßoObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ ¤mam gßMmobV ‡_wI`mOZmAmß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°&emY Ï`mª`m-emY Ï`mª`m-emY Ï`mª`m-emY Ï`mª`m-emY Ï`mª`m-oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> `mOZm -oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> `mOZm -oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> `mOZm -oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> `mOZm -oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> H$mS©> `mOZm - Bg `mOZm H$ AßVJ©V oH$gmZmß H$ ¤mam[ewAm ß H$r XI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm-[ewAmß H$r XI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm-[ewAmß H$r XI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm-[ewAmß H$r XI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm-[ewAmß H$r XI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm- Zm]mS©> ^m[mb H$ AZwgmaH´$oS>Q> H$mS©> H$ gßÌmoYV oXem oZXemß _ß [ew[mbZ H$ AßVJ©V H$m`©erb[yßOr F$U H$m ^r ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h° oOg_ß oH$gmZmß ¤mam [ewAmß H$rXI^mb hVw Mmam IarXZm emo_b h°& Bg ]ma _ß h r CÑoIV h° oH$ \$gbmßH$r IVr _ß Mmam CJmZm ^r emo_b h°& Bg hVw F$U ‡Xm` oH$`m Omdß&go_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob` gwoZ`moOV H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naVgo_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob` gwoZ`moOV H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naVgo_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob` gwoZ`moOV H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naVgo_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob` gwoZ`moOV H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naVgo_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob` gwoZ`moOV H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naVH$aZm- H$aZm- H$aZm- H$aZm- H$aZm- go_oV`mß H$ F$Umß H$r dgybr H$ ob g_`]’ gwoZ`moOV H$m ©H$_[a ]°R>H$ _ß odMma oH$`m OmVm h° VmoH$ gdm©Zw_oV g oZU©` bH$a oOgH$mAZw_mXZ oH$`m OmVm h°&S≠>r[ EnaJeZ (Q>[H$ ogßMmB©) `mOZm-S≠>r[ EnaJeZ (Q>[H$ ogßMmB©) `mOZm-S≠>r[ EnaJeZ (Q>[H$ ogßMmB©) `mOZm-S≠>r[ EnaJeZ (Q>[H$ ogßMmB©) `mOZm-S≠>r[ EnaJeZ (Q>[H$ ogßMmB©) `mOZm-S≠>r[ EnaJeZ hVw ghm`H$gßMmbH$ C⁄mZ ¤mam AZweßogV ‡H$aUmß _ß h∑Q>a _m∞S>b mOZmZwgma F$U

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` Ym_ZmX, oObm -Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

H$r ÒdrH•$oV Xr Om gH$Jr& Bg hVw AmdXH$ H$m oZ`_mZwgma F$U ÒdrH•$oVXr Om gH$Jr& Bg AmdXH$ H$m oZ`_mZwgma _‹`mdoY F$U mOZm›VJ©VoZYm©naV F$U AmdXZ-[Ã _ß AmdXZ-[Ã, AmdXH$ d ‡oV^yoV Xmdm¤mam gßÒWm/]¢H$ H$r Zm__mÃ H$r gXÒ`Vm J´hU H$aZm hmJr, mOZm hVw‡mO∑Q>a na[mQ©>, H$mQ>eZ d EÒQ>r_ßQ>, EZ. gr. Eg. H$r ‡_mo mV ‡oV,H•$of ^yo_ H$r ]r-1 H$r ZH$b d 5 gmb Igam, A›` ]¢H$mß H$m ZmS>ÁyO‡_mU-[Ã ‡ÒVwV H$aZm hmJm& ef eV [yd© _ß Omar oZXemZwgma hmJr&F$U AdoY 4 g 15 df© hmJr&

VmobH$m H´$.01VmobH$m H´$.01VmobH$m H´$.01VmobH$m H´$.01VmobH$m H´$.01\$gb H$ _mZ g `mOZm _m∞S>b\$gb H$ _mZ g `mOZm _m∞S>b\$gb H$ _mZ g `mOZm _m∞S>b\$gb H$ _mZ g `mOZm _m∞S>b\$gb H$ _mZ g `mOZm _m∞S>b

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. oddaUoddaUoddaUoddaUoddaU [m°Ym ß H$r Xwar[m°Ym ß H$r Xwar[m°Ym ß H$r Xwar[m°Ym ß H$r Xwar[m°Ym ß H$r Xwar F$U_mZ ‡oV EH$∂S>F$U_mZ ‡oV EH$∂S>F$U_mZ ‡oV EH$∂S>F$U_mZ ‡oV EH$∂S>F$U_mZ ‡oV EH$∂S>1. g„Or 1.5 x 1.5 22600.002. AZma 4 x 4 10500.003. oZÂ]y/A_ÈX 6 x 6 8500.004. H$bm/[o[Vm 3 x 3 13400.005. AßJya 3 x 2.5 13600.006. H$[mg/o_M© 3 x 3 13400.00

ÛmV- oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZg_rjm- g_rjm- g_rjm- g_rjm- g_rjm- C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m g oZÂZ oZÓH$f© ‡m· hmV h° -1. gdm©oYH$ F$U Xa g„Or CÀ[mXH$mß H$ obE V` H$r JB© h°&2. H$bm, [[rVm, o_M© Am°a H$[mg oZ_m∂S> H$r VrZ ‡_wI C[O h°& AV:

BZH$r F$U Xa EH$ g_mZ h°&3. AßJya H$r IVr H$m oZ_m∂S> _ß ‡mÀgmhZ hVw ‡oV EH$∂S> F$U Xa hmß H$r

‡_wI C[O H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ h°&[∂S>V/]ßOa ^yo_ [a OQ≠ >m \$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm-[∂S>V/]ßOa ^yo_ [a OQ≠ >m \$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm-[∂S>V/]ßOa ^yo_ [a OQ≠ >m \$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm-[∂S>V/]ßOa ^yo_ [a OQ≠ >m \$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm-[∂S>V/]ßOa ^yo_ [a OQ≠ >m \$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm- ]m`mS>rOb H$CÀ[mXZ H$r —oÓQ> g OmQ≠>m\$m [m°Ymam[U H$m XIV hwE ^maV gaH$ma ¤mamOQ≠>m\$m [m°Ymam[U `mOZm H$m ]∂S> [°_mZ [a ‡mÀgmhZ oH$`m Om ahm h°&amÓQ≠>r` oVbhZ Edß dmZÒ[oVH$ Vb odH$mg ]mS©> ¤mam ^r 30 ‡oVeVVH$ H$m AZwXmZ ‡Xm` oH$` OmZ H$m ‡mdYmZ aIm J`m h°& C∫$ [na[˙`_ß am¡` emgZ ¤mam ^r [∂S>V ^yo_ odH$mg VWm ÒdamOJma H$ Adgag•oOV H$aZ H$ obE OQ≠>m\$m H$r IVr H$m ]∂S> [°_mZ [a ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m Omahm h°& C∫$ [na[˙` _ß ]¢H$ ¤mam A[Z H$m`©jÃ H$ AßVJ©V OS≠>m[m[m°Ymam[U H$ ob oZYm©naV _m[X ∂S>mß H$ VhV [mÃ H•$fH$mß H$m F$U C[b„YH$am`m OmVm h°& oOgH$m oddaU ZrM Xr JB© VmobH$m _ß oX`m J`m h°-


VmobH$m H´$.02VmobH$m H´$.02VmobH$m H´$.02VmobH$m H´$.02VmobH$m H´$.02odVaU VmobH$m (EH$ EH$∂S> _ ß 2000 [m°Ym ß H$ obE)odVaU VmobH$m (EH$ EH$∂S> _ ß 2000 [m°Ym ß H$ obE)odVaU VmobH$m (EH$ EH$∂S> _ ß 2000 [m°Ym ß H$ obE)odVaU VmobH$m (EH$ EH$∂S> _ ß 2000 [m°Ym ß H$ obE)odVaU VmobH$m (EH$ EH$∂S> _ ß 2000 [m°Ym ß H$ obE)

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. oH$ÌVoH$ÌVoH$ÌVoH$ÌVoH$ÌV C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì` H$m`© AdoYH$m`© AdoYH$m`© AdoYH$m`© AdoYH$m`© AdoY C[`moJVmC[`moJVmC[`moJVmC[`moJVmC[`moJVmOmßMH$Vm©OmßMH$Vm©OmßMH$Vm©OmßMH$Vm©OmßMH$Vm©AoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$mar

1. ‡W_ JT>T> IXZm, 7 oXdg [`©djH$/em. ‡.oH$ÌV ImX S>mbZm,

[wZ: [m°Ymam[U,oZarjU Edß VH$ZroH$ gbmh

2. o¤Vr` [m°Ymam[U 3 oXdg emIm ‡]ßYH$oH$ÌV

3. V•Vr` [m°Ymß H$ 12 _mh emIm ‡]ßYH$ oH$ÌV aIaImd

4. MVwW© [m°Ymß H$ 24 _mh emIm ‡]ßYH$oH$ÌV aIaImd

ÛmV - oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZg_rjm -g_rjm -g_rjm -g_rjm -g_rjm -C[`w©∫$ VmobH$ g oZÂZ oZÓH$f© ‡m· hmV h°:-1. oZ_m∂S> _ß ]m`mS>rOb H$ CÀ[mXZ H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ H$ obE H•$fH$mß H$m

AmH$f©H$ F$U gwodYm Xr J`r h¢&2. Bg F$U gwodYm H$m bm^ H•$fH$ oZYm©naV g_`mdoY _ß hr ‡m· H$a

gH$V h¢&3. H•$fH$mß H$m [m°Ymam[U _ß bJ^J Xm df© VH$ Mma oH$ÓVmß _ß F$U oX`m

OmVm h°&S>ar _wJr© [mbZ OmoI_ [yßOr oZoY-S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZmS>ar _wJr© [mbZ OmoI_ [yßOr oZoY-S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZmS>ar _wJr© [mbZ OmoI_ [yßOr oZoY-S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZmS>ar _wJr© [mbZ OmoI_ [yßOr oZoY-S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZmS>ar _wJr© [mbZ OmoI_ [yßOr oZoY-S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZm(S>rBS>rEg) - (S>rBS>rEg) - (S>rBS>rEg) - (S>rBS>rEg) - (S>rBS>rEg) - Zm]mS©> S>ar `mOZm H$ AßVJ©V 10 [ewAmß hVw È. 3.00bmI VH$ H$m F$U ohVJ´moh`mß H$m odVaU oH$`m Om ahm Wm, oOg_ß gßemYZ

H$aV hw` Zm]mS©> ¤mam S>ar [na`mOZm oXZmßH$ _ß 01 ogVß]a 2010 ggßemYZ H$aV hw` S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZm H$ AßVJ©V [ew [mbZ,S>àr Am°a _ÀÒ` [mbZ od^mJ ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam H$m`m©o›dV _m∂S>> H$m„`mO _w∫$ F$U g (AmB©E\$Eb) g [yßOr C[XmZ _ß [nadoV©V H$aZ H$m`yoZQ> bmJVmß H$m gßÌmoYV H$aZ H$m Hw$N> Z` KQ>H$mß H$m emo_b H$aZ H$mEdß Zm_ H$m ]XbH$a "S>àr C⁄o_Vm odH$mg `mOZm' Zm_ XZ H$m oZU©òb`m J`m h°& oOgH$ AßVJ©V gßH$a ZÒb H$r Jm`mß/Xer XwYmÈ Jm`mß Wmgmohdmb, aS> ogßYr, Jm°a, amR>r AmoX m Xg JS>S> °gmß VH$ H$r N>mQ>r S>àrH$r BH$mB`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm hVw 10 [ewAmß H$r BH$mB© _ß oOg_ß › yZV_ 2 [ewAm°a AoYH$V_≤ 10 [ewAmß H$ ob È. 5.00 bmI VH$ F$U ÒdrH•$V H$r OmgH$Jr VWm Zm]mS©> ^m[mb H$ AZwgma odo^fi KQ>H$mß H$ ob` È. 30.00bmI VH$ F$U ÒdrH•$V oH$E Om gH$V h¢&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - [oÌM_ oZ_m∂S> H$ XmZmß oObß IaJmZ Edß ]∂S>dmZr OZOmVr`]hwb h°& Ï`m[mnaH$ ]¢H$ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r `mOZmAmß H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ßAoYH$ ^mJrXmar Zht H$aV h¢& AV: ghH$mar ]¢H$mß H$r BZ `mOZmAmß H$mg\$b ]ZmZ _ß _hŒmr ^yo_H$m hmVr h¢&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. _‹`‡Xe gßX © 2012, _‹`‡Xe OZgß[H©$ H$m ‡H$mÌmZ, m[mb,

20122. Hw$_ma, ‡_rbm : _‹`‡Xe H$m m°JmnbH$ A‹``Z, _‹`‡Xe nhßXr

J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb, 20083. oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ4. oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b`, IaJmZ5. lrdmÒVd, ‡_ZmamÙ : [oÌM_≤ oZ_m∂S> JOoQ>à6. F$U [woÒVH$m, oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJmZ7. AJ´dmb, _mWwa, Jw·m : ghH$mar oM›VZ Edß J´m_rU odH$mg, a_e

]wH$ oS>[mß, O`[wa

*************


]mobH$mAm| H$m KQ>Vm AZw[mV - EH$ oMßVZr` odf`

S>m∞. gwaIm O°Z *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ gß[yU© odÌd AmO AmVßH$dmX,[`m©daU gßH$Q>,Jar]r Am°aAoejm O°g H$maUmß gß [roS>V Vm h° hr [a BgH$ gmW EH$ ‡_wI Ωbm]bMwZm°Vr r h_ma gm_Z Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© XZ bJr h°, Am°a dh h° KQ>Vr ]mobH$mAmßH$r gßª`m&

EH$ Eg Xe _ß Ohm∞ H$›`mAmß H$r [yOm H$r OmVr h° oO›hß Xdr H$m Í$[_mZm OmVm h° C›hß XwoZ`m _ß AmZ g [hb hr _ma oX`m OmVm h°, ∑`mß C›hßhH$ Zht o_b [mVm XwoZ`m H$m XIZ H$m ? AmoIa ∑`m H$gya hmVm h°CZH$m? og\©$ BVZm hr Zht oH$ dm b∂S>H$r H$ Í$[ _ß J^© _ß AmVr h°& ]¿MmO] O›_ bH$a AmVm h° Vm _m∞ Cg oH$VZm fl`ma H$aVr h° CgH$ obE gmarXwoZ`m g b∂S>Vr h°,emÛmß _ß _m∞ H$ dmÀgÎ` H$m gdm[ar aIm OmVm h° CgH$r__Vm H$ AmJ Vm [ÀWa ^r o[Kb OmVm h°& o\$a H°$g H$admVr h° dh ^ýUhÀ`m,H$hm∞ Mbr OmVr h°, CgH$r __Vm, CgH$m dmÀgÎ` AJa ^ýU hÀ`mhmVr ^r h° Vm og\©$ H$›`mAmß H$r hr ∑`mß?

]mbH$mß H$r ^ýU hÀ`m Vm H$^r Zht H$r OmVr ∑`mß ha OJh Zmna`mßH$m hr H$ÓQ> oX`m OmVm h°& AmYwoZH$Vm _ß A] ha H$mB© EH$ hr `m ¡`mXm g¡`mXm Xm gßVmZ MmhVm h°& Om EH$ gßVmZ MmhV h¢ dm og\©$ b∂S>H$m hr MmhVh° Am°a òX J^© _ß b∂S>H$r AmVr h° Vm V] VH$ & Abortion H$admV h¢ O]VH$ C›hß b∂S>H$m Zht o_bVm& AJa H$mB© Xm gßVmZ MmhVm h° Vm dm EH$b∂S>H$m Am°a EH$ b∂S>H$r MmhJm& AJa XmZmß b∂S>H$m hw Vm r CgH$ obE H$mB©[aemZr Zht [a dm H$^r ^r XmZmß gßVmZ b∂S>H$r Zht MmhJm,∑`mß? AmoIaEgm ∑`m h°,b∂S>H$r _ß ? ∑`m dh Ao^lm[ h° oOgg ha H$mB© S>aVm h°&

df© 2003-04 H$r JUZm H$ AZwgma Xe _ß ‡oV 1000[wÍ$fmß [a927 _ohbmEß h°& A] Vm _ohbmAmß H$r gßª`m Am°a ^r H$_ hm JB© h° Am°aAJa Bgr Vah MbVm ahm Vm ‡mMrZ g_` bm°Q> Am`Jm& [hb EH$ amOm100,200 VH$ amoZ`m∞ aIVm Wm A] EH$ _ohbm 100,200 [oV aIJr&[hb h_ A[Z ]Q> H$r emXr H$ obE emZ g b∂S>oH$`m XIZ OmV W&b∂S>H$r H$m o[Vm hmW Om∂S>H$a hm∞ _ß hm∞ o_bmVm I∂S>m ahVm & A] Vm bS>oH$`mß

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ gß[yU© odÌd AmO AmVßH$dmX, Jar]r, [`m©daUr` gßH$Q>, Aoejm,]amOJmar AmoX H$B© A›` gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAmß g OyP ahm h°&21 dt eVm„Xr _ß h_ Hw$N> AoYH$ `m AoV AmYwoZH$ hmV Om ah h°& ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV VWm CgH$r AmÒWmE| g_m· hmVr Om ahr h° , BgH$m ‡_mU h° oH$Xe _ß oÛ`mß H$r gßª`m _ß bJmVma oJamdQ> Am ahr h°& O›_ bZ g [yd© hr bS>oH$`mß H$m Bg gßgma _ß AmZ g amH$m Om ahm h°& h EH$ gm_moOH$ oMßVmAm°a oMßVZ H$m _w‘m h°,`h EH$ Ωbm]b MwZm°Vr h°,oOg [a emY [Ã _ß amOZ°oVH$,gm_moOH$,AmoW©H$ Ï`dÒWm H$ CZ o]ßXwAmß H$m OmS>Z H$m ‡`mg oH$`mJ`m h° gmW hr gmW CZ C[m`mß H$m odÌbfU ^r Bg emY [Ã _ß oH$`m J`m h°, oOgg Bg g_Ò`m H$m g_m· `m H$_ oH$`m Om gH$&

bS>H$r H$ O›_ [a Amßgy ]hmZ dmbmß,Ka Am°a Xe H$r emhaV h° b∂S>oH$`m∞&

]Q>r Am°a ]Q> _ß ^X H$aZ dmbmß,hram h° b∂S>H$m Vm H$mhZya h° b∂S>oH$`m∞&&

H$r _woÌH$b g o_bVr h° Am°a AmZ dmb 25-30 gmbmß ]mX b∂S>oH$`m∞ dmbemZ g b∂S>H$m XIZ Om`Jß Am°a XhO _mßJßJ& hOmamß b∂S>H$ Hw$ßdma hr ]y∂T>hm Om`ßJ&

h_ gmMV h°, oH$ H$›`m ^ýU hÀ`m Jmßdmß _ßß ¡`mXm hmVr h° [a h_oeojV,g_PXma AmYwoZH$ ZmJnaH$ oH$VZm g_PV h¢& h_ Ûr hmH$a rH$^r Zht MmhV oH$ h_mar gßVmZ b∂S>H$m Z hmH$a b∂S>H$r hm, b hr D$[a gh_ Hw$N> r H$hV ah Hw$N> r H$aV ah,oH$VZm hr oXImdm ∑`mß Z H$a b, [ah_ A[Z odÓ` H$ gmW oIbdm∂S> H$^r Zht H$a gH$V& h_ß [Vm h° oH$ EH$b∂S>H$m hr _mVm-o[Vm H$m AH$bm N>m∂S> XVm h°& O]oH$ ha b∂S>H$r A[Z_mVm-o[Vm H$m ghmam XZ H$ obE ha [b V°`ma ahVr h° o\$a ^r h_ H$›`m^ýU hÀ`m H$admV h°&

H$maU H$mB© ^r hm, òX bJmVma Eg hr oÛ`mß H$r gßª`m H$_ hmVrOm`Jr, Vm AoddmohV [wÍ$fmß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>Jr Am°a oÛ`mß H$r gßª`m H$_hm Om`Jr& AoddmohV [wÍ$f A[Zr H$m_¿N>m [yar H$aZ H$ obE JbV _mJ©A[ZmEßJ& Ka gßgma, ]mb ]¿Mmß Am°a ]rdr H$m g[Zm [yam Zht hmJmoOgg Ïò∫$ Ï`gZmYrZ ]ZßJ, _ZmodH•$V hmJß Am°a Bg_ß amÓQ≠> H$r AdZoVhr hmJr&

g_mO Bg g_Ò`m H$m bH$a ]hwV AgßdXZ erb hm J`m h°, EH$Va\$ AmYwoZH$Vm ]∂T> ahr h° dht _ohbmAmß H$r gßª`m KQ> ahr h° BgH$dmÒVodH$ H$maU H$m°Z-H$m°Z g h°, amOZ°oVH$,gm_moOH$,AmoW©H$ Ï`dÒWmH$ CZ o]ßXwAmß H$m Om∂S>Z H$m ‡`mg Bg emY [Ã _ß oH$`m J`m h° gmW hrgmW CZ C[m`mß H$m odÌbfU ^r Bg emY-[Ã _ß oH$`m J`m h° oOggg_Ò`m H$m g_m· m H$_ oH$`m Om gH$&]mobH$mAmß H$ KQ>V AZw[mV H$ [rN> CŒmaXm`r H$maU -]mobH$mAmß H$ KQ>V AZw[mV H$ [rN> CŒmaXm`r H$maU -]mobH$mAmß H$ KQ>V AZw[mV H$ [rN> CŒmaXm`r H$maU -]mobH$mAmß H$ KQ>V AZw[mV H$ [rN> CŒmaXm`r H$maU -]mobH$mAmß H$ KQ>V AZw[mV H$ [rN> CŒmaXm`r H$maU -l ]mobH$mAmß H$r C[jm H$aZ H$ H$maU H$_ Am`w _ß CZH$r _•À`w Xa

AoYH$ hmZm&l XhO ‡Wm H$ H$maU b∂S>oH$`mß H$m [gßX Z oH$`m OmZm&


l ^maV O°g Jar] Xe _ß b∂S>oH$`mß H$r XI^mb H$r ]Om` AmoW©H$ÛmßVm [a OrdZ OrZ H$ ob` ¡`mXm ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm h°&

l VH$ZrH$r odH$mg H$ gmW-gmW obßJ [arjU VarH$m gÒVm Edß gwb^hmZ H$ H$maU&

l _ohbmAmß H$m Kaby Edß ]mhar ohßgm H$m oeH$ma hmZm&l _mVm-o[Vm AZH$ gm_moOH$,gmßÒH•$oVH$ AmoW©H$ H$maUmß g b∂S>H$

H$m OZZm ¡`mXm CoMV g_PV h°& BgobE ^ýU AJa H$›`m hmVr h°Vm J^©[mV H$am oX`m OmVm h°&

l b∂S>H$mß H$r VwbZm _ß b∂S>oH$`mß H$m H$_ ^mOZ oX`m OmZm oOgg dH$_Oma hm OmVr h° Am°a _•À`wXa ¡`mXm hmVr h°&

l C¿M _•À`w Xa hmZ H$ ^r H$B© H$maU h° O°g - H$_ Am`w _ß oddmh,g_mO _ß _ohbmAmß H$r oZÂZ oÒWoV, gdm gwb^ Z hmZm BÀ`moX&

l g_mO H$m Í$o∂T>dmXr ZV•Àd Om [aß[amAmß Am°a _Oh] H$ Zm_ [a_ohbmAmß H$m AoYH$ma Z ‡XmZ H$aZm&

l ]Q> H$ A^md _ß dße ]MmZm _mVm-o[Vm H$m _•À w gßÒH$ma H$m°Z H$aJm,Bg hVw ]Q> H$m O›_ AmdÌ`H$ h°, ]Q>r H$m Zht O°g _m›`Vm`ß _mZmOmZm&

l ]Q>r H$r gwajm H$r oOÂ_Xmar oejm gßÒH$ma, emarnaH$ gwajm , AmoXH$r oOÂ_Xmar H$r dOh g&

l N>mQ>m [nadma ^r BgH$ obE oOÂ_Xma h° AoYH$mße XÂ[oŒm H$r gmMAJa EH$ ]¿M H$m O›_ XZm h° Vm ∑`mß Z ]Q> H$m hr O›_ oX`m OmEVmoH$ dh ]wT>m[ H$m ghmam ]Z gH$&AmO hH$rH$V h h° oH$ odÌd _ß gdm©oYH$ gm_moOH$ VWm gmßÒH•$oVH$

emfU _ohbmAmß H$m hm ahm h°& _ohbmAmß [a hmZ dmb emfU H$m amH$ZhVw _ohbmAmß H$m AoYH$ g AoYH$ oeojV H$aZm hmJm OZgßª`m _ß _ohbmAZw[mV gßVmfOZH$ aIZ H$ obE Ï`m[H$ gaH$mar ‡`mg oH$` J` h°,Am°a oH$` Om ah h°, Bg_ß H$am∂S>mß Í$[` ‡oV df© IM© oH$` Om ah h¢ boH$ZBZH$m g_woMV C[`mJ Zht hm [mVm h° ‡H•$oV Am°a g_mO H$m gßVwbZ]Zm` aIZ H$ obE Ûr Am°a [wÍ$fmß H$r gßª`m _ß g_mZVm hmZm Mmoh`&g_mZVm ]ZmZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd-g_mZVm ]ZmZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd-g_mZVm ]ZmZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd-g_mZVm ]ZmZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd-g_mZVm ]ZmZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd-l J^©[mV H$m [yar Vah ‡oV]ßoYV oH$`m OmZm Mmoh` Am°a BgH$ obE

H$mZyZ _ß Ï`m[H$ ]Xbmd bmZ H$r OÍ$aV h°&l J^© [arjU [a amH$ bJmZ OZ_V V°`ma oH$`m OmE&l XhO ‡Wm H$ odamY _ß ‡]b OZ_V V°`ma H$a&l OZ-OmJ•oV H$m`©H´$_m ß O°g-_ohbm _ßS>b,_roS>`m,g_mMma

[Ã,g_rZma AmoX H$ _m‹`_ g Ûr [wÍ$f _ß g_mZVm ÒWmo[V H$aZrMmoh`&

l XhO bZ Am°a XZ [a H$mZyZr ‡oV]ßY H$m gªVr g [mbZ oH$`mOmZm Mmoh`&

l g_mO H$ b∂S>H$ Am°a b∂S>oH$`mß H$ ]rM ]∂T>V ^X^md [a oZ`ßÃUH$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°&

l gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ [aß[amAmß _ß Bg ‡H$ma [nadV©Zbm`m Om` oOg_ß _ohbmAmß H$m [wZ: Jna_m_` ÒWmZ ‡m· hm gH$&

l _ohbmAmß [a hmZ dmb AÀ`mMmamß H$m H$R>maVm g g_m· oH$`m OmZmMmoh`&

l [mnadmnaH$ oOÂ_Xmna`mß _ß Ûr [wÍ$f _ß g_mZVm hmZm Mmoh`&l Ûr oejm _ß d•o¤ hmZm Mmoh`&l [nadma Am°a g_mO ¤mam CÉ JwUdŒmm dmbr ÒdmÒœ` gwodYm ß o_bZr

Mmoh`&l J^© Ob oMoH$Àgm H$mZyZ H$m H$R>ma ]Zm`m OmZm Mmoh`&l S>m∑Q>amß H$m H$›`m ^ýU hÀ`m H$m Jß^ra _mZH$a J^©[mV g ]MmZm

Mmoh`&l Í$o∂T>dmXr _m›`Vm-b∂S>H$m Hw$bXr[H$ H$m g_mO H$ oeojV dJ© H$m

Xya H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aZm hmJm&l XhO odamYr H$mZyZ H$m gªVr g bmJy oH$`m Om`&l ‡mÀgmhZ H$ ¤mam hr ^ýU hÀ`m H$m g_m· H$aH$ Ûr AZw[mV _ß

gßVwbZ ]Zm` aIm Om gH$Vm h°&l Egr J´m_ [ßMm`Vmß Edß ehamß H$m [waÒH•$V oH$`m OmE Ohm∞ ‡oVdf©

50 ‡oVeV b∂S>oH$`mß H$m O›_ hwAm hm&AmO AmdÌ`H$Vm h° h_ß AVrV _ß Pm∞H$Z H$r Ohm∞, AZH$ dra

_ohbmAmß H$m CÎbI h°& ^maV H$m BoVhmg,AohÎ`m]mB© hmÎH$a,amZrb˙_r]mB©,OrOm]mB©, amZr XwJm©dVr, aoO`m gwÎVmZ,Vmam]mB©,gmodÃrAmoX AZH$ _ohbmAmß H$r JmWmAmß g am hwAm h°& AmYwoZH$ wJ _ß odÌdH$ H$B© Xe _ohbmAmß H$ ZV•Àd _ß ‡JoV H$r Ama AJ´ga h° maV H$r ‡W__ohbm ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr_Vr BßoXamJmßYr, [mH$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ]ZOra w≈mß,Â`mß_maH$r AmßJgmZ gyar,o]´Q>Z H$r _mJ©aQ> W´Ma,lrbßH$m H$r ogna_mdmß ^ßS>maZm`H$,AO›Q>rZm H$r ‡W_ amÓQ≠>[oV _mna`m EÒQ>bm, ^maV H$r _hm_oh_amÓQ≠>[oV ‡oV^m [moQ>b AmoX _ohbmAmß Z A[Zr _hŒmm gmo]V H$r&

`h _ohbm eo∫$ hr h° oOgH$m ]ImZ h_ma Ymo_©H$ JßWmß _ß r o_bVmh° oH$ XdVmAmß H$m ^r amjgmß g ajm hVw Xdr XwJm© H$r eaU _ß OmZm [∂S>mWm BZ CXmhaUmß H$ _m‹`_mß g ‡mÀgmhZ ÒdÍ$[ g_Pm`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$b∂S>oH$`m∞ H$_Oma Zht h° C›hß g_mO _ß ]am]ar H$m hH$ h° BgH$ obE h_g]H$m Bg oXem _ß gH$mamÀ_H$ H$m`© H$m AßOm_ XZm hmJm&

_‹`‡Xe H$ _mZZr` _wª`_ßÃr H$r KmfUm- ýU hÀ`m H$r gyMZm XZdmb H$m 10 hOma Í$[` H$r amoe "[waÒH$ma' H$ Í$[ _ß ZJX Xr OmE VWmH$›– gaH$ma H$m ]Q>r ]MmAmß Ao^`mZ VWm bm∂S>br ]Q>r mOZm obßJmZw[mVgßVwbZ H$aZ _ß _rb H$m [ÀWa gmo]V hmJm&

hm gH$Vm h° AmO ]Mm`r JB© H$›`m H$b H$r amÓQ≠>[oV hm,d°kmoZH$hm Am°a h_mam oga Jd© g D∞$Mm H$a gH$&

Jwo∂S>`m `m „`mh hßgH$a,aMmE∞ ]oQ>`m∞,OrdZ Zht [a Ib,g_P OmE ]oQ>`m∞&amÒV H$ _wgmo\$a H$m ^r,Í$bmE∞ ]oQ>`m∞,

ha em_ ha gda `mX AmE∞ ]oQ>`m∞&odZVr h° Am[ g _ar, Z _admE∞ ]oQ>`m∞,

naÌVmß _ß "A_•V' ]ZH$, g_m OmE ]oQ>`m∞& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. C[H$ma, ^maV H$r OZgßª`m 2001, AmßH$S> Edß Vœ`2. ‡oV`moJVm, OyZ OwbmB© 20063. b∂S>H$mß H$ _wH$m]b b∂S>oH$`m∞ KQ>r , ZB© XwoZ`m , BßXm°a ,23 OwZ 20064. ]Xhmb ]oQ>`m∞ Am°a gw[a [mda,AO` I_na`m,ZB© XwoZ`m,BßXm°a 3

_mM© 2006

*************


gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m Jm_rU odH$mg H$m ©H$_mß H$oH$`m›d`Z _ß `mJXmZ

S>m∞. Ama.Eg. _ S>bmB© *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ ^maV Jmßdm H$m Xe h° Am°a `hm H$r bJ^J 70% OZgßª`m Jmßdm _ß oZdmg H$aVr h° Egr oÒWoV _ß Xe H$m odH$mg J´m_mß H$ odH$mg[a oZ^©a H$aVm h° O] VH$ J´m_rU jÃ H$m g_mZVm g odH$mg Zht> hmJm VH$ VH$ Xe H$ odH$mg _ß d•o’ H$aZm Agß^d h° & Bg hVw emgZ ÒVa godH$mg H$r gwZhar [na`mOZmAmß Edß H$m`©H´$_mß H$m bmJy oH$`m OmH$a ‡oVdf© H$am∂S>m Í$[` Ï`` oH$` OmV h° & o[N>b 40-50 dfm g Ag ‡H$maH$amS>mß Í$. H$r amoe J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`m hVw h_ma Xe H$r gaH$ma ¤mam Ï`` H$r J`r h° & oH$›Vw J´m_rU odH$mg _ß A[ojV g\$bVm Zht> ‡m· hmgH$m& oOgH$m EH$ ‡_wI H$maU mOZmAmß H$m ghr oH´$`m›d`Z VWm oZJamZr (_mZrQ>naßJ) Z hmZm ahm h° & J´m_rU odH$mg H$ H$m`m H$r oZJamZr VWmYZ Ï`` H$r Om∞M hVw gm_moOH$ AßH$jU [’oV H$m A[Zm`m J`m h° & gm_moOH$ AßH$jU _ß Jm_rU OZVm ¤mam Jm_rU odH$mg H$m`m H$r OmZH$mar CZ[a hwE IM AomX H$r OmZH$mar gm_yohH$ Í$[ g Jm_ g^mAmß _ß _mßJ gH$V h° & Bgg YZ H$ XwÍ$[`mJ H$m amH$m Om gH$Vm h° & Am_ OZVm H$m OO H$r yo_H$mXH$a Jm_rU odH$mg H$m ge∫$ ]Zm`m Om ahm h° & AV: oZÌMV Í$[ g gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g Jm_rU odH$mg JoV ‡m· H$a D± MmB`mß H$m Ny> bJm &

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ J´m_rU odH$mg H$m Ame` h° J´m_rU jÃ H$m gÂ[yU© odH$mgJ´m_rU g Ame` h° Jmßdm _ßß oZdmg H$aZ dmb oOZH$r OrodH$m H$m _ybAmYma H•$of h° & AWm©V J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß oZdmgaV bmJmß H$ OrdZ ÒVa _ßßgwYma H$aZm J´m_rU odH$mg H$hbmVm h° & J´m_rU jÃ H$m odH$mg Xe H$odH$mg H$m AmYma h° & MyoH$ maV _ßß 68.84 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m 2011 H$rOZJUZm AZwgma J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß oZdmg H$aVr h° Am°a d ‡À`j EdßA‡À`j Í$[ g H•$of [a oZ^©a h° & amÓQ≠>o[Vm _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z H$hm Wm oH$^maV Jmßdm H$m Xe h° Am°a BgH$r AmÀ_m Jmßdm _ßß ]gVr h° & AV: J´m_rUodH$mg H$ o]Zm Xe odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm AYwar h° &

J´m_rU odH$mg _ßß H•$of odH$mg H$ gmW-gmW AmYma^yV gdmAmß H$oZ_m©U H$ gmW-gmW _mZdr` odH$mg H$ ododY [hbwAmß H$m ‹`mZ _ßßaIZm AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ h° & ]J°a ]woZ`mXr gdm H$ oZ_m©U Edß odH$mg H$gÂ[yU© J´m_rU odH$mg H$Î[Zm H$aZm Ï`W© h° & ]woZ`mXr gdmAmß _ßß ab,gS>H$, [nadhZ, XwagßMma, D$Om©, oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, H•$of odH$mg, AmYwoZH$ogMmB© gwodYm, Òd¿N> Ob Am[yoV©, amOJmam›_wIr H$m`©H´$_ AmoX emo_bh° & BZ ]woZ`mXr AmYma^yV gdmAmß H$ odH$mg [a hr J´m_rU odH$mg EdßXe H$m odH$mg oQ>H$m hwAm h° & oX Xe H$ J´m_rUmß _ßß AmYma yV gwodYmAmßH$m odH$mg Zht> h° Vm gÂ[yU© J´m_ H$m odH$mg AgÂ^d h° & AV: gd©‡W_J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß AmYma^yV gwodYmAmß H$m odH$mg H$a J´m_rUmß H$ OrdZÒVa _ßß gwYma H$r `mOZmAmß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m OmZm MmohE oOggÒdV: odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m AmaÂ^ hm Om`Jr & O] EH$ ]ma odH$mg H$m MH´$‡maÂ^ hm OmVm h° Vm odH$mg gVV≤ MbVm ahVm h° &

^maV _ßß Jm´_rU jÃm _ßß oZdmgaV OZgßª`m H$m bJ^J 70 ‡oVeVhmZ H$ H$maU odH$mg H$r ‡maoÂ^H$ grT>r J´m_rU g bZm MmohE & BgrgÂ]›Y _ßß h_ma ZroV oZ_m©Vm VWm amOZVmAmß Z J´m_rU odH$mg H$modH$mg H$m AmYma _mZH$a `mOZmE∞ oH´$`mo›dV H$aV h° &

AßJOr emgZH$mb H$ [yd© maV _ßß Jmßdm H$m AmH$ma ge∫$ Edß _O]yVWm & maVr` Jmßd AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g AmÀ_oZ ©a W & J´m_rU AmdÌ`H$VmAmßH$r [yoV© J´m_rU CÀ[mXZ g hr H$a bV W & 19 dr ßeVm„Xr H$ _‹`MaU _ßß

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

_wJb gm_´m¡` S>J_JmZ bJm Am°a AßJÓmß Z CgH$r Xw]©bVm H$m bm^CR>mV hwE ^maVr` J´_rU jÃmß H$r oÒWoV Vhg-Zhg H$a Xr &

ÒdVßÃVm [mnaV H$ [ÌMmV J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AZH$ H$m`©H´$_ d`mOZmE∞ bmJy H$r JB© VWm J´m_rU odH$mg H$ AmYma^yV T>mßM H$m _O]yV]ZmZ H$ ‡m`mg oH$` J` oH$›Vw AmO ^r h_ `Wm ÒWmZ hr h° A[ojVg\$bVm H$m ‡m· Zht> H$a [m & h gÀ` h° oH$ J´m_rU jÃm| _ßß [nadV©Z H$rbha H$r gwJ-]wJmhV hwB© h° & J´m_rUmß H$ gH$mamÀ_H$ gmM _ßß ]Xbmd,[nadV©Z Edß odH$mg hwAm h° & emgZ g Jm_rU jÃmß H$ odH$mg hVw oÃÒVar`J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ d `mOZmE∞ gßMmobV hm ahr h° &

^maV _ßß ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ Vrga XeH$ _ßß J´m_rU jÃmß H$ odH$mg _ßßZ`m _mS> Am`m Am°a AoV o[N>S> VWm Jar] ÃÒV [nadmamß H$m grY bm^[hw±MmZ H$r oXem _ßß ‡`mg oH$ J & oZaßVa Xe _ßß H$B© mOZmE∞ d H$m ©H´$_]ZmH$a oH´$`mo›dV oH$` Om ah h°, ‡oVdf© Aa]mß Í$[` J´m_rU odH$mg`mOZmAmß [a Ï`` oH$`m OmVm h° oH$›Vw A^r ^r ^maV H$ AoYH$mßeJ´m_rU jÃmß _ßß _yb yV [nadV©Z Zht> hwE BVZr YZamoe d mOZmE∞ H$ hmZg Xe H$ gmT>-gmV bmI J´m_ H$m Mhw_wIr odH$mg hmZm MmohE Wm [a›VwEgm Zht> oXImB© X ahm h° & AmO r o[N>S> jÃ H$ J´m_rU oejm, ÒdmÒœ`,`mVm`mV, gßMma H$ gmYZmß g H$mgm Xya h° & BZH$ obE `mOZm Vm ]Zr h°oH$›Vw ghr oH´$`m›d`Z H$ A^md _ßß CgH$m bm^ A[ojV dJ© H$m Zht> o_b[m`m h° &

^maV O°g bmH$VmßoÃH$ Xe _ßß BZ _yb^yV g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ H$obE Edß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß H$ oH´$`m›d`Zmß _ßß OZ^mJrXmar H$m]∂T>m`m Om` Am°a Bg OZ^mJrXmar H$m ]∂T>>mZ H$ EH$ gmYZ H$ Í$[ _ßß"gm_moOH$ AßH$jU' H$m AoÒVÀd _ßß bm`m J`m h° & gm_moOH$ AßH$jU hrJ´m_rU odH$mg H$m ge∫$ AmYma hm gH$Vm h° & òX H$m`©H´$_ d `mOZmE∞A[Z _yb C‘Ì`mß H$m bH$a bmJy H$r OmVr h° Vm CgH$m ghr oH´$`m›d`ZZht> hm [mVm h° oOgH$m [naUm_ odH$mg Yr_ hm OmVm h° & gm_moOH$AßH$jU g g_ÒV VßÃ _ßß ` d B©_mZXmar H$ JwU oZo_©V hmJ oOg dmÒVodH$bmôW©`mß H$m bm^ ‡m· hm gH$Jm, gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g `mOZmAm| H$m


ghr oH´$`m›d`Z hmJm, ghr ^maV H$m odH$mg hmJm & B›ht g_Ò`m H$mXIV hwE emY odf` H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h° &emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -1. J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _ßß gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r yo_H$m2. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ jÃ H$m A‹``Z &3. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m A‹``Z H$aZm &4. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd H$m OmZZm &A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -A‹``Z H$r odoY -‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m [a AmYmnaVh° & o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m H$m g›Xo ©V JßW, [Ã [oÃH$mAmß VWm J´m_rU odH$mgod^mJ H$r d]gmBS> H$ _m‹`_ g ‡m· H$a A‹``Z _ßß WmÒWmZ C[`mJoH$`m J`m &gm_moOH$ AßH$jU -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU oZarjU H$r ‡oH´$`m h° oOgH$m_yb C‘Ì` Odm]Xhr gwoZoÌMV H$aZm, [maXoe©Vm, mJrXmar, Odm]XhrAm°a [nadXZm H$m oZÒVmaU BgH$m ‡_wI AßJ h° & AV: gm_moOH$ AßH$jU_ßß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß [a hwE Ï`` H$m`© H$r ‡JoV, AmßdoQ>V amoeVWm CgH$m C[`mJ VWm A›` H$m`m H$m bIm-OmIm H$r Om∞M J´m_rUOZVm ¤mam H$aZm & Bg_ßß Odm]Xmar V` hmVr h° VWm H$m`© _ßß [maXoe©VmAmVr h° & Bg_ßß J´m_ [ßMm`V H$ _woI`mß ¤mam g_ÒV odH$mg H$m`m H$ ]OQ>AmdßQ>Z Edß ‡JoV H$m OZVm H$ ¤mam df© _ßß Xm ]ma Om∞M H$admZ H$rOdm]Xmar gwoZoÌMV H$r JB© h° & Bg hVw [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß VWm J´m_g^mAmß H$ _m‹`_ g gßMmbZ hmVm h° & gm_moOH$ AßH$j m gßodYmZ 73 dgßemYZ H$ ]mX AoZdm`© hm J`m h° & BgH$ [na` J´m_rU g_wXm` A[Z-A[Z BbmH$ _ßß ha Vah H$m d°H$mogH$ H$m © H$ gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ AoYH$maoX` J` h° &

^maV _ßß amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU amOJma Jma Q>r AoYoZ`_ 2005 Zg]g [hb gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m odoYdV ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h°&Odm]Xh, [maXoe©Vm Am°a odH$mg H$m gmW©H$ og’ H$aZ H$ obE H´$mßoVH$mar‡`mg oH$` J` & ZaJm H$ A›VJ©V AZw¿N>X 17 (2) _ßß H$hm J`m h° oH$J´m_ g^m ZaJm H$ A›VJ©V oH$gr J´m_ [ßMm`V _ßß Mb ahr gmar mOZmAmßH$m oZò_V gmeb Am∞oS>Q> H$aJr o\$a AZw¿N>X 17 (3) _ßß H$hm h° oH$ J´m_[ßMm`V H$r oOÂ_ßXmar h° oH$ g^r OÍ$ar H$mJOmV, Am∞oS>Q> H$ obE _wh°Ê`mH$am` &Bg ‡H$ma ^maV _ßß _ZaJm H$mZyZ H$ ]mX gm_moOH$ AßH$jU ha[ßMm`V _ßß H$adm`m OmZm AoZdm`© h° & `h df© _ßß Xm ]ma oZYm©naV oVoW _ßßH$am`m OmVm h° & Bg oXem _ßß H$B© am¡`mß _ßß oZò_V AßH$jU H$m H$m`© hmahm h° oOgg J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`m H$r oÒWoV g_mO H$ gm_Z AmZ bJrh° & J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`m _ßß ‡JoV hmZ bJr h° & ´ÓQ>mMma Hw$N> hX VH$ H$_hm ahm h° & dmÒVodH$ Jar] [nadmamß H$m `mOZmAmß H$m bm^ oX`m Om ahmh° & Hw$b o_bmH$a gm_moOH$ AßH$jU g J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ‡JoV H$mAmYma o_bm h° VWm YZ H$r AZmdÌ`H$ ]]m©Xr [a amH$ bJr h° &gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ C‘Ì` Edß _hÀd -1 odH$mg VßÃ _ßß [maXoe©Vm Edß Odm]Xh bmZm2 J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß H$r ‡^mderbVm _ßß d•o’ H$aZm3 ^m°oVH$ Eßd odŒmr` Ag›VwbZ H$m AZw_mZ bJmZm4 oZY©Z Ïò∫$`mß hVw ZroV`m∞ d oZU©`Z H$aZm5 ÒWmZr` CÀ[mXH$Vm© Edß gdm ‡XmZH$Vm©Amß _ßß MVZm OmJ•V H$aZm6 bmH$VmßoÃH$ Edß gwemgZ H$ _yÎ`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm7 ÒWmZr` gßgmYZmß H$ XmhZ H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm H$aZm

gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gmYZ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gmYZ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gmYZ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gmYZ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gmYZ -1. H$m`© H$m ‡À`j AdbmH$Z2. OZg^m _ßß Iwbr gwZdmB©3. gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma [Ã, o_oS>`m H$ _m‹`_ g gyMZm ‡gmaU Edß

‡H$meZ emY Edß gdjU ‡oVdXZ, ohVJ´moh`mß g gmjmÀH$ma AmoXgm_m›` AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m -gm_m›` AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m -gm_m›` AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m -gm_m›` AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m -gm_m›` AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m -1. oZYm©naV ‡[ÃmZwgma H$m`m H$r ‡JoV _` XÒVmdO C[b„Y H$amZm2. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m`©dma oZ_m©U H$m`m H$r Edß gm_J´r H´$` o]bm

H$r OmZH$mar na[mQ©> V°`ma H$admZm3. Xm gm_moOH$ AßH$jU gh`moJ`mß H$r oZ`wo∫$ H$aZm4. J´m_ g_mO _ßß H$ma_ [wam hmZm Mmoh`& Om _VXmVm H$m 10 ‡oVeV

hmVm h° &5. J´m_g^m H$m Am`mOZ ÒWb H$m M`Z bmJmß H$r B¿N>mZwgma h°6. g^r gXÒ`mß H$m A[Zr ]mV H$aZ H$m [yU© Adga X7. AßH$jU H$m AoZdm`© EO S>m hmZm MmohE &8. H$m`m H$r ÒdrH•$oV Edß [maXoe©Vm9. J´m_g^m H$ _ÒQ>a-amb H$m gmamße [∂S>H$a gwZm`m OmVm h° &‹`mZ XZ `mΩ` ]mVß -‹`mZ XZ `mΩ` ]mVß -‹`mZ XZ `mΩ` ]mVß -‹`mZ XZ `mΩ` ]mVß -‹`mZ XZ `mΩ` ]mVß -1. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r OmZH$mar odÒVma g ]VmZm2. AmoS>Q> H$ gXÒ`mß H$m Zm_ J´m_ [ßMm`V H$r _wª` oXdma [a obIm

OmZm MmohE3. J´m_g^m aoOÒQ>a [a g^r C[oÒWoV OZ H$ hÒVmja hmZm4. _hmÀ_m JmßYr ZaJm lo_H$mß H$m gyMZm XZm5. o[N>br AßH$jU H$r na[mQ©> [T>H$a gwZm`m OmZm &gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ ‡`mg -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ ‡`mg -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ ‡`mg -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ ‡`mg -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ ‡`mg -_ZaJm AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$r Ymam 17H$ AZwgma1. J´m_g^m J´m_ [ßMm`V [a mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r _mZrQ>naßJ2. J´m_ [ßMm`V H$ g_ÒV XÒVmdO go_oV H$m C[b„Y H$aZm MmohE &3. J´m_g^m hr J´m_ [ßMm`V H$ H$m`m H$m gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$aJ &4. _ZaJm H$r Ymam 19 `h ‡mdYmZ H$aVr h° oH$ am¡` gaH$ma `mOZm

H$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$ H´$_ _ßß oH$gr Ïò∫$ ¤mam oH$gr H$m © H$ oZÒVmaUH$ obE oZ`_mß ¤mam I S>ÒVa, oObmÒVa [a g_woMV VßÃ oZoÌMVH$aJr &_ZaJm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ßß gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ gwoZoÌMVH$aZ H$ obE oZÂZ AmdÌ`H$ VÀdmß H$m emo_b oH$`m J`m &

1. ‡_wI XÒVmdOmß H$m oZò_V gßYmaU2. CoMV [mnalo_H$ H$m ^wJVmZ3. ohVJ´moh`mß H$m [ßOr`Z4. [na`mOZmAmß H$m M`Z5. H$m`m H$m oH´$`m›d`Z6. H$m`© MmhZ dmb AmdXZ [Ãmß H$r [mdVr7. Om]H$mS>m H$ oZJ©_Z Edß Cg_ßß A⁄VZ ‡odoÓQ>`mß8 J´m_g^m _ßß g^r XÒVmdO J´m_ [ßMm`V ¤mam gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$

g_` C[b„Y H$amZm9. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU oZò_V hmZm MmohE &gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -1. J´m_rU bmJmß _ßß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md2. J´m_ [ßMm`V ¤mam Ao^bImß H$m ghr gßYmaU Z H$aZm


3. J´m_g^m H$r oZò_V ]°R>H$mß H$m Z hmZm4. OZVm ¤mam gh`mJ Zht> H$aZm5. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r ‡oH´$`m H$r OmZH$mar H$m A^md hmZm &6. J´m_rU bmmJmß H$m AßH$jU _ßß Í$oM Z hmZm7. J´m_g^m H$r [wamZr na[mQ©> H$m gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$ g_` H$^r Zht>

[T>r OmVr h° &8. ga[ßM VWm goMd ¤mam gh`mJ Zht> H$aZm VWm ghr OmZmH$mar

J´m_rU H$m ‡Mma-‡gma Zht> H$aV h° & hr dJ© ´ÓQ>mMma H$m ]T>mdmXV h° &_ZaJm H$ VhV Pm]wAm∞ oOb H$ Jm´_ [ßMm`V H$mXbr J´m_rU _OXyamß

H$r _OXyar H$m wJVmZ VrZ gmb VH$ ga[ßM goMd ¤mam Zht> H$r JB© V]J´m_rUmß ¤mam gm_moOH$ Am∞oS>Q> H$r _mßJ H$r Am°a gm_moOH$ AmoS>Q> oH$`mJ`m V] ga[ßM d goMd ¤mam H$m`© H$m ‡oVdXZ VWm _ÒQ>a aoOÒQ>aAmoXAJbr ]°R>H$ _ßß ]VmZ H$m H$hH$a Q>mb oX`m & O] AJbr ]°R>H$ _ßß[wN>m Vm AJbr ]°R>H$ [a Q>mb oX`m & Bg ‡H$ma J´m_ [ßMm`Vmß _ßß H$m`© oH$Òm ah h° & Jar] J´m_rU Hw$N> ^r Zht> H$a gH$Vm h° & Bgr ‡H$ma EH$ A›Àm°a ‡H$aU A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ XIZ _ßß Am`m h° oH$ ]S>dmZr oOb _ßß 52_OXyamß Z gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$adm`m oH$›Vw AmO VH$ _OXyar H$m wJVmZZht> hwAm h° &gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - C[am∫$ g_Ò`m g J´ÒV gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m g\$b Edß ‡^mdr]ZmH$a J´m_rU H$m _O]yV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & `Wm-1. J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m OmZH$mar H$m ‡Mma-‡gma

oH$`m OmZm MmohE &2. J´m_rUOZmß _ßß J´m_rU odH$mg _ßß ^mJrXmar hVw [hb H$aZ H$ obE

‡naV oH$`m OmZm MmohE &3. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m _O]yV H$aZ H$ obE J´m_rUmß H$m VWm wdmAmß

H$m gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$m ‡ofjU oX`m OmZm MmohE &4. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU H$r VmarI H$ EH$ _mh [yd© J´m_rUmß H$m gyMZm Xr

OmZr MmohE &5. J´m_ [ßMm`V H$ H$m`m H$m oddaU J´m_ [ßMm`V H$r oXdmamß [a AßoH$V

H$aZm MmohE &6. J´m_g^m H$r ]°R>H$ g_`-g_` [a hmZm MmohE &7. gm_moOH$ AßH$jU oZYm©naV _ßß hr gÂ[fi hmZm MmohE &8. J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`m _ßß OZ^mJrXmar ]T>mZ H$ gmW gm_moOH$

AßH$jU H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma-‡gma H$aZm MmohE &oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -AV: oZÓH$f© H$ Í$[ _ßß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Xe H$m odH$mgJ´m_rU odH$mg g hr gß d h° Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg J´m_ [ßMm`V VWm BggOwS> VßÃmß g hmZm h° oOgH$ obE bmImß Í$. ‡oVdf© Ï`` oH$ OmV h°, oH$›Vw

^´ÓQ>mMma H$ Ma_ gr_m H$ H$maU J´m_rU odH$mg H$r `mOZmAmß H$m bm^dmÒVodH$ ohVJ´moh`mß H$m Zht> o_bVm h° oOgg J´m_rU odH$mg hmZm VmXya J´m_rU jÃm _ßß Ag_mZVm [°Xm hm ahr h° & J´m_rU odH$mg H$r `mOZmH$m bm^ g_•’ H•$fH$ Am°a ‡^mdembr Ïò∫$`mß ¤mam b ob`m OmVm h° &oOgg d A_ra hmV OmV h° VWm Xygam dJ© Om Jar] h° dh Am°a Jar] hmahm h° & `h Ag_mZVm Xe H$ odH$mg hVw JÂ^ra MwZm°Vr ]Z ahr h° & AV:dmÒVodH$ J´m_rU Edß Xe H$m odH$mg H$aZm h° Vm J´m_rU odH$mg H$rhOmamß `mOZmAmß H$m odb`H$a EH$ _hÀd[yU© `mOZm bmJy H$aZm MmohEVWm CgH$m gVV≤ _yÎ`mßH$Z hm & gmW hr YZ H$ XyÍ$[`mJ amH$Z H$ obEJ´m_rU jÃ H$ bmJm ¤mam ‡oVdf© H$ odH$mg H$m`m H$ AmdßQ>Z Edß ‡JoVH$m gm_moOH$ AßH$jU df© _ßß Xm `m VrZ ]ma hmZm MmohE & AßV hmJmgm_moOH$ AßH$jU g J´m_rU odH$mg VßÃ _ßß ^´ÓQ>mMma, ^mB© ^VrOmdmX,‡^mdfmbr ‡^wÀd H$m VWm J´m_rU H$ dmÒVodH$ ohVJ´mhr oOgH$ obE`mOZm ]Zr h° CgH$m bm^ o_bJm VWm J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m _ßßgwYma hmJm & AV: J´m_rU odH$mg _ßß gm_moOH$ AßH$jU dV©_mZ [na‡˙`_ßß _hÀd[yU© hoW`ma h° &


1. S>m∞. _mWya, ]r.Eb. (2009) "J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm' AOw©Z [o„boeßJhmD$g oXÑr [•. 3

2. XV Edß gw›Xa_, (2011) "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' AOw©Z [o„boeßJhmD$g oXÑr [•. 386

3. S>m∞. _mWya, ]r.Eb. (2009) "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' AOw©Z[o„boeßJ hmD$g oXÑr [•. 190

4. S>m∞. _mWya, arVm (2009) "AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß oZ`mOZ' AOw©Z[o„boeßJ hmD$g oXÑr [•. 132

5. Tewari R.T. & Sinha R.C. (1988) “Rural Development' inIndis, Ashish publidhing house, New Delhi, P.28

6. S>m∞. JJ© S>r.[r., (1986) "g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg Edß ghH$mnaVmoed ‡H$meZ B›Xm°a [•. 256'

7. H$.Eb. Mmob©g (1990) Total Developmen, ZeZb ]wH$ g›Q>a,oXÑr

8. _mJ© Xoe©H$m, 2011 _ZaJm VWm AßH$jU ^maV gaH$ma9. `mOZm ([oÃH$m) 2013-14 J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`, oXÑr10. Hw$Í$jÃ [oÃH$m (2014) J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`, oXÑr11. X°ZoH$ ^mÒH$a grQ>r, 26 \$adar 2013, J´m_g^m _ßß hmJm _ZaJm

H$m AßH$jU, X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a H$m`m©b`, AbrJT> &

*************


^maV _| ]¢oHß$J $- EH$ A‹``Z

‡m. gr_m ZmJa *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ]¢oHß$J Ï`dgm` AÀ`oYH$ ‡mMrZH$mb g AoÒVÀd _ßß h°&oH$gr ^r Xe H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ßß ]¢oH$J ‡Umbr H$m _hÀd[yU© `mJXmZhmVm h°& Xe _ßß AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ßß ]¢H$mß H$r H$›–r` yo_H$m hmVr h°& ‡mMrZg_` g _hmOZ, gwZma, gam\$ AmoX _w–m H$ bZ-XZ _ßß bJ ah h°& ‡mMrZ^maV _ßß amOm, Zdm] AmoX A[Z am¡`mß _ßß gmhyH$mamß H$m ]gmH$a CZg F$UbV W& gmhyH$ma A›` bmJ H$m r F$U XV W& maV _ßß ]¢oHß$J odH$mgodo^fi MaUmß _ßß hwAm h°&^maV _ß ß ]¢oH$J odH$mg H$ MaU -^maV _ß ß ]¢oH$J odH$mg H$ MaU -^maV _ß ß ]¢oH$J odH$mg H$ MaU -^maV _ß ß ]¢oH$J odH$mg H$ MaU -^maV _ß ß ]¢oH$J odH$mg H$ MaU - ^maV _ßß ]¢oH$J ‡Umbr H$ odH$mgH$m 7 MaUmß _ßß od^moOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° -‡W_ MaU (1806 VH$) - ‡W_ MaU (1806 VH$) - ‡W_ MaU (1806 VH$) - ‡W_ MaU (1806 VH$) - ‡W_ MaU (1806 VH$) - 18dt eVm„Xr _ßß B©ÒQ> BßoS>`m H$Â[Zr Z]Â]B© VWm H$bH$Œmm _ßß Hw$N> EOßgr J•hmß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& BZ EOßgr J•hmßH$m odŒm [mfU B©ÒQ> BßoS>`m H$Â[Zr H$ AoYH$mna`mß Edß H$_©Mmna`mß ¤mam hroH$`m OmVm Wm& `yam[r` ]¢oH$J [’oV [a AmYmnaV ^maV H$m [hbm ]¢H$odXer [yßOr H$ gh`mJ g Eb∑OßS>a EßS> H$Â[Zr ¤mam ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ohßXwÒVmZH$ Zm_ g 1770 _ßß H$bH$Œmm _ßß ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m Wm& [a›Vw `h ]¢H$erK´ hr Ag\$b hm J`m&o¤Vr` MaU (1806 g 1860 VH$) -o¤Vr` MaU (1806 g 1860 VH$) -o¤Vr` MaU (1806 g 1860 VH$) -o¤Vr` MaU (1806 g 1860 VH$) -o¤Vr` MaU (1806 g 1860 VH$) - 1813 _ßß B©ÒQ> BßoS>`m H$Â[ZrH$ dmoU¡` AoYH$ma g_m· hmZ H$ gmW hr EOßgr J•hmß H$ [VZ H$r‡oH´$`m ewÍ$ hm JB©& BgH$ ]mX Xe _ßß oZOr AßeYmna`mß ¤mam VrZ ‡grS>ßgr]¢H$m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© Om Bg ‡H$ma h° - 1806 _ßß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]ßJmb,1840 _ßß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]mÂ] VWm 1843 _ßß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _´Xmg& BZ VrZmß‡grS>ßgr ]¢H$m H$m gaH$ma H$ ]¢H$ H$ g^r AoYH$ma ‡m· W&V•Vr` MaU (1860 g 1913) - V•Vr` MaU (1860 g 1913) - V•Vr` MaU (1860 g 1913) - V•Vr` MaU (1860 g 1913) - V•Vr` MaU (1860 g 1913) - maV gaH$ma Z 1860 _ßß EH$ gß`w∫$[yyßOr H$Â[Zr AoYoZ`_ [mnaV oH$`m& BgH$ A›VJ©V ]¢H$mß H$ JR>Z gß]ßYreVm H$m H$m\$r CXma ]Zm oX`m J`m VWm gro_V X`Vm H$ AmYma [a Xe_ßß ]¢H$mß H$ JR>Z H$r AZw_oV Xr JB©& Bg AoYoZ_` H$ [mnaV hmZ H$ ]mXXe _ßß ]¢oHß$J odH$mg H$m EH$ ZB© oXem o_br& gro_V X`Vm H$ AmYma [a1881 _ßß ÒWmo[V AdY H$m∞_oe©`b ]¢H$ ^maVr`mß ¤mam gßMmobV [hbm]¢H$ Wm& [yU©Í$[ m maVr`mß H$m [hbm ]¢H$ [ßOm] ZeZb ]¢H$ Wm oOgH$rÒWm[Zm 1894 _ßß H$r JB© Wr& 1906 _ßß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m, 1908 _ßß ]¢H$Am∞\$ ]∂S>m°Xm, 1911 _ßß g›Q≠>b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m VWm 1913 _ßß ]¢H$ Am∞\$_°gya H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©&MVwW© MaU (1913 g 1939 VH$) -MVwW© MaU (1913 g 1939 VH$) -MVwW© MaU (1913 g 1939 VH$) -MVwW© MaU (1913 g 1939 VH$) -MVwW© MaU (1913 g 1939 VH$) - Bg AdoY _ßß maV _ßß ]¢oHß$J jÃH$ gÂ_wI ‡W_ odÌd `w’ oN>∂S> OmZ H$ H$maU gßH$Q> CÀ[fi hm J`m&^maVr` ]¢H$mß g bmJmß H$m odÌdmg AMmZH$ g_m· hm J`m& \$bV:O_mH$Vm©Amß ¤mam A[Zm oZj[ oZH$mbZ H$r ‡oH´$`m ewÍ$ hm JB©& maVr`]mOma _ßß _w–m H$r H$_r hm JB© Wr& ‡W_ odÌd wJ H$r g_mo· H$ ]mX maV_ßß ]¢oHß$J odH$mg H$r Xa EH$ ]ma [wZ: ÀdnaV hwB©&

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

1921 _ßß VrZmß ‡grS>ßgr ]¢H$mß H$m Am[g _ßß odb` H$aH$ Bß[rna`b]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& 1930 H$r Ï`m[H$ _ßXr H$m ^r^maVr` ]¢oHß$J Ï`dÒWm [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md [∂S>m& 1930 _ßß hr H$›–r`]¢oHß$J Om±M go_oV H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m h°& go_oV Z A[Z ‡oVdXZ _ßßgwPmd oX`m Wm oH$ Xe _ßß EH$ g•—∂T>, gwÏ`doÒWV Edß gwgßJoR>V ]¢oHß$JÏ`dÒWm H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ obE H$›–r` ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm VWm Ï`m[H$ ]¢oHß$JAoYoZ`_ ]ZmZ [a ]b oX`m OmE& 1939 _ßß ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$AoYoZ`_ [mnaV oH$`m J`m& \$bV: 01 A‡°b, 1935 g maVr` naOd©]¢H$ Z H$m`© H$aZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m&[ßM_ MaU (1939 g 1947) - [ßM_ MaU (1939 g 1947) - [ßM_ MaU (1939 g 1947) - [ßM_ MaU (1939 g 1947) - [ßM_ MaU (1939 g 1947) - Bg AdoY H$m ]¢oH$J odÒVma H$rAdoY H$hm OmVm h° ∑`mßoH$ o¤Vr` odÌd w’ H$ H$maU OoZV _w–m Ò\$roVg OZgm_m›` H$r _m°o–H$ Am` _ßß d•o’ hwB©& Bg AdoY _ßß ZE ]¢H$mß H$rÒWm[Zm H$ gmW-gmW [wamZ ]¢H$mß ¤mam ZB©-ZB© emImE± Imbr JB©& yZmBQ>S>H$m∞_oe© b ]¢H$ VWm oh›XwÒVmZ H$m∞_oe© b ]¢H$ AmoX H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©&fÓQ>_ MaU (1947 g 1991 VH$) -fÓQ>_ MaU (1947 g 1991 VH$) -fÓQ>_ MaU (1947 g 1991 VH$) -fÓQ>_ MaU (1947 g 1991 VH$) -fÓQ>_ MaU (1947 g 1991 VH$) - Bg MaU _ßß ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$H$m 1 OZdar, 1949 H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU oH$`m J`m VWm _mM© 1949 _ßß^maVr` ]¢oHß$J AoYoZ_` [mnaV oH$`m J`m& Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ A›VJ©VAZwgyoMV ]¢H$mß H$m oZarjU H$aZ H$ obE ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$m AoYH$Ï`m[H$ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m& Xe _ßß, odefV: J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß,]¢oHß$J gwodYmAmß H$ odH$mg H$ obE BßOrna`b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m H$m 01OwbmB©,1955 H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU oH$`m J`m VWm BgH$m Zm_ ]XbH$a^maVr` ÒQ>Q> ]¢H$ aI oX`m J`m&

19 OwbmB©, 1969 VWm 15 A‡°b, 1980 H$m H´$_e: 14 VWm 6 ]∂S>Ï`mdgmo`H$ ]¢H$mß H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU oH$`m J`m& BgH$ [yd© 1975 _ßß jÃr`J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZ H$r ‡oH´$`m ewÍ$ H$r JB© oOggJ´m_rU jÃ H$m odŒmr` gßgmYZ AoYH$ _mÃm _ßß C[b„Y H$am`m Om gH$&g·_ MaU (1991 g A] VH$) -g·_ MaU (1991 g A] VH$) -g·_ MaU (1991 g A] VH$) -g·_ MaU (1991 g A] VH$) -g·_ MaU (1991 g A] VH$) - ^maV _ßß ]¢oH$J BoVhmg H$m gmVdm±MaU 1991 H$ ]mX ewÍ$ hmVm h°& 1991 _ßß ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV bmJy hmZ H$]mX 1993-94 _ßß oZOr jÃ _ßß [wZ: ]¢H$ ImbZ H$r AZw_oV X Xr JB©&BgH$ ]mX hr odXer ]¢H$mß H$m ^r ^maV _ßß A[Zm odÒVma H$aZ VWm ZB©emImE± ImbZ H$r AZw_oV X Xr JB©&

hmb H$r dfm _ßß `h AZw^d oH$`m J`m oH$ Vrd´JoV g [nadoV©VhmVr d°oÌdH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$ AZwÍ$[ maVr` ]¢H$ H$m`© Zht H$a [m ah h¢&AV: ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J _ßß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m ‹`mZ _ßß aIV hEgaH$ma Z ]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 [mnaV oH$`m&]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 H$ _wª` ‡mdYmZ -]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 H$ _wª` ‡mdYmZ -]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 H$ _wª` ‡mdYmZ -]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 H$ _wª` ‡mdYmZ -]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ gßemYZ odY`H$ 2011 H$ _wª` ‡mdYmZ -1. Z` ]¢H$ ewÍ$ H$aZ H$ obE A] og\©$ 500 H$am∂S> Í$[` H$r ›`yZV_

[yßOr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm&


2. Z` ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r B¿Nw>H$ H$Â[Zr m Ïò∫$ H$m H$_ g H$_ 10df© H$ H$mam]ma H$m AZw^d&

3. H$Â[Zr H$m ‡d©VH$ ^maVr` Am°a B©_mZXma N>o] dmbm hmZm MmohE&4. AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>Z [a ]¢H$ oZ ßÃU maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$m A[Z hmW

_ßß bZ H$m AoYH$ma&5. oZOr ]¢H$ _ßß oZde H$r gr_m 10 ‡oVeV g ]∂T>mH$a 26 ‡oVeV VH$&6. ]¢H$ H$ oZXeH$ _ S>b _ßß odXer ZmJnaH$ emo_b hm gH$V h¢&7. gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$m H$m AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma A[Zr AmYma [yßOr

KQ>mZ `m ]∂T>mZ H$m AoYH$ma&8. gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$ [yßOr ‡m· H$aZ H$ obE ]mZg e a Am°a amB©Q>

BÌ`y Omar H$a gH$Jß&9. gmd©OoZH$ jÃ H$ ]¢H$mß _ßß oZdeH$mß H$m dmoQß>J AoYH$ma EH$ ‡oVeV

g ]∂T>mH$a 10 ‡oVeV VH$ oH$`m J`m&10. oH$gr ^r ]¢H$ _ßß [mßM ‡oVeV `m Bgg AoYH$ eà bZ H$ obE

^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$r AZw_oV OÍ$ar&11. ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ Hw$N> odef ]¢H$m H$ obE ZJX gwaojV AZw[mV

(grAmaAma) H$m oZYm©aU H$a gH$Vm h¢&12. ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$ oZXeZ _ßß îO_mH$Vm© oejU Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm

H$mfî H$m JR>Z hmJm&13. ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$, ghH$mar ]¢H$ H$ obE Am°a odef ghH$mar ]¢H$ H$

obE ZJX gwaojV AZw[mV (grAmaAma) H$m oZYm©aU H$a gH$Vm h¢&]¢oHß$J ¤mam odŒmr` g_m`mOZ -]¢oHß$J ¤mam odŒmr` g_m`mOZ -]¢oHß$J ¤mam odŒmr` g_m`mOZ -]¢oHß$J ¤mam odŒmr` g_m`mOZ -]¢oHß$J ¤mam odŒmr` g_m`mOZ - Z ]¢oHß$J H$mZyZ _ßß maVr` ]¢H$mß H$gm_Z AmZ dmbr MwZm°oV`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ßß aIH$a C›hß AoYH$ ÒdVßÃ Am°agj_ ]ZmZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& BgH$ obE oZdeH$mß H$r mJrXmar]∂T>mB© JB© h° VWm ]¢H$mß H$m AoYH$ AoYH$ma oXE JE h¢& dV©_mZ _ßß maVr`]¢H$mß H$ g_j EH$ Ï`m[H$ MwZm°Vr odemb OZgßª`m H$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZH$r h°& gaH$ma H$m A[Zr H$Î`mUH$mar `mOZmAmß H$m bmJy H$aZ H$ obE]¢H$mß H$r ghm`Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& gaH$ma H$m b˙` Xe _ßß ]¢oHß$J gdmVWm Ï`dgm` H$m ge∫$ ]ZmZm h°& gaH$ma [ya Xe _ßß odŒmr` g_m`mOZH$aZm MmhVr h°& BgH$ obE dV©_mZ gmd©OoZH$ ]¢H$mß H$r _O]yVr Edß oZOr]¢H$mß H$r gh^moJVm AmdÌ`H$ h°& BgH$ obE ]¢H$mß H$r ZB© emImE± ImbrOmEJr& oOgg amOJma H$ Z` Adga CÀ[fi hmJß& gaH$ma ¤mam _ZaJmH$m ^wJVmZ ]¢H$mß H$ Ona` oH$`m Om ahm h°& BgH$ AoVna∫$ ‡À`j bmÂßVaU `mOZm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z ^r ]¢H$mß H$ ¤mam hmJm& gaH$ma ¤mamN>mÃd•oŒm`mß, [ßeZ, dVZ AmoX H$m wJVmZ ]¢H$ ImVmß H$ Ona oH$`m OmVmh°& hmb hr _ßß ‡mßa^ H$r JB© ‡YmZ_ßÃr OZ YZ `mOZm ^r ]¢H$mß H$ ¤mamodŒmr` g_m`mOZ H$r AJbr H$∂S>r h°& Bg mOZm H$ VhV 7.5 H$am∂S> [nadmamßH$ obE ]¢H$ ImV ImbZ H$m b˙` aIm J`m h°& BgH$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$Xe H$ ‡À H$ ohÒg _ßß ]¢H$mß H$r [hw±M hm VWm ‡À H$ Ïò∫$ H$m ]¢H$ ImVm hm&

OyZ 2012 VH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ (]¢oH$J)OyZ 2012 VH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ (]¢oH$J)OyZ 2012 VH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ (]¢oH$J)OyZ 2012 VH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ (]¢oH$J)OyZ 2012 VH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ (]¢oH$J)1. ]¢H$mß H$r Hw$b emImE± 99,7712. J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß emImEß 37,4713. 2000 g AoYH$ Am]mXr dmb Jmßdmß _ßß ]¢oHß$J gdm 1,13,1734. 2000 _ßß H$_ Am]mXr dmb Jmßdmß _ßß ]¢oHß$J gdm 74,8555. Oram ]°bßg ]¢H$ ImVmß H$r gßª`m 14.79 H$am∂S>6. Oram ]°bßg ImVmß _ßß O_m Hw$b aH$_ 11.93 Aa]7. o]OZg H$mag[mßS>g H$ Ona` ]°oHß$J 1,47,167

ÛmV - ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$&VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ odŒmr` g_m`mOZ _ßß ]¢H$ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m

oZ^m ah h¢&^maV ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m± -^maV ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m± -^maV ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m± -^maV ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m± -^maV ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m± - AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` _mZH$m H$ AZwgma ]gb -III

H$ _m[X S>mß [a Iam CVaZm maVr` ]¢H$m H$ obE EH$ MwZm°Vr h°& BgH$ obE^maVr` ]¢H$mß H$m [y±Or AmYma ]∂T>mZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>Jr& ]¢H$m H$ obE[y±Or OwQ>mZ H$ oZ`_ CXma ]Zm J h¢& ]¢H$mß _ßß odXer oZde H$ amÒV rImb JE h¢& J°aoZÓ[moXV [nagß[oŒm`mß H$m ‡]ßYZ ^maVr` ]¢H$mß H$r EH$A›` ]∂S>r g_Ò`m h°& ]¢H$m H$r ZB© emImE± ImbZm r EH$ MwZm°Vr h°& ]¢H$mßH$m A[Z F$U gß]ßYr oZ`_mß H$m gwYmaZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Z` ]¢oHß$JH$mZyZ bmJy hmZ H$ ]mX ^maVr` ]¢oH$J jÃ _ßß ‡oVÒ[Ym© _ßß d•o’ hmJr&Bgg ghH$mar ]¢H$m VWm J´m_rU ]¢H$mß H$ obE H$oR>ZmB©`m± ]∂T> gH$Vr h°∑`mßoH$ ]¢H$ gm_moOH$ C‘Ì`mß H$m ‡mWo_H$Vm XV h°& BZ ]¢H$mß H$m oZOr]¢H$mß H$r ‡oVÒ[Ym© _ßß oQ>H$Zm Agß d h°& VH$ZrH$r Í$[ g maVr` ]¢H$mß H$m_O]yV H$aZm ^r EH$ MwZm°Vr h°& ghH$mar VWm J´m_rU ]¢H$mß H$r VH$ZrH$rVmH$V H$_ h°& ]∂S> VWm Ï`mdgmo`H$ ]¢H$ odÌd ÒVa H$ Zht h¢& Am]mXrH$m EH$ H$m ]∂S>m ohÒgm ]¢oHß$J gdmAmß g dßoMV h¢&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - maVr` ]¢oHß$J Ï`dgm` H$m odÓ` C¡Odb oXImB© XVm h°&Bg_ßß odÒVma H$r A[ma gß mdZmE± _m°OyX h¢& maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H$ AmoW©H$g_mde H$ gßMmbZ H$ H$maU ]¢H$ ImVmß H$r gßª`m 2011-13 H$ Xm°amZbJ^J 10 H$am∂S> VH$ ]∂S>r h°& AmO 22.9 H$am∂S> ]¢H$ ImV h¢& dV©_mZ _ßß1,15,082 ]¢H$ emImAmß H$m ZQ>dH©$ VWm 1,60,055 EQ>rE_ ZQ>dH©$ h¢&BZ_ßßg 43,962 emImE± VWm 23,334 EQ>rE_ J´m_rU jÃmß _ßß h¢& BgJ´m_rU ]¢oHß$J ∂T±>mM H$m oZ_m©U ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam ]¢H$mß H$m `hoZXe XZ H$ ]mX ‡mßa^ hwAm oH$ g^r ]¢H$mß H$m A[Zr Hw$N> oZoÌMVemImE± d EQ>rE_ Jm±dmß _ßß ^r ImbZ hmßJ& AmO ^r H$B© Jm±dmß _ßß ]¢H$ H$remIm Zht h° AV: odŒmr` g_mdeZ H$ ghr oH´$`m›d`Z H$ obE _m°OyXm]¢oHß$J ZQ>dH©$ H$m Am°a odÒVmnaV H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

` V^r gß^d h° O]oH$ ^maVr` ]¢H$ gm_moOH$ C‘Ì`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ßßaIH$a H$m`© H$a& Xe _ßß Eg ]¢H$mß H$r OÍ$aV h° Om N>mQ> C⁄mJ-YßYmß VWmH•$of H$ obE [y±Or C[b„Y H$am gH$& ]¢H$mß H$m VH$ZrH$r [j _O]yV hmZmAmdÌ`H$ h° V^r ]¢oHß$J Ï`dgm` H$r bmJV H$_ VWm bm^ AoYH$ hmJm&]¢H$mß H$m A[Z bm^ H$ gmW hr oZdeH$mß VWm J´mhH$mß H$ ohVmß H$m r ‹`mZ_ß aIZm hmJm V^r Xe gVV≤ odH$mg H$r Am°a AJ´ga hm gH$Jm&


1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - YZH$∂S> ‡H$meZ, _ßaR>&2. `mOZm 2013, 2014 (^maV gaH$ma H$m ‡H$meZ)3. _w–m Edß ]¢oHß$J - S>m∞ [r.S>r. _mhÌdar d S>m∞ erbM›– Jw·m4. BH$mZm∞o_∑g Q>mB©Âg5. `mOZm [oÃH$m6. X°oZH$ [oÃH$m7. Zd^maV Q>mB©Âg8. BßoS>`m Qy>S>9. od∏$r[roS>`m


S>m∞µ Xr[mbr ]ha *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ]rV Xg dfm~ _ß _‹`‡Xe H$m H$m`mH$Î[ hm J`m h° & H$^r]r_mÍ$ Am°a Amda S≠>m‚Q> bZ dmbm ‡Xe A] Xe H$ Z∑e [a A[ZremhaV _ß Mma MmßX bJm ahm h° & ‡Xe _ß [yßOr nZde VWm Am°⁄mnJH$ndH$mg [a gdm©nYH$ ‹`mZ nX`m Om ahm h° VmnH$ ‡Xe H$r AmnW©H$ nÒWnVgw—∂T> hm gH$ & Bgnb` ndÌd^a H$ C⁄mJ[nV`mß VWm Xe H$ Am°⁄mnJH$KamZmß H$m ‡Xe _ß [yßOr nZde H$ nb` Am_ßnÃV VWm AmH$nf©V nH$`m Omahm h° & ‡Xe _ß df© 2005 g df© 2012 H$ ]rM VrZ Ωbm]b B›dÒQ>g©gn_Q> Am`mnOV hm MwH$ h¢ & ha Xm gmb _ß hmZ dmb Bg Am°⁄mnJH$ ndÒVmaAm`mOZ g ‡Xe _ß nZde H$ 1751 ‡ÒVmd n_b& BZ 11065 Aa]È[` H$ ‡ÒVmdmß _ß g 1060 Aa] H$ 236 ‡ÒVmdmß [a H$m_ [yam hm MwH$mh° `h EH$ ]∂S>r C[bn„Y h° & BVZm hr Zht 6099 Aa] È[` bmJV H$1281 ‡mO∑Q>g [a H$m_ VOr g Mb ahm h° & hmb hr _ß gÂ[fi Ωbm]bB›dÒQ>g© gn_Q> H$m Xe H$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr Za›– _mXr Z gß]mnYV nH$`m h°,C›hmßZ _‹`‡Xe H$m —∂T> BamXmß dmbm VWm Va∏$r H$r Xm°∂S> _ß VOr g AJ´gaam¡` ]Vm`m h° &

_‹`‡Xe _ß ndH$mg H$r JnV H$m nZaßVa ]Zm` aIZ _ß l_ Am°aamOJma H$r _hÀd[yU© yn_H$m h° & nH$gr r ‡Xe H$r OZgßª`m H$m C[b„YamOJma Am°a l_ H$ AmYma [a hr ‡JnV Edß g_•n” H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m OmgH$Vm h° & _‹`‡Xe H$r _m°OyXm l_ ZrnV nOZ AnYH$mamß H$m gßajUH$aVr h° CgH$ AZwgma gßK ]ZmZ H$r ÒdVßÃVm, H$maImZmß, IXmZmß VWmOmnI_ `w∫$ nZ`mOZmß _ß ]mbl_ H$m nZfY, [wÈfmß Am°a _nhbmAmß H$mg_mZ H$m`© H$ nb` g_mZ dVZ H$m_Jmamß H$ ÒdmÒœ` Am°a en∫$ H$r VWm]Émß Am°a AÎ[d` Ï`n∫$`mß H$r emfU g ajm H$m_ H$r ›`m` gßJV Am°a_mZdmnMV XemAmß Am°a ‡gynV ghm`Vm hVw C[]ßY, g^r H$m_Jmamß H$nb` nZdm©h _OXyar AmnX gwnZoÌMV nH$`m OmZm Am°a C⁄mJ H$ ‡]ßY _ßH$m_Jmamß H$r ^mJrXmar AmnX emn_b h° :-_.‡. H$r l_ ZrnV - _.‡. H$r l_ ZrnV - _.‡. H$r l_ ZrnV - _.‡. H$r l_ ZrnV - _.‡. H$r l_ ZrnV - _.‡. _ß ln_H$mß Edß ndef Í$[ g AgßJnR>V ln_H$mßH$ nhVajU VWm C⁄mJmß H$ ndH$mg H$m —nÓQ>JV aIV hwE ZdrZ l_ ZrnVV°`ma H$r JB© h° nOgH$r KmfUm _wª`_ßÃr H$a MwH$ h¢ & Bg l_ ZrnV _ßAgßJnR>V jÃ H$ ln_H$mß H$r gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$Î`mUH$mar JnVndnY`mßVWm AgßJnR>V jÃ _ß Am°⁄mnJH$ emßnV ]Zm` aIV hwE ZdrZ C⁄mJmß H$rÒWm[Zm Am°a l_ nd^mJ H$ gw—∂T>rH$aU [a ndef Oma nX`m J`m h° &gßndYmZ H$ C[`w©∫$ ‡mdYmZmß H$ AZwgaU _ß AZH$ l_ H$mZyZ ]Zm` J`h¢ BZ_ß g _.‡. H$ nb` _hÀd[yU© l_ H$mZyZ Bg ‡H$ma h° -1.1.1.1.1. Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY ndf`H$ H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY ndf`H$ H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY ndf`H$ H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY ndf`H$ H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY ndf`H$ H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV Am°⁄mnJH$ nddmXAnYnZ`_ 1947, _.‡. Am°⁄mnJH$ gß]ßY AnYnZ`_ 1960, Am°⁄mnJH$

_‹`‡Xe _ß ln_H$mß g gÂ]n›YV H$mZyZmß H$mndõfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) H°$na`a H$m∞bO, ^m[mb (_.‡) ^maV

nZ`mOZ AnYnZ`_ 1946, _.‡. Am°⁄mnJH$ nZ`mOZ AnYnZ`_ 1961,Ï`dgm` gßK AnYnZ`_ 1926 AmnX AmV h¢ &2.2.2.2.2. _OXyar gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - _OXyar gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - _OXyar gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - _OXyar gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - _OXyar gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV _OXyar ^wJVmZ AnYnZ`_1936, ›`yZV_ _OXyar AnYnZ`_ 1948, ]mZg ^wJVmZ AnYnZ`_1965 AmV h¢ &3.3.3.3.3. Am°⁄mnJH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gwajm gß]ßYr gm_m›` H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gwajm gß]ßYr gm_m›` H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gwajm gß]ßYr gm_m›` H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gwajm gß]ßYr gm_m›` H$mZyZ - Am°⁄mnJH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß gwajm gß]ßYr gm_m›` H$mZyZ - BgH$VhV H$maImZm AnYnZ`_ 1948, [`m©daU AnYnZ`_ 1966, ndefV:CgH$ AßVJ©V ]Zm` J` [nagßH$Q>_` agm`Zmß H$m ndnZ_m©U ^ßS>maU EdßAm`mV AnYnZ`_ 1989, Edß amgm`nZH$ XwK©Q>Zm nZ`_ 1996, IVaZmH$_erZ AnYnZ`_ 1983, BÀ`mnX AmV h¢ &4.4.4.4.4. ndneÓQ> ‡H$ma H$ nZ`mOZmß _ ß H$m`©XemAmß H$ ndnZ`_ gß]ßYrndneÓQ> ‡H$ma H$ nZ`mOZmß _ ß H$m`©XemAmß H$ ndnZ`_ gß]ßYrndneÓQ> ‡H$ma H$ nZ`mOZmß _ ß H$m`©XemAmß H$ ndnZ`_ gß]ßYrndneÓQ> ‡H$ma H$ nZ`mOZmß _ ß H$m`©XemAmß H$ ndnZ`_ gß]ßYrndneÓQ> ‡H$ma H$ nZ`mOZmß _ ß H$m`©XemAmß H$ ndnZ`_ gß]ßYrH$mZyZ -H$mZyZ -H$mZyZ -H$mZyZ -H$mZyZ -BgH$ VhV _‹`‡Xe XwH$mZ Edß ÒWm[Zm AnYnZ`_ 1938,]r∂S>r VWm ngJma H$_©H$ma AnYnZ`_ 1966, R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ 1970,_mQ>a dmhZ H$_©H$ma AnYnZ`_ 1961, dZ Edß A›` gßnZ_m©U H$_©H$maAnYnZ`_ 1979, ndH´$` gßdY©Z H$_©Mmar AnYnZ`_ 1976, l_Ordr[ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßY AnYnZ`_1955, ngZ H$_©H$ma VWm ngZ_mJ•h H$_©H$ma AnYnZ`_ 1981, emn_bh¢ &5.5.5.5.5. _nhbm g_mZVm Edß gen∫$H$aU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ -_nhbm g_mZVm Edß gen∫$H$aU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ -_nhbm g_mZVm Edß gen∫$H$aU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ -_nhbm g_mZVm Edß gen∫$H$aU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ -_nhbm g_mZVm Edß gen∫$H$aU gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV_mV•Àd nhV bm^ AnYnZ`_ 1961, Am°a g_mZ [nalmn_H$ AnYnZ`_1976 emn_b h¢ &6.6.6.6.6. ln_H$m ß H$ H$_Oma dJm~ g gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ - ln_H$m ß H$ H$_Oma dJm~ g gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ - ln_H$m ß H$ H$_Oma dJm~ g gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ - ln_H$m ß H$ H$_Oma dJm~ g gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ - ln_H$m ß H$ H$_Oma dJm~ g gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV ]ßnYVl_ [”nV AnYnZ`_ 1976, ]mbl_ AnYnZ`_ 1986, ]mb AnYnZ`_1933 emn_b h° &7.7.7.7.7. gm_mnOH$ gwajm gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - gm_mnOH$ gwajm gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - gm_mnOH$ gwajm gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - gm_mnOH$ gwajm gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - gm_mnOH$ gwajm gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV H$_©H$ma jnV[ynV©AnYnZ`_ 1923, H$_©Mmar am¡` ]r_m AnYnZ`_ 1948, H$_©Mmar ndÓ`nZnY Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßY AnYnZ`_ 1952, C[mXmZ wJVmZ AnYnZ`_1972, emn_b h¢ &8.8.8.8.8. l_ H$Î`mU nZnY`mß gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - l_ H$Î`mU nZnY`mß gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - l_ H$Î`mU nZnY`mß gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - l_ H$Î`mU nZnY`mß gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - l_ H$Î`mU nZnY`mß gß]ßYr H$mZyZ - BgH$ VhV ]r∂S>r H$_©H$maH$Î`mU nZnY AnYnZ`_ 1976, bm°h A`ÒH$, _°JZrO A`ÒH$ VWm H´$m_A`ÒH$ ImZ, H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU nZnY AnYnZ`_ 1976, _µ‡µ l_ H$Î`mUnZnY AnYnZ`_ 1982, _.‡. ÒbQ> [ßngb H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU nZnYAnYnZ`_ 1982, emn_b h¢&l_ H$Î`mU - l_ H$Î`mU - l_ H$Î`mU - l_ H$Î`mU - l_ H$Î`mU - ‡Xe H$ AZH$ Am°⁄mnJH$ ZJamß _ß dhm± H$m ©aV ln_H$mß H$]Émß H$ nb` H$B© l_ H$Î`mU H$›– H$m`©aV h¢ nOZ_ß _wª`V: dmMZmb`,_ZmaßOZ gmßÒH•$nVH$ JnVndnY`mß, IbHy$X H$m gßMmbZ nH$`m OmVm h° Hw$N>


H$›–mß [a _nhbmAmß H$ nb` ngbmB© d H$∂T>mB© VWm ‡m°∂T> nejm H$m ‡]ßYnH$`m J`m h° &J´m_rU ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ _OXyar - J´m_rU ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ _OXyar - J´m_rU ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ _OXyar - J´m_rU ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ _OXyar - J´m_rU ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ _OXyar - nXZmßH$ 14 ngVÂ]a 1989,g H•$nf ln_H$mß H$ nb` [wZarnjV dVZ nZYm©naV nH$`m J`m h° & BgH$VhV AHw$eb ln_H$mß H$m dV©_mZ _ß È[` 5350.00 ‡nV_mh `m È[`178 ‡nVnXZ A∑Qy>]a 2014 g _mM© 2015 VH$ X` h°, BgH$ AbmdmH•$nf nZ`mOZmß H$m C[^m∫$m _yÎ` gyMH$mßH$ _ß d•n” hmZ H$ H$maU g_`-g_` [a [wZarnjV dVZ H$m bm^ ‡m· hmVm h° &Bn›Xam H•$nf ln_H$ XwK©Q>Zm jnV[ynV© `mOZm - Bn›Xam H•$nf ln_H$ XwK©Q>Zm jnV[ynV© `mOZm - Bn›Xam H•$nf ln_H$ XwK©Q>Zm jnV[ynV© `mOZm - Bn›Xam H•$nf ln_H$ XwK©Q>Zm jnV[ynV© `mOZm - Bn›Xam H•$nf ln_H$ XwK©Q>Zm jnV[ynV© `mOZm - Bg `mOZm H$ VhVH•$nf ln_H$mß H$m AmnW©H$ gwajm ‡XmZ H$r —nÓQ> g XwK©Q>Zm hmZ [a jnV[ynV©XZ H$m ‡mdYmZ h° BgH$ VhV XwK©Q>ZmJ´ÒV H•$nf ln_H$ H$m EH$ AßJ ^ßJhmZ m _•À`w hmZ H$r nÒWnV _ß 30 hOma VWm XmZmß AßJ ßJ hmZ [a È[`15.00 hOma H$r AmnW©H$ ghm`Vm jnV[ynV© H$ Í$[ _ß Òd`ß ln_H$ H$m `mCgH$ CŒmamnYH$mar H$m ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h° & Bg `mOZm H$m dV©_mZ _ßXmn`Àd [ßMm`Vmß H$m gm¢[ nX`m J`m & df© 2010-11 hVw Hw$b 34.81bmI H$m AmdßQ>Z ‡m· hwAm Wm nOgH$ ndÈ” 33.81 bmI H$m Ï`` nH$`mOm MwH$m h° &]r∂S>r ln_H$ Amdmg `mOZm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$ Amdmg `mOZm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$ Amdmg `mOZm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$ Amdmg `mOZm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$ Amdmg `mOZm - am¡` _ß ]r∂S>r ln_H$mß H$ Amdmg J•hmß H$nZ_m©U H$r h mOZm df© 1995 Edß 1997 g H$›– gaH$ma H$ gh`mJ gMbmB© Om ahr h°, gmJa _ß 911, X_mh _ß 889, N>Va[wa _ß 342 Q>rH$_J∂T>_ß 180 VWm [fim nOb _ß 124 AmdmgJ•hmß H$m nZ_m©U H$m`© [yU© hm MwH$mh°&

]r∂S>r ln_H$mß H$ Amdmg hVw ]r∂S>r H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU nZnY g 1 A‡°b2007 g È[` 40,000- H$m AZwXmZAmnW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h° VWm5000- H$m_Jma H$m AßeXmZ hmJm & AZwXmZ `m AßeXmZ H$ AnVna∫$ef amne H$m_Jma ¤mam `m A[Z Òd`ß H$ ndŒmr` gßÒWmZmß g F$U H$ Í$[_ß dhZ H$aZr hmJr &

]r∂S>r ln_H$m ß H$r nejm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$m ß H$r nejm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$m ß H$r nejm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$m ß H$r nejm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$m ß H$r nejm - ]r∂S>r ln_H$mß H$ A‹``ZaV [wÃ-[wnÃ`mß H$mH$jm 5 g bH$a ÒZmVH$mŒma, BßOrnZ`naßJ, _nS>H$b [mR>ÁH´$_mß VH$ _ßA‹``Z hVw È[` 500 g 8000 VH$ dmnf©H$ Xa g hr H$r OmVr h° VWm`ynZ\$m_© VWm H$jm 1 g 4 VH$ È[` 250 dmnf©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h°&l_Ordr [ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßYl_Ordr [ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßYl_Ordr [ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßYl_Ordr [ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßYl_Ordr [ÃH$ma Am°a A›` g_mMma [Ã H$_©Mmar Am°a ‡H$rU© C[]ßYAoYoZ`_ 1955 - AoYoZ`_ 1955 - AoYoZ`_ 1955 - AoYoZ`_ 1955 - AoYoZ`_ 1955 - maV gaH$ma Z C∫$ AnYnZ`_ H$ A›VJ©V ‡gmnaVAnYgyMZm nXZmßH$ 15-12-2000 ¤mam l_Ordr [ÃH$mamß Edß J°a[ÃH$mamß H$ gß]ßY _ß _mnZgmZm dVZ _ S>b H$r AZweßgmEß lUr VrZ EdßBgg D$[a H$ g_mMma [Ã gßÒWmZmß H$ nbE 1 A‡°b 1998 g, lUr MmaEdß [m±M H$ nb` 1 OyZ 1999 g VWm lUr N>: g Zm° VH$ H$ nb` 1 A‡°b2000 g ‡^mdembr H$r h¢ _mnZgmZm dVZ _ S>b H$r AZweßgmAmß H$nH´$`m›d`Z hVw g_mMma [Ã gßÒWmZmß dJr©H$aU df© 1995-96, 1996-97 Edß 1997-98 H$ Am°gV gH$b amOÒd H$ AmYma [a nH$`m OmZm h° &ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ dVZ H$r Xaß - ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ dVZ H$r Xaß - ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ dVZ H$r Xaß - ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ dVZ H$r Xaß - ln_H$m ß H$ nb` ›`yZV_ dVZ H$r Xaß - am¡` gaH$ma ¤mam A∑Qy>]a2014 g _mM© 2015 VH$ 35 nZ`mOZmß _ß H$m ©aV ln_H$mß H$ nb › yZV__OXyar H$r Xaß nZYm©naV H$r JB© h¢ Om dV©_mZ _ß Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :-1. AHw$eb ln_H$ È[` 5939- ‡nV_mh `m È[` 228- ‡nVnXZ &2. A”©Hw$eb ln_H$ È[ 7057- ‡nV_mh `m È[ 271- ‡nVnXZ &3. Hw$eb ln_H$ È[` 8435- ‡nV_mh `m È[` 324-‡nVnXZ &

BgH$ AnVna∫$ EH$ A›` lUr VH$ZrH$r ln_H$mß H$ nb` nZYm©naVH$r JB© h° nOg CÉ Hw$eb lUr H$hm J`m h° & Bg_ß È[ 9735- ‡nV_mh`m È[` 374- ‡nVnXZ ›`yZV_ _OXyar nZYm©naV h° &gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm n_lm Edß [war2. _‹`‡Xe ndH$mg dmnf©H$r 2013 gß[mXH$ am_^wdZngßh Hw$edmh3. l_ H$Î`mU _mngH$ ZdÂ]a 2014 gß[mXH$ S>m∞µ nXbr[ ]ha4. `mOZm [oÃH$m5. lo_H$ H$mZyZ Edß ‡]ßY

‡Xe _ß [ßOrH•$V H$maImZm ß Edß ÒWmZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar‡Xe _ß [ßOrH•$V H$maImZm ß Edß ÒWmZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar‡Xe _ß [ßOrH•$V H$maImZm ß Edß ÒWmZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar‡Xe _ß [ßOrH•$V H$maImZm ß Edß ÒWmZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar‡Xe _ß [ßOrH•$V H$maImZm ß Edß ÒWmZmAmß H$r OmZH$mardf© 2011-12df© 2011-12df© 2011-12df© 2011-12df© 2011-12

H´$H´$H´$H´$H´$ AnYnZ`_ H$m Zm_AnYnZ`_ H$m Zm_AnYnZ`_ H$m Zm_AnYnZ`_ H$m Zm_AnYnZ`_ H$m Zm_ [ßOr`V gßÒWmZm ß [ßOr`V gßÒWmZm ß [ßOr`V gßÒWmZm ß [ßOr`V gßÒWmZm ß [ßOr`V gßÒWmZm ß R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ H$ R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ H$ R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ H$ R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ H$ R>H$m l_ AnYnZ`_ H$ ln_H$/H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gßª`mln_H$/H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gßª`mln_H$/H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gßª`mln_H$/H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gßª`mln_H$/H$_©Mmna`mß H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m A›VJ©V AZwkn· ‡m· A›VJ©V AZwkn· ‡m· A›VJ©V AZwkn· ‡m· A›VJ©V AZwkn· ‡m· A›VJ©V AZwkn· ‡m· Om AZwkn·/[ßOr`Z ‡_mUOm AZwkn·/[ßOr`Z ‡_mUOm AZwkn·/[ßOr`Z ‡_mUOm AZwkn·/[ßOr`Z ‡_mUOm AZwkn·/[ßOr`Z ‡_mU

R>H$Xmam ß H$r gßª`m R>H$Xmam ß H$r gßª`m R>H$Xmam ß H$r gßª`m R>H$Xmam ß H$r gßª`m R>H$Xmam ß H$r gßª`m [Ã _ß CÑnIV h° &[Ã _ß CÑnIV h° &[Ã _ß CÑnIV h° &[Ã _ß CÑnIV h° &[Ã _ß CÑnIV h° &1µ H$maImZm AnYnZ`_ 1948 14456 - 775122µ _µ‡µ XwH$mZ Edß ÒWm[Zm AnYnZ`_ 1970 47683 - 2030533µ R>H$m l_ (ndnZ`_Z Am°a C[mXmZ) AnYnZ`_ 1578 5433 2941164µ _mQ>a [nadhZ H$_©H$ma AnYnZ`_ 1961 4290 - 332085µ ]r∂S>r Edß ngJma H$_©H$ma AnYnZ`_ 1966 351 - 74343

*************


Jm±YrOr H$m AmoW©H$ oM›VZ(Jm_rU odH$mg H$ odef gßX © _ß)

S>m∞. oZem o_lm *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$m AmoW©H$ Xe©Z Am°a oM›VZ AmO r CVZm _hÀd[yU© h°& oOVZm 50 df© [yd© Wm hr H$maU h° oH$ AmO maV hr Zht]oÎH$ A_naH$m Am°a yam[ _ß r Jm±YrOr H$ AmoW©H$ Xe©Z H$r [wZImO Omar h°& Jm±YrOr Z oh›X ÒdamO Zm_H$ [wÒVH$ _ß 1909 _ß obIm Wm oH$ maVH$m AßJÓmß g Zht AßJÓr am¡` H$r Hw$aroV`mß g _w∫$ H$amZm MmhV W& Jm±YrOr H$ ZV•Àd _ß Mb 33 df© bÂ] ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ _ß ÒdamO H$r [na^mfmH$^r r amOZroVH$ AmOmXr VH$ gro_V Zht ahm CZH$m _yb C‘Ì` Wm ‡À H$ maVr` H$m AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ Edß Z°oVH$ AmOmXr oXbmZm Wm oOggEH$ AohßgH$, emfU _w∫$ d g_•’ g_mO H$m oZ_m©U hm gH$& Jm±YrOr H$ AZwgma AmoW©H$ g_Vm hr AohßgH$ g_mO H$r _yb Hw$ßOr h°& AWm©V Wm∂S> gg_•’ bmJmß Am°a bmImß oZY©Zmß H$ ]rM H$r Jhar ImB© H$m âZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Jm±YrOr H$ AmoW©H$ odMma "ÒdamO' H$r ‡mo· AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ dZ°oVH$ ÒdVßÃVm OrVZ [a hr ‡m· hmJr&

ES>_ oÒ_W, H$mb©_m∑g© d H$›g H$ AH$mXo_H$ AmoW©H$ og’m›Vmß g [a hQ>H$a Jm±YrOr Z Eg _mJ©Xe©H$ og’m›Vmß H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om Z°oVH$AohßgH$, gÂ`H$ d oQ>H$mD$ g_mO H$m oZ_m©U H$a gH$&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^maV Xe Jm±dmß H$m Xe h°& Jm±dmß H$r ‡JoV hr ghr AWm~ _ßßXe H$r ‡JoV h°& maV H$r 75 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jm±dmß _ßß ahVr h° oOg_ßßg 69.5 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m H•$of H$m`© _ßß bJr hwB© h°& dV©_mZ ^maV _ßß57,57,137 Am]mX Edß 48,087 J°a Am]mX Jm±d h°& Jm±YrOr H$ AZwgmaJm±d H$r Va∏$r H$ o]Zm Xe H$r Va∏$r H$r H$Î[Zm ]B_mZr hmJr, C›hmßZodH$mg H$r Ymam Jm±dmß g AmaÂ^ H$aZ [a ]b oX`m Wm& AmO ^maV _ßßAZH$ g_Ò`m ß od⁄_mZ h¢ O°g o]Obr, [mZr H$m A^md, H$_ CÀ[mXH$Vm,]amOJmar, oZY©ZVm, oO›hß J´m_rU odH$mg ¤mam hr hb oH$`m Om gH$Vmh°& AV: ^maV H$ g›X^© _ßß J´m_rU odH$mg H$r _hŒmm AoZdm`© h°& ^maV _ßßAgßVwobV AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r oÒWoV oXImB© XVr h°& g_mO _ßß EH$ Am°aA_ra dJ© Vm Xygar Ama EH$ Egm dJ© Om A[Zr X°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmEß ^roXZâ _ßhZV H$aH$ r [yar Zht H$a [mVm h°& AV: J´m_rU odH$mg dmÒVd_ßß J´m_ Òdam¡` H$m [yU© H$aZ H$m Ah_ gmYZ h°& Jm±YrOr J´m_rU odH$mgH$m amÓQ≠> H$ odH$mg H$r Hw$ßOr _mZV W& J´m_rU odH$mg J´m_rU jÃ _ßßoZdmogV AoYH$mße oZY©Z OZgßª`m H$ ahZ-ghZ _ßß gwYma Edß CgH$mAmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZmZ H$r ‡oH´$`m h°&Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AmoW©H$ odMma -Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AmoW©H$ odMma -Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AmoW©H$ odMma -Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AmoW©H$ odMma -Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg hVw AmoW©H$ odMma - Jm±YrOr H$ AmoW©H$odMmamß H$r H$mB© oZoÌMV `mOZm Zht h°& d AW©emÛ H$m ^r OrdZ H$mAßJ _mZV W, BgobE CZH$m OrdZ Xe©Z A‹`moÀ_H$ Edß Z°oVH$_m›`VmAmß [a AmYmnaV h°& CZH$m _mZZm Wm oH$ AmoW©H$ oH´$`mAmß H$Z°oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ [naUm_mß H$m A‹``Z AW©emÛ g AbJ aIH$aZht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° CZH$ obE ^m°oVH$dmX H$m H$mB© _hÀd Zht Wm&

Jm±YrOr Z gß[yU© Òdam¡` H$r H$Î[Zm H$ gßX © _ßß J´m_rUmß H$r g_Ò`mH$m ]hwV H$ar] g XIm d g_Pm Wm& Jm±YrOr Z H$hm Wm Cg AmOmXr H$mH$mB© _yÎ` Zht h° oOg_ßß g]g [ro∂S>V Am°a g]g H$_Oma H$m _wo∫$ Z o_bAm°a dh h Z _hgyg H$a oH$ h Am[H$m Xe h°& Jm±YrOr Z J´m_ Òdam¡`H$m _hÀd XV hwE H$hm Wm oH$ A[Z [°amß [a I∂S> hwE o]Zm XhmVr gwIr Z ]Z

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r`$ H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma$_hmnd⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

gH$ßJ BgobE d J´m_rUmß H$m A[Z [°amß [a I∂S> hmZ [a ]b XV W& CZH$J´m_rU odH$mg hVw oZÂZ odMma W -1.1.1.1.1. [ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_m ß H$m odH$mg -[ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_m ß H$m odH$mg -[ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_m ß H$m odH$mg -[ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_m ß H$m odH$mg -[ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_m ß H$m odH$mg - Jm±YrOr [ßMm`VramO H$ _m‹`_ g J´m_mß H$m odH$mg H$a AmÀ_oZ ©a ]ZmZm MmhV W C›hmßZhnaOZ _ßß obIm "ÒdVßÃVm ZrM g AmaÂ^ hmZr MmohE Bg ‡H$ma ‡À`H$Jm±d EH$ JUam¡` d [ßMm`Vr amO hm d AmÀ_oZ^©a hm oOgg A[ZrAmdÌ`H$Vm Òd`ß [yar H$a gH$ Jm±YrOr J´m_rUmß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$m[yam H$aZ [a ]b XV W& CZH$m H$hZm Wm ^maV H$ Jm±dmß _ßß J´m_ [ßMm`VmßH$m [wZOr©odV H$a J´m_ Òdam¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om` O] VH$ dmÒVodH$eo∫$ Jm±d H$ bmJmß H$ [mg Z hmJr d A[Zm [yU© odH$mg Zht H$a [m`ßJ&C›hmßZ hnaOZ _ßß 22 OwbmB© 1948 _ßß ÒdVßÃ ^maV H$ Jm±dmß H$r C[_m_rZma g Z XH$a g_w– g Xr Ohm± EH$ Ïò∫$ Xyga Ïò∫$ [a I∂S>m Zht hmJmdaZ g^r Ïò∫$ g_mZ hmßJ& dhm± Ïò∫$ H$m gß[yU© odH$mg g_oÓQ> H$mg]b d g_•’ ]Zm`Jm&2.2.2.2.2. gmXm OrdZ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm - gmXm OrdZ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm - gmXm OrdZ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm - gmXm OrdZ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm - gmXm OrdZ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm - J´m_rU odH$mg H$ ]ma _ßß Jm±YrOrH$r _m›`Vm Wr oH$ J´m_rU bmJmß H$m odbmogVm g Xya ahH$a gab OrdZÒdrH$ma H$aZm MmohE& Jm±YrOr H$r H$Î[Zm Wr oH$ ha Jm±d EH$ [yU© ‡OmVßÃhmJm Om A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$ obE A[Z [∂S>mgr Xemß [a oZ^©a ZhtH$aJm& C›hmßZ 1945 _ßß ZhÍ$ Or H$m [Ã _ßß obIm Wm _ßar —∂T> _m›`Vm h° oH$AJa maV H$m gÉr AmOmXr ‡m· H$aZr h° Am°a maV H$ Ona` gßgma H$m^r A[Z [rN> g_P bZm hmJm oH$ ^maV H$r OZVm H$m Jm±dmß _ßß ahZm h°ehamß _ßß Zht Pm[o∂S>`mß _ßß hr ahZm h° _hbmß _ßß Zht& Jm±dmß H$r X`Zr` oÒWoV[a MVmdZr XV hwE 29 OZdar 1948 H$ _hÀd[yU© ^mfU _ßß H$hm Wm"^maV H$m A[Z M›X ehamß d H$Ò]mß g o_bmH$a gmV bmI Jm±dmß H$ gßX^©_ßß gm_moOH$, Z°oVH$ d AmoW©H$ AmOmXr V^r hmogb hmJr& Xe H$m ghrd gßVwobV odH$mg BZ bmImß Jm±dmß H$ ]woZ`mXr odH$mg [a hr oZ^©a h°&Jm±YrOr H$ J´m_rU odH$mg H$ obE odH$o›–V AW©ZroV gm_wXmo`H$ H•$of


odH$mg, bKw Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJ H$ odH$mg H$m ‡YmZVm Xr, C›hmßZ MaI H$mAmOrodH$m H$m gmYZ d l_ H$r ‡oVÓR>m H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm h° VmoH$ bmJmß H$rÒdm^modH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ dÒVwEß C[b„YhmZr MmohE&3.3.3.3.3. J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m Xya H$aZm -J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m Xya H$aZm -J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m Xya H$aZm -J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m Xya H$aZm -J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m Xya H$aZm - Jm±YrOr g_mZ dVZ H$H´$mßoVH$mar og’m›V H$m g_W©Z H$aV W C›hmßZ J´m_rU oZY©ZVm H$m XyaH$aZ H$ obE gdm[na _hÀd oX`m CZH$m odÌdmg Wm oH$ Xe H$r Jar]r H$mXya H$a amÓQ≠> H$r CfioV H$aZr h° Vm CgH$m ‡maÂ^ Jm±d _ßß ahZ dmb H•$fH$mßAm°a CZH$ _wª` Ï`dgm` H•$of H$ odH$mg g AmaÂ^ H$aZm hmJm& d H•$ofH$m amÓQ≠> odH$mg H$r Hw$ßOr _mZV W& d O_tXmamß d OmJraXma ‡Wm H$odamYr W CZH$m _V Wm oH$ H•$fH$mß d IoVha _OXyamß H$m IVr H$m _mobH$]Zm`m Om yo_ Cgr H$r h° Om Cg OmVVm h°& d gßVwobV d oZ`moOV H•$ofH$ g_W©H$ W H•$fH$mß H$r F$UJÒVVm Xya H$aZ H$ obE ghH$mar gmI Ï`dÒWmhmZr MmohE&4.4.4.4.4. J´m_rU gdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© - J´m_rU gdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© - J´m_rU gdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© - J´m_rU gdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© - J´m_rU gdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© - Jm±YrOr H$m J´m_rUgdmX` CZH$m _hmZ AmXe© Wm ‡mMrZ Jm_rU g_wXm`mß H$r o\$a g ÒWm[ZmH$r Om` ∑`mßoH$ gdmX` g_mO _ßß lo_H$ d oH$gmZ A[Zr gßÒWmAmß dgßKmß ¤mam Jm_rU C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg H$aßJ& Bgg Jm_rU g_wXm` _ßß AmoW©H$g_mZVm Am`Jr& g_•’embr H•$of, odH$o›–V C⁄mJ Edß N>mQ> [°_mZ H$ghH$mar gßJR>Z ]Z ‡À`H$ J´m_ ÒdmdbÂ]r JUV›Ã ]Z EH$ AmXe©J´m__ßß Ï`doÒWV T>m±Mm, AÒ[Vmb, ^mOZ dÛ H$r [yoV©, \$bmß H$ [∂S>, Òd¿N>g∂S>H$ß, Zmob`mß, [Òb Ï`dÒWm, g^m ^dZ, ÒHy$b Ib H$m _°XmZ,[ewembm, gwajm H$r [yU© Ï`dÒWm hmZr MmohE& J´m_rU ‡emgZ H$r [yarVah AoYH$ma gÂ[fi [ßMm`Vmß ¤mam gßMmobV hm&5.5.5.5.5. AmoW©H$ odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKwHw$Q>ra C⁄mJ -AmoW©H$ odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKwHw$Q>ra C⁄mJ -AmoW©H$ odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKwHw$Q>ra C⁄mJ -AmoW©H$ odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKwHw$Q>ra C⁄mJ -AmoW©H$ odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKwHw$Q>ra C⁄mJ - Jm±YrOr AmoW©H$odH$›–rH$aU Edß bKw Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJmß H$ g_W©H$ W oH$ g^r AmdÌ`H$dÒVwAmß H$ gßX © _ßß Jm±d AmÀ_oZ ©a ]Z oOgg ]amOJmar H$r g_Ò`m Hw$N>hX VH$ H$_ hm gH$& Eg Jm±dmß [a ‹`mZ H$o›–V oH$`m Om` Vm AmdÌ`H$dÒVwAmß H$m oZ_m©U H$a gH$& CÀ[mXZ odH$›–r`H$aU g H$am∂S>mß bmJ Hw$N>BZ oJZ bmJmß H$ Xmg ]Z OmV h¢& BgobE AmdÌ`H$ h° Bgg amOZ°oVH$gŒmm H$m ^r H$›–rH$aU hmVm h°& BgobE AmdÌ`H$ h° bKw C⁄mJ ÒWmo[Vh° Kamß _ßß N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r BH$mB©`m± ÒWmo[V H$r Om` d Hw$Q>ra d J´m_rU C⁄mJmßH$ [jYa W& 1934 _ßß hnaOZ gdH$ _ßß C›hmßZ H$hm Wm XaAgb ]mV `hh° oH$ AmO ‡À H$ o_b gm_m›`V: Jm±dmß H$r OZVm H$ ob H$m_Í$[ hm ahrh°& CZH$r amOr-amQ>r [a _m`modZr o_bß N>m`m S>mb ahr h°& Jm±dmß _ßß Ohm± 10_OXya H$m_ H$aV h¢& CVZm hr H$m_ o_b _ßß EH$ _OXya H$aVm h°& 10 Ïò∫$`mßH$r amOr N>rZH$a o_b _ßß H$m_ H$aZ dmbm EH$ AmX_r Jm±d _ßß oOVZm H$_mVmWm Cgg AoYH$ H$_m ahm h°& Bg Vah H$Q>mB©, ]wZmB© H$r o_bmß _ßß Jm±d H$bmJmß H$r OrodH$m H$m ]∂S>m ^mar gmYZ N>rZ ob`m h°&6.6.6.6.6. J´m_m⁄mJ H$m g_W©Z - J´m_m⁄mJ H$m g_W©Z - J´m_m⁄mJ H$m g_W©Z - J´m_m⁄mJ H$m g_W©Z - J´m_m⁄mJ H$m g_W©Z - Jm±YrOr Z J´m_m⁄mJ H$m H$≈a g_W©ZoH$`m d AmoW©H$ H$›–r`H$aU, ]•hV Am°⁄mJrH$aU Edß _erZrH$aU H$odÍ$’ W& BZH$ AZwgma gÒV ]mOma g IarXH$a _ßhJ ]mOma _ßß ]MZmAW©emÛ H$m g]g A_mZdr` og’m›V h° _mZd OrdZ _w–m g AoYH$_hÀd[yU© h°& BgobE C›hmßZ ^mar C⁄mJmß Edß _erZmß H$m odamY oH$`m_erZ _mZd _yÎ`mß H$m wbmH$a _mZdOmoV H$m [oVV H$aVr h°& C›hmßZ hÒdrH$ma oH$`m oH$ _erZ dhm± VH$ R>rH$ h° Ohm± VH$ dh _mZd H$r ghmo`H$mh°& Jm±YrOr H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ maV H$r ‡mMrZ odoY`mß H$ ‡`mJ g bmImß

J´m_rUmß H$m amOJma o_bJm& ^maV _ßß l_ H$r ‡MwaVm d [yßOr H$r Xwb©^Vmh°& BgobE Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg AmdÌ`H$ h°& OrdZ H$ Ao›V_MaU _ßßJm±YrOr Z H$hm Wm H$mB© r _erZ Om _ZwÓ`mß H$m l_ H$ Adgamß g dßoMVZht H$aVr daZ _ZwÓ`mß H$m ghm`Vm [hw±MmH$a CZH$r H$m`©j_Vm ]∂T>mVr h°Am°a oOgH$m gßMmbZ _ZwÓ` o]Zm Xmg ]Z H$a ahVm h° C›hß ‡mÀgmhZ X&d Egr _erZmß H$ [j _ßß W Om oH$ XhmVmß _ßß ‡oVÒWmo[V hm gH$, oOggoZY©Z J´m_rUmß H$m ]mP H$_ hm& Jm±YrOr J´m_m⁄mJ H$r dÒVwAmß H$ AZwÍ$[dmVmdaU V°`ma H$aZm MmhV W& CZH$m _mZZm Wm oH$ AJÚr bmJ BZMrOmß H$ BÒV_mb _ßß [hb H$aßJ Vm ]mH$r bmJ ^r BZH$m BÒV_mb H$aßJImXr EH$ OrVm OmJVm CXmhaU h°&7.7.7.7.7. J´m_rU oejm H$m _hÀd - J´m_rU oejm H$m _hÀd - J´m_rU oejm H$m _hÀd - J´m_rU oejm H$m _hÀd - J´m_rU oejm H$m _hÀd - Jm±YrOr Z J´m_rU oejm H$m J´m_rUodH$mg _ßß A‹` ÒWmZ oX`m Wm& oejm _ZwÓ` H$ _mZogH$, gm_moOH$ ÒVaH$m oZYm©aU H$aVr h°& Jm±YrOr Z H$hm Wm oejm g _ßam VmÀ[`© h h° ]Émßd Ï`ÒH$mß H$m emarnaH$, _mZogH$ d Am‹`moÀ_H$ Í$[ g [yam odH$mg hm&dmÒVd _ßß oejm H$m XZm oZ]m©Y XwÍ$[`mJ o[N>b XeH$mß _ßß hwAm h°& ]ÉmßH$ _Z _ßß gßH$rU©Vm, bm[admhr AoZoÌMVVm H$ gm±M _ßß T>mbZ H$m Xya-XyaVH$ O∂S>ß O_mZ dmbm Ï`m[ma ]Z J`m h°& AmO oejm H$m Jm±dmß VH$ bOmH$a Cg J´m_rU dmVmdaU _ßß odH$ogV H$aZm hmJm& h_ma Xe _ßß AoejmH$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE Jm±d _ßß ehar T>a H$m ÒHy$b Imb XV h¢& Egr g_Ò`m H$mgwbPmZ hVw ]woZ`mXr oejm `mOZm ‡ÒVwV H$r Wr& 1937 _ßß dYm© _ßßamÓQ≠>r` gdH$mß H$ gÂ_ßbZ _ßß Mma ‡ÒVmd ÒdrH•$V oH$` oO›hß ]woZ`mXroejm H$m _wª` AßJ H$h gH$V h¢ :-1. gmV dfr©` oZ:ewÎH$ AoZdm`© oejm2. oejm H$m _m‹`_ _mV•^mfm3. C⁄mJ H$ AmYma [a oejm Ï`dÒWm4. ÒdmdbÂ]Z [a AmYmnaV oejm

Jm±YrOr H$r ]woZ`mXr oejm H$ gÂ]›Y _ßß oejm odefkmß H$r `hAm[oŒm Wr oH$ Bg_ßß 7 df© g H$_ Am`w H$ ]mbH$mß H$ obE H$mB© Ï`dÒWmZht h°& Bg Xya H$aZ Jm±YrOr Z gÂ[yU© OrdZ H$r oejm H$m Í$[ oX`m d1945 _ßß gdmJ´m_ _ßß C›hmßZ KmofV oH$`m ]woZ`mXr oejm H$m H´$_ O›_ g_•À`w [`©›V ahJm oOgH$ Mma ^mJ h¢ -1. [yU© ]woZ`mXr2. ]woZ`mXr3. CŒma ]woZ`mXr4. ‡m°∂T> oejmoZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - gmamße Í$[ _ßß H$h gH$V h¢ oH$ Jm±YrOr J´m_rU odH$mg H$m‡mWo_H$ _hÀd XZm, g^r H$r _yb AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$aZm, oZY©ZVmXya H$aZm, J´m_m⁄mJ H$m ‡mÀgmhZ, F$U JóÒVVm H$m Xya H$aZm, ^yo_ [aOmVZ dmbmß H$m AoYH$ma o_bZm AmoX H$m g_W©Z H$aV ah h¢& oH$›VwÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV h_Z Jm±YrdmXr —oÓQ>H$mU H$m _ybV: Zht A[Zm`m`⁄o[ H•$of H$ jÃ _ßß h_ßß AmÀ_oZ^©aVm ‡m· hwB© h°& oH$›Vw dmÒVodH$ Í$[ gAmO ^r J´m_rU g_mO H$m [yU©V: odH$mg Zht hm [m`m& ∑`mßoH$ odH$mgH$r gmar gwodYm`ß Hw$N> bmJmß H$ hmWmß _ßß og_Q>H$a ah JB© h°& Bg gÂ]›Y _ßßoH$g eßH$m hm gH$Vr h° oH$ h_ma ‡emgZ VßÃ H$m PwH$md d bJmd oH$gAma h°& odkmZ Edß VH$ZrH$r H$ Bg wJ _ßß Ag_mZVm H$r ImB© H$m bJmVma]∂T>Zm, _ßhJmB© ]amOJmar _ßß d•o’, _yb yV AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r H$_r H$ ]rMH$Ò]mß H$m eha _ßß d ehamß H$m _hmZJamß _ßß ]XbZm _hmZJamß _ßß CJVr hwB©


Pm[∂S> [o≈`m±, [`m©daU H$r odH$amb g_Ò`m, Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß _ßß oJamdQ>,Jm±dmß g ehar _ßß [bm`Z, ehar _ßß ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m, oeojV ]amOJmamß H$^`mdh AmßH$∂S> oM›Vm H$m odf` h°&

AmO AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Bg ]mV H$r h° h_mar gaH$ma odH$mg `mOZm`ßbmJy H$a C›hß oH´$`m›d`Z _ßß OZVm H$r ^mJrXmar AoYH$ g AoYH$ hmV^r mOZmEß A[Z C‘Ì` _ßß g\$b hm gH$Vr h¢& maV _ßß J´m_rU odH$mgH$r g_ÒV gaH$mar mOZmEß gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg [ßMm`VramO, yo_ gwYma,g_o›dV odH$mg AmoX A[Z C‘Ì`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ßß Ag\$b ahr h°&odH$mg mOZm H$m bm^ oZÂZdJr© H•$fH$mß d _OXyamß H$m Zht o_b ahm h°&Jm±YrOr H$m h [gßX Zht Wm oH$ VH$ZrH$ H$ Zm_ [a _ZwÓ` H$m H$m_ g dH$m_ H$m _ZwÓ` g OwXm H$a oX`m Om & AW©Ï`dÒWm, H•$of d H•$of AmYmnaVC⁄mJmß H$m ]∂T>mH$a oX` o]Zm _O]yV Zht hm gH$Vr&

dmÒVd _ßß Jm±YrOr H$ WmW©dmXr —oÓQ>H$mU H$m Z H$db MrZ, ∑`y]mO°g g_mOdmXr Xemß Z A[Zm`m boH$Z Jwfima o_S©>b O°g [mÌMmÀ`AW©emoÛ`mß Z h_ßß KZr Am]mXrdmb [ydr© Eoe`mB© Xemß H$ odH$mg H$mEH$ _mÃ C[m` ]Vm`m boH$Z Òd ß maV [oÌM_r Xemß H$ AmYwoZH$rH$aUd M_H$-X_H$ _ßß Jm±YrOr H$ g[Zmß H$m gmH$ma H$aZ H$r A[jm ^wbm ]°R>h¢& AV: J´m_rU odH$mg H$ ob` AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ Jm±YrOr H$r AdYmaUoZoÌMV H$aH$ T>m±Mm ]Zm`m Omd ∑`m `h CoMV Zht hmJm ?gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -l H•$of d H•$of gß]ßYr C⁄_mß, [ew[mbZ, H•$of[yaH$ C⁄mJmß d CÀ[mXH$

d CÀ[mXZmß _ßß d•o’

l › yZV_ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m ©H´$_ H$m J´m_rU jÃmß d ehar jÃmß H$ gmWg_o›dV oH$`m Om`

l ZJar` d J´m_rU ]mOma Ï`dÒWm H$m [wZJ©oR>V oH$`m Om`l C[^m∫$m dJ© H$m J´m_m⁄mJ dÒVwAmß H$ C[`mJ H$ ob` dmVmdaU

oZo_©V H$a ‡oeojV oH$`m Om`l oejm H$m Ï`dgmo`H$ ]Zm`m Om` oOgg J´m_rU ]amOJmar H$m Xya

oH$`m Om gH$l J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _ßß Am_ bmJmß H$r gh^moJVm hm VWm

amOZ°oVH$ hÒVj[ Zht hml gaH$mar H$_©Mmna`mß d AoYH$mna`mß _ßß Xe ‡_ d À`mJ H$r mdZm hm

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. S>m∞. ‡^mV ^≈mMm`©, Jm±Yr Xe©Z [•ÓR> 2072. hnaOZ, _mM© 31, 19463. oVH$Zmam`U hObm, AmoW©H$ odMmamß H$m BoVhmg [•ÓR> 5364. ]r.gr.og›hm Edß Or.gr.ogßKB©,AmoW©H$ odMmamß H$m BoVhmg [•ÓR> 4835. ‡`mg Edß g\$bVmEß, gyMZm Edß ‡H$meZ, _.‡.emgZ, ^m[mb6. _‹`‡Xe [ßMmo`H$m, OZdar 1998 Edß 20097. Va∏$r H$r oXem _ßß h_ma Jm±d, J´m_rU gyMZm gdm ‡H$meZ, ^m[mb8. MVwdXr Edß MVwdXr, AmoW©H$ odMmamß H$m BoVhmg9. OrS> Edß naÒQ> (oh›Xr AZwdmX) AmoW©H$ odMmamß H$m BoVhmg10. ‡Vm[ogßh, Jm±Yr Xe©Z Ï`dhmnaH$ A‹``Z

*************


H•$of odH$mg ¤mam AmoW©H$ [oadV©Z H$ Am`m_

amH$e Hw$_ma Jw·m *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ H•$of h_mar g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$ gmW-gmW odH$mg H$r OZZr ^r ahr h°& `h ^m°oVH$ _hÀd H$ Abmdm OrdZ H$r EH$ ‡Umbr h°&Om oH$ _mZdr` _yÎ`mß _ß AZw[_ Edß Ao¤Vr` h°& h_ma Xe maV H$r OrdZ eo∫$ H$m AmYma J´m_rU g_mO h°& Xe H$r bJ^J VrZ Mm°WmB© OZgßª`mJmßdmß _ß oZdmg H$aV hw amÓQ≠>r` Am` _ß H$ar] H$m 40% mJXmZ H$a ahr h°& Jmßdmß H$ odH$mg H$ o]Zm Xe H$ odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm AYyar h°& Egm AZw_mZh° oH$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 90% Ïò∫$ Am` r H•$of m H•$of gÂ]Yr Ï`dgm` _ß hr oZ ©a h°& AV: H•$of H$m maVr` J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ar∂T> H$hm Om Vm H$mB© AoVÌ`mo∫$ Zht hmJt&

h_ma Xe _ß EH$ ‡mMrZ Edß ‡og’ bmH$mo∫$ ahr h°°& "CŒm_ IVr _m‹`_ ]mZ AK_ MmH$ar rI oZXmZ' AWm©V≤ AWm[mO©Z m Ï`dgm` H$r —oÓQ>g H•$of H$m`© H$m CŒm_ _mZm J`m h°& O]oH$ _‹`_ lUr H$m H$m`© dmo m¡` Wm& Ï`m[ma H$m AY_H$mar H$m`© _mZm J`m h°& VWm C[am∫$ VrZmß _ß g Hw$N>^r Z hmZ [a AßVV: Om H$m`© ]MVm h° dh oejm —oÓQ> h°& Bg bmH$mo∫$ H$m og’ hmVm h°& oH$ H•$of H$m`© oH$VZm _hÀd[yU© VWm gÂ_mZOZH$ Wm [aßVwAmO H$r oÒWoV _ß Xe H$ odo^fi am¡`mß _ß oH$gmZ AmÀ_hÀ`m H$aZ hVw _O]ya hm ah h°& oOZ_ AmÀ_hÀ`m H$r gdm©oYH$ gßª`m _hmamÓQ≠> _ ahr h°&'Hw$ßOr e„X:&Hw$ßOr e„X:&Hw$ßOr e„X:&Hw$ßOr e„X:&Hw$ßOr e„X:& H•$of odH$mg, AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z, H´$mo›V, ∂O_tXmar C›_ybZ, H$mÒVH$mar ‡Wm&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ H•$of h_mar g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$ gmW-gmW odH$mg H$rOZZr ^r ahr h°& `h ^m°oVH$ _hÀd H$ Abmdm OrdZ H$r EH$ ‡Umbr h°&Om oH$ _mZdr` _yÎ`mß _ß AZw[_ Edß Ao¤Vr` h°& h_ma Xe ^maV H$rOrdZ eo∫$ H$m AmYma J´m_rU g_mO h°& Xe H$r bJ^J VrZ Mm°WmB©OZgßª`m Jmßdmß _ß oZdmg H$aV hw amÓQ≠>r` Am` _ H$ar] H$m 40% mJXmZH$a ahr h°& Jmßdmß H$ odH$mg H$ o]Zm Xe H$ odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm AYyar h°&Egm AZw_mZ h° oH$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 90% Ïò∫$ Am` ^r H•$of `m H•$ofgÂ]Yr Ï`dgm` _ß hr oZ ©a h°& AV: H•$of H$m maVr` J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWmH$r ar∂T> H$hm Om` Vm H$mB© AoVÌ`mo∫$ Zht hmJr&

h_ma Xe _| EH$ ‡mMrZ Edß ‡og’ bmH$mo∫$ ahr h°°& "CŒm_ IVr_m‹`_ ]mZ AK_ MmH$ar ^rI oZXmZ' AWm©V≤ AWm[mO©Z `m Ï`dgm`H$r —oÓQ> g H•$of H$m`© H$m CŒm_ _mZm J`m h°& O]oH$ _‹`_ lUr H$m H$m`©dmo ¡` Wm& Ï`m[ma H$m AY_H$mar H$m`© _mZm J`m h°& VWm C[am∫$ VrZmß_ß g Hw$N> ^r Z hmZ [a AVßV: Om H$m`© ]MVm h° dh oejm —oÓQ> h°& BgbmH$mmo∫$ H$m og’ hmVm h° oH$ H•$of H$m`© oH$VZm _hÀd[yU© VWmgÂ_mZOZH$ Wm [aßVw AmO H$r oÒWoV _ Xe H$ odo^fi am¡`mß _ß oH$gmZAmÀ_hÀ`m H$aZ hVw _O]ya hm ah h°& oOZ_ AmÀ_hÀ`m H$r gdm©oYH$ gßª`m_hmamÓQ≠> _ß ahr h°&'

^maV _ß ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ [ÌMmV≤ J´m_rU OrdZ H$r Xem gwYmaZ dH•$of odH$mg hVw AZH$ H$m`©H´$_ d `mOZmE∞ oH´$`m›d`Z g EH$ oZoÌMVgr_m VH$ J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r Yyar H•$of _ Am_ybMwb [nadV©Z bmZ H$obE gaH$ma Z yo_ gwYma H$m ©H$_ A[Zm`m& Bg H$m ©H$_ H$m _wª` CXXÌÒ_rXmamß Edß OmJraXmamß O°g _m‹`_mß H$m AßV H$aZm& H$mÌVH$mamß H$ H$mÌVH$r gwajm H$aZm d H•$of H$ AßVaU H$m gwoZoÌMV H$aZm Wm& H$mÌVH$margwYma H$aZ hVw bJmZ oZ`_Z H$mÌVH$mamß H$r ]XIr g gwajm d _mobH$mZmhH$ oXbmZm O°g H$X_ CR>m` J`& Bgr m∞oV ]T>Vr OZgßª`m d H•$of [a

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) gr. dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ‰mmaV

]∂T>V X]md H$ H$maU OmVmß H$m C[od^mOZ d C[IßS>Z Vrd´ JoV g hm ahmh°& IVmß H$m Am°gV AmH$ma oZaßVa H$_ hmVm Om ahm h°&

H•$of odH$mg _ß odŒm H$r ^yo_H$m AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© h° Bg Vœ` H$m—oÓQ>JV aIV hw gaH$ma Z oH$gmZmß H$m CoMV „`mO Xamß [a ghr g_` [aF$U C[b„YVm gwoZoÌMV H$aZ H$ ob`& gßÒWmJV gmI Ï`dÒWm H$m‡mWo_H$Vm Xr& Bgr H´$_ _ß gaH$ma Z ghH$mar F$U Ï`dÒWm ]¢H$mß H$amÓQ≠>r`H$aU, Zm]mS©> d jÃr` J´m_rU ]°H$mß H$r ÒWm[Zm O°g ‡^mdr H$X_CR>m`& Jm°aVb] h° oH$ 1950-51 _ß H•$of H$ ob` ghH$mar gmI H$m`mJXmZ 31% Wm Om oH$ 2014 VH$ ]T>H$a bJ^J 50% g AoYH$ hmJ`m h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ghH$mar H•$of gmI ^r bJ^J 1,00,000 H$amS>È[E dmof©H$ VH$ [hßwM J`m h°& hr Zht oH$gmZmß H$m AmgmZr g AÎ[mdoYF$U C[b„Y H$amZ H$ obE df© 1998-99 _ß oH$gmZ H´$oS>Q> `mOZm ^r‡maß^ H$r JB©& Zm]mS©> Edß Òd ghm`Vm gßJR>Zmß H$ _m‹`_ g ^r oH$gmZmßH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV gw—T> H$aZ _ß ‡`mgaV h°&

Jmßdmß _ß AmYma^yV gßaMZm H$m gw—T> H$aZ H$ obE Zm]mS©> Z J´m_rUAmYmnaH$ odH$mgIßS> H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om oH$ am¡` gaH$mam H$m Bg C‘Ì`H$r [yoV© hVw F$U C[b„Y H$amZ _ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h°& BZg]H$m gm_yohH$ ‡^md h hwAm oH$ oH$gmZ _hmOZmß Edß gmhyH$mamß H$ F$UOmb g _w∫$ hwE h°& VWm CZH$ emfU [a Hw$N> hX VH$ [m]ßXr bJ JB© h°&^maVr` H•$of _mZgyZ [a AmYmnaV hmZ H$ H$maU OmoI_ g [na[yU© h°&Bg dmÒVodH$Vm H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE gaH$ma Z H•$of CÀ[mXmß H$r H$r_Vmß_| oJamdQ> g hmZ dmbr hmoZ g H•$fH$mß H$m gwajm H$dM ‡XmZ H$aZ H$—oÓQ>H$mU g H•$of bmJV Edß _yÎ` Am`mJ H$r ÒWm[Zm gZ≤ 1965 _| H$rBgH$r og\$mnaem H$ AmYma [a gaH$ma ‡oVdf© \$gb H$ V° ma hmZ H$ [yd©CZH$ ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ`mß Edß IarX _yÎ`mß H$r KmfUm H$aVr h°, VmoH$oH$gmZmß H$m H•$of C[O H$r oH$_Vmß _| H$_r g gwajm ‡XmZ H$r Om gH$&


g_W©Z _yÎ`mß H$r KmfUm g oH$gmZ AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hVw ‡naV hmV h°&oOgg amÓQ≠>r` CfioV H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV hmVm h°& Bgr ^mßoV oH$gmZmß H$mOmoI_ g gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ hVw \$gb ]r_m `mOZm ‡maß^ H$r JB© h°&BgH$ AßVJ©V H•$of CÀ[mXmß H$ _yÎ`mß _| CVma-MT>md H$ gmW gmW ]wdmB© gH$Q>mB© VH$ oH$gmZmß H$m ]r_m [m∞obgr [°H$O C[b„Y H$amZ H$r Ï`dÒWmh°&

oH$gr r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß CKmJ, oeÎ[ d A›` H$bmAmß Edß ZJamß H$odH$mg _ H•$of H$r ]S>r _hÀd[yU© yo_H$m hmVr h°& H•$of g ‡m· AoYef ghr ZJamß H$ odH$mg _ ghm`Vm o_bVr h°& H•$of AoYef g hr ZJamß _OZgßª`m H$m oZdmg gß^d hm [mVm h°& oOgg AßVV: dhm CKmJ oeÎ[ dA›` H$bmAmß H$m odH$mg gß^d hmVm h°& C⁄mJmß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ obEAmaoÂ^H$ [yßOr ^r H•$of AoYef hr C[Î„Y H$amVm h°& Xygar Ama H•$ofC⁄mJmß H$ CÀ[mXm H$ obE ]mOma C[b„K H$am H$a CZH$ odH$mg H$m gß d]ZmVr h°& odH$mgerb amÓQ≠>mß H$ gßX© _ß H•$of odXer _w–m ‡m·r H$ _hÀd[yU©_m‹`_ H$ Í$[ _ß gm_Z AmVr h°& odH$mgerb amÓQ≠>mß H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$obE Am°KmJrH$aU EH$ AmdÌ`H$ eV© h°& oOgH$ obE AmdÌ`H$ [yßOrdÒVw d ‡m°KmoJH$r H$m Am`mV H$aZm hmVm h°& Bg Am`mV H$m H•$of gAoO©V odXer _w–m H$ _m‹`_ g oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma AmoW©H$odH$mg _ß H•$of H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°&

^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß "H•$of' AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r arT> ]Zr hwB© h°& H•$ofjÃ _ß [nadV©Zmß H$m ‡^md gÂ[yU© AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß —oÓQ>JmMa hmVm h°°&odH$ogV amÓQ≠>m _ß H•$of jÃ _ß H$m ©H$mar OZgßª`m H$m _mÃ 2-7% Aße hrH•$of g OrodH$m ‡m· H$aVm h°& H•$of jÃ [a AÀ`moYH$ Ï`o∫$`mß H$roZ^©aVm hr BgH$ _hÀd H$m ]∂T>m XVr h°°& H•$of jÃ _ß gH$mamÀ_H$ `mZH$mamÀ_H$ [nadV©Zmß g Ï`m[H$ OZgßª`m ‡^modV hmVr h°& oOgH$gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ d amOZ°oVH$ [naUm_ hm gH$V h°& ^maVr` C⁄mJmß H$mH$¿M _mb H$r Am[yoV© H$a H•$of C⁄mJmß H$ odH$mg _ß Aße XmZ H$aVr h°&BgH$ AoVna∫$ H•$of J´m_rU jÃ H$ C⁄mJmß H$ CÀ[mX H$ obE ]mOma ^rgwb^Vm g C[b„Y H$amVr h° & Bg ‡H$ma g_J´ —oÓQ> g XI Vm H•$of jÃC[^mJ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$m Am[yoV©H$Vm© VWm ‡_wª` amOJma C[b„YH$amZ dmbm jÃ hmZ H$ gmW gmW C⁄mJmß H$ odH$mg _ r ‡_wI mJXmZ‡XmZ H$a ahm h°&

H•$of odH$mg H$ ¤mam AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z H$ Am`m_ odo^fi H´$mßoV H$_m‹`_ g maV _ß gßMmobV hwE h°& oOg VmaVÂ` _ß hnaV H´$mßoV H$m gyÃ[mV^maV _ß Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXH$Vm _ß AmÀ_ oZ^©aV ‡m· H$aZ H$ obE _rb H$m[ÀWa gmo]V hwB©& `’o[ odÌd H$m hnaV H´$moV ‡XmZ H$aZ _ß ÒdroS>eH•$of d°kmoZH$ Zm_©Z ]mabmJ Z H•$of H$ odo^fi KQ>H$mß _ d°kmoZH$ VH$ZrH$r

H$m ‡`mJ H$a ZdrZ H´$mßoV H$m ew^maß^ oH$`m& ^maVr` [nade _| hnaVH´$mßoV H$ O›_XmVm H$ Í$[ _ß S>m∞. Eg Òdm_rZmWZ Z _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$moZd©hZ oH$`m h°& hnaV H´ß$moV _| Jh∞y H$ CÀ[mXZ _| AmemVrV≤ g\$bVm ‡m·H$r O]oH$ Mmdb H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ Jh∞y H$r VwbZm _| WmS>r H$_ Wr& oHß$VwhnaV H´$mßoV H$ H$maU _mQ> AmZmO H$ CÀ[mXZ _| H$_r AmB©& gmaV: hnaVH´$mßoV A[Z _wª` b˙` H$m ‡m· H$aZ _ß g\$b ahr h°&

o¤Vr` H´$mßoV H$ Í$[ _ß Am[aeZ ‚bS> H$m odÌd _ß dJr©O Hw$na`Z Z‡ÒVwV oH$`m& oOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ gÂ[yU© odÌd _ß XwΩY H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm_| emZXma g\$bVm AoO©V H$r& Bg gßX©^ _ß ^maV Z AmemVrV g\$bVm‡m· H$r& oOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ dV©_mZ _ß maV gÂ[yU© odÌd _ß gdm©oYH$XwΩY CÀ[mXZ H$aZ dmb Xe ]ZH$a C^am h°&

C[am∫$ XmZmß H´$mßoV H$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maVr` H•$of d°kmoZH$mß H$m ‹`mZoVbhZ H$ CÀ[mXZ H$r Ama J`m oOgH$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ C›hmßZ "[rbrH´$mo›V' H$m gwÃ[mV oH$`m& [rbr H´$mo›V H$m _yb C’Ì` oVbhZ Edß XbhZ\$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aZm Wm& oOg_ß C›hß AmemZwÍ$[g\$bVm AoO©V hwB©&

[rbr H´$mo›V H$ [ÌMmV Amby H´$mo›V ^yar H´$mo›V (Cd©aH$ H´$mo›V )AmoX H$ AYwZmVZ ‡`mJmß Z H•$of jÃ _ odH$mg H$r JoV –wwV H$aZ _ßg\$b ahr& H•$of _ Im⁄ \$gb Edß AIm⁄ \$gbmß H$m emo_b oH$`m J`m h°&odÌd H$r g‰`VmAmß H$m AZwgaU H$aV hwE ^maV _ß ^r H•$of H$dmoU¡`rH$aU H$m ‡mWo_H$Vm XZ hVw odo^fi emgH$r` mOZmE≤∞ gßMmobVH$r OmZ bJr h°&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - C[am∫$ A‹``Z g h_ Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hwßMV h° oH$ "H•$ofodH$mg ¤mam AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z H$ Am`m_' _ß `mJXmZ H$m h_ ¡`mXmgabVm g g_P gH$V h°& H•$of odH$mg H$ ¤mam h_ g_ÒV jÃ _ß odH$mgH$r ]`ma ]hm gH$V h° Am°a Bg_ß H´$mo›V`mß H$ _m‹`_ g h_mam ‡`mg gVV≤Í$[ g gj_ ahm h°& H•$of H$m mJXmZ Am°⁄moJH$ jÃ hVw r H$É _mb H$rAm[yoV©H$Vm© H$ Í$[ _ß XIm Om gH$Vm h°& AßVV: h_ Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hßwMVh° oH$ H•$of h_ma gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$r ‡maßo^H$ d AoZdm © AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:-1. XŒm Eßd gwßXa_≤, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm2. o_lm Edß [war, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm3. bmb Eßd bmb, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm4. `mOZm, _B© 20075. Hw$Í$jÃ, AJÒV 2006, AJÒV 2007, ogVÂ]a 2007, A∑Qy>]a

20076. e_m© Ao^fH$, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm

*************


AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU

S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ dV©_mZ [na[˙` _ß gÂ[yU© odÌd EH$ Jm±d H$m Í$[ b MwH$mh°, Mmamß Ama Ï`m[ma ‡JoV, odkmZ H$r ]mVß H$r Om ahr h¢& O]oH$ maVròg’m›V "[r[b H$r hr [yOm H$am' H$m _Im°b C∂S>mZ H$r —oÓQ> g XIm Om ahmh°& odMma H$aZ `mΩ` `h ]mV h° oH$ òX h_ odH$mg MmhV h¢ Vm ∑`m[`m©daU H$m AZXIm H$a h_ Egm H$a gH$V h¢? o]ÎHw$b Zht, gwZm_rH°$Q>arZm, naQ>m, S>_a, ÒQ>Z, hwXhwX oZbm\$a h_mar BZ ]mVmß H$m [yaOma Í$[g og’ H$a aht h°& odÌd H$ AmoÒVÀd hVw [`m©daU gßajU H$m AZXImH$aZm _mZdr` AmoÒVÀd H$ ob` KmVH$ h°& [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$ IVaoH$VZ ^`mdh hmV h¢? Am°a g_Ò`mE± oH$VZr AmJ ]∂T> MwH$r h¢? Am°aodH$mg H$ Bg Xm°a _ß h_ CZH$ ‡oV oH$VZ gOJ h¢? h aMZm _ß ‡H$moeVEH$ bI g og’ hmVr h°, oOg_ß obIm h° oH$ [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r `mdhVmH$r VwbZm _ß h_ma ‡`mg "Dß$Q> H$ _w∞h _ß Ora' H$r mßoV h¢& J´rZ hmCg ‡^md,AmOmZ [aV H$m jrU hmZm VWm Obdm`w _ß [nadV©Z H$ gmW-gmW dm`w,^yo_, Ob Am°a gm°a ‡XyfU g OoZV g_Ò`mAmß H$ ]ma _ß h_ Am` oXZgwZV Am°a [∂T>V ahV h°& [aßVw BgH$ hb hVw ‡^mdr C[m` Zht oH$` Om ahh¢& [yar XwoZ`m grZm \w$bm H$a odH$mg H$r amh [a Xm°S> ahr h°, oH$›Vw [`m©daUKm`b hm ahm h°& Bg ZwH$gmZ [hwßMmZ _ß h_ g] emo_b h¢ß& Mmh d [m∞oboWZhm, `m Jmo∂S>`mß H$m C∂S>Vm hwAm YwßAm? `m Â`yoOH$ ogÒQ>_ H$r VO AmdmOh_mar hdm ew’ Zht h°& h_mam [mZr ew’ Zht ahm Am°a h_mar YaVr ‡XyofVhm J`r h°& AmÌM ©OZH$ Vm h h° oH$ h_ _hm_mna`mß H$m Jß raVm g bV h¢,oH$›Vw CZH$ H$maU ]∂T>V ‡XyfU H$m Zht, h_ma _wJmbVmß Z h_mar Í$h H$m^r ‡XyofV H$a oX`m h° Am°a oX h_ A] r Zht OmJ Vm "odZme H$r Ama]∂T> ahr [•œdr H$m ]MmZm _woÌH$b hm Om`Jm'&_mZd AoÒVÀd Edß [`m©daU gßajU _mZd AoÒVÀd Edß [`m©daU gßajU _mZd AoÒVÀd Edß [`m©daU gßajU _mZd AoÒVÀd Edß [`m©daU gßajU _mZd AoÒVÀd Edß [`m©daU gßajU - Xe _ß 1997 g 2013 VH$bJ^J 50000 oH$gmZmß Z AmÀ_hÀ`m H$r, Bg Xe H$m YaVr[wÃ AmÀ_hÀ`mH$ ob` ∑`mß _O]ya hwAm? ∑`mßoH$ ‡W_ Edß o¤Vr` odÌd `w’ H$ Xm°amZV]mhr H$ ob C[ w∫$ agm`Zmß H$m ‡`mJ A] IVr H$ ‡`mJ _ß hm ah H$rQ>ZmeH$mß _ß ^r hm ahm h°& 30 df© [yd© hwB© ^m[mb J°g ÃmgXr H$m ^`mdh`WmW© AmO ^r h_ ^yb Zht [m ah h¢& H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$ ‡`mJ g \$gb hVwbm^Xm`H$ Ord _H$S>r, H$MwAm AmoX _a OmV h¢, O]oH$ ZwH$gmZ [hwßMmZdmb H$rQ>mß H$r gßª`m _ß d•o’ XIZ H$m AmB© h°& AmoW©H$ odH$mg Am°a[`m©daU gßajU H$ gmW _mZd AoÒVÀd oH$g ‡H$ma OwS>m h°? h ‡og’[`m©daUH$_r© dßXZm oedm dßXZm oedm dßXZm oedm dßXZm oedm dßXZm oedm H$ Bg bI g Ò[ÓQ> h¢, oOgg C›hmßZ ]Vm`moH$ Bo›Xam Or H$r hÀ`m, m[mb J°g ÃmgXr, hnaV H´$mßoV Am[g _ß OwS> hwEh¢& hnaV H´$mßoV _ß H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$ ‡`mJ g YaVr H$m gßVwbZ o]JS>m h°&_ßhJr amgmòZH$ IVr H$ ob` odÌd ]¢H$ g bmZ, g]ogS>r AmoX XH$aC›hß H$O©Xma ]Zm oX`m h° Am°a CYa YaVr Oharbr hm MwH$r Wr& Bgg

* ‡^mar ‡mMm`© Edß ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX , oObm - Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

oH$gmZmß H$r Am` [a od[naV ‡^md [∂S>m Am°a H$O© H$m ]mP ]∂T>Z bJm&Xygar Ama o_≈r IÀ_ hmZ bJr, [mZr KQ>Z bJm, \$bV: oH$gmZ AmoW©H$Vm°a [a H$_Oma Am°a ]]m©X hm JE Am°a BZH$ H$maU _O]yar _ß Zm°OdmZmß Z]ßXwH$ß CR>m br Am°a AmßVH$dmX [Z[ CR>m&AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [`m©daU gßajU - AmO [`m©daU H$r ghV H°$grh°? `h XIZ H$r oH$gr H$m \w$g©V hr Zht h°& O]oH$ Cg gdm©oYH$ _hÀdoX`m OmH$a hr odH$mg H$r AdYmaUm gm_Z bmB© OmZm Mmoh`& AmOodH$mg H$ Zm_ [a 3500 EH$∂S> dmbm oH$gmZ IVmß _ß _H$S>m±ZÎS> Imb ahmh°, IVmß _ß OwAm Ka (H$ogZmß) Iwb ah h¢, gßodXm IVr H$m ]∂T>mdm o_b ahmh°, Vm H$ht IV _ß [naU` gßÒH$ma hm ah h¢& Bgg N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r OmVß IÀ_ hmahr h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Am` H$ gmYZmß H$r g_m·r g N>mQ>-N>mQ> oH$gmZ AmÀ_hÀ`mH$m _O]ya hm ah h¢& MyßoH$ Xe H$m odH$mg Ï`m[ma d C⁄mJ H$ odH$mg gOwS>m h° Am°a Ï`m[ma H$m odH$mg J´mhH$mß H$r _mßJ H$aVm h° Am°a J´mhH$ _ZwÓ`hmV h¢& AV: ÒdV: og’ h° oH$ òX h_ MmhV h¢ oH$ Xe H$m odH$mg hm Vm`h AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ hmJm oH$ [`m©daU gßVwbZ H$m ]ZmE∞ aI H$a hrH$mB© H$X_ CR>m`m OmE& A›`Wm [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$ H$maU Ï`m[ma odH$mgH$r gß^mdZm [a H$mobI [wV OmEJr& OmZ-_mZ o]óQ>e AW©emÛr gagagagagaoZH$mbg ÒQ≠> Z oZH$mbg ÒQ≠> Z oZH$mbg ÒQ≠> Z oZH$mbg ÒQ≠> Z oZH$mbg ÒQ≠> Z ¤mam [`m©daU [nadV©Z H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^mdAmYmnaV na[mQ©> o[N>b _mh b›XZ _ß Omar hwB© h°& CZH$ AZwgma Am°⁄moJH$H$aU g [hb Ohm± dmVmdaU _ß J´rZ hmCg J°gmß Am°a H$m]©ZS>mB© Am∞∑gmB©S>H$m CÀgO©Z 280 [r[rE_ Wm, dhr A] h ]∂T> H$a 430 [r[rE_ hm J`mh°& na[mQ©> H$ _wVmo]H$ Vm[_mZ _ß Am°⁄moJH$aU g [yd© H$r A[jm [m∞Mgo›Q>J´Q> H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& ÒQ≠>Z Z H$hm h° oH$ h_ß odH$mg H$ ob` Ob-dm`wAm°a dmVmda m H$r AZXIr Zht H$aZm Mmoh`& d°oÌdH$ ^mJrXmar g BgXwÓ‡^d [a oZ`ßÃU [m`m Om gH$Vm h°&oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd - dV©_mZ _ß _mZd Z Òd`ß H$ odH$mg hVw ‡H•$oV H$mH´$ya odXmhZ oH$`m h°& oOVZm odXmhZ g•oÓQ> H$r CÀ[oŒm g bH$a 1965VH$ hwAm, CVZm hr odXmhZ _ZwÓ` Z 1965 H$ ]mX oH$`m& òX Egm hrMbVm ahm Vm _hm ^`ßH$a ‡b` H$m H$mB© amH$ Zht gH$Jm Am°a V] h_maodH$mg H$r ]mVß H$m°Z H$aJm? AV: o]óQ>e AW©emÛr ‡m\$ga ÒQ≠> Z o]óQ>e AW©emÛr ‡m\$ga ÒQ≠> Z o]óQ>e AW©emÛr ‡m\$ga ÒQ≠> Z o]óQ>e AW©emÛr ‡m\$ga ÒQ≠> Z o]óQ>e AW©emÛr ‡m\$ga ÒQ≠> Z ZBg gß]ßY _ß oZÂZ gwPmd oX` h¢ -1. H$_ g H$_ H$m]©Z H$ CÀgO©Z g A¿N> g A¿N>m CÀ[mXZ H$aZ dmbr

VH$ZrH$ H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`&2. XwoZ`mâ _ß D$Om© H$ AßVa H$m g_m· oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`, gmW hr

bmJmß H$m [`m©daU gßajU H$ ‡oV oeojV H$aZm Mmoh`&3. Om Xe oOVZm AoYH$ J´rZ hmCg J°g Am°a H$m∞]©ZS>mB© Am∞∑gmB©S>

H$m CÀgO©Z H$a, Cg [a Cgr AZw[mV _ß H$a bJm`m OmZm Mmoh`&


4. Cgr AZw[mV _ß CZ Xemß H$m [m°Ym am[U ^r H$aZm Mmoh`&5. [`m©daU ‡XyfU g Xe H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m H$_ g H$_ [m±M

‡oVeV H$m ZwH$gmZ hmVm h°& `oX Bg OrS>r[r H$m EH$ ‡oVeV[`m©daU gßajU Am°a BgH$ ]Mmd [a IM© oH$`m OmE Vm A›`ZwH$gmZ Am°a XwÓ‡^mdmß H$m H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

6. ehar odH$mg H$ gmW Ob OÍ$aVmß H$m d CgH$ gXw[`mJ H$r ]mVH$m ^r oZ`mOZ g Om∂S> OmE&

7. Am°⁄moJH$ Edß H•$of odH$mg odamYr Z hmH$a EH$ Xyga H$ [yaH$ H$ Í$[_ß XI OmZ Mmoh`&

8. H$b H$maImZmß _ß ‡XyfU _w∫$ g`ßÃ bJm` OmZ Mmoh`&9. O°d ododYVm hVw O°odH$ IVr H$m ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m OmE&10. [`m©daUr` bmJVmß H$m AmoW©H$ `mOZmAmß _ß ÒWmZ oX`m OmE&

AV: AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ oH$gr r Xe H$ odH$mg H$ ob [`m©daU gßajU H$m AoZdm`©V: Om∂S>m OmE dZm© h_ bmemß H$ Aß]ma [a hrodH$mg H$r WmWr ]mVß H$aV ah OmEßJ&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. ^maV 2004, 20132. AW©emÛ - AZw[_ Jm`b3. AW©emÛ - [rS>r _mhÌdar4. dÎS©> S>Ïhb[_›Q> na[mQ©> - 20135. [`m©daU MVZm- gmohÀ` J´ßW AH$mX_r&6. odo^fi g_mMma [Ã &7. odo^fi BßQ>aZQ> d]gmB©Q>&

*************


Dr. Shrikant Dubey * Dr. Ramswaroop Mehra **

Concept Of E-Governance In India- An Evaluation

* Assist ant Professor (Political Science) Govt. Home Sc. P G College, Hoshangabad (M.P .) INDIA** Assist ant Professor (Political Science) Govt. Girls College, It arsi (M.P.) INDIA

Introduction - The concept of e-governance means theprocess of development and the concept of development inthe context of e-governance is the process of decisionmaking and process by which decisions are implement. Theconcept of e-governance relates to the quality of relationshipbetween the government and the citizens. Whom it servesand protects e-governance could be defined as one in whichthe concerned authority if any, exercise powers, exertsinfluence and manages the country social as well aseconomic resources leading to better development. Actuallyin present context all elected governments are accountableto people. The elected representatives are accountable tothe parliament and the executive is accountable to theelected representatives.Initiatives of e-governance in India – E-governance inIndia has steadily evolved from computerization of governmentof development to initiatives that encapsulate the finer pointsof governance, such as citizen centricity, service orientationand transparency. The national e-governance plan takes aholistic view of e-governance initiative across the country;integrating them into a collective vision and a shared causein this section we are highlighting the initiatives of the centraland state governments to bring public service closer to thecitizen.E-governance initiatives in India - The government of Indiastarted the use of IT in the government in the right earnestby launching number of initiatives; first the governmentapproved the nation E-governance action plan forimplementation during the year of 2003-2007. Adoption of“IT act 2000 by the government of India on 17 October 2000.Establishment of National taskforce of IT and softwaredevelopment in may 1998, Creation of centre for e-governanceto determinate the best practices in area of E-governance.Developing e-office solution in various departments settingupdate a high powered committee (HPC) with cabinetsecretary as its chairman to improved administrativeefficiency by using IT in government. Create of website byalmost departments.

Several dimensions and factors influence the definitionof e-governance or electronic governance. The word electronicin the term e-governance implies technology between drivengovernance. E-governance is the affiliation of information andcommunication technology for delivering government services.

E-governance has become the key to good governancein a developing country like India. To be at par with developedcountries the government of India had made out a plan touse information technology extensively in its operation tomake more efficient and effective and also to bringtransparency and accountability.National e-governance plan - the national e governanceplan has been formulated by Indian government as below-a) Common support infrastructure - NeGP

implementation involves setting up of common andsupport IT infrastructure.

b) Governance – Suitable arrangements for monitoring andcoordinating the implementation of NeGP

c) Public –Private partnerships (PPP)- model is to beadopted wherever feasible to enlarge the resources.

d) Integrative element s- Adoption of unique identificationcodes for citizens, businesses and property.

e) Programme approach at the national and statelevels – In the programme of NeGP, various Uniongovernment departments and state government areinvolved.

Types of interaction in E-governance – E-governancefacilitates interaction between different stakeholders ingovernance. These interactions may be described as follows-1. G2G (Government to government) – this kind of

interaction is only within the sphere of government andcan be both horizontal i.e. between different governmentagencies as well as between different functional areaswithin an organization

2. G2C (Government to Citizens) – In this case aninterface is created between the government and citizenwhich enables to citizens to benefit from efficient deliveryof a large range of public services.

3. G2B (Government to Business) – E-governance toolsare used to aid the business community providers ofgoods and services to seamlessly interact with thegovernment.

4. G2E (Government to Employees) – Government is byfor the biggest employer and like any organization; ithas to interact with its employees on a regular basis.

Problems of e-governance - In India people are poor andinfrastructures are not up to mark. Some other variousproblems are below-


a) Illiteracy – In the field of IT there is general lack oftechnical literary as well as literacy in India.

b) Poverty - Internet access is expensive in India. In Indiaeach telephone connection is unaffordable for maximumpeople.

c) Language Problem- All the web pages in the worldare in English and mostly Indian population is hindispeaking. The problem due to the poor literacy.

d) Unawareness – there is lack of awareness regardingbenefits of e-governance as well as the process involvedin implementing successful projects.

e) Insufficient infrastructure - main problem of insufficientinfrastructure like electricity, internet connectivity,technology and ways of communication.

f) Insufficient participation of public – Designing of anyapplication requires a much closed interaction betweenthe govt. departments and the agency developing thesolution. At present the users in Govt. departments donot contributed enough to design the solutionarchitecture.

g) Limited financial resources - India has limited financialresources so as to implement and maintain the e-government projects properly.

h) Population - Population of India is probably the biggestchallenge in implementing e-governance projects.

i) Lack of integrated services - most of the e-governanceservices which are offered by the government are notintegrated.

j) Privacy and security – Major problem in implementinge-governance is the privacy and security of anindividual’s personal data the he/she provides to obtaingovernment services

k) Political benefits - created strong political andadministration leadership made detailed projectmanagement, clearly identified goals and benefits forpublic utility services.

l) Gout reforms - response to pressure from citizen andother stakeholders towards, among other things,improved service quality and higher internal efficiencywhile being transparent and accountable.

Advantages of E-governance – Following are the someadvantages of E-governance-a) Accountability – Once the governing process is made

transparent the government is automatically madeaccountable.

b) Transp arency – Use of IT makes governing processtransparent all the information of the government wouldbe made available in the internet.

c) Low Cost – Most of the government expenditure isappropriated towards the cost of stationary. Internal andphone makes communication cheaper saving valuablemoney for the government.

d) Fast communication - Technology makes fastcommunication. Internet phones cell phones havereduced the time taken in normal communication.

e) Benefited for public - Many government services underone roof and different ways of payment are possible. Itis more important in the context of improved servicesbecause of competition amongst channel and also goodambience; contract Service by private contract operatorsmanaged issues through electronic token.

Conclusion – E-governance projects are strategic to theeconomic and social development of any society e-governance implementations usually span a long time andtouch a large spread of stakeholders. The success are failureof such projects largely depend on the co-ordination betweenvarious stockholders effective management and optional useof technology, success of e-governance like in choosing rightconnection of project detailed planning with stockholdersand a careful choice of appropriate and inexpensivetechnologies to create flexible and scalable system fordelivering citizen services. It is necessary that the properconceptualization must be a priority before kick starting ITprojects. Actually today e-governance is a part of our citizenlife. It is necessary for our fast and better future in context ofour development. It is to that e-governance can play a vitalrole in socio economic development of a country by reducingcorruption and strengthening democracy.

References :-1. Samanjeet, e-governance: A overview in the Indian

context the Indian journal of political science, Vol. IXVII,2006

2. Sharma S.K., An e-government services framework,encyclopedia of commerce, 2006

3. U. N. Global E-government reading report, united nationspublication, United nations 2005

4. www.nic.in/projects5. www.egovindia.org/egovpotal.html6. Vakul Sharma, Law and E-governance in International

conference building effective e-governance 20027. Sharma Arpita, Successful e-governance initiatives in

business and economic facts for you 20128. Critical issues in e-governance 15 th international

conference on e-governance, 2007

*************


JmßYr Am°a ZhÍ$ EH$ d°MmoaH$ odÌbfU

‡m. ‡Vrjm [mR>H$ *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ oOZ _w‘mß [a JmßYrOr Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ ]rM _V^X Wm - CZH$m gß]ßY ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ ]mX H$r ZB© g_mO aMZm g Wm Am°a ` ‡ÌZ WoH$ ‡m· C[bo„‹`mß H$m ÒWm`r H°$g ]Zm`m OmE ? H$mB© Ag\$bVm o_br Vm Cg Z∂Oa A›XmO H°$g oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°? Ag\$bVm g CÀ[fi OZVmH$r oZamem H$m Xya H$aH$, AmJ H$m gßKf© H°$g Mbm`m OmE? BZ g^r H$m`©H´$_mß H$ gßX^© _ß JmßYr H$ ZV•Àd H$r _hmZVm Am°a CgH$ _hÀd H$m [yam-[yamEhgmg ZhÍ$ H$m Wm& Bg gmß_OÒ` H$ \$bÒdÍ$[ hr ÒdmYrZVm AmßXmbZ _ß BZ Xm _hm[wÍ$fmß H$m mJXmZ [aÒ[a [yaH$ og’ hm gH$m Am°a AmßXmbZH$m eo∫$ ^r o_br VWm g\$bVm ^r&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ maVr` ÒdVßÃVm H$ BoVhmg _ß 1920 g 1947 H$ ]rM H$mOm H$mbIßS> h°& Cg [a JmßYr Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$r Jhar N>m[ h°&`⁄o[ XmZmß H$ Ïò∫$Àdmß _ß Jham AßVa Wm, o\$a ^r, ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ H$gßX © _ß, CZH$ ]rM AmÌM ©OZH$ AmÀ_r`Vm Wr& XmZmß H$ ]rM _V X H$m‡_wI _w‘m AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m hr Wm - o\$a r, JmßYr H$m A[Zm "JwÍ$' _mZVhwE ZhÍ$ H$m H$^r H$mB© gßH$mM Zht hwAm& ZhÍ$ Am°a JmßYr H$ ]rM BgAmH$f©U H$m A‹``Z oXbMÒ[ ^r h° Am°a AmdÌ`H$ Wr& A[Z o[Vm lr_mVrbmb ZhÍ$ H$r A[jm JmßYrOr H$m ‡^md OdmhabmbOr [a ¡`mXmJham Wm&

1915 _ß JmßYrOr A\´$rH$m g maV bm°Q> Am°a A[Z amOZroVH$ JwÍ$JmIb H$r ‡aUm g C›hmßZ gÂ[yU© maV H$r mÃm H$r VWm OZ-OrdZ H$mZOXrH$ g XIm & 1917 _ß ZhÍ$ ‡W_ ]ma JmßYr g o_b Am°a Bg ‡W_gmjmÀH$ma _ß hr ZhÍ$ H$ gßdXZerb _Z [a JmßYr H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$r Ao_Q>N>m[ AßoH$V hwB©& o\$a r ZhÍ$ H$m h _hgyg hwAm oH$ amOZ°oVH$ ‡ÌZmß [aJmßYr H$m amÒVm CZg AbJ hr h°& BgH$ ]mdOyX JmßYr H$m Ïò∫$Àd C›hß]hX AmÀ_r` bJm - ∑`mßoH$ CZH$ AmXe© Am°a AmMaU [yar Vah A’VW& ZhÍ$ H$ od–mhr _Z Z JmßYrOr H$m ^r EH$ od–mhr H$ Í$[ _ß XIm&JmßYr H$r oZ^©`Vm Am°a Agr_ Y°`© CZH$r odoeÓQ>Vm Wr& oOgZ ^maVrÒZVm H$ _Z _ß r EH$ ZB© AmÒWm H$m O›_ oX`m Wm& CgH$m, Im`m hwAmÒdmo^_mZ, CgH$r AoÒ_Vm (Identify) C›hß [wZ: C[b„Y H$am`r Wr&Am_ OZVm H$m oZ^r©H$ Am°a AmÒWmdmZ ]ZmZ dmbm JmßYrOr H$m `h Í$[C›hß AÀ`ßV [yOZr` VWm o‡` bJm&

JmßYrOr H$ ZV•Àd _ß H$mßJ´g gßJR>Z H$m EH$ goH´$` JoVerb VWmVmH$Vda gßJR>Z H$m Í$[ oX`m& CZg [hb H$mßJ´g _mÃ odMmamß H$rAo^Ïò∫$ H$m EH$ _ßM Wr- A] dh H$_©jÃ _ß CVaZ H$r V° mar H$a ahr Wr- wdm ZhÍ$ H$ CÀgmhr _Z _ß Bgr H$_©R>Vm H$r fl`mg Wr& JmßYrOr ‡ÒVmdmßH$ gmW-gmW oZoÌMV H$m`©H´$_ XZ dmb ZVm og’ hwE&

"am°bQ> E∑Q>" H$ gßX^© _ß, [hbr ]ma ZhÍ$-JmßYr H$ gÂ[H©$ _ß AmE&JmßYrOr Z dmBgam` g oZdXZ oH$`m Wm oH$ am°bQ> E∑Q> H$m ÒdrH•$oV Z XrOmE& boH$Z CZH$m gwPmd AÒdrH•$V H$a oX`m J`m& V] am°bQ> E∑Q> H$oIbm\$ JmßYr Z "gÀ`mJ´h-Am›XmbZ" ‡mßa^ oH$`m- OJh-OJh g^mE±hmZ bJr- E∑Q> H$m odamY hmZ bJm- `h g] XIH$a ZhÍ$ H$ _Z H$m

]∂S>r ‡aUm o_br& ‡W_ [naM` _ß JmßYrOr Z ZhÍ$ H$m "A-amOZroVH$'‡VrV hwE W - [a›Vw Oob`mdmbm ]mJ H$ hÀ`mH$mßS> H$ g_`, ZhÍ$ EH$Vah g JmßYrOr H$ gH$Q>ar O°g hr W& d CZH$ gmW [ßOm] r JE Am°a O]ZhÍ$ H$m h Ehgmg hwAm oH$ amOZroVH$ oZU©`mß H$ gßX^© _ß JmßYrOr H$r—oÓQ> oH$VZr XyaJm_r Am°a Jhar h°& H$B© ]ma ZhÍ$ H$ odMma JmßYrOr H$—oÓQ>H$mU g o^fi hmV W - Am°a d A[Zr Agh_oV ^r Ï`∫$ H$aV -boH$Z g_` ]rVV hr ZhÍ$ H$m `h ‡VroV hmVr oH$ JmßYrOr H$m oZU©èV‡oVeV ghr Wm&

"gm‹` Am°a gmYZ gwoMVm' EH$ Egm _w‘m Wm oOg [a JmßYr H$m Ò[ÓQ>_V Wm oH$ "H$db gm‹` ew^ hmZm hr OÍ$ar Zht - gmYZ ^r [odÃ hmZMmohE&' JmßYr H$r _m›`Vm Wr oH$ gm‹` Am°a gmYZ H$m gß]Y d•j Am°a]rO H$r Vah h°& A¿N> d•j H$ obE ]rO ^r A¿N>m hmZm MmohE& CZ oXZmßJmßYrOr H$ Bg AmXe© g ZhÍ$ [yar Vah gh_V W - 1949 _ß, H$mboÂ]`modÌdod⁄mb` _ß ^mfU XV hwE ZhÍ$ Z Ò[ÓQ> H$m - "gm‹` H$r lÓR>VmgmYZmß H$r lÓR>Vm [a hr oZ^©a h°& oX gmYZ AZ°oVH$ hwE, Vm gm‹` rXyofV hmJm hr&'

A[Zr wdmdÒWm _ß ZhÍ$ JrVm [∂T> MwH$ W Am°a dh C›hß o‡` r bJrWr& JmßYr H$ ‡^md _ß AmZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ C›hmßZ o\$a g JrVm H$m Jß^raA‹``Z oH$`m& JrVm H$ oZÓH$m_ H$_© mJ g d Jha ‡^modV hwE - [a›Vwd°kmoZH$ Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU H$ o]Zm CZH$m _Z Bg Xe©Z H$m [yar Vah ÒdrH$ma^r Zht H$aVm Wm& BgobE d ]ma-]ma `h H$moee H$aV oH$ JrVm H$H$_©`mJ H$r gßJoV d°kmoZH$ oMßVZ g Om∂S>r Om gH$ Am°a Bgr —oÓQ> gC›hmßZ A[Zr VH©$ [’oV B©OmX H$r - d H$hV W oH$ oH´$`m Am°a ‡oVoH´$`mH$r EH$ AQy>Q>, AI S> l•ßIbm h° - BgobE òX H$mB© ^r H$_© `m ‡`ÀZoZÓ\$b Zht OmVm, Vm CoMV H$_© H$m [naUm_ ^r CoMV hr hmZm MmohE&g_` H$ ]rVZ H$ gmW-gmW JmßYr H$ ‡oV ZhÍ$ H$r AmÒWm —∂T>Va hmVrJB© Am°a CZH$ gßXh o_Q>V JE- o\$a ^r, JmßYr H$ ‡oV Bg l’m H$]mdOyX, CZH$ _Z g g_mOdmX H$m AmH$f©U H$^r H$_ Zht hm [m`m& hOmZZm oXbMÒ[ h° oH$ oOg g_` d JmßYrOr H$ ‡oV g_o[©V hm ah W;C›hr dfm _ß, Í$[ H$r ]mbeodH$ H´$mßoV H$ ‡oV CZH$m AmH$f©U r ]∂T> ahmWm& EH$ Va\$ Í$gr H´$mßoV Am°a ÒQ>mobZ H$r amOZroVH$ JoVodoY`mß VWmgmÂ`dmX H$ ‡oV CZH$ _Z _ß, Vrd´ oOkmgm [Z[ ahr Wr - Vm Xygar Va\$

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroVemÛ) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


JmßYrOr H$ ‡oV l’m VWm JmßYrdmX H$ Z°oVH$ [j H$ ‡oV AmH$f©U ^r]∂T> ahm Wm& BZ XmZmß H$ ]rM H$m AßV’©X em`X H$^r Zht o_Q> gH$m&

d H$hV W "g_mOdmX H$ ‡oV _a _Z _ß oXZmß-oXZ AmXa ]∂T>Z bJm- gmÂ`dmXr [’oV H$ Hw$N> [hby _wP AÀ`ßV o‡` OmZ [∂S> - CgH$mg°’mßoVH$ [j Vm _wP A¿N>m bJVm Wm- [a›Vw H$Â woZÒQ> H$m ©[’oV _wPZm[gßX Wr& odÌd _ß gwI-g_Vm [a AmYmnaV gmÂ`dmXr g_mO H$rÒWm[Zm hm- h Vm _am _Z MmhVm Wm, boH$Z BgH$ gmYZ emßoV[yU© Am°aCoMV hmß - `h AmH$mßjm ^r _a ^rVa Jha oN>[r Wr&

JmßYrOr H$ AohßgH$ gÀ`mJ´h H$m amÒVm ZhÍ$ H$m _m›` Wm - boH$ZCZH$r —oÓQ> _ß h EH$ Ï`dhmnaH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm hr Wr- O]oH$ JmßYrOr H$obE `h EH$ Z°oVH$ oZU©` ^r Wm&

_mÃ Z°oVH$ H$maUmß g oH$gr _mJ© H$m _m›`Vm XZ H$ obE ZhÍ$ V° maZht W - `⁄o[ Aohßgm H$ ‡oV CZH$ _Z _ß Jham AmH$f©U Wm& o\$a ^rodoeÓQ> gßX^m _ß, d ohßgm H$m A[nahm`© _mZV W& boH$Z Aohßgm H$mamÒVm C›hß ^maVr` [aÂ[am H$ gßX^© _ß AoYH$ gßJoV[yU© bJVm Wm&JmßYrOr Z oOg _m°obH$Vm g "amOZroV H$m A‹`mÀ_rH$aU' oH$`m Wm-CgH$ ‡oV ZhÍ$ H$ _Z _ß l’m^md Vm Wm, [a›Vw g°’mßoVH$ Í$[ g; d eV‡oVeV AohßgmdmXr Zht ah&

o\$a ^r, ohßgH$ gmYZmß H$r oZaW©H$Vm H$m d _Z hr _Z ÒdrH$ma H$aMwH$ W& AmVßH$dmXr VarH$ g, ]_ \$ßH$H$a `m o[ÒVm°b MbmH$a EH$-XmA\$gamß H$r hÀ`m H$a XZ H$m d amOZ°oVH$ oXdmob`m[Z g_PV W& CZH$rÒ[ÓQ> _m›`Vm Wr oH$ Ïò∫$JV ohßgm EH$ hmÒ`mÒ[X _yI©Vm h°& BgobE12 A‡°b, 1936 H$r bIZD$ H$mßJ´g H$ AoYdeZ H$ A‹`j [X gC›hmßZ H$hm - "AmVßH$dmX OZVm H$r amOZ°oVH$ A[na[π$Vm H$m hr ‡_mUh°&' BgobE JmßYrOr H$m Agh`mJ AmßXmbZ C›hß CoMV bJVm Wm& - Bg_w‘ [a, JmßYrOr Z Xedmog`mß g H$hm Wm - "Am[ Bg AmßXmbZ H$m H$dbBgobE ÒdrH$ma Z H$aß - ∑`mßoH$ h CoMV h° - ]oÎH$ BgobE _mZß ∑`mßoH$`h \$bXm`H$ ^r h°&' BZ g] VH$m H$ ]mdOyX, ZhÍ$ H$ obE Aßohgm H$m_mJ© EH$ [naoÒWoVO›` ZroV hr Wr - dh Egm og’m›V Zht Wm oOgoZod©dmX Í$[ g, ha g_` A[Zm`m Om gH$& O] VH$ AohßgH$ ZroV H$A¿N> [naUm_ ‡m· hmV ah, V^r VH$ `h CoMV h°& boH$Z Bg [a g `hoZÓH$f© oZH$mbZm JbV hmJm oH$ Aohßgm [a CZH$r AmÒWm AMb EdßAoS>J Wr& d gmMV W oH$ oOg D∞$ßM ÒVa g JmßYrOr Aohßgm H$r A[jmH$aV W, Am_AmX_r H$ obE Cg g_P [mZm Am°a AmMa m _ß CVmaZm gß dZht - CXmhaUmW© XwoZ`m H$ g^r amÓQ≠> AohßgmÀ_H$ amÒV H$m A[Zm bJß- `h CÂ_rX H$aZm JbV h°& _ZwÓ` OrdZ A[yU© h° Am°a BgobE H$^r-H$^r ohßgm H$m ^r A[ZmZm AmdÌ`H$ hm OmVm h°&

AohßgH$ ZroV H$r g\$bVm H$ ‡oV ZhÍ$ H$ _Z _ß Vrd´ gßXh \$adar1922 _ß OmJm V] Mm°ar-Mm°am H$r KQ>Zm H$ H$maU JmßYrOr Z A[ZmAgh`mJ AmßXmbZ dm[g b ob`m& Mm°ar-Mm°am _ß ZmamO OZVm Z [wobg-Mm°H$r [a h_bm H$a oX`m Am°a Cg AmJ bJm Xr& Bg KQ>Zm _ß N>: [wobgdmb _ma JE& OZVm H$r `h [hb JmßYrOr H$m CoMV Zht bJr Am°aC›hmßZ h H$hV hwE oH$ AohßgH$ AmßXmbZ H$ obE A^r Xedmgr [yar VahV°`ma Zht hwE h°, BgobE AmßXmbZ dm[g b oH$`m J`m& Bg gßX^© _ß,ZhÍ$ H$m _V Wm oH$ BVZ odamQ> AmßXmbZ _ Egr oN>Q>[wQ> KQ>ZmEß VmA[nahm`© hr h°& Vrg H$am∂S> ^maVdmog`mß H$m [hb Aohßgm H$m Xe©Z EdßÏ`dhma grIZm Am°a o\$a amOZ°oVH$ AmßXmbZ ‡mßa^ H$aZm - Ï`dhmnaH$

—oÓQ> g Agß d h°& amOZ°oVH$ gßKf© _ß AohßgH$ ZroV H$r Ag\$bVm ghOgß^d h°& ZhÍ$ H$m `h d°MmnaH$ —oÓQ> hmV hwE ^r, JmßYrOr H$ ZV•Àd [aCZH$m —∂T> oZÌdmg Wm&

1930 _ß JmßYrOr Z gm_yohH$ Í$[ g H$mZyZ Vm∂S>Z H$m "Adkm-Am›XmbZ' o\$a ‡mßa^ oH$`m& Cg g_` JmßYrOr Z Om KmfUm H$r dhAmÌM`©OZH$ hr g_Pr OmEJr& C›hmßZ H$hm -"òX ohßgm H$r oN>Q>[wQ>KQ>ZmE± hwB© ^r, Vm h_ oZfYmkm AmßXmbZ, ÒWoJV Zht H$aJß&' ZhÍ$ H$mJmßYrOr H$r `h KmfUm ]hX gßVmfOZH$ bJr& Bg gßX^© _ß oQ>fl[UrH$aV hwE C›hmßZ H$hm - oH$ oZoÌMV hr `h H$hZm H$oR>Z h° oH$ Bg ]rM(1922-1930) JmßYrOr H$ odMmamß _ß [nadV©Z Am J`m h° - [a›Vw `h[nadV©Z ZhÍ$ H$m AÀ`ßV o‡` ‡VrV hwAm&

ZhÍ$Or H$r AmÀ_H$Wm Am°a A›` bImß g `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$AJa d AohßgH$ ZroV H$m [naUm_H$maH$, Zht g_PV; Vm d Eg AmßXmbZH$m g_W©Z H$Xmo[ Zht H$aV& ZhÍ$ H$r —oÓQ> _ß Z°oVH$ ‡ÌZmß H$m _hÀd VmWm hr - boH$Z d AmXe©dmX H$m oZU©`H$ _hÀd Zht XV W - ]oÎH$Ï`dhmnaH$ C[`moJVm hr CZH$ obE ‡mWo_H$ _yÎ` Wr&

A[Zr [wÒVH$- "odÌd BoVhmg H$r PbH$' _ß ZhÍ$ obIV h° oH$^maV H$r ]hwgßª`H$ OZVm H$ [mg eÛ Zht h°, eÛ H°$g MbmZm `h‡oejU r C›hß Zht o_bm - Eg hmbmVmß _ß oZeÛ OZVm H$ obE ohßgH$Am°a geÛ AmßXmbZ H$aZ H$m odMma N>m∂S> XZm MmohE&'

AmoIa ZhÍ$ H$ _Z H$m A›V’©›X ∑`m Wm? EH$ Va\$ Vm d A[ZC’Ì` H$r [yoV© H$ obE ew’ Am°a Òd¿N> gmYZmß H$ C[`mJ H$m AmJh H$aV h¢- Am°a Xygar Va\$ h r H$hV h° oH$ oX A¿N> [naUm_mß VWm Ï`dhmnaH$VmH$r JmßaQ>r hm- Vm geÛ Am›XmbZ H$ obE ^r d ÒdrH•$oV XV h°&

BZ Xm —oÓQ>`mß H$m g_›d` d oH$g Vah H$a [mE? Bg ‡ÌZ H$ CŒma_ß CZH$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© dm∑` g_PZm hr [`m©· h° - d H$hV h° oH$ "ohßgm]war MrO h° - _Ja Jwbm_r Cgg ^r ¡`mXm ]war Am°a AghZr` h° - Am°aAohßgm H$ JmßYr O°g _hmZ XdXyV ^r H$hV h° - oH$ H$màmß H$r VahA›`m` ghZ H$aZ H$r A[jm A›`m` H$m geÛ ‡oVH$ma H$aZm _¢ lÓR>g_PVm hyy∞&'

Bg CXmhaU g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ ew’ gmYZmß [a ZhÍ$ H$r AmÒWmAdÌ` Wr - boH$Z A[dmXmÀ_H$, oÒWoV`mß _ß; d [odÃ gm‹` H$ obEgmYZmß H$ ‡ÌZ [a Wm∂S>m g_Pm°Vm H$aZ H$m V° ma W& O] OwÎ_ H$ oIbm\$AohßgH$ odamY H$aZm òX gß^d Z hm; Vm o\$a Xm hr odH$Î[ ]MV h° -ohßgm H$m ‡`mJ H$aZm m Mw[Mm[ A›`m` ghZ H$aZm Am°a BZ Xm odH$Î[mß_ß g, Mw[Mm[ A›`m` ghZ H$aZ H$ ]Om` Aohßgm H$ ‡ÌZ [a g_Pm°VmH$aZm hr ZhÍ$ H$m CoMV bJVm Wm& d gmMV W oH$ [yU© _ZwÓ` (PerfectMan) H$ gßX^© _ß, h_ Om AßoV_ odMma ‡ÒVwV H$aV h° - d _mJ©Xe©H$ VmoZ:gßXh h°- boH$Z ha AmX_r CVZm [yU© Zht h°& oOgH$m _Z [war VahoZ^©` Zht h° - oOgH$m gßH$Î[ AoS>J Zht h° - Eg gm_m›`, A[y m© OZ∑`m H$a? CoMV gmYZmß H$m ‡`mJ H$aZm CgH$r j_Vm g [a hmVm h°& Egr[naoÒWoV _ß, ohßgm H$m Aew’ _mZH$a Mw[ ]°R> OmZ H$m AW© `h hmJm oH$h_ AÀ`mMmar H$ gm_Z eaUmJV hmH$a A[Zr [amO` ÒdrH$ma H$a b -[a›Vw Z°oVH$ —oÓQ> g, Eg oZU©` H$m g_W©Z H$Xmo[ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm&A›`m` H$m ‡oVH$ma H$aV g_`, Hw$N> Aßem _ß Aew’ gmYZmß g g_Pm°VmH$aZm A[nahm`© hmVm h° - Am°a BgH$ JbV ZVrO r hm gH$V h° - _JaA[yU© OrdZ _ß, Eg g_Pm°V H$aZ H$ AoVna∫$ H$mB© amÒVm Zht ]MVm&


ZhÍ$ Z Aohßgm H$m AßoV_ AmXe© H$r Vah H$^r ÒdrH$ma Zht oH$`m&V] r Zht O] d EH$ CâV hwE ZVm W& O] d Xe H$ ‡_wI ZVm W Am°aO] d ÒdVßÃ ^maV H$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr W& C›hmßZ oZa[j ]wo’ g Aohßgm H$moddMZ H$^r Zht oH$`m& maVr` bmH$g^m _ß O] Jmdm H$ gß]ßY _ß odMmaod_e© Mb ahm Wm - V] ZhÍ$ Z ^maV H$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr H$ ZmV Bg ‡ÌZ H$gßX © _ß EH$ _hÀd[yU© CŒma oX`m Wm& JmAm H$r MMm© H$ gß]ßY _ß gmYZmß H$m‡ÌZ C[oÒWV hwAm& AmMm`© H•$[mbmZr Z - Ò[ÓQ> ‡ÌZ oH$`m - _¢ grYmgdmb [yN>Zm MmhVm hy∞ Am°a CgH$m AgßoXΩY CŒma r _wP MmohE- maVrèmgZ Aohßgm H$ ‡oV dMZ]’ h° `m Zht?'

Bg [a ZhÍ$ Z H$hm - "‡ÌZ oOVZm gab h°, CVZm hr Ò[ÓQ> _amOdm] h° - "Zht' XwoZ`m H$r H$mB© r gaH$ma Aßohgm H$ ‡oV dMZ]’ Zhthm gH$Vr& Egr H$Î[Zm H$aZm ^r JbV h°& òX emgZ Aohßgm H$ ‡oVdMZ]’ hmVm - Vm o\$a em`X \$m°O, hdmB© OhmO Am°a [wobg H$r ^rOÍ$aV Z [∂S>Vr& bmH$g^m H$ gXÒ`mß H$m mX oXbmV hwE ZhÍ$ Z H$hm oH$_hmÀ_m JmßYr Vm Aßohgm H$r gmjmV_yoV© W - boH$Z C›hmßZ ^r -AmH´$_UH$mna`mß g H$mÌ_ra H$m ]MmZ H$ obE Om maVr` \$m°O Or JB©Wr - Cg A[Zm Amerdm©X oX`m Wm&

ZhÍ$ H$ _Z _ß JmßYrOr ¤mam MbmE JE ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$ Z°oVH$[j H$ ‡oV AX≤^yV AmH$f©U Wm& CZH$m d°MmnaH$ MVZm [a JrVm Am°aC[oZfX≤ O°g _hmZ JßWmß H$ A‹``Z g VWm am_mÙ Am°a _hm^maV H$ OmgßÒH$ma ]M[Z _ß hr [∂S> W - CZH$m ‡^md AmOrdZ H$m`_ ahm&

gZ≤ 1920 H$ [ÌMmV≤ JmßYrdmXr amOZroV _ß AßVaoZohV Bg AmoW©H$[j H$r Vah ZhÍ$ H$m ‹`mZ AmH$of©V hwAm& Am_ AmX_r H$r ^`mdhJar]r XIH$a ZhÍ$ H$ _Z _ß EH$ Vy\$mZ gm CR>Z bJm Am°a OrdZ H$ ‡oVCZH$m —oÓQ>H$m m [hb g AoYH$ Ï`m[H$ Am`m_mß H$m Ny>Z bJm& Bgg[hb oH$gmZmß Am°a _OXyamß H$ OrdZ H$r ZmaH$r` `ßÃUm g d ^br^mßoV[naoMV Zht W& OrdZ H$ ‡oV CZH$m —oÓQ>H$mU Òd^mdV: CÉ dJr©` ahmWm& o]hma _ß Mß[maU Am°a JwOamV _ß H$màm O°g ÒWmZmß [a JmßYrOr ZoH$gmZ AmßXmbZmß H$m gyÃ[mV oH$`m Wm& B›ht gßKfm g ‡aUm [mH$a ZhÍ$Z oH$gmZmß H$r Jar]r CZH$ H$maUmß Edß g_mYmZ O°g ‡ÌZmß [a, JhamoMßVZ ‡maß oH$`m& C›hß h ]mY hwAm oH$ ÒdmYrZ maV H$m Bg Jar]r H$oIbm\$ g]g H$oR>Z `w’ b∂S>Zm [∂S>Jm&

_B© 1920 _ß, ‡Vm[J∂T> oOb H$ bJ^J Xm gm° oH$gmZ [Mmg _rbH$r `mÃm [°Xb V` H$aH$, ZhÍ$Or g o_bZ Bbmhm]mX [hw∞M& CZH$mC’Ì` hr Wm oH$ d A[Z XwI-XXm H$r XmÒVmZ maV H$ CX`r_mZ ZVmH$m gwZm`& CZH$r Ï`Wm-H$Wm g ZhÍ$ BVZ odMobV hwE oH$ [naoÒWoVH$m ‡À`j A‹``Z H$aZ H$ obE Òd`ß ‡Vm[J∂T> JE& Jmßd dmbmß Z ]∂S>CÀgmh g CZH$m ÒdmJV oH$`m, _Ja O] C›hmßZ Jmßd dmbmß H$r H$Í$UJar]r XIr Vm [r∂S>m Am°a b¡Om H$r AZw^yoV g, CZH$m ˆX` â Am`m&AmO VH$ C›hmßZ d°^d Am°a g_•o’ [yU© OrdZ hr XIm Wm& ehamß H$ramOZroV g hr CZH$m dmÒVm [∂S>m Wm, _Ja A] CZH$ gm_Z Wm - emfUH$r M≈mZmß H$ ZrM Hw$Mbm hwAm, [X XobV J´m_rU g_mO Xna– ^maV H$rEH$ ZB© ^`mdh VÒdra CZH$ gm_Z Wr- ZßJ-AßYZßJm, \$Q>hmb, ^yIemofVmß H$m g_yh Am°a AMaO H$r ]mV ` oH$ gma H$ÓQ>mß H$ ]mdOyX CZH$^mb _Z _ß, A[Z ZVm H$ ‡oV Jhar AmÒWm Wr& ZhÍ$ obIV h° - "BggmjmÀH$ma g _am _Z Ï`mHw$b hm CR>m& h_ eham H$ ahZ dmb ZVm;Am°[MmnaH$VmE± oZ^mZ dmb AoVoW; _wP [hbr ]ma `h Ehgmg hwAm oH$

h_ma Hß$Ymß [a oH$VZr ]∂S>r oOÂ_Xmar h°& h Ehgmg `mZH$ Wm& _¢ ]°MZhm CR>m&'

Bg KQ>Zm Z ZhÍ$ H$ oMßVZ H$r oXem hr ]Xb Xr A] VH$ ÒdVßÃVmAmßXmbZ ehamß VH$ hr gro_V Wm - Xe H$r odemb OZVm H$r g_Ò`mAmßg gh AgÂ‡∫$ Wm& _Ja A] IoVha ^maV H$r EH$ ZB© VÒdra CZH$gm_Z Wr - A[Z ‡ÌZmß H$m CŒma _mßJVr hwB©& JmßYrOr H$ ‡^mdmß H$\$bÒdÍ$[ h oMÃ CZH$ AßVa_Z _ß Jha, Yßg J`m& d gmMZ bJ oH$ "_°ß‡Vm[J∂T> oOb _ß J`m - dhm∞ g _wP [wobg ¤mam Jmßd H$r gr_m H$ [maIX∂S> oX`m J`m, AJa `h KQ>Zm Z KQ>r hmVr- Vm ∑`m hmVm?'

JmßYrOr Xna– OZVm H$m maVr` oH$gmZmß H$ ‡oVoZoY W& maVrÒZVm H$ g^r _yb^yV ‡ÌZmß H$r `WmW©[aH$ [hMmZ C›hß Wr& CZH$r_hÀdmH$mßjm EH$ hr Wr - ‡À`H$ maVdmgr H$r Am∞I H$m ha Am∞gy [mßN>Zmh°& JmßYrOr H$ J´m_ H$o›–V, amOZ°oVH$ AW©oMßVZ H$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ZhÍ$ H$_Z _ß r JmßYrOr H$r —oÓQ>, CZH$ H$m ©H´$_mß Am°a Jmßdmß H$m ‡mWo_H$Vm XZH$m CZH$ AmJ´h - BZ g]H$ ‡oV AmH$f©H$ Vrd´Va hmVm J`m&

Jmßdmß H$r g_Ò`mAmß [a ‹`mZ H$o›–V H$aZ H$r JmßYrOr H$r gbmhZhÍ$ H$m CoMV ‡VrV hwB© Am°a Jmßdmß H$r Jar]r o_Q>mZ H$m CZH$m H$m`©H´$_^r _hÀd[yU© bJm& Jmßdmß H$ Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJmß H$m [wZOr©odV H$aZm VWm MaIH$m _hÀd XZm- J´m_mß’ma H$ ‡_wI AßJ W& maVr` J´m_rU g_mO H$gß]ßY _ß JmßYrOr H$m A‹``Z oZ^´m©›V Wm& "MaI H$m AW©emÛ' CZH$r_m°obH$ gyÃ Wr& ZhÍ$ H$m r ÒdrH$ma H$aZm [∂S>m oH$ JmßYr _mJ© H$ AoVna∫$Am°a H$mB© odH$Î[ Zht h°& Jmßdmß _ß C[b„Y gmYZmß H$ ]b [a hr ZB© J´m_aMZm H$r Om gH$Vr h° - Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg Edß MaImß H$m bmH$o‡`]ZmZm - ` XmZmß gmYZ hr C[b] W&

ZhÍ$ H$m JmßYrOr H$r `h ZroV Vm _m›` Wr oH$ Jmßdmß H$m hr _hÀdXZm MmohE - "[a›Vw ]∂S>r _erZmß H$ ‡oV JmßYrOr H$ —oÓQ>H$mU g dgh_V Zht W& JmßYrOr H$r _m›`Vm Wr - oH$ Jar] Am°a A_ra H$ ]rM OmMm°∂S>r ImB© h° - CgH$m H$maU [y∞OrdmXr AW©Ï`dÒWm Am°a _erZ AmYmnaVCÀ[mXZ [’oV hr h°& AWm©V CZH$r —oÓQ> _ß, h `mdh odf_Vm H$m H$maU[oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV hr Wm - Am°a ]∂S>r _erZß Bgr gßÒH•$oV H$r ‡VrH$ h°&

Bg —oÓQ>H$mU g ZhÍ$ gh_V Zht W - ZhÍ$ H$r ∑`m JmßYrOr H$Amg[mg Eg Am°a ^r H$B© ZVm W oO›hß JmßYrOr H$r `ßÃ odf`H$ ^yo_H$m_m›` Zht Wr - o\$a ^r, JmßYrdmXr —oÓQ> H$ ‡^md Edß eo∫$ H$m d Iy]g_PV W& boH$Z ZhÍ$ H$ _Z _ß EH$ _w‘ [a H$mB© ohMH$ Zht Wr- d ]∂S>r_erZ H$r C[`moJVm H$ [j _ß W - IVr H$ obE Q>≠∑Q>a H$r C[`moJVmC›hß AmdÌ`H$ bJVr Wr& d H$hV W - "oH$ OZVm H$ gm_Z g]g ¡dbßV‡ÌZ Jar]r H$m Wm Am°a Bg hb H$aZ H$ obE, IVr Am°a C⁄mJmß _ß H$m_H$aZ dmbmß H$r gßª`m H$_ H$r OmZr MmohE& òX h_ß A[Zr OZVm H$mOrdZ ÒVa D∞$ßMm CR>mZm hm Vm Xe H$ Am°⁄moJH$aU VWm AmYwoZH$rH$aUH$r JoV VO H$aZm OÍ$ar h°&' Bgr _w‘ [a JmßYr Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ ]rM _m°obH$_V^X Wm& o\$a ^r, C›hß Bg ]mV g Iwer hmVr Wr oH$ Yra-Yra `ßÃmß H$‡oV JmßYrOr H$ odamY H$m H$≈a[Z H$_ hmZ bJm Wm& _gbZ JmßYrOr h_mZZ bJ W oH$ AJa Jmßdmß _ß o]Obr [hw±Mm Xr OmE Vm IVr H$ H$m_mß _ßo]Obr g MbZ dmb C[H$aUmß H$m C[`mJ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢&

Bgr gßX^© _ß [ßoS>V ZhÍ$ H$r ^yo_H$m gd©Wm o^fi Wr - CZH$m —∂T>odÌdmg Wm oH$ ^maV H$r AmoW©H$ ‡JoV Edß g_•o’ [yar Vah d•hV-C⁄mJmß [a hr AdbÂ]V h°& o[N>∂S> Edß Jar] _wÎH$mß H$ obE Am°⁄mJrH$aU


hr EH$ _mÃ amÒVm h°& Am°⁄moJH$ —oÓQ> g gÂ[fi hwE ]J°a oH$gr Xe H$rÒdVßÃVm [na[π$ Zht hm gH$Vr - ∑`mßoH$ h XIm J`m h° oH$ Am°⁄moJH$-—oÓQ> g o[N>∂S> hwE _wÎH$ AmoW©H$ gm_´m¡`dmX H$ oeHß$O _ß \ß$g OmV h°Am°a Eg Xemß H$r AmOmXr _hO H$hZ a H$r hmVr h°& ZhÍ$ H$hV W oH$ -"]∂S> [°_mZ [a Am°⁄mJrH$aU H$aH$ A[Zr VmH$V ]∂T>m` ]J°a H$mB© XeAmÀ_oZ ©a Zht hm gH$Vm& ]rgdt eVm„Xr H$m gßX © hr hr h°& AmYwoZH$`wJ H$ gßKfm _ß, h_ß A[Zm _wH$m_ IwX hr ]ZmZm [∂S>Jm& Am°⁄mJrH$aU H$A^md _ß, h_ AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g Jwbm_ hm Om Jß& O] H$mB© _wÎH$ oH$gr XwgaXe [a AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g oZ^©a hm OmVm h° Vm dh emfU H$ AßVhrZMH´$ _ß\ß$g OmVm h° Am°a bKw-C⁄mJmß [a oQ>H$r CgH$r AW©Ï`dÒWm ^r Qy>Q>H$ao]IaZ bJVr h°&

BgobE og\©$ N>mQ> C⁄mJmß H$ ghma A[Zr AmOmXr H$m H$m`_ aIZmZm-_w_oH$Z h° -Zm Vm h_ J´m_m⁄mJ [a AmYmnaV AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m H$m`_aI gH$V h° Am°a Zm A[Z Xe H$m ]Mm gH$V h° - ZVrOm oH$ OZVm H$]woZ`mXr gdmb ¡`mß H$ À`mß ]Z ahV h°&

Xe H$r AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mAmß H$m Om odõfU ZhÍ$ Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`mWm, dh JmßYrOr H$r VwbZm _ß AoYH$ Jham Am°a `WmW©dmXr Wm&Am°⁄mJrH$aU H$ ]ma _ß MMm© H$aV g_` JmßYrOr H$ gm_Z EH$ hr [hby‡_wI Wm Am°a dh Wm dJ©JV odf_Vm Edß gÂ[oŒm gßM` H$aZ H$r ‡d•oŒm H$modamY& O]oH$ ZhÍ$ H$r —oÓQ> _ß Am°⁄mJrH$aU H$ AmoW©H$ gßX^m H$ gmW-gmW, Cg amOZ°oVH$ [naUm_ ^r odMmaUr` W& _mÃ J´m_m⁄mJ [a OmaXZ H$ IVaZmH$ amOZ°oVH$ [naUm_mß H$ IVamß H$m C›hmßZ gm\$-gm\$odõofV oH$`m Wm Bg gßX^© _ß, CZH$ obE amÓQ≠> H$m AoÒVÀd Am°a CgH$m‡oVÓR>m H$m ‡ÌZ ¡`mXm _hÀd[yU© Wm& `mZr odf_Vm H$m o_Q>mH$a OZVmH$m OrdZ ÒVa D∞$ßMm oH$E o]Zm h_mar ÒdVßÃVm AW©-hrZ hr ahVr h°&Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ZhÍ$ H$ oMßVZ _ß amÓQ≠>dmX H$m hr ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr JB© h°& ZhÍ$H$r AmßH$mjm hr Wr oH$ maV H$m A›` Xemß ¤mam oH$E JE hÒVj[ VWmCZH$ AmVßH$ g gd©Wm _w∫$ ahZm MmohE&

BgobE ^maV H$ ÒdmYrZ hmZ [a, C›hmßZ Am°⁄mJrH$aU [a g]gAoYH$ Oma oX`m& CZH$r [waOma H$moee h Wr oH$ maV oH$gr r ‡H$maH$ gm_´m¡`dmX H$m oeH$ma Z ]Z&

d•hX C⁄mJ YßYß H$m bH$a JmßYrOr H$ —oÓQ>H$mU g Agh_V hmZ H$gmW-gmW d CZH$ "Q≠>ÒQ>roe[ H$ og’mßV H$m' ^r ÒdrH$ma Zht H$a gH$&]S> [yßOr[oV Am°a C⁄mJ[oV Òd`ß H$m _mobH$ Z g_PV hwE, IwX H$m"Q≠>ÒQ≠>r' (odÌdÒV) g_P- VWm A[Z _wZm\$ H$m C[^mJ OZohV _ß H$aß`h odMma hr ZhÍ$ H$m A-Ï`dhmnaH$ Am°a `WmW© odamYr bJVm Wm& d_mZV W oH$ oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m gÂ[oŒm H$m EH$moYH$ma gm¢[Zm Am°a o\$aCgg ` CÂ_rX H$aZm oH$ dh A[Z YZ H$m C[^mJ bmH$ohV _ß H$aJm-EH$ VH©$hrZ H$Î[Zm _mÃ h°& CXmhaU XV hwE d H$hV h° oH$ flbQ>m Z ^r"Xme©oZH$ amOm' H$r AmXe© AdYmaUm ‡ÒVwV H$r Wr Om oZÒdmW© Am°a[am[H$mar d•oŒm g Ï`dhma H$aJm- boH$Z dmÒVodH$ OrdZ _ß "Xme©oZH$amOm' H$ obE r Egm AmMaU em`X hr gß d hm [mVm h°? CZH$r _m›`VmWr oH$ Bg XwoZ`m H$r ]XZgr]r h° oH$ h AoV_mZdmß H$m OJV Zht h°&gmßgmnaH$ _ZwÓ` A[yU©, ÒdmWr© Am°a AdJwUmß g `w∫$ hmVm h°& òX H$mB©A[dmX hwAm ^r - Vm Cgg Bg oZ`_ H$r og’r hmVr h°&

JmßYrOr H$ "Q≠>ÒQ>roe[-og’mßV' H$m odamY H$aV hwE, ZhÍ$ H$ rVaH$m g_mOdmX ‡Ia hm CR>Vm h° Wm - Om JmßYrOr H$ oIbm\$ od–mh H$obE ^r V°`ma Wm& d gmMV W oH$ _mZd OmoV H$ BoVhmg _ß, Ïò∫$ EdßdJ© H$ gm_moOH$ VWm amOZ°oVH$ —oÓQ>H$mU gX°d hr Ïò∫$ Am°a dJ© H$AmoW©H$ ohVmß g ‡^modV hmV h¢& ]wo’dmXr VH$m VWm Z°oVH$ H$maUmß H$]mdOyX ^r Ïò∫$ A[Z dJ© ohVmß H$m N>m∂S>Z _ß Ag_W© ahVm h¢&

Bg odõfU g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ JmßYr Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ ]rM Vm d°MmnaH$_V^X Wm - CgH$ _yb _ß Xm _yb^yV ‡ÌZ ‡_wI W - EH$ Aohßgm H$m Am°aXygam Am°⁄moJH$aU H$m& Ohm± JmßYrOr H$m Oma J´m_m⁄mJ ‡YmZ odH$o›–VJ´m_ Ï`dÒWm [a Wm- dhr ZhÍ$ Am°⁄moJH$aU Edß mOZm-]’-odH$mgH$ _m‹`_ g, Eg gßKmÀ_H$ am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm MmhV W oOg_ß H$›–eo∫$embr hm& JmßYr odMma _ß amOZ°oVH$ [moQ©>`m± _hÀd[yU© Zht Wr -O]oH$ ZhÍ$ bmH$VßÃ H$r g\$bVm H$ obE amOZ°oVH$ [moQ©>`mß H$m _hÀd[yU©_mZV W&

JmßYr H$r —oÓQ> _ß gZm Am°a [wobg AoZdm`© ]wamB©`m± Wr - O]oH$ZhÍ$ H$ obE gZm Xe H$r gwajm H$m AmdÌ`H$ gmYZ Wr& o\$a ^r, `hEH$ _hÀd[yU© Edß Ò_aUr` Vœ` h° oH$ ZhÍ$ [a JmßYrOr H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$mJham Aga Wm& JmßYr H$ amOZ°oVH$ ZV•Àd VWm gyP]yP H$ ‡oV CZH$rl’m Agr_ Wr - BgH$ ]mdOyX ZhÍ$ Z A[Z Ïò∫$Àd H$r odoeÓR>VmH$m ]MmH$a aIm Wm& JmßYrOr H$ ‡oV l’m^md aIV hwE ^r, C›hmßZ Bgl’m H$m d°MmnaH$ Jwbm_r `m AßYl’m H$ Í$[ _ß H$^r [nadoV©V Zht hmZoX`m& JmßYr g A[Z d°MmnaH$ _V^Xmß H$m C›hmßZ ]-ohMH$ OZVm H$gm_Z ]bmJ VarH$ g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m&

ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ [hb ‡_wI _w‘m Wm - AßJÓr emgZ H$ odÍ$’AmOmXr H$r b∂S>mB© oH$g Vah MbmB© OmE? Am°a Bg _mM [a JmßYrOr H$rH$m ©[’oV VWm H$m ©H´$_mß g ZhÍ$ [yar Vah gh_V W Am°a BgobE C›hmßZgX°d JmßYr H$ C’Ì`mß Edß H$m`©H´$_mß H$m g_W©Z oH$`m Am°a d JmßYr H$gh`mJr, AmÀ_r` Edß o‡` [mÃ ]Z gH$ VWm AmJ MbH$a CZH$ amOZ°oVH$CŒmamoYH$mar H$hbmE&

oOZ _w‘mß [a JmßYrOr Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ ]rM _V^X Wm- CZH$m gß]ßYÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ ]mX H$r ZB© g_mO aMZm g Wm Am°a ‡ÌZ W- oH$ ‡m·C[bo„Y`mß H$m ÒWm`r H°$g ]Zm`m OmE? H$mB© Ag\$bVm o_br hm, VmCg ZOa AßXmO H°$g oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° ? Ag\$bVm g CÀ[fi OZVm H$roZamem H$m Xya H$aH$, AmJ H$m gßKf© H°$g Mbm`m OmE? BZ g^r H$m ©H´$_mßH$ gßX^© _ß, JmßYr H$ ZV•Àd H$r _hmZVm Am°a CZH$ _hÀd H$m [yam-[yamEhgmg ZhÍ$ H$m Wm& Bg gm_ßOÒ` H$ \$bÒdÍ$[ hr ÒdmYrZVm AmßXmbZ_ß BZ XmZmß _hm[wÍ$fmß H$m mJXmZ [aÒ[a [yaH$ og’ hm gH$m Am°a AmßXmbZH$r eo∫$ ^r o_br VWm g\$bVm ^r&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. odÌd BoVhmg H$r PbH$ : [ß. Odmhabmb ZhÍ$&2. ^maV H$r ImO : [ß. Odmhabmb ZhÍ$&3. _ar H$hmZr : [ß. Odmhabmb ZhÍ$&4. ZhÍ$ - EH$ ]m∞`mJ´m\$r : \°$´ßH$ _m∞nag&5. ZhÍ$ - oH$ _oHß$J Am∞\$ Bo S>`m : E_.O. AH$]a&

*************


[ßMm`Vr amO : gŒmm H$ odH$›–rH$aU H$ È[ _ß gmW©H$Vm

S>m∞. AoZb XrojV *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ Jm∞d H$r Va∏$r Am°a ‡JoV [a hr maV H$r ‡JoV oZ^©a H$aVr h°& JmßYrOr Z R>rH$ hr H$hm Wm oH$ "òX Jm∞d ZÓQ> hmV h° Vm maV ZÓQ>hm Om`Jm, dh ^maV hr Zht hmJm, odÌd _ß CgH$m gßXe g_m· hm Om`Jm& gßodYmZ H$ oZ_m©Vm ^r Bg Vœ` g ^br-^mßoV [naoMV W, AV: h_marÒdmYrZVm H$m gmH$ma H$aZ Am°a Cg ÒWmB© ]ZmZ H$ obE J´m_rU emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$r Ama [`m©· ‹`mZ oX`m J`m& h_ma gßodYmZ _ß h oZXe oX`mJ`m h° oH$ "am¡` J´m_ [ßMm`Vmß H$ oZ_m©U H$ obE H$X_ CR>mEJm Am°a C›hß BVZr eo∫$ Am°a AoYH$ma ‡Xm` H$aJm oOgg oH$ J´m_ [ßMm`Vß Òd-emgZH$r BH$mB© H$ È[ _ß H$m`© H$a gH$& ^maV _ß OZVßÃ H$m ôdÓ` Bg ]mV [a oZ^©a H$aVm h° oH$ J´m_rUOZmß H$m emgZ g oH$VZm AoYH$ ‡À`j Am°agOrd gÂ[H©$ ÒWmo[V hm [mVm h° ? `m `m H$hß oH$ J´m_rU ^maV H$ obE [ßMm`Vr amO hr EH$ _mÃ CoMV `mOZm h°& [ßMm`Vß hr h_ma amÓQ≠>r` OrdZH$r ar∂T> h¢ß&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ J´m_ [ßMm`Vmß H$m BoVhmg ]hwV [wamZm h° Am[gr PJS>mß H$m\°$gbm [ßMm`Vß hr H$aVr Wr, [a›Vw AßJÓr amO H$ O_mZ _ß [ßMm`Vß Yra-Yra g_m· hm JB© Am°a g] H$m_ ‡mßVr` gaH$maß H$aZ bJr& ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo·H$ ]mX am¡`mß H$r gaH$mamß Z [ßMm`Vm H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Ama odef ‹`mZoX`m& ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar H$ AZwgma "amÓQ≠>r` ZV•Àd H$m EH$ XyaXoe©Vm[yU©H$m`© Wm [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ÒWm[Zm& Bgg ^maVr` amO-Ï`dÒWm H$modH$›–rH$aU hm ahm h° Am°a Xe _ß EH$ gr ÒWmZr` gßÒWm H$ oZ_m©U gCZH$r EH$Vm ^r ]∂T> ahr h°" Bg H$r ewÈAmV H$m l` ^r [ß. OdmhabmbZhÈ H$m h°& [ß. ZhÈ H$m H$hZm Wm oH$ "Jmßdmß H$ bmJm H$m AoYH$ma gmß[ZMmohE& CZH$m H$m_ H$aZ Xm Mmh d hOmamß JboV`mß H$aß& Bgg K]amZ H$rOÈaV Zht& [ßMm`Vmß H$m AoYH$ma Xm&

gZ≤ 1952 _ß gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m ©H´$_ ‡maÂ^ hwAm& Bg_ß H$m\$rgßª`m _ß gaH$mar H$_©Mmar aI JE Am°a h Xmdm oH$`m J`m oH$ Bg H$m ©H$__ß OZVm H$r Ama g goH´$` È[ g ^mJ ob`m OmEJm & BgH$m C‘ÌÀmoW©H$ oZ`mOZ Am°a gm_moOH$ [wZÈ’ma H$r amÓQ≠>r` mOZmAmß H$ ‡oVXe H$r J´m_rU OZVm _ß goH´$` ÈoM [°Xm H$r Om gH$& BgH$m [naUm_ hhwAm oH$ Jm∞d H$ CÀWmZ H$ obE IwX ‡`ÀZ H$aZ H$r ]Om` J´m_rU OZVmgaH$ma H$m _wßh VmH$Z bJr& A_arH$r bIH$ aZhmS©> ] ßoS>∑g aZhmS©> ] ßoS>∑g aZhmS©> ] ßoS>∑g aZhmS©> ] ßoS>∑g aZhmS©> ] ßoS>∑g obIV h° -"gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$r g]g ]S>r H$_Omar CgH$m gaH$mar ÒdÈ[ Am°aZVmAmß H$r b‚\$mOr Wr& EH$ Va\$ Bg H$m ©H´$_ H$ gyÃYma OZVm H$ AmJOmZ H$r Amem H$aV W, Xygar Ama CZH$m odÌdmg Wm oH$ gaH$mar H$m ©dmhrg hr ZVrOm oZH$b gH$Vm h°& H$m`©H´$_ OZVm H$m MbmZm Wm, boH$Z d]ZmE D$[a g OmV W"&

gm_wXmo`H$ H$m`©H´$_ H$r OmßM H$ ob` EH$ A‹``Z Xb 1957 _ßJoR>V oH$`m J`m, oOgH$ A‹`j lr ]bßdV am` _hVm W& _hVm A‹``Z_hVm A‹``Z_hVm A‹``Z_hVm A‹``Z_hVm A‹``ZXb Xb Xb Xb Xb Z A[Zr na[mQ©> _ß og\$mnae H$r oH$ bmH$VmßoÃH$ odH$›–rH$aU Am°agm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m ©H´$_mß H$m g\$b ]ZmZ hVw [ßMm`Vr amO, gßÒWmAmßH$r Vwa›V eÈAmV H$r OmZm Mmoh`& Bg "bmH$VßÃr` odH$›–rH$aU " H$mZm_ oX`m& [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ewÈAmV H$r JB©, BgH$r _wª`Vm 4 odefVmEßoMßohV H$r JB© -

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

1. [ßMm`Vr amO H$r VrZ groT>`mß Wr& - J´m_ ÒVa [a J´m_[ßMm`V, I S>ÒVa [a [ßMm`V go_oV Am°a oObm ÒVa [a oObm-[nafX&

2. [ßMm`Vr amO ‡Umbr _ß ÒWmZr` bmJm| H$m H$m_ H$aZ H$r AmOmXrWr, Am°a XI-aI D$[a g hmVr Wr&

3. gm_wXmo`H$ H$m`©H´$_ H$r ^mßoV `h emgH$r` T>mßM H$m AßJ Zht Wm&[ßMm`Vr amO H$r gßÒWmEß oZdm©oMV hmVr Wr Am°a BgH$ H$_©MmaroZdm©oMV OZ‡oVoZoY`mß H$ AYrZ H$m_ H$aV W&

4. gmYZ OwQ>mZ Am°a OZgh`mJ gßJoR>V H$aZ H$m r BZ gßÒWmAmß H$m[`m©· AoYH$ma Wm&

[ßMm`Vr amO H$m _hÀd [ßMm`Vr amO H$m _hÀd [ßMm`Vr amO H$m _hÀd [ßMm`Vr amO H$m _hÀd [ßMm`Vr amO H$m _hÀd - Zm_ [wamZm h° _Ja gßÒWmEß Z`r h°& BZH$rC[`moJVm oZÂZ ]mVmß g Ò[ÓQ> h° -l ‡OmVmßoÃH$ [aÂ[amAmß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZm&l ^mdr ZV•Àd ‡XmZ H$aZm&l ‡OmVmßoÃH$ odH$›–rH$aU H$r Ama Z`m H$X_&l amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWmAmß Am°a ÒWmZr` g_mO H$ ]rM H$∂S>r&l ZmJnaH$mß H$m amOZroVH$ OmJÈH$Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm&l emgZ H$ H$ar] [hwßMZm&gßodYmZ H$ 73 dß gßemYZ ¤mam [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß H$m gßd°YmoZH$_m›`Vm ‡XmZ H$r J`r& Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ AZwgma [ßMm`Vr amO H$ _wª`bjU h° -l J´m_g^m &l [ßMm`Vmß H$m JR>Z - J´m_ ÒVa, OZ[X ÒVa d oObm ÒVa &l [ßMm`Vmß H$m H$m`©H$mb &l odŒm Am`mJ H$m JR>Z &l [ßMm`Vmß H$ oZdm©MZ &

[ßMm`Vmß H$ H$m`© - 11 dt AZwgyMr _ß 29 odf` h°&[ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß H$ ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$m ohÒgm ]Z OmZ g

A] H$mB© ^r [ßMm`Vmß H$m oX` JE AoYH$mamß, Xmo`Àdmß Am°a odŒm gmYZmßH$m CZg N>rZ Zht gH$Jm& 73 dmß gßodYmZ gßemYZ _ß H$db [ßMm`VramO gßÒWmAmß _ß gßaMZmÀ_H$ EH$ EH$È[Vm bmZ H$m ‡`mg h° ]oÎH$ `h


gwoZoÌMV ^r H$aVm h° oH$ BZ gßÒWmZmß _ß g_mO H$ H$_Oma dJm H$rohÒgXmar ahJr& ‡À`H$ [ßMm`V _ß [ßMm`V jÃ _ß Hw$b OZgßª`m _ßAZwgyoMV OmoV/OZOmoV H$r OZgßª`m H$ AZw[mV _ß AoZdm`© AmajUH$r r Ï`dÒWm H$r J`r h°& am¡`mß H$ ob h oZXe h° oH$ d Hw$b grQ>mß H$r1/3 grQ>ß _ohbmAmß H$ obE AmajU H$aZ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aßß&

_‹`‡Xe emgZ Z [ßMm`V Ï`dÒWm H$m 1994 g Xe H$ A›`am¡`mß H$r VwbZm _ß gd©‡W_ bmJy H$a EH$ AZwH$aUr` CXmhaU ‡ÒVwVoH$`m h°& A] VH$ [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß H$m od\$bVm H$m H$maU CZH$MwZmd g_` [a Zm H$amZm Am°a C›hß ]ma-]ma ßJ m ÒWoJV oH$`m OmVmahm h°& dV©_mZ AoYoZ`_ Z Bg g_Ò`m [a g_woMV ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°&Am°a CÂ_rX h° oH$ [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmZ oZMb ÒVa [a bmH$VßÃ H$ H$maJaC[H$aU gmo]V hmßJ, ∑`mßoH$ CZH$ oZdm©MZmß H$r oZoÌMV AdoY [ag_`]’ Ï`dÒWm H$r J`r h°&

73 dß gßemYZ AoYoZ`_ H$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ o]›Xw `h h° oH$ Bg_ßamOZroVH$ Xbmß H$r yo_H$m H$m Ò[ÓQ> È[ g [na^mofV Zht oH$`m J`m h°&Bgr ‡H$ma [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß Am°a ÒWmZr` Zm°H$aemhr H$ ]rM gß]ßYgyÃVm H$ ]ma _ß ^r AoYoZ`_ Mwfl[r gmY hwE h°, AoYoZ`_ ]Z OmZ H$]mdOyX [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß H$r g\$bVm am¡` gaH$mamß H$r B¿N>m [aoZ^©a H$aVr h°&

[ßMm`Vr amO H$r ewÈAmV H$m EH$ EoVhmogH$ KQ>Zm H$hm J`m h°,[ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß g AoYH$ ‡eßgm ]hwV h°, H$_ gßÒWmAmß H$m ‡m· h°&[ß. ZhÈ Z Ò`dß H$hm Wm oH$ " _¢ [ßMm`Vr amO H$ ‡oV [yU©V: AmemßodV hy∞_¢ _hgyg H$aVm hy∞ oH$ maV H$ gßX © _ß h ]hwV Hw$N> _m°obH$ Edß H´$mßoVH$marh°& ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar ‡m. aOZr H$mR>mar H$ AZwgma " BZ gßÒWmAmß Z ZE ÒWmZr` ZVmAmßH$m O›_ oX`m h° Om AmJ Mb H$a am¡` Am°a H$›–r` g^mAm H$ oZdm©oMV‡oVoZoY`mß g AoYH$ eo∫$embr hm gH$V h°& H$mßJ´g Am°a A›` Xbmß H$amOZroVk BZ gßÒWmAmß H$m g_PZ bJ h°, A] d am¡`-odYmZ_ßS>b H$]Om` [ßMm`V go_oV Am°a oObm [nafXmß H$m VaOrh XZ bJ h°"&

[ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$r g\$bVm Am°a Ag\$bVm Bg ]mV H$m‡Xoe©V H$aVr h° oH$ OZVm _ß OmJÈH$Vm oH$VZ ‡oVeV AmB© h¢ Am°a BZgßÒWmAmß Z oH$VZ gamhZr` H$m`© oH$` h°& [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm _ß Hw$N>ZB© g_Ò`mEß CÀ[fi hm J`r h°, Hw$N> [hb H$r Wr, oOZH$m oZamH$aU H$aZmAmdÌ`H$ h°& g_Ò`mEß h° -l gŒmm H$ odH$›X´rH$aU H$r g_Ò`m&l Aoejm d oZY©ZVm H$r g_Ò`m&l XbJV amOZroV&l YZ H$r g_Ò`m&

l amOZroVH$ OmJÈH$Vm H$r H$_r&l odH$mg H$m`m H$r C[jm (emgH$r` AoYH$mna`mß d oZdm©oMV

‡oVoZoY`mß _ß gh`mJ H$m A^md)g\$bVm H$ Hw$N> gwPmd oZÂZ h° -l Ï`m· JwQ>]ßXr H$m g_m· H$aZm&l MwZmdmß _ß _VXmZ H$m AoZdm`© H$aZm&l odŒmr` hmbV _ß gwYma H$aZm&l [ßMm`Vmß H$ oZdm©oMV ‡oVoZoY`mß H$m ‡oejU oX`m OmZm Mmoh`&l [ßMm`Vmß [a odÌdmg H$aZm&

lr amOrd JmßYr Z [ßMm`Vr amO H$ _hÀdmß H$m g_PH$a "OZVm H$reo∫$" H$m Zmam XV hwE 64 dmß gßodYmZ gßemYZ odY`H$ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m&[ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$ _m‹`_ g ^maV _ß ÒWmZr` emgZ H$r EH$ Z`rAm°a g—∂T> ‡Umbr H$r Ztd [∂S> MwH$r h°, BgH$ amMH$ amOZroVH$ [naUm_mß[a odMma _ßWZ ewÈ hm MwH$m h° Om gÀ`Vm H$r Ama AJ´ga h° -l amOZroVH$ [moQ©>`mß H$r VmH$V ]∂T>Zm&l amOZroVH$ Xbmß H$ AmßVnaH$ OrdZ [a ^r [ßMm`Vr amO H$m Aga

[∂S>m&l J´m_rU amOZroV _ß JoVerbVm d hm∂S> ]∂T>Zm&l gÂ[H©$ gyÃ H$r amOZroV (Linkaje politics ) H$m odH$mg hmZm&l o[N>∂S>r hwB© OmoV`mß _ß ZB© MVZm H$m odH$mg hmZm&l J´m_rU OrdZ _ß JwQ>]ßXr H$r ^mdZmEß odH$ogV hmZm&

odH$›XrH$aU H$r oXem _ß ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]mX g A] VH$ ‡`mgmß _ßoZ:gßXh [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$r gßH$Î[Zm _ß ZdrZ B¿N>m eo∫$ H$m‡gma oH$`m h°, Om AmZ dmb g_` _ß oZoÌMV È[ g gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡oV\$bXßJ& AV: oZod©dmX h° oH$ [ßMm`Vr amO EH$ AmXe© odMma h°, EH$ og’mßVh°, [maÂ[naH$ OrdZ Xe©Z Edß odÌdmg h° Am°a h_ma amÓQ≠>r` ‡UVmAmß EdßZVmAmß H$m ÒdflZ h°, oOg h_ g^r H$m g^r ÒVamß [a gmH$ma H$aZm h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. aOZr H$mR>mar : [m∞oboQ>∑g BZ Bo S>`m, [O. 132 &2. aZhmS©> ]ßoS>∑g : ZeZb ]woÎSß>J E S> ogQ>rOZoe[ (› y mH©$ 1964)

[O. 266-283 &3. aOZr H$mR>mar : [m∞oboQ>∑g BZ Bo S>`m, [O. 137 &4. [ßMm`Vr amO gßX^© _ß ‡emgZ VWm amOZroV-bmH$‡emgZ,

OZdar-_mM©, 1975& [O 90-98 &5. ZB© XwoZ`m, B›Xm°a, 25 OZdar, 1994 &6. [wIamO O°Z, S>m∞. ]r.Eb. \$o∂S> m : maV _ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r amOZroV&

*************


‡m. ^mdZm Hw$edmh *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ bmH$VßÃ XwoZ`m H$r emgZ Ï`dÒWmAmß _ßß gd©lÓR> emgZÏ`dÒWm h°& h _mÃ EH$ emgZ Ï`dÒWm Zht, ]oÎH$ EH$ g_mO Ï`dÒWmEdß OrdZ [’oV h°& Bg emgZ Ï`dÒWm _ßß OZ gh^moJVm Edß OZVm H$‡oV CŒmaXmo`Àd H$m ^md ]Zm ahVm h°& OZVm A[Z _V ¤mam A[ZAoYH$ma, OZ‡oVoZoY`mß H$m gm¢[ XVr h°& OZVßÃ _ßß OZ_mZg H$ AZwgmaOZgŒmmEß _VXmZ g emßoV[yU© Tß>J g ]Xb OmVr h°& OZVm d gaH$ma H$mgm_ßOÒ` hr bmH$VßÃ H$r Iy]gyaVr h°& h Ï`dÒWm AZH$ H$o_`m± H$ ]mX^r OZ_mZg H$ AoYH$ [gßX H$r Edß AoYH$ oZH$Q> H$r hmVr h°&

\´$mßg H$r H´$mßoV _ßß ÒdVßÃVm, g_mZVm d ]›YwÀd H$ _hm_ßÃ g gÂ[yU©_mZdOmoV H$ obE amOVßÃ H$r Ztd H$m ohbmH$a hr bmH$VßÃ H$m CX` hwAm&Bg bmH$VßÃ H$ obE _mZdOmoV Z ]∂S> gßKfm g ]obXmZ Edß À`mJ H$rb∂S>mB© mß b∂S>r& Bgg bmH$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm _mZdVm H$ obE gÂ_mZ d Jm°adH$m ‡VrH$ ]Z JB©& Bg bmH$VßÃ H$m A_ßarH$m H$ [yd© amÓQ≠>[oV A]´mh_obßH$Z Z “ OZVm H$m, OZVm H$ obE, OZVm H$ ¤mam emgZ OZVm H$m, OZVm H$ obE, OZVm H$ ¤mam emgZ OZVm H$m, OZVm H$ obE, OZVm H$ ¤mam emgZ OZVm H$m, OZVm H$ obE, OZVm H$ ¤mam emgZ OZVm H$m, OZVm H$ obE, OZVm H$ ¤mam emgZ ” H$hm&`hr ^md bmH$VßÃ H$r dmÒVodH$VmAmß H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aVm h°&

bmH$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm H$r Ztd ÒdVßÃVm, g_mZVm, ]›YwÀd, ÒdVßÃ-oZÓ[j ›`m[mobH$m, ÒdVßÃ-oZÓ[j _roS>`m, ÒdVßÃ oZÓ[j oZdm©MZ [aoQ>H$r hwB© h°& `h Ï`dÒWm _mZdVm H$ obE daXmZ gmo]V hwB© h°, ∑`mßoH$Bgg Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg H$m Jna_m[yU© dmVmdaU oZo_©V hmVm h°&

bmH$VßÃ _ß gmd©OoZH$ odf`mß [a MMm© hmZm, OZ gh^moJVm oZ^mZm,odMma Ï`∫$ H$aZm, gßJR>Z ]ZmZm, emgZ oH´$`m›d`Z d ZroV oZ_m©U _ßß^mJrXma ]ZZm Edß bmH$VßÃ _ßß AmÒWm Edß odÌdmg Ï`∫$ H$aZm bmH$VßÃH$m _O]yV ]ZmVr h°&

^maV odÌd H$m g]g ]∂S>m bmH$VmßoÃH$ amÓQ≠> h°, bmJmß H$ _yb Òd^mdd ‡H•$oV _ßß hr bmH$VßÃ g_mohV h°& AVrV g dV©_mZ VH$ h_ma BoVhmg,gßÒH•$oV _ßß bmH$VßÃ oZohV ahm h°& AmO H$ maV Z odXer gŒmm H$ odÍ$’AmOmXr H$r bÂ]r b∂S>mB© b∂S>H$a ^maVdmog`mß H$m Jwbm_r H$r OßOramß g_w∫$ H$adm`m& ^maV H$m Om AoYH$ma odohZ ^maV Wm, dh A] AoYH$magohV maV ]Z J`m Wm& bmH$VßÃ hr dh emgZ Ï`dÒWm h° oOg_ßß emgZH$ AßoV_ gyÃ OZVm Edß OZ ‡oVoZoY`mß H$ hmW _ßß ahV h°& gŒmm H$mC[`mJ OZohV H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ H$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& `h OmßMm OmZmAmdÌ`H$ hmVm h° oH$ OZ B¿N>mAmß H$ AZwHy$b H$m`© hm ah h°, Edß ^maVg_mO _ßß g]g [rN> I∂S> Ïò∫$ H$m r H$Î`mU hmZm MmohE& Cg gaH$ma H$hmZ H$m Ahgmg, gwajm d H$mZyZ, ›`yZV_ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© Cgoejm d ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAmß H$m bm^ ghOVm g o_bZm MmohE& dh emgZH$r oH´$`mAmß _ßß Òd`ß H$m mJrXma g_P gH$ Edß gaH$ma H$r mOZmAmß H$m

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroVemÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

bm^ OZ gm_m›` b gH$& bmH$VßÃ _ßß d`ÒH$ _VmoYH$ma, Jw· _VXmZÏ`dÒWm, amOZroVH$ Xb, CŒmaXm`r emgZ, ]hw_V H$m emgZ, odoY H$memgZ Edß OZH$Î`mU H$ VÀd oZohV ahV h°& odÌd H$m ‡À`H$ amÓQ≠> Òd`ßH$m bmH$VmßoÃH$ _mZZ _ßß Jm°admo›dV AZw^d H$aVm h°&‡og’ odMmaH$ amÒQ>m - ‡og’ odMmaH$ amÒQ>m - ‡og’ odMmaH$ amÒQ>m - ‡og’ odMmaH$ amÒQ>m - ‡og’ odMmaH$ amÒQ>m - "Xyga _hm`w’ H$ ]mX H$r AmÌM`© OZH$ KQ>Zm^maV _ßß bmH$VßÃ H$m H$m`_ ahZm h°&' maV H$r bmH$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm odÌdH$ A›` amÓQ≠>m H$ obE ‡aUmXm`H$ ahr h°& òX ^maVr` bmH$VßÃ Ag\$bhmVm h°, Vm `h _mZd BoVhmg H$r g]g ]∂S>r [amO` hmJr& ododYVmAmß,A^mdmß, oZajaVm, ]mYmAmß Edß H$o_`m± H$ ]mX ^r h_mar bmH$VmßoÃH$Ï`dÒWm H$r odH$mg mÃm odJV 16 Am_ oZdm©MZmß H$ ]mX r g\$b ahrh°, MwZmdmß H$ ]mX ]Xbmd EH$ Òd^modH$ ‡oH´$`m ahr h°& ^maV _ßß gŒmmhÒVmßaU OZ_V AZwgma ghOVm g hmVm ahm h°&

“YZdmZmß H$m YZ d Jar]m ß H$r _O]yar bmH$VßÃ H$ obE ]∂S>rYZdmZmß H$m YZ d Jar]m ß H$r _O]yar bmH$VßÃ H$ obE ]∂S>rYZdmZmß H$m YZ d Jar]m ß H$r _O]yar bmH$VßÃ H$ obE ]∂S>rYZdmZmß H$m YZ d Jar]m ß H$r _O]yar bmH$VßÃ H$ obE ]∂S>rYZdmZmß H$m YZ d Jar]m ß H$r _O]yar bmH$VßÃ H$ obE ]∂S>r

MwZm°Vr ahr h°& MwZm°Vr ahr h°& MwZm°Vr ahr h°& MwZm°Vr ahr h°& MwZm°Vr ahr h°& ” OmoVdmX, gÂ‡Xm`dmX, ^mfmdmX, jÃr`Vm, Jar]r,Aoejm, AmVßH$dmX, odXer hÒVj[mß H$r ]∂S>r MwZm°oV`mß H$m bmßKV hwEAoæ [arjmAmß _ßß Iam CVaH$a h_ma bmH$VßÃ Z A[Zm Jm°ad odÌd _ßßÒWmo[V oH$`m h°& `h ^maVr` OZ_mZg H$ odH$mg d H$Î`mU _ßß g\$bahm h°&

AmO H$m wJ odkmZ d VH$ZrH$ H$m wJ h°& maV _ßß AmYwoZH$Vm H$mbmH$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm _ßß OZVm H$ ohV d H$Î`mU H$ obE Ï`m[H$ C[`mJoH$`m h°& gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma, oejm H$r (6 g 14 df©) AoZdm`©Vm H$mAoYH$ma, bmH$gdm Jma Q>r AmoX H$ ‡`mg Ï`m[H$ Í$[ _ßß ‡^mdr ah h°,Am∞ZbmBZ Ï`dÒWm Z OZgwodYmAmß H$m ]∂T>m`m h°, g_` gr_m _ßß bmH$gdmE∞‡m· hmZ bJr h°& maV oZdm©MZ Am`mJ ¤mam Bb∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ dmoQß>J _erZH$m C[`mJ ^maV H$ 75 H$am∂S> g AoYH$ _VXmVmAmß d gmV bmI [MmghOma g AoYH$ _VXmZ H$›–mß [a C[`mJ H$a ^maV Z XwoZ`m H$ gm_ZbmH$VßÃ _ßß AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ H$ ‡`mJ H$m AmXe© ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& h_ma_ßJb Ao^`mZ H$r Jm°ad_`r g\$bVm _ßß h_mar ÒdXer gmYZmß Edß CÉ]m°o’H$ d°kmoZH$ ‡oV^mAmß Z gÒVm d ghO ]ZmH$a bmH$VßÃ H$r odO`H$m g\$b CXmhaU aIm h°&

_mZd H$ gdm™JrU Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg H$ obE Edß Jna_m[yU© OrdZhVw _yb AoYH$mamß H$m ‡mdYmZ maVr` gßodYmZ _ßß oH$`m J`m h°& o]Zm^X^md H$ aßJ, dße, _yb, Y_©, obßJ, OmoV, ^mfm g D$[a CR>H$a _mZdH$Î`mU Edß _mZdohV H$m [yU© H$aVm h°& h OZohV hr bmH$VßÃ H$r ‡mUdm wh°& `hr bmH$VßÃ OZ gm_m›` H$r OZ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m lÓR> AmB©Zm h°&

bmH$VßÃ _mÃ EH$ VßÃ Zhr h°& bmH$VßÃ _ßß gm_yohH$ oZU©`mß [a

^maV _| bmH$VßÃ H$ ododY Am`m_ ï EH$ A‹``Z


gmd©OoZH$ oZ`ßÃU Am°a AoYH$mamß H$r g_mZVm [a Oma oX`m J`m h°&bmH$VßÃ _ßß OZVm H$r AmH$mßjmAmß H$m gÂ_mZ oH$`m OmVm h° Edß _yÎÀmYmnaV AmH$mßjm bmH$VßÃ H$m AmYma h°& bmH$VßÃ _ßß OZ gm_m›` oOVZmÒdVßÃ hmJm, Cg A[Z Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg _ßß CVZm hr bm^ hmJm, ‡À`H$OZ H$m odH$mg H$ g_mZ Adga o]Zm oH$gr ^X^md H$ o_bZm MmohE&ÒdVßÃVm V^r ÒdÒW d oMam`w ahJr O] CgH$ oZ_m©U H$m AmYma ^mV•Àd^md ahJm& mV•ÀdhrZ ÒdVßÃVm d g_mZVm AßVV: oXemhrZ og’ hmVr h°,Bg_ßß H$mB© gßXh Zhr h°&

‡mMrZ `wJ _ßß ^maVr` bmH$VßÃ H$r O∂S> Vm ]hwV Jhar ahr h°, oH$›Vwgm_›VdmXr _Zmd•oŒm Edß odXer Jwbm_r Z Bg bmH$VßÃ H$ ^md H$m‡^modV oH$`m h°, AmOmXr H$ ]mX ^maV _ßß bmH$VßÃ H$ _yb^md A[Z_ybÍ$[ _ßß hr Òdm^modH$ Tß>J g CâH$a Am` Edß EH$ ge∫$ bmH$VßÃ H$rZtd AmOmX ^maV _ßß [∂S>r& \´$mßg, o]´Q>Z Edß A_ßarH$m H$r bmH$VmßoÃH$Ï`dÒWm Z ^r h_ßß oXem ‡XmZ H$r& Xyga _hm`w’ H$ ]mX gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$rÒWm[Zm VWm CgH$ ¤mam _mZd AoYH$mamß H$m gmd©^m°o_H$ KmfUm [Ã Zh_ma gßodYmZ _ßß _m°obH$ AoYH$mamß H$ O›_ H$m ge∫$ AmYma ‡XmZ oH$`mh°& odÌd g_wXm` _ßß bmH$VßÃ H$ obE oZa›Va gßKf© Omar ahm h°, odÌdOZ_V, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Z°oVH$Vm, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` H$mZyZ, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _Zm]bEdß MnaÃ Z bmH$VßÃ H$m gmd©^m°o_H$Vm ‡XmZ H$r h°& B›ht gH$mamÀ_H$[naoÒWoV`mß Z EH$ g\$b bmH$VßÃ H$r Ztd ^maV _ßß aIr h°& 15 AJÒV1947 H$ ]mX g ^maV _ßß bmH$VßÃ H$m [m°Ym gßaojV d gßdoY©V hm ahm h°&Om A] odemb dQ>d•j H$m È[ bVm Om ahm h°&

“ ]rgdt gXr _ßß bmH$VßÃ g VmÀ[`© EH$ amOZroVH$ oZ`_, emgZH$r odoY d g_mO H$ T>mßM g Zht h°, daZ≤ `h OrdZ H$ Cg _mJ© H$r ImOh° oOg_ßß _ZwÓ`mß H$r ÒdVßÃ Am°a Eo¿N>H$ ]wo’ H$ AmYma [a Cg_ßß AZwÍ$[VmAm°a EH$rH$aU bm`m Om gH$& ”

bmH$VßÃ H$r ]∂S>r ]mYmAmß _ßß OZVm H$r CXmgrZVm, AkmZVm,gh^moJVm H$m A^md bmH$VßÃ _ßß odÌdmg Edß AmÒWm H$r H$_r ah h°& OZgh`mJ d OZ OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md bmH$VßÃ H$m H$_Oma ]ZmV h°&gßHw$oMVVmE∞ Edß ZH$mamÀ_H$Vm bmH$VßÃ H$m amh g ^Q>H$mVr h° oH$›Vw BZ]mYmAmß H$ ]rM r bmH$VßÃ H$m aW A[Zr _ßoOb H$r Ama oZa›Va VOr g]∂T> ahm h°&

OZVßÃ _ßß OZ_V ‡À H$ oZU© d gh_oV H$ oZ_m©U H$m AmYma hmVmh°& OZ_V CVZm hr ÒdÒW d aMZmÀ_H$ hmVm h°, oOVZ ÒdÒW d aMZmÀ_H$gßMma _m‹`_mß H$ KQ>H$ hmV h°& _roS>`m H$r bmH$VßÃ _ßß BVZr Ah_≤ yo_H$mhmVr h° oH$ bmH$VßÃ H$m Mm°Wm AmYma ÒVÂ^ H$hm OmVm h°& `h _roS>`m hrOZVm d emgZ XmZmß H$m ‡har H$r Vah _O]yV ]ZmV h°&

[wZrV Hw$_ma Z A[Zr [wÒVH$-“ _mZd AoYH$ma Edß maVr` bmH$VßÃ_ßß obIm h°- amOZroVH$ Xb d H$hma hmV h° oOgH$ Hß$Y bmH$VßÃ H$r[mbH$r H$m CgH$ b˙` VH$ [hw±MmV h°&” oZ:gßXh bmH$VßÃ _ßß amOZroVH$Xbmß H$r Ah_≤ ^yo_H$m hmVr h°& amOZroVH$ Xb bmH$VßÃ H$r amOZroV H$oIbm∂S>r hmV h°, Om OrV hmogb H$a gŒmm H$m daU H$aZm MmhV h°& gŒmm‡m· H$aZm CZH$m b˙` hmVm h°& odMmaYmam gßJR>Z, H$m ©H$_ H$m g_o›dVahH$a Yra-Yra A[Z _H$gX H$r Ama ]∂T>V h°& bmH$VßÃ H$r g\$bVm V^rgß^d h°, O] OZVm H$r ^mJrXmar H$ gmW gaH$ma H$ ha oH´$`mH$bm[ [a

oZJmh ahß Edß OÍ$aV H$ AZwgma gH$mamÀ_H$-ZH$mamÀ_H$ odMma OZ_mZgH$ ]rM Ao^Ï`∫$ hm gH$&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H$r emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$m gßMmobV H$aZ H$ obEEH$ ‡Umbr hmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& BZ_ßß bmH$VßÃ gd©lÓR> emgZ Ï`dÒWm h°&amÓQ≠> _ßß gaH$ma H$ VrZmß AßJm H$m ©[mobH$m, Ï`dÒWmo[H$m Edß ›`m`[mobH$m¤mam gßMmobV hmVm h°& ÒdVßÃ oZÓ[j oZdm©MZ VWm ge∫$ ›`m` Ï`dÒWmbmH$VßÃ H$m eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$aV h°& bmH$VßÃ H$m EH$ Mm°Wm AmYma ÒVÂ^ÒdVßÃ-oZÓ[j _roS>`m h_ma bmH$VßÃ H$m _O]yV ]ZmVm h°& amÓQ≠> _ßßOZMVZm, gh^moJVm, CŒmaXmo`Àd, [maXoe©Vm, bmH$ gdmAmß H$mbmH$ohV _ßß C[`mJ hr bmH$VßÃ H$r ‡mU h°& bmH$VßÃ H$m OZ AmÒWm dodÌdmg g _O]yVr o_bVr h°& Bgr gh^moJVm g bmH$VßÃ H$r ÒdoU©_odH$mg `mÃm H$r amh ]Z gH$Vr h°&

AmO H$m `wJ bmH$VßÃ H$m `wJ h°& bmH$VßÃ _ßß AmÒWm d odÌdmgbmH$VßÃ H$m ‡mU h°& bmH$VßÃ _ßß AoYH$mamß H$m daXmZ hmVm h°& OmOZH$Î`mU d OZ gßajU H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& odÌd emßoV, _mZdH$Î`mU, _mZdohV H$ obE bmH$VßÃ EH$ AZ_mb C[hma h°& bmH$VßÃ hr h_ßß"Or`m d OrZ Xm' H$m gßXe XVm h°& gmar _mZd OmoV H$m EH$ [nadma_mZVm h°& EH$ emfU odohZ, AoYH$ma gÂ[fi amÓQ≠> hr odH$mg H$r ZB© amhMwZ gH$Vm h°& Om gmar _mZd OmoV H$ obE ‡aH$ ]ZVm h°, bmH$VßÃ H$AmYmamß _ßß gh^moJVm Edß CŒmaXmo`Àdmß H$m gm_ßOÒ` odÌd H$ obE ohVH$marhm gH$Vm h°&oddH$mZ›X oddH$mZ›X oddH$mZ›X oddH$mZ›X oddH$mZ›X H$ AZwgma ^maV H$ AVrV _ßß bmH$VßÃ H$r O∂S> JhamB© VH$g_mB© hwB© h°, gmar _mZd OmoV bmH$VßÃ H$r Ama ]∂T> ahr h°& `hr odÌdg_wXm` H$ obE gX°d ohVH$mar hmJm&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. amOZroVemÛ H$ og’mßV : Ama. gr. AJdmb, Eg. M›– E S> H$Â[Zr

obo_Q>S>, ZB© oXÑr (1984)2. bmH$VßÃ : drW_ S>odS> E S> H$odZ ]m`b, ZeZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> ZB©

oXÑr (1995)3. ^maV _ßß bmH$VßÃ : M›–‡H$me mßâr, ZeZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> BßoS>`m, ZB©

oXÑr (2011)4. ^maVr` emgZ d amOZroV : ]r.Eb. \$o∂S>`m Edß [wIamO O°Z,

gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam (2010)5. _mZd AoYH$ma Edß ^maVr` bmH$VßÃ : [wZrV Hw$_ma, H°$bme [wÒVH$

gXZ ^m[mb (2008)6. ^maV H$m gßodYmZ-EH$ [naM` - XwJm©Xmg ]gw, ]mYdm E S> H$Â[Zr

oXÑr (2001)7. _mZd AoYH$ma - S>m∞. EM.Am. AJ´dmb, g›Q≠>b bm∞ [o„bH$eZ,

Bbmhm]mX (2008)8. _mZd AoYH$ma - Eg.H$. H$[ya, g›Q≠>b bm∞ EO›gr, Bbmhm]mX

(2011)9. X ‡m]bÂg Am∞\$ [m∞obQ>rH$b o\$bm∞g\$r: S>r.S>r. a\$rb (1979)10. _mZd AoYH$ma og’mßV d Ï`dhma - Or.[r. Z_m, E S> H$.H$. e_m©,

H$m∞bO ]wH$ oS>[m O`[wa (2010)

*************


^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ neÎ[H$ma- gaXma dÑ^ ^mB© [Q>b

S>m∞. lrH$mßV Xw] * S>m∞. am_ÒdÍ$[ _ham * *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ 15 AJÒV 1947 H$m AßJÓmß Z maV H$m ÒdVßÃ H$aZ H$rKmfUm Vm H$a Xr bnH$Z AßJÓm Z `h gm\$-gm\$ H$h nX`m nH$ 565na`mgVß H$mZyZZ CZH$r Zht h°°& BgnbE C›hß maV m [mnH$ÒVmZ H$m Zhtgm°[m Om gH$Vm& `h gwZ ZhÍ$ nMßnVV hm J` nH$›Vw gaXma [Q>b Z EH$aUZrnV H$m nZ_m©U nH$`m Edß bmS©> _mC›Q>]Q>Z g H$hm nH$ d BZ na`mgVmßH$m maVr` gßK _ß n_bZ hVw A[rb H$a& _mC›Q>]Q>Z Bg hVw amOr hm J`nH$›Vw eV© `h aIr nH$ ^maVr` gßK _ßß emn_b hmZ [a H$db ajm, ndXeEdß gßMma H$ _m_b hr maV gaH$ma XI gH$Jr& ef gma AnYH$ma CZH$[mg gwnajV hmßJ& [Q>b Z Bg [a _m°Z gh_nV OÍ$a ‡XmZ H$a Xr nH$›Vw[Q>b H$r ndÓ` H$r aUZrnV H$r ZH$ BZ na`mgVmß H$m Zht bJr& AmnIa[Q>b Z Egm ∑`m nH$`m nH$ JmßYr Or ¤mam C›hß Xr JB© gaXma H$r C[mnYH$m C›hmßZ gmW©H$ H$a nX`m& [Q>b ]\©$ g Tß>H$ EH$ ¡dmbm_wIr W d ZdrZ^maV H$ nZ_m©Vm W & gaXma [Q>b H$m ^maV H$ ndÒ_mH©$ H$r gßkm Xr JB©bnH$Z [Q>b H$r g\$bVmE∞ CZg ^r ]∂S>r h¢ ∑`mnH$ C›hmßZ Eg _mhm°b _ßßH$m_ nH$`m Om ]hX H$nR>Z Wm & C›hmßZ N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r na`mgVmß Am°a OmJramßH$m Ohm± AbJ-AbJ mfmE∞, [aÂ[amE∞ Am°a Y_© W, H$m EH$Í$[ g EH$rH•$VnH$`m & maV H$r Bg ndemmbVm H$ H$maU [Q>b hr h¢ & [Q>b Z h H$m © Cgg_` nH$`m O] MnM©b Bg C[_hm¤r[ H$m I S>-I S> H$aZm MmhV W &[Q>b Z dh nH$`m Om AmO VH$ nH$gr Xe _ßß H$mB© Zht H$a [m`m & _°ZMÒQ>aJmnO© Z Z nbIm Wm nH$, "[Q>b H$ n]Zm JmßYr Or H$ ndMmamß H$m Ï`dhmnaH$‡^md H$_ [∂S>Vm Am°a ZhÍ$ H$ AmXe©dmX H$m jÃ gßHw$nMV hm OmVm & [Q>bÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ H$ Zm`H$ hr Zht W ]nÎH$ d ÒdmVßÃ`mŒma maV H$ nZ_m©Vm^r W EH$ hr Ï`n∫$ H´$mßnVH$mar Am°a Hw$Ìmb amOZrnVk H$ Í$[ _ßß H$^r g\$bZht hmVm nH$›Vw gaXma [Q>b A[dmX W &"[Q>b H$ mJXmZ H$m g_PZ H$nbE h_ß ndÒVma _ßß OmZm hmJm&ÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© ^maVr` gßK H$r nÒWnVÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© ^maVr` gßK H$r nÒWnVÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© ^maVr` gßK H$r nÒWnVÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© ^maVr` gßK H$r nÒWnVÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© ^maVr` gßK H$r nÒWnV- ^maV _ß gßKdmX H$m ‡maß^1861 _ßß hwAm& 1935 H$ AnYnZ`_ _ßß ^maVr` emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$m gßKÏ`dÒWm H$hm J`m& 1935 H$ [yd© 1899 H$m ^maVr` emgZ AnYnZ`_gßK Ï`dÒWm g `w∫$ Wm nH$›Vw BgH$r ‡d•nŒm EH$mÀ_H$ Wr& 1935 H$AnYnZ`_ _ßß 2 ‡mdYmZ nH$` J`& [hbm n]ńQ>e ^maV H$ emgZ H$rBH$mB© H$m nd^mnOV H$a ‡mßVmß H$m JR>Z H$aZm VWm Xygam n]ńQ>e ^maV H$Abmdm Xer na`mgVmß H$m ^r emn_b H$aZm& 1935 H$m AnYnZ`_ Bg—nÓQ> g _hÀd[yU© Wm nH$ O] 1950 _ßß h_mam Z`m gßndYmZ ]Zm Vm CgH$395 _ßß g 250 AZw¿N>X Ajae: `m _m_ybr [nadV©Z H$ gmW ÒdrH$manH$` J`& 1935 H$ AnYnZ`_ _ßß VrZ ]mVmß [a Oma Wm- (1) nbnIVgßndYmZ, (2) en∫$ nd^mOZ (3) gßKr` ›`m`mb`& nH$›Vw Bg AnYnZ`__ß H$_Omar h Wr nH$ (1) ‡mßVmß Edß Xer na`mgVmß H$ gß]ßY _ßß EH$Í$[Vm ZhtWr (2) en∫$[•W∏$aU H$m ‡mdYmZ Zht Wm (3) gßK H$r BH$mB© mß _ßß AßVa

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroVemÛ od^mJ) emgH$r` J•hodkmZ ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroVemÛ od^mJ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, BQ>magr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

Wm (4) ndYmZ H$r ‡YmZVm Zht Wr (5) `h AY©gßKmÀ_H$ Wm&gßK H$ nZ_m©U H$r [yd© eV© [yar Z hmZ H$ H$maU h AnYnZ`_ bmJy

Vm nH$`m J`m nH$›Vw gßKr` `mOZm H$m ^ndÓ` H$ nbE N>m∂S> nX`m J`m&1946 H$ H$n]ZQ> n_eZ Z nZU© nb`m nH$ (1) maV H$m EH$ gßK am¡` H$Í$[ _ßß gßJnR>V nH$`m Om (2) Bg_ßß H$m ©[mnbH$m d Ï`dÒWmn[H$m hm (3)gßK H$ [mg en∫$ hmß Edß ‡mßVmß H$ [mg r AnYH$ma hmß (4) ‡mßVmß H$r ÒdVßÃVmH$m ‡ÒVmd (5) gßndYmZ _ß gßemYZ hVw ‡mßV r ‡ÒVmd aI gH$Jm& nH$›VwH$n]ZQ> n_eZ _ß `h H$_r Wr nH$ (1) Bg_ßß H$›– gaH$ma H$_Oma aIr JB©(2) ‡mßVmß H$r aMZm C[ w∫$ Zht Wr (3) gßndYmZ nZ_m©U H$m VarH$m C[ w∫$Zht Wm (4) gßK nZ_m©U H$r OnQ>b ‡nH$`m H$m ‡mdYmZ Wm&gßndYmZ g^m Edß ^maVr` gßK- gßndYmZ g^m Edß ^maVr` gßK- gßndYmZ g^m Edß ^maVr` gßK- gßndYmZ g^m Edß ^maVr` gßK- gßndYmZ g^m Edß ^maVr` gßK- gßodYmZ g^m _|$ gXÒ`m| Z `h VòH$`m oH$ maVr` emgZ Ï`dÒWm gßKmÀ_H$ hmZr MmohE& Bg hVw ‡ÒVmdAm oH$ (1) gßK _| gm_m›` H$ gmWñgmW gßH$Q> H$mbrZ eo∫$`mß hm (2)‡mßV ^mfm`r AmYma [a ]Z (3) eo∫$ [•W∏$aU hm (4) Xer oa`mgVm|H$m odb` hm (5) CÉ gXZ H$r ÒWm[Zm hm &

BZ ‡ÒVmdmß g Ò[ÓQ> Wm nH$ gßndYmZ nZ_m©Vm gßKmÀ_H$ Ï`dÒWmMmhV W& g^m _ß h ]hg H$m g]g ]∂S>m _w‘m Wm& g^m Z nZU©` nb`m nH$gßK H$ gß]ßY _ßß ‡mdYmZ hmßJ nH$ (1) nbnIV gßndYmZ ]Z (2) gßndYmZgdmÉ hm (3) H$›– am¡`mß H$ _‹` en∫$`mß H$m nd^mOZ hm (4) ÒdVßÃEdß gdmÉ ›`m`mb` hm (5) am¡` g^m H$ Í$[ _ßß CÉ gXZ ]Zß&ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV ‡mßVm ß H$r nÒWnV- ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV ‡mßVm ß H$r nÒWnV- ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV ‡mßVm ß H$r nÒWnV- ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV ‡mßVm ß H$r nÒWnV- ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV ‡mßVm ß H$r nÒWnV- 1946 _ßß ÒdVßÃVm H$r [yd© gß‹`m[a Xe H$ nd^mOZ H$ [hb ‡mßVmß _ßß am¡` mdZm ]∂S>r ‡]b Wr& nX XeH$m XwIX nd^mOZ Zht hwAm hmVm Vm `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° nH$ ^maVen∫$embr am¡`mß H$m T>rbm-T>mbm gßK hmVm& hr H$maU h° nH$ gßndYmZ _ßß^maV H$m am¡`mß H$m gßK H$hm J`m& gßndYmZ nZ_m©VmAmß Z Xe _ßß ghH$margßKdmX H$r Ztd S>mbr& ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV maV _ß 9 JdZ©amß H$ ‡mßV _–mg,]ß]B©, [oÌM_ ]ßJmb, gß w∫$ ‡mßV n]hma, [ydr© [ßOm], _‹`‡mßV d ]ama,Ag_ VWm C∂S>rgm Edß 5 Mr\$ H$n_ÌZar H$ ‡mßV nXÑr, AO_ßa, _madm∂S>, [ßVn[[bmXm, Hw$J© VWm A S>_mZ nZH$m]ma n¤[g_yh AnÒVÀd _ßß Wß&Xer na`mgVmß H$m maV _ßß ndbrZrH$aU Edß gaXma [Q>b H$r yn_H$m-Xer na`mgVmß H$m maV _ßß ndbrZrH$aU Edß gaXma [Q>b H$r yn_H$m-Xer na`mgVmß H$m maV _ßß ndbrZrH$aU Edß gaXma [Q>b H$r yn_H$m-Xer na`mgVmß H$m maV _ßß ndbrZrH$aU Edß gaXma [Q>b H$r yn_H$m-Xer na`mgVmß H$m maV _ßß ndbrZrH$aU Edß gaXma [Q>b H$r yn_H$m-ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV gaXma [Q>b H$ XyaXer© ZV•Àd _ßß Xer na`mgVmß H$EH$rH$aU H$ [ÌMmV gßH´$_UH$mbrZ Ï`dÒWm H$ Í$[ _ßß dJr©H•$V am¡`mß H$mJR>Z nH$`m J`m& na`mgVmß H$r OnQ>b g_Ò`m H$m gwbPmZ H$r nXem _ßß[Q>b Z EnVhmngH$ H$m`© nH$`m& [Q>b H$ AmÏ>hmZ [a Xer na`mgVmß Zg_` H$m ^m∞[m Edß ^maV _ßß n_bZ hVw gh_Vr X Xr& 500 g ¡`mXmna`mgVmß H$m ^maV _ß ndb` H$mB© AmgmZ H$m_ Zht Wm& H$mB© ^r na`mgVA[Zm Í$V]m Edß emZm em°H$V ImZm Zht MmhVr Wr& [Q>b Z BZ na`mgVmßH$m EH$-EH$ H$a maV _ß n_bmH$a H$_mb H$a nX`m& [Q>b Egm H$aH$ maV


H$r EH$Vm H$ gyÃYma ng” hw`& Bg hVw [Q>b Z gma VarH$mß H$m C[`mJnH$`m& ∑`mßnH$ n]ńQ>eg© ^maV H$m \y$Q> S>mbH$a I S>-I S> ]Zm` aIZmMmhV W [Q>b Z CZH$ BamXmß H$m m∞[ nb`m& dmÒVd _ßß d amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$AX≤^wV neÎ[r W& C›hmßZ ^maV H$r BH$mB©`mß H$m _O]yV YmJ _ß n[amH$aEH$ ge∫$ maV H$ Í$[ _ßß h_ß gm°[ nX`m& O]O©ÒV AZwemgZ Edß nZU©`[a AnS>J ahH$a [Q>b Egm H$a [m`& [Q>b Z h°Xam]mX, OyZmJ∂T> Am°aH$Ì_ra H$m N>m∂S>H$a ef g^r na`mgVmß H$m maVr` gßK _ßß n_bm nb`m&h°Xam]mX H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - h°Xam]mX H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - h°Xam]mX H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - h°Xam]mX H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - h°Xam]mX H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - ^maV H$r g]g ]∂S>r na`mgV h°Xma]mXH$ nZOm_ Z [mnH$ÒVmZ H$r ghm`Vm g EH$ en∫$embr gZm H$ nZ_m©U H$rH$mnee H$r& nH$›Vw [Q>b Z h°Xam]mX H$ ndÍ$” g°›` H$m`©dmhr H$r nOgìAm∞[aeZ [mbm H$hm J`m& [Q>b H$r Bg H$m ©dmhr H$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[nZOm_ H$m maVr` gßK _ßß ndb` hVw gh_Vr XZr [∂S>r& [Q>b Z MVwamB© g`h H$m`© nH$`m& Bg hVw d ]b ‡`mJ H$aZ g Zht MyH$&OyZmJ∂T> H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - OyZmJ∂T> H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - OyZmJ∂T> H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - OyZmJ∂T> H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - OyZmJ∂T> H$m ^maV _ß ndb` - OyZmJ∂T> H$mnR>`mdm∂S> H$r N>mQ>r na`mgVWr& OyZmJ∂T> H$ Zdm] Z OyZmJ∂T> H$ bmJmß H$r B¿N>m H$ ndÍ$” [mnH$ÒVmZ_ß n_bZ H$m nZU©` b nb`m& [Q>b Z OyZmJ∂T> H$ bmJmß H$m OZ_V gßJ´hH$am`m [nUm_ÒdÍ$[ bmJmß Z ^maV _ßß ndb` H$ g_W©Z _ß _VXmZ nH$`m&bmJm H$ ndamY Edß [Q>b H$ ge∫$ nZU© H$ H$maU Zdm] [mnH$ÒVmZ mJJ`m Am°a OyZmJ∂T>m H$m ^maV _ß ndb` hm J`m&H$Ì_ra H$m ^maV _ß ß ndb` - H$Ì_ra H$m ^maV _ß ß ndb` - H$Ì_ra H$m ^maV _ß ß ndb` - H$Ì_ra H$m ^maV _ß ß ndb` - H$Ì_ra H$m ^maV _ß ß ndb` - gaXma [Q>b H$ ‡`mgmß g hr H$Ì_ra^maVr` gßK H$m nhÒgm ]Z gH$m& ∑`mßnH$ H$Ì_ra H$r na`mgV ^maV _ßndb` H$r B¿Nw>H$ Zht Wr& [mnH$ÒVmZ H$ g_W©Z g ‡^mndV H$]mB©nb`mß ZH$Ì_ra [a AmH´$_U H$a nX`m& Egr [nanÒWnV _ßß A[Zr gwajm H$ nbEH$Ì_ra H$ _hmamOm Z maVr` gßK _ßß ndb` H$m nZÌM` nH$`m &]ÒVa H$r oa`mgV H$m odb` -]ÒVa H$r oa`mgV H$m odb` -]ÒVa H$r oa`mgV H$m odb` -]ÒVa H$r oa`mgV H$m odb` -]ÒVa H$r oa`mgV H$m odb` - [Q>b >H$m [Vm bJm C∂S>rgm jÃ H$r ]ÒVaH$r oa`mgV _| H$É gmZ H$m ^ S>ma h° Am°a h°Xam]mX H$m oZOm_ CgIarXZm MmhVm h° Vm C›hm|Z VÀH$mb C∂S>rgm OmH$a dhmß H$ amOmAm| g H$hmoH$ Hw$Eß$ H$ _ß∂T>H$ Zht> ]Zm _hmgmJa _| Am OmAm& [Q>b >H$r ]mVm| H$m Aga`h hwAm oH$ C∂S>rgm ^maVr` gßK _| o_b J`m &ZmJ[wa H$m ndb` - ZmJ[wa H$m ndb` - ZmJ[wa H$m ndb` - ZmJ[wa H$m ndb` - ZmJ[wa H$m ndb` - [Q>b Z ZmJ[wa H$ 38 amOmAmß H$m Hy$Q>ZrnVH$VarH$ g maVr` gßK _ßß n_bZ hVw amOr H$a nb`m&_wÂ]B© H$r na`mgVmß H$m ndb` - _wÂ]B© H$r na`mgVmß H$m ndb` - _wÂ]B© H$r na`mgVmß H$m ndb` - _wÂ]B© H$r na`mgVmß H$m ndb` - _wÂ]B© H$r na`mgVmß H$m ndb` - [Q>b Z _wÂ]B© H$ Amg-[mg H$ amOmAmßH$m ^r ‡dmg H$ Xm°amZ ndbrZrH$aU hVw amOr H$a nb`m&[ßOm] H$m ndb` - [ßOm] H$m ndb` - [ßOm] H$m ndb` - [ßOm] H$m ndb` - [ßOm] H$m ndb` - [Q>b Z \$arXH$mQ> H$ amOm ¤mam AmZm-H$mZr H$aZ[a \$arXH$mQ> H$ Z∑e [a bmb [ßgrb Kw_m Xr& K]am H$a am¡` H$ndbrZrH$aU hVw amOm gh_V hm J`m&Jmdm [a AmnY[À`- Jmdm [a AmnY[À`- Jmdm [a AmnY[À`- Jmdm [a AmnY[À`- Jmdm [a AmnY[À`- [Q>b g gmhngH$ MmVw`© H$ ]b [a gZm H$ ghmaJmdm [a H$„Om H$a Cg ^maV _ßß n_bmZ H$m _hÀd[yU© H$m`© nH$`m&b˙`¤r[ g_yh H$m ndb` - b˙`¤r[ g_yh H$m ndb` - b˙`¤r[ g_yh H$m ndb` - b˙`¤r[ g_yh H$m ndb` - b˙`¤r[ g_yh H$m ndb` - b˙`¤r[ [mnH$ÒVmZ H$ ZOXrH$ Zht WmnH$›Vw [mnH$ÒVmZ ¤mam Bg [a Xmd H$r AmeßH$m H$ H$maU C›hmßZß gZmÔH$a b˙`¤r[ [a AmnY[À` ÒWmn[V H$a nb`m&[Q>b H$ OrdZ H$r _wª` ]mVß -[Q>b H$ OrdZ H$r _wª` ]mVß -[Q>b H$ OrdZ H$r _wª` ]mVß -[Q>b H$ OrdZ H$r _wª` ]mVß -[Q>b H$ OrdZ H$r _wª` ]mVß -1.1.1.1.1. ÒdXer- ÒdXer- ÒdXer- ÒdXer- ÒdXer- BßΩbS> _ßß [∂T> [Q>b Z maV AmH$a JmßYr Or H$ Ï`n∫$Àd g‡^mndV hmH$a ÒdXer A[Zm br Edß CgH$m O_H$a ‡Mma-‡gma nH$`m&2.2.2.2.2. Xe^∫$- Xe^∫$- Xe^∫$- Xe^∫$- Xe^∫$- maV H$r ÒdVßÃVm _ßß Vm [Q>b H$m AÒ_aUr` mJXmZ h°&C›hmßZ ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ _ßß ]∂T>-M∂T>H$a nhÒgm nb`m&3.3.3.3.3. ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ ‡VrH$- ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ ‡VrH$- ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ ‡VrH$- ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ ‡VrH$- ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ ‡VrH$- [hb J•h_ßÃr H$ Í$[ _ßß Xerna`mgVmß H$ ndbrZrH$aU H$m _hÀd[yU© H$m © ]∂S>r MVwamB© g gß[fi H$aZ H$H$maU [Q>b ^maVr` gßK H$r EH$Vm H$ n_gmb ]Z&

4.4.4.4.4. nZU©` H$ YZr- nZU©` H$ YZr- nZU©` H$ YZr- nZU©` H$ YZr- nZU©` H$ YZr- d H$_©R> Xe^∫$ W CZ_ßß AXÂ` gßJR>Z en∫$ dnZU©` bZ H$r j_Vm Wr&5.5.5.5.5. ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma- ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma- ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma- ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma- ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma- JwOamO H$ ]m∂T>]mbr H$Ò] _ßß ^`ßH$a gyIm[∂S>Z [a C›hmßZ AßJOm [a X]m] S>mbH$a C›hß bJmZ Z dgyb H$aZ H$ nbEO] amOr H$a nb`m V] d ]m∂T>]mbr H$ gaXma H$hbm` &6.6.6.6.6. gßKf©[yU© OrdZ- gßKf©[yU© OrdZ- gßKf©[yU© OrdZ- gßKf©[yU© OrdZ- gßKf©[yU© OrdZ- [Q>b H$m OrdZ gßKf©[yU© ahm& CZH$r _ßem WrnH$ ^maV Egr nÒWnV _ßß Am Om` Ohmß ZmJnaH$ Dß$Mm ga H$aH$ Mb gH$ß&7.7.7.7.7. g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk- g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk- g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk- g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk- g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk- [Q>b H$m _hmZ Hy$Q>ZrnVk n]Ò_mH©$ H$r VahEH$ g\$b Hy$Q>ZrnVk _mZm J`m&8.8.8.8.8. H$_©R> Ï`n∫$Àd- H$_©R> Ï`n∫$Àd- H$_©R> Ï`n∫$Àd- H$_©R> Ï`n∫$Àd- H$_©R> Ï`n∫$Àd- [Q>b Eg H$_©R> Ï`n∫$ W Om H$db H$_© H$m OrdZâ ‡YmZ g_PV ahß&9.9.9.9.9. AmB©µEµEg gdm H$ ‡UVm- AmB©µEµEg gdm H$ ‡UVm- AmB©µEµEg gdm H$ ‡UVm- AmB©µEµEg gdm H$ ‡UVm- AmB©µEµEg gdm H$ ‡UVm- [Q>b Z AmB©.gr.Eg gdm H$m g_m·H$a ^maVr` ‡emgnZH$ gdm ‡maß^ H$aZ H$m _hÀd[yU© H$m`© nH$`m&nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - nZÓH$f© - dmÒVd _ß [Q>b ^maV H$r amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$ ]Om∂S> neÎ[r W& d^maVr` OZ_mZg H$r AmÀ_m _ß ]gV W& h H$hZ _ß H$VB© JwaO Zht h° nH$`nX [Q>b maVr` na`mgVmß H$ ndbrZrH$aU H$m H$m`© Zht H$aV Vm maVH$^r ^r ndÌd H$r en∫$embr gßK Ï`dÒWm H$ Í$[ _ßß ÒWmn[V Zht hm[mVm& [Q>b ghr _m`Zmß _ß _Zw H$ emgZ H$r H$Î[Zm W, CZ_ß H$m°nQ>ÎÒ°gr Hy$Q>ZrnVH$ MVwamB© Wr, d _hmamOm nedmOr O°g XyaXer© W VWmn]Ò_mH©$ O°gr MVwamB© [Q>b _ßß Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a ar Wr& em`X [Q>b Hw$N> Am°anXZmß VH$ h_ma ]rM ahV Vm AmO h_ H$Ì_ra H$r g_Ò`m H$m gm_Zm ZhtH$a ah hmV& `nX [Q>b nZU©` bZ H$ nbE gd gdm© hmV Vm H$Ì_ra AmO^maV H$ nbE g_Ò`m Z hmH$a Jm°ad H$r ]mV hmVm& `nX [Q>b H$r ]mV H$m_hÀd n_bVm Vm AmO h_ MrZ H$ gmW gr_m nddmX g Zht OyP ah hmV &AmO ^r `h H$hZm g_rMrZ hmJm nH$ [Q>b Xya—ÓQ>m W & `nX h_ VmOm[na‡˙` _ßß Jm°a H$aß Vm XÌm _ßß ndKQ>ZH$mar VÀdmß H$r g_mn· H$ nbE [Q>bO°gr nhÂ_V Am°a MmVw`© MmnhE & [Q>b hr EH$ Eg ZVm W nO›hmßZ maVr`JUam¡` H$m ndÌd _mZnMÃ [a EH$ ndemb JUam¡` H$ Í$[ _ßß ÒWmn[VnH$`m& BgnbE JmßYr Or Z ÒdVßÃVm H$ [yd© H$hm Wm nH$ AmOmXr Vm h_ßn_b H$a ahJr nH$›Vw Cg gwanjV aIZm H$nR>Z hmJm& JmßYr Or H$r Bg]mV H$m [Q>b Z JmßR> ]mßYH$a H$a aI nb`m Edß EH$ ge∫$ maV H$ Í$[ _ßßndemb gßKmÀ_H$ Ï`dÒWm ndamgV H$ Í$[ _ßß h_ma nbE N>m∂S> J`ß&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Ïhrµ eßH$a, _mB© a_rZrg›g Am∞\$ gaXma [Q>b, _ßH$n_bZ Bn S>`m

nbn_Q>S>&2. ‡_ngßh, S>m∞µ gwYm ngßh, AI S> ^maV H$ nZ_m©Vm gaXma [Q>b&3. [rµEZµ Mm°[∂S>m, gaXma [Q>b, ZhÍ$, JmßYr E S> gw^mf ]mg&4 ng∫$m [m S>, [m∞nbnQ>H$b AmB©nS>`mg Am∞\$ gaXma dÑ^ mB© [Q>b,

H$Î[mO ‡H$meZ&5. ]bamO nH$ema, Bn S>`mg n]Ò_mH©$, gaXma dÑ^ ^mB© [Q>b, BßS>g

gmg© ]w∑g&6. and›– Hw$_ma, gaXma [Q>b H$ ‡_wI nZU©`, H$Î[mO [n„bH$eZ&7. ]bamO H•$ÓUm, bmh [wÍ$f gaXma dÑ^ ^mB© [Q>b&8. gmZb n_Ãm, gaXma dÑ^ ^mB© [Q>b&9. Am∞‚Q>a [mQ>r©eZ _mS>Z© Bn S>`m grarO-7, X [n„bH$eZ nS>ndOZ

JdZ©_ß›Q> Am∞\$ Bn S>`m 1948&10. Xmg XwJm©, gaXma [Q>b H$ag[m∞›S>›g, dmÎ`y_-7, ZdOrdZ

[n„bH$eZ Ah_Xm]mX&


‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]mX JUVmßoÃH$ AmXemß H$ AZwÍ$[ Bg amÓQ≠>r`ZroV H$ Í$[ _ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m h°& ^maV H$ JUVmßoÃH$ gßodYmZ _ßÒdVßÃVm, g_mZVm VWm mV•Àd H$ AmXemß H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a C›hß bmJy H$aZH$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& g^r ZmJnaH$mß H$m H$mZyZ H$ g_j g_mZVm H$mAdga VWm H$mZyZ H$m g_mZ gßajU oX`m Om`Jm, Bg _m›`Vm H$ gmWoH$- g_mZVm g_mZ Ïò∫$`mß H$ gmW g_mZ [aoÒWoV`mß _ß H$r Om gH$Vrh°, Ag_mZ Ïò∫$ H$ gmW Ag_mZ [naoÒWoV`mß _ß Zht& goX`mß g[XXobV, C[ojV VWm odo^fi oZ`m©Ω`VmAmß g [ro∂S>V ^maVr` g_mOH$r VWmH$oWV AÒ[e©`Vm A] AZwgyoMV OmoV`mß VWm AZwgyoMVOZOmoV`mß H$ Ïò∫$`mß H$m g_mZVm H$ gmW hr odef gwodYm, gßajU d‡mÀgmhZ H$ Í$[ _ß AmajU H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h°& `hm± h_ Ò[ÓQ> H$aXZm MmhV h° oH$ AmajU H$r ZroV H$r gwodYm h_ma Xe H$ odo^fi ‡H$maH$ bmJmß H$m Xr JB© h°& _ybV: gßodYmZ _ß oh›Xy Y_© H$r oZÂZ OmoV`mß H$m hrAmajU H$r gwodYm Xr JB© Wr& oOg ]mX _ß A›` Y_m©boÂ]`mß O°g-og∑Imß, ]m°’mß AmoX [a bmJy oH$`m J`m Wm& og∑I Y_© H$r AZwgyoMVOmoV`mß H$m AmajU H$r gwodYm gZ≤ 1956 _ß Xr JB© Am°a gZ≤ 1980 _ßBg gwodYm H$m odÒVma ]m°’ Y_© _ß oH$`m J`m& dV©_mZ _ß B©gmB© Y_© H$Y_m©›VnaV AZwgyoMV OmoV H$ Y_m©dboÂ]`mß ¤mam ^r Bg ‡H$ma H$rgwodYm ‡m· H$aZ H$r _mßJ H$a ah h°& BgH$ Abmdm ^yV[yd© g°oZH$mß H$memgH$r` gdmAmß _ß AmajU H$m bm^ o_bVm h°&

C[am∫$ gßX^© _ß oX h_ XIß Vm "OmoV [nadmamß m [nadmamß H$ g_yhH$m EH$ gßH$bZ h°, oOgH$m oH$ EH$ gm_m›` Zm_ h°& Om EH$ H$mÎ[oZH$[yd©O _mZd m XdVm g gm_m›` dße [aÂ[am m CÀ[oŒm H$m Xmdm H$aV h¢&EH$ hr [aÂ[amJV Ï`dgm` H$m H$aZ [a ]b XV h¢ Am°a EH$ gOmVr`g_wXm` H$ Í$[ _ß CZH$ ¤mam _m›` hmV h¢ Om A[Zm EH$ _V Ï`∫$ H$aZ H$`mΩ` h°&1 ' OmoV EH$ Egm gm_moOH$ g_yh h° oOg_ß BgH$ dht gXÒ` hmgH$V h¢ Om oH$gr gXÒ` H$ ]Q> hmß&

`yam[r` od¤mZmß Z maV H$r OmoV ‡Wm H$m ]´m˜Umß ¤mam Am`moOVEH$ MVwa amOZ°oVH$ mOZm H$m EH$ Í$[ ]Vm`m h° Am°a h H$hm h° oH$ OmoVÏ`dÒWm ]´m˜Umß H$r Mmb h°& A›` od¤mZmß Z r Bg _V H$m g_W©Z oH$`mh°, dh H$hV h° oH$ "OmoV ‡Wm B S>m Am`©Z gßÒH•$oV H$ ]´m˜Umß H$m ]Ém h°

S>m∞. AbH$m ^mJ©d *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ Xe H$r dV©_mZ amOZroV _ß AmajU H$m ‡ÌZ Hw$N> oXZmß g odamY Í$[ _ß Zdß XeH$ H$ A›V g g_Ò`m ‡YmZ ‡ÌZ H$ Í$[ _ß ‡]w’dJ© H$m VWm OZgmYmaU H$m ‡^modV H$a ahm h°& gma Xe _ß AmajU H$ [j d od[j _ß A›VhrZ oddmX H$r oÒWoV CÀ[fi hm JB© h°, oH$ CgH$mg_mYmZ H$db Ï`m[H$ gßX^m Am°a dÒVwJV —oÓQ> g hr gß^d hm gH$Vm h°& AmajU Xe H$ OZ_mZg H$ ob` gßdXZerb ‡ÌZ ]Z J`m h° oOggoH$ EH$ ‡H$ma H$r H$Qw>Vm odo^fi OmoV`mß H$ _‹` ]Z JB© h°& oOgg amÓQ≠>r` OrdZ H$r _wª` Ymam ]hwV JhamB© g ‡^modV hwB© h°&

oh›Xy OmoV Ï`dÒWm Am°a AmajU ZroVEH$ amOZ°oVH$ odõfU

* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (amOZroV odkmZ) _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$r` CÀH•$Ô> _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

Om oH$ JßJm Am°a _wZm H$ _°XmZ _ß [bm h° Am°a dhm± g Xe H$ Xygamß mJmß_ß b Om`m J`m h°&2'

^maV _ß h_ XIß Vm gm[mZ H´$_ Xm ‡H$ma H$ h¢ - EH$ dh Om [aÂ[amg Mb Am ah h¢, Xyga dh Om ‡JQ> hm ah h¢& AßJÓmß Z o[N>∂S>r OmoV`mß H$m‡mWo_H$Vm XZ H$r ZroV A[Zm`r& ÒdmVßÃmŒma ^maV _ß OmoV Ï`dÒWm _ß‡dmh Am J`m h°& Bg [nadV©Z H$ Xm°a _ß OmoV`m± oZa›Va D$[a H$r Ama ]∂T>ahr h° Am°a `hr CÉ OmoV`mß H$r oMßVm H$m dV©_mZ odf` h°&

Xygar Va\$ maVr` amOZroV H$m ÒdmVßÃmŒma ÒdÍ$[ dmQ> H$r amOZroVH$m ahm h° oOgH$ H$maU AmajU ZroV Am°a ‡Ia Í$[ _ß gm_Z Am`r h°&

oh›Xr H$ AmajU e„X H$m AmßΩb ^mfm _ß naOdeZ H$hm OmVm h°&naOdeZ e„X naOd© g ]Zm h°, oOgH$m AW© H´$_e: ]Mm H$a aIZm, AmJH$ ob` aI N>m∂S>Zm hmVm h°& `hm± [a AmajU AWm©V≤ naOdeZ g h_mamVmÀ[`© ^maV df© _ß gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZmß H$ AZwgma AZwgyoMV OmoV`mß,AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`mß Edß AmoYH$mnaH$ Í$[ g AoYgyoMV g_mO H$ A›`dJ© H$ Ïò∫$`mß H$ ob` e°joUH$, ‡emgoZH$ d A›` ^mJmß _ß oZoÌMVÒWmZ AWm©V≤ grQ>≤g gwaojV aIZm h°& VmoH$ C›hß OZVmßoÃH$ AmXemß H$mg_woMV bm^ o_b gH$ VWm CZH$m emgZ-‡emgZ d Xe H$ amOZ°oVH$OrdZ _ß _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ oX`m Om gH$&

^maV _ß AmajU ZroV H$m d°MmnaH$ AmYma [a ImOZ H$m ‡`mg H$aß,Vm `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ AmajU H$r ZroV VmÀH$mobH$ bm^mß EdßamOZroV g ‡naV Zht h°& AmajU ZroV H$m AmaÂ^ yV[yd© AßJO emgH$mß¤mam A[Z ZrohV ÒdmWm H$r [yoV© H$ ob` oH$`m J`m Wm&

^maV H$m gßodYmZ Om maV H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]mX gmd©OoZH$ OrdZH$m, amÓQ≠> H$ amOZ°oVH$ emgZ, ‡emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` AmYma ]Zm&CgH$m ^r EH$ oZoÌMV b˙` odMma Am°a Xe©Z Wm&3 AmajU H$r ZroVoOg Í$[ _ß AmO h_ma gmd©OoZH$ OrdZ H$m AßJ ]Z JB© h°, H$m AßHw$a Cgro]óQ>e ZroV H$m H$hm Om gH$Vm h°, [a `h A’©gÀ` h°& dÒVwV: AmajUH$r ZroV H$m h_ma OmoVJV gm[mZr` g_mO H$ Í$[ H$m EH$ g_Vm_ybH$g_mO _ß ]XbZ H$m [naUm_ _mZZm Mmoh`&

EH$ Eg g_mO H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm h° oOg_ß ÒdVßÃ Am°a ZmJnaH$,gm_moOH$ Am°a _mZdr` OrdZ _yÎ` H$ AZwgma OrdZ Or gH$ VmoH$


g_mO H$ C[b„Y g‰` OrdZ H$r gwodYmAmß H$m bm^ g^r H$m g_mZ Í$[g o_b gH$&4

Bg VmaVÂ` _ß Bg dJ© H$ ]hwV am¡`m o]hma, _‹`‡Xe VWm C∂S>rgm_ß OZOmoV H$Î`mU _ßÃmb` ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m h°&

Bg oXem _ß H$B© Am`mJ r JoR>V oH$ J & gZ≤ 1953 _ß Jm±YrdmXrH$mH$m H$mbbH$a Am`mJ o[N>∂S>m dJ© hVw JoR>V hwAm& Xygam o[N>∂S>m dJ©Am`mJ dr.[r. _ßS>b H$r A‹`jVm _ß 1 OZdar 1979 H$m JoR>V oH$`mJ`m, 31 oXgÂ]a 1980 H$m _ßS>b Am`mJ Z A[Zr na[mQ©> Xr& 394 [•ÓR>mßH$r `h na[mQ©> 7 AJÒV, 1990 H$m Omar H$r JB©& oOgH$m bH$a Xe H$`wdm dJ© _ß ^mar AmH´$me ahm&

Bgr Vah h_ma gßodYmZ _ß oejm H$ gmW-gmW H$›–r` ‡emgZAm°a am¡` ‡emgZ H$ A›VJ©V N>mQ>-]∂S> d _‹`_ [Xmß H$r ^Vr© H$ obÈH$ oZoÌMV ‡oVeV H$ AmajU H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m h°&

gßj[ _ß ‡W_ A‹`m` EH$ [naM`mÀ_H$ odõfU h°, Om emY H$rg_Ò`m g Ow∂S>r gÂ]’ [naH$Î[Zm H$m ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$ ob AmdÌ`H$ h°&Xyga A‹`m` _ß h_mam ‡`mg ^maVr` amOrZoV H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m aImßoH$VH$aZ H$m ahm h°& Bg A‹`m` _ß h_Z ÒdVßÃVm[yd© Am°a ÒdmVßÃmŒma maVràmOZroV H$ [na[˙` H$m dÒVw[aH$ —oÓQ>H$mU g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°&

V•Vr` d MVwW© A‹`m` AmajU ZroV gÂ]’ H$h Om gH$V h¢& Ohm±V•Vr` A‹`m` AmajU H$r ZroV H$r AdYmaUm H$m odÒV•V JhZ —oÓQ> gd°MmnaH$ AmYmamß H$m oddMZ H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°& dht MVwW© A‹`mÀmajU ZroV H$ Ï`mdhmnaH$ [j H$m oddoMV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°&

emY ‡]ßY H$m [mßMdm A‹`m` AmajU H$ Í$I H$m g_gm_o`H$amOZroV H$ gßX^m _ß r A‹``Z H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°& oOgg H$r hgwoZoÌMV oH$`m Om gH$ oH$ ^maV H$ [nadoV©V gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ damOZ°oVH$ [na–Ï`mß Z AmajU H$r ZroV H$m oH$g Í$[ _ß ‡^modV oH$`mh°? `h A‹`m` `h ^r C”moQ>V H$aVm h° oH$ ^maV H$ amOZ°oVH$ ojoVO[a goH´$` XojU [ßWr Am°a dm_ [ßWr eo∫$`m± Bg g_Ò`m H$ odf` _ß oH$g‡H$ma gmMVr h¢? BgH$ Abmdm ^maV H$r oZdm©MZ ‡oH´$`m Am°a AmajUH$ [maÒ[naH$ A›V: oH´$`m Am°a Cgg CÀ[fi [naUm_mß H$m ^r doU©V H$aZH$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - AmajU EH$ VmÀH$mobH$ C[m` H$ Í$[ _ß _m›` oH$`m OmZm Wm&Bgr ]mV H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIH$a BgH$r AdoY H$db 10 df© aIr Wr& [a›VwdV©_mZ _ß `h ZroV EH$ A›VhrZ AoZdm`© ‡Umbr H$ Í$[ _ß XIr OmgH$Vr h° oOgg _wo∫$ em`X hr o_b gH$& òX H$mB© ZroV, og’m›V,Xe©Z, odMma EH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ oXem _ß b OmVr h° Vm dh g_mO H$ ob`Ï`m[H$ —oÓQ> g ew^ hm gH$Vr h°& Cg h_ ‡eßgZr` Am°a d›XZr` H$hgH$V h°, [a›Vw O] ZroV, odMma `m Xe©Z ZrohV ÒdmWm H$m _yV©Í$[ XZbJ Vm dh oZoÌMV Í$[ g AmbmMZm H$m [mÃ hr H$hm Om`Jm& h_mar —oÓQ>_ß ^maVr` gßX^m _ß AmajU ZroV H$m `hr hl hwAm h°&

oh›Xy g_mO H$r OmoV gßaMZm h_ß odamgV _ß o_br h° Om bmH$VmßoÃH$_yÎ`mß H$ od[arV h°& OmoVJV gßaMZm H$m _yb MnaÃ gm_ßVr h° Om g_mO H$mCÉ dJr©` Am°a oZÂZ dJr©` ^mJmß _ß od^moOV H$aVm h°& _ybV: oh›Xyg_mO H$r OmVr` gßaMZm H$m gm[mZr` ÒdÍ$[ A[Z ‡maoÂ^H$ H$mb _ßH$m`© H$ AmYma [a ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m Wm& oH$›Vw eZ°:eZ° H$m`© H$ AmYma

[a oZo_©V Ï`dÒWm O›_ H$ AmYma [a hm J`r& Bgr Vah AmajU ZroVH$m `h [na mm_ h° oH$ AmO h_ g_mO H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ odf` _ß EH$EH$rH•$V —oÓQ>H$mU g odMma Zht H$aV daZ≤ g_mO H$m Qw>H$∂S>mß-Qw>H$∂S>mß _ß]ßQ>m hwAm XIZ H$r H$moee H$aV h¢& ‡YmZ_ßÃr dr.[r. ogßh Z gm_moOH$›`m` H$ Zm_ [a _ßS>b Am`mJ H$r AZweßgmAmß H$m bmJy H$aH$ A›` o[N>∂S>rOmoV`mß H$m AmajU H$m bm^ XZ H$r ZroV ]ZmH$a amOZ°oVH$ JoVodoY`mßH$m EH$ Z`m Am`m_ oX`m h°&

^maV H$r OmoV Ï`dÒWm gm[mZr` OmoV`mß Ï`dÒWm h°& Cg_ß EH$gm[mZ o[N>∂S> J`m Am°a Om ImB© ]Z J`r h¢& goX`mß g Cg ImB© H$m XyaH$aZ H$r H$∂S>r _ß Am`mJ Am [a›Vw Bgg maV H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _ßOm Xamaß Am`r h° VWm _ßS>b Am`mJ H$r gßÒVwoV`mß H$ AmZ [a g_mO H$rÏ`dÒWm _ß Om AmH´$me gm_Z Am`m, dh maV H$r Bg gm[mZr` Ï`dÒWmH$m PH$PmaZ dmbm Wm&

`h ^r gd©odoXV h° oH$ AmO oOg –xVJoV g OmoV AmYmnaV N>mQ>rAm°a ]∂S>r gßÒWmAmß H$m oOVZm AoYH$ odÒVma hm ahm h°, dh h_mar g_yMrÏ`dÒWm [a ‡ÌZoM›h bJmZ H$ ob` [`m©· h°& [mßMd XeH$ _ß `h gmMBVZm AoYH$ Ï`m[H$ Am°a Jham Zht Wm oOVZm h_ AmO Zdß XeH$ _ß XIah h¢&

h_mar —oÓQ> _ß AmajU H$r ZroV H$ ‡ÌZ [a EH$ Iwbr ]hg H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm h° Am°a JhamB© g odMma oH$`m Om` Am°a EH$ gd©_m›` VWmgd©gÂ_V EH$ odH$Î[ gwoZoÌMV oH$`m Om` VmoH$ g_mO _ß [maÒ[naH$¤f d H$Qw>Vm H$ ÒWmZ [a gm_moOH$ _yÎ`mß H$m g_m`mOZ oH$`m Om gH$Am°a bmH$ H$Î`mUH$mar g_mO H$ odMma H$m _yV©Í$[ X gH$&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ga ha]Q©> naOb - Xm [r[wb Am∞\$ Bo S>`m, b›XZ 1915, [•ÓR> 5.2. Or.Eg. Ywna` - H$mÒQ> ∑bmg E S> Am∑`w[ßeZ [m[wba ]wH$ oS>[mß,

]mÂ] 1961, [•ÓR> 172.3. ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ‡ÒVmdZm4. O` ‡H$me ZmamÙ- gmeob¡_, gdmX` E S> S>_mH´$gr, [•ÓR> 67.[oÃH$mE ß -[oÃH$mE ß -[oÃH$mE ß -[oÃH$mE ß -[oÃH$mE ß -1. AßÀÒm df© 5, gß`x∫$mßH$ 1991-92, AZwgyoMV OmoV odH$mg H$r

Ã°_mogH$ [oÃH$m&2. BßoS>`m Qw>S>, [mojH$, 30 ogVÂ]a 1990.3. gm·mohH$ oh›XwÒVmZ, 30 ogVÂ]a 1990.4. gm·mohH$ oh›XwÒVmZ, 15 A∑Qy>]a 1990.gd Edß na[mQ© > -gd Edß na[mQ© > -gd Edß na[mQ© > -gd Edß na[mQ© > -gd Edß na[mQ© > -1. Eoe`Z gd gß.-7 OwbmB© 1967.2. _ßS>b Am`mJ na[mQ©> 1990.3. _°gya OZJUZm g›gO na[mQ©>4. `y.[r. OZJUZm 1901g_mMma-[Ã -g_mMma-[Ã -g_mMma-[Ã -g_mMma-[Ã -g_mMma-[Ã -1. BßoS>`Z E∑g‡g, oXÑr EoS>eZ, 3 ogVÂ]a 1990, X°oZH$2. BßoS>`Z E∑g‡g, [Q>Zm EoS>eZ, 31 OZdar 1991, X°oZH$3. Zd^maV Q>mBÂg, ZB© oXÑr 10 ogVÂ]a 1990, X°oZH$4. oh›XwÒVmZ Q>mBÂg, 8 ogVÂ]a 1990, X°oZH$

*************


AßOZm goR>`m *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^maV Am°a gß`w∫$ am¡` A_naH$m H$ gÂ]›Ymß H$m BoVhmgA›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV H$m Egm XwIX ‡gßJ h° oOg oH$gr [aÂ[amJV _whmda_ß Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm H$oR>Z h°& maV A_naH$m gÂ]›Y C]∂S> Im]∂S> amÒV [aMb Am°a XmZmß H$ gÂ]ßYm H$m _hÀd[yU© Xm°a erV `w’ H$ Xm°amZ ahm, O]^maV Agbßæ Am›XmbZ g Ow∂S>m Wm dh A_naH$m H$m o[N>bΩJy Zht ]Zm,oOgg A_naH$m maV H$ oIbm\$ ahVm Wm& Xygam gmod`V gßK H$ odKQ>ZH$ ]mX Am`m& gmod`V gßK H$ odKQ>Z H$ gmW hr ^maV H$ ‡oV A_naH$mH$m Z∂Ona`m ]Xbm&

df© 2000 _ß VÀH$mbrZ ^maVr` ‡YmZ_ßÃr AQ>bo]hmar dmO[B© Z^maV Am°a A_naH$m H$m "Òdm^modH$ gh^mJr' ]Vm`m Wm A_naH$m H$m ZVm H$mB© ÒWmB© eÃw h° Am°a Z ÒWmB© o_Ã dh og\©$ A[Zr OÍ$aVmß H$ ohgm]g A›` Xemß g gÂ]›Y ]ZmVm h° H$^r Za›– _mXr H$m drOm Z XZ dmbmA_naH$m _mXr H$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ]ZZ H$ ]mX g bJmVma maV H$ gmW A[ZgÂ]›Y gwYmaZ H$r H$moee _ß h°& EH$ g_` Wm O] A_naH$r _ßÃr H$B©-H$B©dfm _ß maV Xm°a [a AmV W Am°a A] g_` ]Xb MwH$m h° Bg g_` EH$ H$]mX EH$ _ßÃr ^maV Xm°a [a Am ah h°& [hb OmZ H$ar Am°a A] MH$ hJb&^maV A_naH$m gÂ]›Ymß H$r H$∂S>dmhQ> IÀ_ hmVr ZOa Am ahr h°&^maV-A_naH$m _V^X oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m _V^X oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m _V^X oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m _V^X oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m _V^X oZÂZ _w‘ -1. ^maV ¤mam AgbßæVm H$r ZroV A[ZmZm& A_naH$m H$m ZmJdma

JwOam&2. H$Ì_ra oddmX _ß gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK _ß A_naH$m Z ^maV H$ odÍ$’

[moH$ÒVmZ H$ [j H$m g_W©Z oH$`m&3. 1949 _ß MrZ _ß gmÂ`dmXr H´$mßoV H$m ^maV ¤mam _m›`Vm& MrZ H$r

gmÂ`dmXr H´$mßoV A_naH$m H$r ]hwV ]∂S>r Hy$Q>ZroVH$ hma Wr&4. ^maV-[mH$ gÂ]›Ym _ß A_naH$r —oÓQ>H$mU [moH$ÒVmZ H$ [j _ß&5. oV„]V H$ ‡ÌZ H$m bH$a r A_naH$m Z maV H$m gmÂ`dmX H$ ‡oV

g_[©U _mZm&6. ^maV aßJ^X ZroV H$m gd©Xm odamYr ahm, O]oH$ A_naH$m Z aßJ^X

ZroV H$m g_W©Z oH$`m&7. df© 2011 _ß ^maV H$r dmof©H$ odH$mg H$r a‚Vma H$_ hmZ bJr Wr

Eg _ß A_arH$r oZde _ß H$^r r Am°a ]mX _ß maV _ß H$mB© Img Í$oMZht ah JB©&

8. o]´∑g Xem _ß ^maV H$r Í$oM ]∂T>Zm, Om oH$ A_naH$m H$m [g›X Zhth°& o]´∑g gßJR>Z H$r _O]yVr g Í$g, MrZ Am°a maV H$m\$r VmH$Vdmahm OmEßJ& Egm hm r ahm h°& Bgg A_naH$m H$m ‡^md H$_ hm ahm h°&

9. B©amZ H$ A_naH$m ¤mam [a_mUw ‡oV]›Y H$m bH$a ^maV XmZmß H$gmW I∂S>m Z∂Oa Am`m h AoZoÌMVVm A_naH$m H$m [gßX Zht AmB©&

10. grna`m Am°a BOam`b H$ _m_bmß _ß ^r ^maV H$m Í$I A_naH$m H$m[g›X Zht Am`m&

dV©_mZ [oa[ ` _|$ ^maV A_oaH$m gÂ]›Y - EH$ A‹``Z

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ ) emgH$r` gßÒH•$V _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ^maV

11. ^maV A_naH$m Iam] gÂ]›Ymß H$r EH$ ]∂S>r d∂Oh ^maV H$m [a_mUwXwK©Q>Zm CŒmaXmo`Àd H$mZyZ ^r h°& A_naH$m H$m "ES> `yO _mßoZQ>naßJEJ´r_ßQ>' ^maV H$m IQ>H$ ahm h°&

12. A_naH$m [moH$ÒVmZ H$ _w‘ [a h_em ^maV H$m odamYr ahm h°&^maV-A_naH$m H$ gwYaV naÌV oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m H$ gwYaV naÌV oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m H$ gwYaV naÌV oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m H$ gwYaV naÌV oZÂZ _w‘ -^maV-A_naH$m H$ gwYaV naÌV oZÂZ _w‘ -1. 2006 _ß A_naH$m-^maV H$ ]rM hwE [a_mUw g_Pm°V H$ ]mX A_naH$m

Z ^maV H$m [a_mUw eo∫$ _mZ ob`m&2. Eoe`m _ß eo∫$ gßVwbZ H$r —oÓQ> g r A_naH$m, maV H$m _hÀd[yU©

_mZVm h°& XmZmß hr Xe ‡OmVmo›ÃH$ h°&3. A_naH$m ^maV H$ dV©_mZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr Za›– _mXr g H$m\$r ‡^modV

h°, CZH$r Í$oM, H$m[maQ>, g∑Q>a H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ _ß h°& oX Xe _ß EgmhmVm h° Vm CgH$m g]g AoYH$ \$m`Xm A_naH$m H$m o_b gH$Vm h°&

4. A_naH$m H$r oZJmh ^maV H$ ]mOma [a h°& oS>\$›g Am°a ajm jÃ _ßE\$S>rAmB© ]∂T>Z g A_naH$m H$ obE Z`m amÒVm Iwb J`m h°& _mXr ZgZm H$ AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m gßH$V oX`m h° Bgg A_naH$m H$m H$m\$r\$m`Xm hm gH$Vm h°&

5. A_naH$m maV H$r _XX g hr MrZ H$m Q>∏$a X gH$Vm h°& dh Í$g H$m^r Q>∏$a XZm MmhVm h°& Bg _m_b _ß ^r CgH$m ^maV H$m gmW ]hXOÍ$ar h°&‡YmZ_ßÃr Za›– _mXr H$r [hbr A_naH$m `mÃm AgmYmaU ahr

oOgH$m A_naH$m gmbâ [hb VH$ drOm XZ H$m V° ma Zht Wm, Cgr _mXrH$r AJdmZr _ß A_naH$r amÓQ≠>[oV Z [bH$-[mdS>, o]N>m oXE& Am]m_m‡emgZ _mXr Or H$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ]ZZ H$ [hb hr A[Z gmßgXm Am°a amOXyVH$m Ah_Xm]mX H$r VrW©`mÃm [a oÔdm oX`m Am°a MwZmd [naUm_ H$[hb hr _mXrOr H$m oZ_›ÃU Ô oX`m& XmZmß amÓQ≠> o_bH$a H$m_ H$a VmodÌd amOZroV H$r oXem hr ]Xb gH$V h° _mXrOr Z Am]m_m Am°a A_naH$mH$r gamhZm _ß H$m\$r CXmaVm H$m [naM` oX`m h° Am°a d MmhV h° oH$ amÓQ≠>r`,A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _m_bmß _ß XmZmß Xe H$X_ g H$X_ o_bH$a Mb& A^r VmA_naH$m r hr MmhVm h° ∑`mßoH$ Eoe`mB© eo∫$ g_rH$aU _ß A_naH$m H$m^maV g o_ÃVm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV _ß oH$gr r XeH$m ÒWm`r o_Ã `m ›`m`r eÃw Zht hmVm ÒWm`r hmVm h° amÓQ≠>r` ohV& XmZmßH$ hr amÓQ≠>r` ohV EH$ Xyga H$m gh`mJ H$aZ _ß h°& ^maVr` VH$ZrH$rodefkm H$ o]Zm A_naH$m ]hmb hm gH$Vm h°& A_naH$m ^maV g A¿N>gÂ]›Y ]ZmH$a H$_moS>Q>r, D$Om© Am°a hoœm`mamß _ß \$m`Xm b gH$Vm h°&^maV _ß D$Om© Am°a hoW`mamß H$ jÃ _ß ]hwV gÂ^mdZmE± h°& BgobE dh^maV g ]hVa gÂ]›Y ]ZmZ [a Oma X ahm h°& ^maV ^r A_naH$m g ajmAmVßH$dmX-odamYr Am°a VH$ZrH$ AoYJ´hU O°g _w‘mß [a \$m`Xm b gH$Vmh°& h_ß ^r A_naH$r odXe Am°a VH$ZrH$ H$r ]hX OÍ$aV h°& A_naH$m O°geo∫$embr amÓQ≠> H$ gmW A¿N>r XmÒVr h_ß Om[mZ, XojU H$mna`m Am°a


`yam[ O°g A›` Xemß H$ gmW ^r A¿N> gÂ]›Y ]ZmZ H$m _m°H$m X gH$Vrh°& A_naH$m H$r _XX g Am°a r H$B© jÃmß _ß gwYma H$r gÂ^mdZm h°, dV©_mZ_ß maV-A_naH$m H$ oZH$Q> gÂ]›Y ]Z hwE h°& XmZmß Xe [maÒ[mnaH$ ohVmßH$ odf` [a oZò_V gßdmX H$a ah h°& JUVßÃ oXdg 2015 H$ _wªÀoVoW H$ Í$[ _ß A_naH$m H$ amÓQ≠>[oV ]am_ Am]m_m H$m AmZm XmZmß XemßH$ gÂ]›Ymß H$m Am°a ]hVa ]ZmZ H$r oXem _ß _hÀd[yU© H$X_ hmJm&

2011 _ß H$mßJóg`b nagM© god©g H$r EH$ na[mQ©> _ß H$hm J`m h° oH$AmZ dmb XeH$mß _ß [yar XwoZ`m _ß ^maV Am°a A_naH$m H$ naÌV g]g_hÀd[yU© hmßJ&

g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-g›X^© J´›W gyMr ï-

1. S>m∞. ]r.Eb.\$oS>`m- ^maV Am°a A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ]›Y&2. ‡^wXŒm e_m© - A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV&3. ahrg ogßh - odXer _m_bmß H$ OmZH$ma- S>r.]r. ÒQ>ma 8 AJÒV

2014&4. dX‡Vm[ d°oXH$ -^maVr` odXeZroV [nafX H$ A‹`j AmoQ©>H$b

X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a 27 ogVÂ]a 2014&5. B›Q>aZQ> g ‡m· OmZH$mar H$ AZwgma&

*************


^maVr` gßodYmZ Edß _mZd AoYH$ma

‡m. drUm ]aS> *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ "AoYH$ma dh _mßJ h°, oOg g_mO ÒdrH$ma H$aVm h¢ Am°aam¡` bmJy H$aVm h¢&'- ]mgmßH$

>AmZßX[yd©H$ OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ H$ obE Hw$N> AoYH$mam ß H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h¢& Bgr [na[˙` _ß ‡H•$oV H$ ¤mam _ZwÓ` odo^fi ‡H$maH$r eo∫$`mß ‡XmZ H$r J`r h¢, BZ eo∫$`mß H$m A[Z Am°a g_mO H$ ohV _ßÍ$[ g ‡`mJ H$aZ H$ obE Hw$N> ]mhar gwodYmAmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h¢&am¡` H$m gdmÉ b˙` Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m [yU© odH$mg h¢& _mZd ‡H•$oVH$r AZ_mb Yamha h¢& Cg [a oH$`m OmZ dmbm ha AÀ`mMma A›`m` _mZdOmoV H$m ZrM oJamVm h¢&

o¤Vr` `w¤ _ß _mZd AoYH$mamß H$m Om X_Z hwAm Wm, VWm ZmOrAmVVmB©`mß H$ AÀ`mMmamß H$m —Ì` gm_Z Am`m Wm, CgZ odÌd H$r _mZdAmÀ_m H$m PH$Pma oX`m Wm& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$r gßJR>Z _hmg^m Z 1948 _ß_mZd AoYH$mamß H$r odÌdOZrV KmfUm H$ A›VJ©V ZmJnaH$ Am°aamOZroVH$ ÒdVßÃVmAmß H$m g_mde oH$`m&

MmQ©>a H$r ‡ÒVmdZm Am¢a CgH$ gmV AZw¿N>Xmß _ß _mZd AoYH$mamß H$mCÑI oH$`m J`m h¢& 18 \$adar 1946 H$m _mZd AoYH$ma Am`mJ H$rÒWm[Zm H$r& ‡oVdf© 10 oXgÂ]a H$m _mZdmoYH$ma oXdg _Zm`m OmVm h¢&

^maVr` gßodYmZ H$ AZw¿N>X 15 _ß H$hmß J`m h¢ oH$ am¡` oH$grZmJnaH$ H$ odÍ$¤ H$db Y_©, dße, OmoV, obßJ, O›_, ÒWmZ AWdm BZ_ßg oH$gr ^r AmYma [a ^X^md Zht H$aßJm&

_mZd AoYH$ma "[X' H$m ‡`mJ gd©‡W_ A_naH$Z amÓQ≠>[oV Í$OdÎQ>Z OZdar 1941 _ß H$mßJ´g H$m gß]moYV gßXe _ß oH$`m Wm, oOg_ß Mma_yb^yV ÒdVßÃVmAmß [a KmfUm H$r oOg_ß dmH$≤ ÒdVßÃVm, Y_©, Jar]r g_wo∫$ Edß ^` g ÒdmßVßÃ`&

gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> Z df© 1968 H$m A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _mZd AoYH$ma oXdg H$Í$[ _ß _ZmZ H$m oZU©` ob`m& _mZd AoYH$ma H$r O∂S> odo^fi gßÒH•$oV`mßH$r O∂S>m g oZH$br h¢, gß[yU© _mZdVm H$m A[Z Xmà _ß g_Q>Vm h¢, VWmAoYH$mam H$m gßajU H$aVm h¢& _mZdmoYH$ma gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1993H$ AZwgma _mZdmoYH$mamß H$ gßajU H$ obE ‡`mg -1. amÓQ≠>r` _mZdmoYH$ma Am`mJ& 2. am¡` _mZdmoYH$ma Am`mJ&3. _mZdmoYH$ma ›`m`mb`&

gaH$ma H$r _m›`Vm h¢ oH$ amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$m gw—∂T> AmYma V] hr‡XmZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢ O] g_ÒV ZmJnaH$m _ß ^mfm, OmoV, Y_©, obßJEdß joÃ`Vm H$r gßH$rU©Vm g_m· hm Om`Jr Bgr C‘Ì` H$r ‡mo· H$ obEgd©‡W_ _‹`‡Xe am¡` 06 OZdar 1992 H$m (Xe H$m [hbm am¡`)_mZd AoYH$ma Am`mJ JoR>V H$aZ H$m gßH$Î[ ob`m J`m&

1993 _ß gaH$ma ¤mam _mZd AoYH$ma gßajU AoYoZ`_ ]Zm`m&13 ogVÂ]a 1995 H$m _.‡. _ß _mZd AoYH$ma Am`mJ H$m JR>Z oH$`m

J`m, oOgH$m _wª`mb` ^m[mb _ß aIm J`m&_mZd AoYH$ma ]hwV AmdÌ`H$ h¢, _mZd H$r Jna_m ]∂T>mH$a g_mO

_ß gm°hmX© H$m dmVmdaU oZo_©V H$aV h¢, gmW hr CfioV Edß odH$mg H$m _mJ©^r ‡eÒV H$aV h¢& dV©_mZ _ß ‡À`H$ ZmJnaH$ A[Z AoYH$mamß H$ ‡oVOmJÍ$H$ hmV Om ah h¢& odÌd _ß bmH$VmßoÃH$ gaH$mam H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ obEAmßXmbZ Mb ah h¢&

AmYwoZH$ [nade _ß _mZd AoYH$mamß H$ AoVH´$_U Edß ohßgmÀ_H$KQ>ZmAmß _ß d•o¤ hm ahr h¢& odÌd H$ AmY bmJ oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡H$ma gAoYH$mam g dßoMV h¢& _ohbmAmß H$ odÍ$¤ A›`m`, AÀ`mMma, ]bmÀH$ma,ohßgm H$r JoVodoY`mß VOr g ]∂T> ahr h¢, Jar], bmMma, _OXya, H$_OmaH$m CZH$m hH$ Zht o_bVm VWm XobV AmO ^r gdUm g H$Q>m hwAm h¢ VmOZOmoV` dJ© amOJma H$ obE eham H$ M∏$a bJmH$a g∂S>H$ oH$Zma A[ZN>mQ>-N>mQ> ]Émß H$m bH$a X`Zr` oÒWoV _ß OrZ H$m _O]ya h¢& AmOg_mO H$m AmYm ohÒgm (_ohbmEß) ohßgm ]bmÀH$ma H$r oeH$ma hm ahr h¢,_m± H$ H$mI _ß [b ahr ]mobH$m (^yÚ) H$m dY hm ahm h¢ß& emXr H$ `mΩ`]mobH$m ggwamb _ß AmÀ_hÀ`m H$ obE _O]ya hm ahr h¢& ggwamb dmboO›Xm ObmZ H$m AmVya h¢& d•¤ H$m [nadma _ß gÂ_mZ Zht o_b ahmh¢,d•¤OZ [nadma _ß ]mP ]ZH$a ah J` h¢ C›h _ßoXam, d•¤ml_, VrW©`mÃr`m [naH´$_mdmgr ]ZH$a [odÃ ZßoX`mß H$ oH$Zma o^jm _mßJH$a OrdZ`m[Z H$aZm [∂S> ahm h¢& AmO Mmh ]mobH$m hm m wdm _ohbm hm CZH$ gmW]bmÀH$ma O°gr KQ>ZmEß hm ahr h¢, _ohbmAmß H$ gmW ]g _ß, dZ _ß ]bmÀH$maO°gr KQ>ZmEß KQ> ahr h¢, boH$Z h_mar gaH$ma Am°a h_ma g_mO _m°Z h¢, ∑`mßh_ BZH$ _mZd AoYH$mam H$r Ama ‹`mZ Zht XV h¢ &

_mZd AoYH$ma H$r g\$bVm V^r gß^d h°, O] Ïò∫$ _ß, g_mO _ßg_agVm H$m ^md goÂ_obV hm, Xe g ^´ÓQ>mMma g_m· hm, Jar]r H$mImÀ_m hm, ha hmW H$m amOJma o_b& V^r _mZd AoYH$ma (H$mZyZ) g\$bVmH$r gr∂T>r V` H$a gH$Jm& H$mZyZ ]Zm XZ _mÃ g h_mam Xmo`Àd g_m· Zhthm OmVm& BgH$ obE —oÓQ> _ß [nadV©Z H$aZm hmJm, BgobE H$hm OmVm h¢oH$ —oÓQ> g hr g•oÓQ> ]XbJr&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. _mZdmoYH$ma Am°a _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z-gwYmamZr lrdmÒVd,2. _mZdmoYH$ma og’mßV Edß Ï`dhma-S>m∞.odZmX ZmamÙXmg ]°amJr

[•ÓR> gßª`m 35 g 40 Edß 120 g 127 VH$3. _ohbmEß Edß _mZdmoYH$ma-lr_Vr [yOm e_m© (gmJa [o„beg©,

O`[wa)4. _ohbmAmß H$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma-a_m e_m©, E_.H$. o_lm (AOw©Z

[o„bogßJ hmD$g ZB© oXÑr)5. amOZroVH$ og¤mßV-S>m∞. [wIamO O°Z (gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH$eZ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObmñYma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡À`m^yV AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 3 _ß _mZdmoYH$mam ß^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡À`m^yV AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 3 _ß _mZdmoYH$mam ß^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡À`m^yV AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 3 _ß _mZdmoYH$mam ß^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡À`m^yV AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 3 _ß _mZdmoYH$mam ß^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡À`m^yV AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$ ^mJ 3 _ß _mZdmoYH$mam ßg_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma ÒdVßÃVm H$m AoYH$ma emfU H$ odÍ$’ A[amYm H$ obE ‡mU Am°a X°ohH$ AZw¿N>X 14 g 18 AZw¿N>X 19 AoYH$ma AZw.23, 24 Xmfog¤ H$ odÍ$¤ ÒdVßÃVm H$m

AoYH$ma AZw. 20 AoYH$ma AZw¿N>X 22


ES>≤g H$ ‡nV OZOmJÍ$H$Vm H$m g_mO H$m © gß]ßYr A‹``Z(B›Xm°a ZJa H$ ndef gXß © _ß)

S>m∞. AßoV_ Hw$_ma H$bdma *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ‡ÒVwV emY[Ã _ß dV©_mZ g_` H$r g]g Jß^ra gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`m H$ Í$[ _ C^a ahr ES>≤g H$ ‡nV OZOmJÍ$H$Vm H$m g_mOemÛr`—nÓQ>H$mU g emY A‹``Z H$m`© gÂ[fi nH$`m J`m h°& BgH$ nb` B›Xm°a ZJa H$ ndn^fi emgH$r` _hmnd⁄mb`mß _ß A‹``ZaV≤ `wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß H$mM`Z X°d nZX©eZ ndnY g nH$`m J`m h°& ES>≤g hmZ H$ H$maU, ‡^md, nZdmaU C[m`mß H$ ndf` _ß H´$_]” OmZH$mna`m∞ gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr H$ _m‹`_g ‡m· H$r JB© h°& emgZ ¤mam nH$ Om ah ndn^fi ‡`mgmß g wdm nd⁄mWr© Hw$N> kmZ Edß C[bn„Y`m∞ r hmngb H$a ah h° m Zht& B›hr ndef n]›XwAmßH$m ‹`mZ _ß aIH$a h emY H$m`© [yU© nH$`m J`m h°& AZH$mZH$ H$nR>ZmB©`mß H$m gm_Zm H$aV hw`, wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß ¤mam Bg ndf` [a ]mV Z H$aZ H$rgßHw$nMV _mZngH$Vm H$ gmW hr Mm°H$mZ dmb nZÓH$f© ‡m· hw` h° Om ES>≤g H$ ‡nV Mbm` Om ah OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m`©H´$_mß [a ‡ÌZnM›h bJmV h°&

“S>aZm Zht gß^bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm&S>aZm Zht gß^bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm&S>aZm Zht gß^bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm&S>aZm Zht gß^bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm&S>aZm Zht gß^bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm& ”(ZmH$m -ZeZb ES>≤g H$›Q≠>m b AmJZmBOeZ)(ZmH$m -ZeZb ES>≤g H$›Q≠>m b AmJZmBOeZ)(ZmH$m -ZeZb ES>≤g H$›Q≠>m b AmJZmBOeZ)(ZmH$m -ZeZb ES>≤g H$›Q≠>m b AmJZmBOeZ)(ZmH$m -ZeZb ES>≤g H$›Q≠>m b AmJZmBOeZ)

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _mZd A[Zr g‰`Vm- gßÒH•$nV H$ ndH$mg H$m Òd`ß H$r[`m© h°& _mZdr` g‰`Vm H$ BnVhmg _ß _mZd Z H$B© Vah H$r ÃmgnX`mß H$mghm h°& _gbZ- yHß$[, w”, _hm_mar, ¡dmbm_wIr H$m \$Q>Zm, gyIm , ]m∂T>,gwZm_r AmnX& dV©_mZ _ß _mZd BZ ÃmgnX`mß [a Vm Hw$N> hX VH$ nZ`ßÃU[m MwH$m h° [aßVw _ZwÓ` Z H$^r r ES>≤g O°gr ahÒ`_` ]r_mar H$r H$Î[Zm^r Zht H$r Wr, nOgg dV©_mZ _ß _ZwÓ` A[Zm AnÒVÀd ]MmZ H$ nbE hr‡`mgaV h°& ES>≤g Z _ZwÓ` H$r AJbr [r∂T>r H$ CX` [a ‡ÌZnM›h bJmnX`m h°& dV©_mZ [nanÒWnV`mß H$ AZwgma ES>≤g [a H$m]y Zht [m`m J`m Vm`h _hm_mar YaVr g _mZd OmnV H$m AnÒVÀd h_em h_em H$ nbE IÀ_H$a XJr& ES>≤g AWm©V Eπ$m`S©> BÂ`yZmß nS>n\$ne`ßgr ng S≠>m_ AWm©V amJ‡nVamY eo∑V _ß H$_r H$ H$maU CÀ[fi hw` amJm H$m g_yh & AmO Ohm∞ h_ndH$mg H$r ‡À`H$ gr_m [ma H$a ah h° & nejm H$m ]∂T>Vm CÉ ÒVa, `m°ZÒdß¿N>XVm, brd BZ nabeZer[, g_b°nßJßH$ nddmh, `wdmAmß _ß g°∑g H$mbH$a ]∂T>Vm AmH©$fU, ES>≤g H$ ndH$mg _ _hÀd[yU© ^yn_H$m nZ^m ah h°&AmO ¡`mXmVa wdmAmß _ß nddmh H$ [yd© g°∑g gß]ßY ÒWmn[V H$aZm gm_m›`]mV hm JB© h°& Xh Ï`m[ma ]∂S>r gabVm Edß ghOVm g \°$b ahm h°& `hrÒWmZ ES>≤g H$ ndH$mg H$ ‡_wI H$›– n]›Xw _mZ J` h°& ES>≤g ndH$mgerbXemß ^maV, A\´$rH$m, ]mßΩbmXe,WmB©bßS>, B S>mnZne`m AmnX _| VOr g\°$b ahm h°& `hm∞ H$m Jar], AnenjV, _OXya dJ© A^r VH$ ES>≤g O°grIVaZmH$ ]r_ma g [yU©Í$[U [nanMV Zht h°& Bgr H$maU g wdm dJ© ES>≤gH$r M[Q> _ß ]∂S>r VOr g Am ahm h°& AmO g_mO H$m CÀ[mXH$ Am`w dJ©(21-45 df©) H$ bmJ ES>≤g g AnYH$ gßH´$n_V hm ah h°& ES>≤g hmZ H$H$maU , ‡^md Edß nZdmaU C[m`mß H$m ndÒV•V A‹``Z B›ht g^r Vœ`mßH$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE B›Xm°a ZJa H$ emgH$r` _hmnd⁄mb`mß _ A‹``ZaV≤nd⁄mnW©`mß H$r ES>≤g H$ ‡nV OZOmJÍ$H$Vm H$m g_mOemÛr` —nÓQ>H$mUg Ï`mdhmnaH$ emY A‹``Z H$m`© gÂ[›Z nH$`m J`m h°&emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -emY A‹``Z H$ C‘Ì` -1µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ nd⁄mnW© mß H$r ES>≤g gß]ßYr OmZH$mna`mß H$m A‹``Z

H$aZm&

* AnVnW nd¤mZ (g_mOH$m`©) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm, dmnU¡` Edß ndnY _hmnd⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

2µ ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`mß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm3µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ aS> na]Z ∑b] H$m JR>Z hVw OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZm&4µ g_Ò`m H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd ‡ÒVwV H$aZm&A‹``Z jÃ-A‹``Z jÃ-A‹``Z jÃ-A‹``Z jÃ-A‹``Z jÃ- Bg A‹``Z hVw _.‡. H$ B›Xm°a ZJa H$ Mma emgH$r`_hmnd⁄mb`mß H$m M`Z C‘Ì` [yU© nZXe©Z ndnY g nH$`m J`m h°&A‹``Z H$r BH$mB©- A‹``Z H$r BH$mB©- A‹``Z H$r BH$mB©- A‹``Z H$r BH$mB©- A‹``Z H$r BH$mB©- A‹``Z H$m g_J M`nZV 4 emgH$r` _hmnd⁄mb`_ß [∂T>Z dmb g_ÒV nd⁄mWr© A‹``Z H$m g_J´ h° & M`nZV Mma emgH$r`_hmnd⁄mb`mß _ß [∂T>Z dmb Hw$b nd⁄mnW© mß _ß g 60 ‡nVeV nd⁄mnW© mß H$mM`Z A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© H$ Í$[ _ß nH$`m J`m h°&emY nZXe©Z ‡nH$`m- emY nZXe©Z ‡nH$`m- emY nZXe©Z ‡nH$`m- emY nZXe©Z ‡nH$`m- emY nZXe©Z ‡nH$`m- emY A‹``Z H$›– hVw B›Xm°a ZJa H$ MmaemgH$r` _hmnd⁄mb`mß H$m M`Z nH$`m J`m h°& CXXÌ`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIVhwE _hmnd⁄mb`mß _ß A‹``Z g^r wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß _ß g 60 nd⁄mnW©`mß H$mM`Z X°d nZXe©Z [”nV (bmQ>ar ndYr) g nH$`m J`m h°& ‡À`H$_hmnd⁄mb` g 15-15 nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m M`Z A‹``Z H$r B©H$mB© H$ Í$[ _ßnH$`m J`m h°&g_ßH$ gßH$bZ H$ ÛmV- g_ßH$ gßH$bZ H$ ÛmV- g_ßH$ gßH$bZ H$ ÛmV- g_ßH$ gßH$bZ H$ ÛmV- g_ßH$ gßH$bZ H$ ÛmV- Bg emY A‹``Z H$ nbE g_ßH$m H$m gßH$bZ‡mWn_H$ Edß n¤Vr`H$ ÛmVmß g nH$`m J`m h°& M`nZV nd⁄mnW©`mß ggmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr aH$a ‡mWn_H$ g_ßH$m H$m gßH$bZ nH$`m J`m h°, dhrn¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mß H$m gßH$bZ ndn^fi [Ã [nÃH$mAmß, [wÒVH$mß, nagM© OZ©Îg,emY, AmbI, na[mQ>≤g©, ‡nVdXZmß, emY g_rjmAmß, EµAmaµQ>r gßQ>a, _nS>H$bH$m∞bO, emgH$r` nMnH$Àgmb` g ‡m· Am∞H$∂S>m g gßJ´hU nH$`m J`m h°&A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - CXXÌ`mß H$ AZwgma A‹``Zg ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU nZÂZ n]ßXwAmß H$ AßVJ©V nH$`m J`m h°& M`nZVnd⁄mnW© mß g gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr aH$a ‡mWn_H$ gß_H$m H$m gßH$bZ nH$`mJ`m h°, dhr n¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m H$m gßH$bZ ndn^fi [Ã [nÃH$mAmß, [wÒVH$mß,nagM© OZ©Îg, emY AmbI, na[mQ©>≤g, ‡nVdXZmß, emY g_rjmAmß, EµAmaµQ>rµgßQ>a, _nS>H$b H$m∞bO, emgH$r` nMnH$Àgmb` g ‡m· Am∞H$S>mß g gßJ´hUnH$`m J`m h°&


A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU A‹``Z g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU - C‘Ì`mß H$ AZwgma A‹``Z g‡m· Vœ`mß H$m ndõfU nZÂZ n]XwAmß H$ AßVJ©V nH$`m J`m h°1 µ1 µ1 µ1 µ1 µ ES>≤g ∑`m h°- ES>≤g ∑`m h°- ES>≤g ∑`m h°- ES>≤g ∑`m h°- ES>≤g ∑`m h°- A‹``nZV emY nd⁄mnW©`mß g ES>≤g ∑`m h°? Bgndf` [a OmZH$mar ‡m· H$r JB© h°& ‡m· An^_Vmß H$m VmnbH$m _ß Xem©`mJ`m h°-

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 1ES>≤g ∑`m h°, gß]ßYr OmZH$mar Xem©Vr VmnbH$m

H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ ‡À`wÀVa‡À`wÀVa‡À`wÀVa‡À`wÀVa‡À`wÀVa Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 EH$ ]r_mar h° 42 702 ]r_mna`mß H$m g_yh h° 9 153 amJ ‡nVamY j_Vm _ß H$_r 3 54 kmV Zht 6 10

Hw$b`mJ 60 100VmnbH$m 1 H$ A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ gdm©nYH$ 70 ‡nVeV nd⁄mWr©

ES>≤g H$m EH$ ]r_mar _mZV h° O]nH$ dmÒVd _ß `h amJ ‡nVamY j_Vm _ßH$_r H$ H$maU CÀ[›Z hw` amJmß H$m g_yh h°& nZÓH$f©V: _hmnd⁄mb`rZnd⁄mnW©`mß _ß ES>≤g gß]ßYr ‡mWn_H$ OmZH$mar H$m hr A^md h°&2 µ2 µ2 µ2 µ2 µ ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µ dr _ß AßVa- ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µ dr _ß AßVa- ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µ dr _ß AßVa- ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µ dr _ß AßVa- ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µ dr _ß AßVa- emY A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ CŒmaXmVmnd⁄mnW©`mß g ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µdrµ _ß AßVa g]ßYr OmZH$mar ‡m· H$r JB© &‡mflV nZÓH$f© VmnbH$m 2 _ß Xem©` J` h° -H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ AßVaAßVaAßVaAßVaAßVa Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 kmV h° 9 152 kmV Zht h° 51 85

Hw$b mJ 60 100VmnbH$m 2 H$ A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° nH$ gdm©nYH$ 85 ‡nVeV

_hmnd⁄mb`rZ `wdm A‹``ZaV≤ nd⁄mWr© ES>≤g d EMµAmB©µdr _ß AßVa ZhtOmZV h°& nZÓH$f©V: nd⁄mnW©`mß _ß ghr OmZH$mar H$m A^md h°&3.3.3.3.3. ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maU - ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maU - ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maU - ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maU - ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maU - ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z _ß _hmnd⁄mb`rZnd⁄mnW©`mß g ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maUmß gß]ßYr OmZH$mar H$m ‡m· nH$`mJ`m & Bg gß]ßY _ß ‡m· An^_Vmß H$m nZÂZ VmnbH$m _ß Xem©`m J`m h°-

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 3ES>≤g hmZ H$ ‡_wI H$maUmß H$m Xem©Vr VmnbH$m

H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ H$maUH$maUH$maUH$maUH$maU Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 `m°Z gß]ßYm g 42 702 gßH´$n_V a∫$ g 9 153 J^©ÒW _mVm g neew H$m 0 04 gßH´$n_V gwB© mß g 3 55 kmV Zht 6 10

Hw$b mJ 60 100VmnbH$m 3 H$ A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ gdm©nYH$ 70 ‡nVeV nd⁄mWr©

Eg h° Om m°Z gß]ßYm H$m ES>≤g hmZ H$m ‡_wI H$maU _mZV h°& h g^r rh° ∑`mßnH$ amÓQ≠>r` Edß AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVamß [a ^r AgwanjV `m°Z gß]ßY H$m hrES>≤g H$r ]r_mar \°$bmZ dmbm ‡_wI H$maU _mZm J`m h°&4 µ4 µ4 µ4 µ4 µ ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md - _hmnd⁄mb`rZ A‹``ZaV≤`wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß g ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a [∂S>>Z dmb ‡^mdmß H$ ndf` _ßAmdÌ`H$ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$r JB©& ‡m· nZÓH$fm H$m ZrM VmnbH$m _ß Xem© mJ`m h°-

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 4ES>≤g H$m _mZd eara [a ‡^md Xem©Vr VmnbH$m

H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ ‡^md‡^md‡^md‡^md‡^md Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 VwaßV hmVm h° 54 902 5-8 df© ]mX hmVm h° 6 10

Hw$b mJ 60 100VmnbH$m _ß ‡m· An^_V g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° nH$ gdm©nYH$ 90 ‡nVeV

`wdm _hmnd⁄mb`rZ nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m `h OmZH$mar Zht h° nH$ ES>≤g H$m‡^md VwaßV Zht ]nÎH$ 5 g 8 dfm H$ Xm°amZ Yra-Yra hmVm h°& `h eara_ß amJ ‡nVamYH$ j_Vm ZÓQ> H$aVm OmVm h° nOgHß$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ eara _ßA›` n]_mna`mß H$m gßH´$_U VOr g hmVm h°& nZÓH$f©V: nd⁄mnW©`mß H$ [mgES>≤g H$m ‡^md gß]ßYr OmZH$mna`mß H$m A^md h°&5 µ5 µ5 µ5 µ5 µ ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`- ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`- ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`- ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`- ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`- emY A‹``Z H$ Xm°amZ nd⁄mnW©`mß gES>≤g H$m amH$Z hVw C[m`m H$ ndf` _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$r JB© h°& ‡mflVAn^_Vmß H$m ZrM VmnbH$m _ß Xem©`m J`m h°-

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 5ES>≤g amH$Z hVw C[m`m H$m Xem©Vr VmnbH$m

H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ C[m`C[m`C[m`C[m`C[m` Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 AgwanjV `m°Z gß]ßYm g ]Mmd 48 802 Zerbr gwB©`mß H$m ‡`mJ Zht 0 03 J^m©dÒWm _ß OmßM VWm C[Mma 3 54 gwanjV a∫$ CÀ[mXmß H$m ‡`mJ 3 55 kmV Zht 6 10

Hw$b mJ 60 100VmnbH$m H$ A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ 80 ‡nVeV CÀVaXmVm AgwanjV

`m°Z gß]ßYm g ]Mmd H$m ES>≤g amH$Z H$m ‡_wI C[m` _mZV h°& ZerbrgßH´$n_V gwB© mß g r ES>≤g \°$bVm h°& h Vœ` H$mB© nd⁄mWr© Zht OmZVm h°&10 ‡nVeV nd⁄mWr© ES>≤g amH$Z H$ nH$gr ^r C[m` H$m Zht OmZV h°&nenjV bmJmß g ‡mflV ES>≤g gß]ßYr h Vœ` EH$ nMVßZr` n]Xwß h°& nZÓH$f©V:ES>≤g g ]Mmd gß]ßYr gwajm C[m`mß H$ ndf` _ß OmZH$mna`mß H$m A^md h°&6µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z- 6µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z- 6µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z- 6µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z- 6µ _hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z- A‹``ZaV emY nd⁄mnW©`mßg CZH$ _hmnd⁄mb` _ß JnR>V a∂S> na]Z ∑b] H$ ndf` _ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$rJB©& ‡mflV An^_V nZÂZmZwgma h°&

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 6VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 6_hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] gßß]ßYr VmnbH$m_hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] gßß]ßYr VmnbH$m_hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] gßß]ßYr VmnbH$m_hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] gßß]ßYr VmnbH$m_hmnd⁄mb`rZ a ∂S> na]Z ∑b] gßß]ßYr VmnbH$m

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. OmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$marOmZH$mar Amd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀVAmd•nÀV ‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV‡nVeV1 h° 15 252 Zht h° 45 75

Hw$b`mJ 60 100VmnbH$m _ß A‹``ZaV g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° nH$ 75 ‡nVeV _hmnd⁄mb`rZ

`wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m CZH$ _hmnd⁄mb` _ß a∂S> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z gß]ßYrOmZH$mar Zhth°& `h EH$ Mm°H$mZß dmbm nZÓH$f© Vœ` h°& emY A‹``Z H$Xm°amZ _hgyg nH$`m J`m nH$ nd⁄mWr© ES>≤g ndf` [a ]mV H$aZ g H$VamVh°&A‹``Z g ‡mflV _hÀd[yU© nZÓH$f© -A‹``Z g ‡mflV _hÀd[yU© nZÓH$f© -A‹``Z g ‡mflV _hÀd[yU© nZÓH$f© -A‹``Z g ‡mflV _hÀd[yU© nZÓH$f© -A‹``Z g ‡mflV _hÀd[yU© nZÓH$f© -1. _hmnd⁄mb`rZ nd⁄mnW©`mß _ß ES>≤g ∑`m h° gß]ßYr ‡mWn_H$ OmZH$mar

H$m hr A^md h°&


2. _hmnd⁄mb`rZ nd⁄mWr© ES>≤g d EM.AmB©.dr. >_| AßVa ZhtOmZV h°&3. gdm©nYH$ CÀVaXmVmAmß Z AgwanjV `m°Z gß]ßYm H$m ES>≤g hmZ H$m

‡_wI H$maU _mZm h°&4. 90 ‡nVeV `wdm CŒmaXmVm nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m `h OmZH$mar Zht h° nH$

ES>≤g H$m ‡^md _mZd eara [a H$],H$hm∞ Am°a H°$g hmVm h°&5. gdm©nYH$ 80 ‡nVeV CÀVaXmVmAmß Z ES>≤g amH$Z hVw AgwanjV

`m°Z gß]ßYm g ]Mmd H$m g]g ‡_wI C[m` ÒdrH$ma nH$`m h°&6µ _hmnd⁄mb`mß _ß A‹``ZaV≤ 75 ‡nVeV `wdm nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m CZH$

_hmnd⁄mb` _ß aS> na]Z ∑b] JR>Z g]ßYr OmZH$mar Zht h°&g_Ò`mE∞ Edß gwPmd - g_Ò`mE∞ Edß gwPmd - g_Ò`mE∞ Edß gwPmd - g_Ò`mE∞ Edß gwPmd - g_Ò`mE∞ Edß gwPmd - ES>≤g ndf` [a ‡ÒVwV Bg emY A‹``Z H$m`© H$Xm°amZ emYmWr© H$m AZH$mß g_Ò`mAmß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>m h°& ES>≤g ndf`[a ]mV H$aZ g `wdm b∂S>H$ Am°a b∂S>nH$`mß XmZm hr H$VamV h° & ^maVr`gm_mnOH$ gßaMZm, gmßÒH•$nVH$ _yÎ` Am°a ‡nV_mZmß H$r XwhmB© XV nd⁄mWr©Iwb Vm°a [a `m°Z amJ `m `m°Z gß]ßYr ]r_mar, ndf` [a ]mV ZhtH$aZm[ßgX H$aV h°& BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw ‡_wI gwPmd nZÂZ h°- ‡_wI gwPmd nZÂZ h°- ‡_wI gwPmd nZÂZ h°- ‡_wI gwPmd nZÂZ h°- ‡_wI gwPmd nZÂZ h°-1. `m°Z nejm VWm ES>≤g ndf` gß]ßYr kmZ ÒHy$br ÒVamß g hr `wdm

nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m XZ H$r [a_ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&2. S>aZm Zht gß bZm hmJm, A] ES>≤g g ]MZm hmJm, gß]ßYr OmZH$mna`mß

H$m ‡Mma ‡gma nObm Vhgrb Edß J´m_rU ÒVamß [a H$aZm hmJm&3. e_©, gßH$mM, bmJ ∑`m H$hJ H$r _mZngH$Vm H$m N>m∂S>H$a `wdm

nd⁄mnW©`mß H$m ES>≤g OZOmJÍ$H$Vm gß]ßYr H$m`©H´$_mß _ ]∂T> M∂T> H$anhÒgm bZm MmnhE

4. _mVmño[Vm, mB©ñ]hZ A›` oaÌVXmam| H$m r A[Z wdm gXÒ`m| _|Bg odf` [a gwajm d ]Mmd gß]ßYr ÒdÒW MMm© oH$ OmZ H$r Aodbß]ewÍ$AmV H$r OmZr MmohE&

5. emgZ, ‡emgZ Edß J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Zmß H$m r ES>≤g gß]ßYr H$m ©H$_mß,nendamß, gßJmÓR>r, ndMma nd_e© H$m`©H´$_mß _ß `wdmAmß H$r gh^mnJVmH$m H$›– n]ßXw ]ZmZm MmnhE&

6. g_mO H$r _mZngH$Vm _ß [nadV©Z hVw `wdmAmß H$m AmJ AmZm hmJmVWm ES>≤g g ]Mmd , gwajm hVw Bg ndf` H$m AÀ`nYH$ ‡Mma-‡gmaH$aZ _ß A[Zr gh^mnJVm XO© H$amZr hmJr ∑`mßnH$ AmZ dmbm amÓQ≠>H$m ^ndÓ` `wdmAmß [a hr nZ^©a h°&

7. H$›– gaH$ma , am¡` gaH$ma, nObm ‡emgZ, ÒHy$br nejm nd^mJ,ndÌdnd⁄mb`mß VWm AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` gßJR>Zm (`wnZg°\$, S>„Î`yµ EMµAmµ,JQ>g \$mCS>eZ ) AmnX g^r H$m n_b OwbH$a g_n›dV Edß gßJnR>V

‡`mg H$aZ H$r [a_ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° V^r ES>≤g Í$[r gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`mH$m O∂S> _yb g C›_ybZ gß d hm gH$Jm& BgH$r ewÍ$AmV h_ß Ï`n∫$JVÒVa, [mnadmnaH$ ÒVa, gm_wXm`nH$ ÒVa, amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa, Ed_≤ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r`ÒVa [a H$aZr hmJr V^r h_mam _mZd g_mO Bg gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`mg _w∫$ hmH$a ‡JnV [W [a AJ´ga hm gH$J&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-

1µ O°Z, S>m∞. bmb Edß dneÓR> S>m∞.H .gr- nejU Edß emY An^`mΩ`Vm,C[H$ma ‡H$meZ AmJam 2

2µ ngßh, S>m∞. E_.E_. ES>≤g VWm AmYwnZH$ g_mO, nddH$ ‡H$meZ, OdmhaZJa, nXÑr - 7

3. am`OmXm, S>m∞µ AOrV - h_mam B›Xm°a H$m`m©b` Am`w∫$ [wamVÀd EdßgJ´ßhmb` _.‡. m[mb

4µ Am[Q>, lr ‡Xr[ - H$m`m Am°a ES>≤g EH$ AßV`w” - B›Xm°a \$mCS>eZ\$ma ES>≤g nagM©

5µ MmßXH$a, S>m∞.a_e - gm_mnOH$ AZwgßYmZ - gV‡H$meZ gßMma H$›–,B›Xm°a

6µ amOJma Am°a nZ_m©U - 06.04.2009 g 12.04.2009 [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$24

7µ ngndb gnd©gg H´$mßnZH$b, _mM© 2010 g_gm_n`H$r - 2010 [•ÓR>H´$_mßH$ 152

8µ ZB©XwnZ`m g_mMma [Ã - enZdma 27 Zdß]a 2010, maV _ß ]T>VmES>≤g H$m IVam

9µ _‹`‡Xe am¡` ES>≤g nZ`ßÃU gn_nV, bmH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [nadmaH$Î`mU nd^mJ _µ‡µ emgZ

^m[mb g ‡m· A‹``Z gm_J´r10µ ^maV _ß ndkmZ Ama ‡m°YmnJH$r - Ò[∑Q≠>_ ‡H$meZ ZB© nXÑr

gßÒH$aU 201011µ AmhyOm am_ - gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`mE∞ - ES>≤g [•ÓR> 456 g 470 amdV

[n„bH$eZ O`[wa12µ aS> na]Z Eîg‡g ndefmßH$ - _hmZJa B›Xm°a ZB©XwnZ`m ndÌmfmßH$

17µ09µ2007 [•µH´$µ 513µ ndn^fi g_mMma [Ãmß, [nÃH$mAmß, AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` VWm am¡` ÒVar`

emgH$r` Edß AemgH$r` gßJR>Zmß H$r na[mQ©>≤g

*************


OZOmoV` _ohbmAm| _| AZwdmßoeH$ amJ Edß a∫$AÎ[Vm H$gm_moOH$ - gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$

S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma g∑gZm * S>m∞. od_b›– amR>m°a * *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡mMrZH$mb _ß _mZd g_mO aßJ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$ AmYma [a XmdJm~ - Am © Edß AZm © _ß od^∫$ hwAm& EH$ dJ© oOgH$r ÀdMm H$m aßJ g\$XVWm H$X bß]m Am°a Om d°oXH$ gßÒH•$oV H$m _mZVm Wm Am`© H$hbm` VWmXygam dJ© oOgH$r ÀdMm H$m aßJ H$mbm VWm H$X N>mQ>m Wm Am°a Om –od∂S>gßÒH•$oV H$m _mZV W AZm © H$hbm & Am`m Z A[Z CÉVa H$m°eb, gßJR>Zeo∫$ H$ ¤mam A[Zr g‰`Vm H$m odH$mg oH$`m VWm g_mO _ß AJÚrÒWmZ ‡m· oH$`m dht Xygar Ama gßgmYZ odhrZ, d›` jÃmß, XwJ©_ [d©VEßd KmoQ>`mß H$r Ama [bm`Z H$aZ dmb AZm`m~ Z odoeÓQ> gßÒH•$oV H$mA[ZmV hw` g‰`Vm H$m odH$mg oH$`m& BZ AZm`m~ H$m AZH$ od¤mZmß ZAbJ-AbJ Zm_mß g gÂ]moYV oH$`m& naOb Z B›hß "E]mnaoOZb'e„X g gÂ]moYV oH$`m Vm h°_ZS>m\©$ Z BZH$ ob` "Q≠>mB]' e„X H$m‡`mJ oH$`m; lrH$mßV Z B›hß "Ama `H$', "amZr[aO' d "AmoXdmgr' Zm_g gÂ]moYV oH$`m Vm oJobZ E S> oJobZ Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ H$ÎMabE›W´m[mOm∞Or _ß OZOmoV H$m [na^mofV H$aV hwE obIm oH$ "ÒWmZr`g_yhmß H$m Egm g_wXm` OZOmoV H$hm OmVm h° Om EH$ gm_m›` jÃ _ßßoZdmg H$aVm h°, EH$ gm_m›` ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ H$aVm h° VWm oOgH$r EH$gm_m›` gßÒH•$oV h°&' E' Ama XgmB© Z OZOmVr` g_yhmß H$ gm_m›` bjUmßH$m oZÂZmZwgma doU©V oH$`m h°&1. d g‰` OJV g Xya [d©Vmß VWm OßJbmß _ß XwJ©_ ÒWZmß _ß oZdmg H$aV

h¢&2. d oZoJ´Q>mO, Am∞ÒQ≠>mbmBS> AWdm _ßJmbmBS> _ß g oH$gr EH$ ‡OmVr`

g_yh g gÂ]ßY aIV h¢&3. d OZOmVr` ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ H$aV h¢&4. d AmoX_ Y_© H$m _mZV h¢ Om oH$ gd©OrddmX H$ og’mßVmß H$m

‡oV[mXZ H$aVm h°, oOg_ß ^yV, ‡V VWm AmÀ_mAmß H$r [yOm H$m_hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°&

5. d OZOmVr` Ï`dgm`mß H$m A[ZmV h¢, O°g ‡mH•$oVH$ C[`mJ H$rdÒVwAmß H$m gßJ´h, oeH$ma, dZ _ß CÀ[fi dÒVwAmß H$m gßJ´h H$aZmAmoX&

6. d AoYH$mßeV`m _m±g‰mjr h¢&7. CZH$r ImZm]Xmer AmXVß h¢ VWm _⁄[mZ Edß Z•À` H$ ‡oV CZH$r

odef Í$oM hmVr h°&^maV _ß bJ^J 450 OZOmoV`m∞ oZdmg H$aVr h¢& df© 2011 H$r

OZJUZm H$r AZwgma maV _ß BZH$r OZgßª`m 104281034 Wr oOg_ßJ´m_rU jÃmß _ß 93819162 VW ZJar` jÃmß _ß Hw$b 10461872 Ïò∫$oZdmg H$a ah W O]oH$ _‹` ‡Xe _ß Hw$b OZgßª`m 15316784 Ïò∫$

Wr oOg_ß J´m_rU jÃmß _ß 14276874 Ïò∑V VWm ZJar` jÃmß1039910 Ïò∫$ oZdmg H$a ah W& Ωdmobà oOb H$ A›VJ©V Hw$b72133 OZOmVr` OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h°& h OZOmVr` g_yh EH$Ama Ohmß ^m°JmobH$ Edß Obdm`w gß]ßoY Xdmdmß Am°a VZmdmß H$m AbJ -AbJ Tß>J g gm_Zm H$aV h°& dht Xygar Ama gm_moOH$ Edß gßÒH•$oVH$H$maH$mß g r ‡^modV hmV h¢ oOg H$maU BZ_ß odo^fi amJ CÀ[fi hmV h¢&amJ ‡À w[oŒm _ß gm\$ g\$mB©, ÒdmÒœ`, [aOrdr ma, oddmh [’oV, d°dmohH$gß wΩ_, [mfmhma ‡mÍ$[, ÒdmÒœ` ajH$ Ï`dhma, AZwdmßoeH$ VÀd _hÀd[yU©^yo_H$m oZ^mV h°& ÒdmÒœ` Edß amJmß H$m ‡^modV H$aZ dmb H$maH$ EH$g_yh g Xyga g_yh _ß o^fi hm gH$V h¢ [a›Vw ÈΩUVm H$ ‡H$ma oZÂZmZwgmahr hmV h¢ - 1. gßMmar amJ 2. AgßMmar amJ 3. AZwdmßoeH$ amJ

OZOmVr` _ohbmAmß _ß Í$ΩUVm H$m AZH$ gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$H$maH$ Wm - [aß[amJV aroVnadmO, Ï`dhma Edß CgH$r dm‹`Vm ß, OrdZe°br, gmßÒH•$oVH$ [aß[am`ß Amhma, Ï`dgm`, Ïò∫$JV AmXVß, [aß[amJVAZwÓR>mZ ‡^modV H$aV h¢&A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[Zm - OZOmVr` _ohbmAmß _ß AZwdmßoeH$odH$ma Edß a∫$ AÎ[Vm H$ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$mß H$m OmZZ H$ob oZÂZ C‘Ì` Edß C[H$Î[ZmAmß H$m oZ_m©U oZÂZmZwgma oH$`m J`m h°-C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -C‘Ì` -1. MòZV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$r gm_m›` OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZm&2. _ohbmAmß H$ AZwdmßoeH$ amJ, a∫$mÎ[Vm H$m ‡^modV H$aZ dmb

gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$mß H$m kmV H$aZmC[H$Î[Zm -C[H$Î[Zm -C[H$Î[Zm -C[H$Î[Zm -C[H$Î[Zm -1. OZOmVr` [nadma ‡H•$oV H$ AoYH$ oZH$Q> hmZ H$ H$maU ÒdmÒœ`

H$ ‡oV gOJ Zht hmV&2. _ohbmAmß H$ AZwdmßoeH$ amJ Edß a∫$mÎ[Vm _ß gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$

H$maH$mß _ß gmW©H$Vm [mB© OmVr h°&A‹``Z jÃ Edß oZXe©Z - A‹``Z jÃ Edß oZXe©Z - A‹``Z jÃ Edß oZXe©Z - A‹``Z jÃ Edß oZXe©Z - A‹``Z jÃ Edß oZXe©Z - Ωdmobà oOb H$ ghna`m OZOmoV ]hwÎòdH$mgI S> KmQ>rJm∞d H$m A‹``Z jÃ H$ Í$[ _ß MwZm J`m& df© 2011 H$rOZJUZm H$ AZwgma hmß H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m 27738 (12.92:) Ïò∫$Wr oOg_ß [wÍ$f OZgßª`m 14270 VWm Ûr OZgßª`m 13568 Ïò∫$Wr& A‹``Z hVw 100 ghna`m oddmohV _ohbmAmß (Am`w 20 g 60 df©)H$m M`Z X°d oZXe©Z [’oV ¤mam oH$`m J`m&AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma - AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma - AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma - AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma - AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma - AZwdmßoeH$Vm g VmÀ[`© h_ma eara H$r ‡À`H$odefVm O°g AmßI, ]mbmß H$m aßJ, Dß$MmB©, Mha H$m AmH$ma, hr_mΩbmo]ZH$m ]ZZm, AZwdmßoeH$ gm_J´r Om Or›g H$hbmVr h° g oZYm©naV hmVr h°

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) odO`mamO emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** g_›d`H$, XyaÒW oejU gßÒWmZ, OrdmOr odúod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


Om h_ß h_ma _mVm-o[Vm g dßemZwJV Í$[ g o_bVr h°& J^©YmaU H$ g_`Ïò∫$ H$m Or›g H$m EH$ gQ> CgH$r _mVm g Am°a EH$ gQ> o[Vm g ‡m· hmVmh°& h_ß ‡À`H$ odefVm H$ ob` EH$-EH$ Or›g ‡m· hmVr h°& d`ÒH$hr_mΩbmo]Z H$ gm_m›` ‡H$ma H$m EM]r-E (HbA) H$hm OmVm h°& h__ßg AoYH$mße bmJmß _ß EM]r-E H$ Xm Or›g hmV h°, BgobE h_ß EM]r-E(HbAA) hmZm H$hm OmVm h°&

‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _ß OZOmoV OZgßª`m _ß AZwdmßoeH$ odH$mamß H$rCÉ Amd•oŒm KoQ>V hmZm [m`m J`m& ogH$b gb a∫$mÎ[Vm Am°a Or-6[r∂T>>r bmb a∫$ [a E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm Eg Xm AZwdmßoeH$ odH$ma h° OmA[jmH•$V CÉ Amd•oŒm _ß Bg OZOmoV _ß [m J & ogH$obßJ H$ gÂ]ßY _ß[wÍ$f Am°a _ohbm`ß gm_m›` Í$[ g ‡^modV hmVr h° O]oH$ Or-6 [rS>rAÎ[Vm g ‡^modV hmZ dmb amoJ`mß _ß _ohbmAmß H$r A[jm [wÍ$f AoYH$‡^modV hmV h¢& ‡^modV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$r ÈΩUVm H$r ]mV H$aß Vm BZXmZmß AZwdmßoeH$ odH$mamß H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a H$m\$r ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°&ogH$b gb amJ (ogH$b gb amJ (ogH$b gb amJ (ogH$b gb amJ (ogH$b gb amJ (HbSS) Edß ogH$b gb Q≠> Q> () Edß ogH$b gb Q≠> Q> () Edß ogH$b gb Q≠> Q> () Edß ogH$b gb Q≠> Q> () Edß ogH$b gb Q≠> Q> (HbAS) -) -) -) -) -

ogH$b gb g VmÀ[`© Ïò∫$ _ß EH$ OrZ gm_m›` ‡H$ma H$hr_mΩbmo]Z H$m h° (&) Am°a EH$ h±og`m (ogH$b) ‡H$ma H$m Om HbH$hbmVm h°& h AS ogH$b gb Q>≠Q> AWdm odf_ wΩ_Or h¢& Om Ïò∫$ AAAWdm AS hmV h°, d [yU©V: ÒdÒW hmV h¢& J^© _ß O] ]É H$m oZ_m©U hmahm hmVm h°, Vm dh hr_mΩbmo]Z H$ obE _mVm Am°a o[Vm ‡À`H$ g EH$OrZ AZwdmßoeH$ Í$[ g bVm h°& _mVm/o[Vm _ß g H$mB© EH$ Om AS h° VmCgg ]Ém `m Vm HbA H$r EH$ OrZ AWdm Hb S H$r EH$ OrZ ‡m· H$agH$Vm h°& VWmo[, Cg b∂S>H$m/b∂S>H$r H$m ogH$b gb a∫$mÎ[Vm AWdmogH$b gb amJ (SS) hmJm& Bg ‡H$ma ogH$b gb amJ, gm_m›`hr_mΩbmo]Z ‡H$ma h° Om Am∞∑grOZ H$r AZw[oÒWoV _ß ogH$b mZr h±ogEH$m AmH$ma b bVm h°& a∫$mÎ[Vm EH$ ‡H$ma H$r a∫$gßbm`r a∫$mÎ[Vm h°oOgH$ H$m`© Jß^ra VWm OmZbdm a∫$mÎ[Vm H$r Xem oZo_©V hmVr h°& Bg]r_mar H$ H$maU odo^fi AßJmß H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm, flbrhm H$m ]∂T> OmZm,_mZogH$ oH´$`m H$m H$_ hmZm gßH´$_U ]∂T>Z H$r gß^mdZm H$ gmW-gmWamJr H$ [°amß H$m bÂ]m hm OmZm Am°a Y∂S> N>mQ>m ah OmZm, [°am _ß N>mb hmZmVWm amJr H$ eara H$m oZa›Va H$_Oma hmZm h°& OZOmVr` jÃmß _ß Bg amJH$r AoYH$Vm H$m H$maU gJmÃr`Vm _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h°&Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> bmb C∫$ H$U E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm - Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> bmb C∫$ H$U E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm - Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> bmb C∫$ H$U E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm - Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> bmb C∫$ H$U E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm - Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> bmb C∫$ H$U E›OmB_ AÎ[Vm - Or-6-\$mÒ\$Q>S>rhmB©S≠>mOrZO (Or-6-[rS>r) EZB_ bmb H$moeH$mAmß _ß [mE OmZ dmbg]g _hÀd[yU© E›OmB_mß _ß g EH$ h°, Om bmb H$moeH$mAmß H$m Am∞∑grH$aUg hmZ dmbr joV g ]MmVm h°& `h _ZwÓ`mß _ß X - gÂ]’ AmZwdmßoeH$E›OmB_ hmVm h° Om [wÍ$f Bg OrZ H$ dmhH$ hmV h° CZ_ß ` [yU© Í$[ g—oÓQ>JV hmV h°& [a›Vw _ohbm odf_`wΩ_Omß _ß AoYH$ o^fiVm —oÓQ>JVhmVr h°& Or-6 \$m∞Ò\$Q> E›OmB_ H$r H$_r dßemZwJV bmb a∫$ H$Umß _ßAm_Vm°a g AoYH$ [m`m OmZ dmbm Xmf h° oOg H$maU Ïò∫$ _ß Am°fYr‡naV a∫$ gbmB© a∫$ AÎ[Vm hmZ H$m IVam ]∂T> OmVm h°& gmW hr _bna`mamYH$ XdmAmß H$ ‡oV gßdXZerbVm ^r ]∂T> OmVr h°&a∫$mÎ[Vm-a∫$mÎ[Vm-a∫$mÎ[Vm-a∫$mÎ[Vm-a∫$mÎ[Vm- _ZwÓ` H$ eara _ß a∫$mÎ[Vm dh oÒWoV h° O] a∫$ H$r Am∞∑grOZ‡^modV H$aZ H$r j_Vm H$_ hm OmVr h° oOg H$maU ‡^modV hmZ dmba∫$ _ß a∫$ H$Umß H$r gßª`m H$_ hmZ Edß a∫$ _ß hr_mΩbm]rZ H$r H$_r hmOmVr h°& h H$_r bm°h bdU, \$m∞obH$ EogS>, o]Q>mo_Z ]r-12 H$r H$_r H$H$maU hmVr h°& AV: Amhma _ß BZH$m CoMV gdZ oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°&

Bg hVw AoYH$ H°$bmar, AoYH$ ‡mQ>rZ, _‹`_ dgm _‹`_ H$m]mM EdßOrdZ gHw$obV Amhma _ß AßOra, IOya, [mH$, _°Wr, MwH$›Xa, _yßJ\$br,Zr]y, JmOa AmoX H$m ‡`mJ [`m©· _mÃm _ß oH$`m OmZm Mmoh & oZÂZoboIVVmobH$m _ß CŒmaXmVmAmß Z a∫$mÎ[Vm H$r oÒWoV H$m Xem©`m J`m h°&

_ohbmAmß _ ß a∫$mÎ[Vm_ohbmAmß _ ß a∫$mÎ[Vm_ohbmAmß _ ß a∫$mÎ[Vm_ohbmAmß _ ß a∫$mÎ[Vm_ohbmAmß _ ß a∫$mÎ[VmVmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1

Am`wAm`wAm`wAm`wAm`w Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV20-30 25 2531-40 35 3541-50 22 2251-60 18 18`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 100100100100100 100100100100100

C[am∫$ VmobH$m H$m A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ MòZV CŒmaXmVmAmßZ gdm©oYH$ 35 CŒmaXmVm 31-40 Am`w dJ© H$r Wr& d CŒmaXmVm Wr Om]ma-]ma J^©[mV Edß J^m©YmZ Edß A[`m©· H°$bmar H$m mOZ VWm [`m©·[mfU VÀd mOZ _ß Zht b ah Wr& EH$ Ama AoYH$ gßVmZmß H$m hmZm VWmXygar Ama H$m`© H$r AoYH$Vm H$ H$maU ` a∫$mÎ[Vm g [ro∂S>V Wr& O]oH$51-60 Am`w dJ© H$ 18 CŒmaXmVm a∫$mÎ[Vm g [ro∂S>V Wr ` d CŒmaXmVmWr Om ^mOZ _ß [`m©· _mÃm _ß [mfH$ VÀd Zht b ahr Wr& 20-30 Am`wdJ© _ß 25 CŒmaXmVm a∫$mÎ[Vm g [ro∂S>V Wr oOZH$m oddmh 18 df© g H$_Am`w _ß hm J`m Wm VWm gßVoV AßVamb Z hmZ H$ H$maU 30 df© H$r Am`wVH$ 2 g 3 gßVmZmß H$m O›_ X MwH$r Wr& [mfU H$r H$_r `hmß ^r —oÓQ>JVhwB©& 41-50 Am`w dJ© _ß 22 CŒmaXmVm AÎ[ [mfU H$ H$maU a∫$mÎ[Vm g[ro∂S>V Wr&gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - gm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - maV _ß ‡maß^ g hr gß`w∫$ [nadma H$rAdYmaUm ahr h° EH$b [nadma H$r A[jm gß w∫$ [nadmam _ß gßVwobV Amhma_ß H$_r [mB© OmVr h°& [nadma H$r EH$ Ûr _woI`m hmVr h° Om [nadmaOZmßH$m ^mOZ oZYm©naV H$aVr h°& ^mOZ H$m MwZmd Ïò∫$ H$ d•o’ odH$mg [a‡^md S>mbVm h° oOg H$maU ^mOZ gÂ]ßYr AmXVß O›_ bVr h¢& ^mOZ _ß‡mQ>rZ, H$m]mhmB©S≠>Q>, bm°h bdU, dgm, odQ>mo_Z H$m A^md AZH$ amJmßH$m O›_ XVm h°& [wÃ H$r H$m_Zm AoYH$ gßVmZmß H$ O›_ H$m H$maU ]ZVr h°;dht Xygar Ama Ad`ÒH$ Am w _ß oddmh, H$_ gßVoV AßVamb, [wÃ H$r H$m_Zm_ß ]ma-]ma J^©[mV `m J^©YmaU, [nadma oZ`mOZ H$m A^md oejm H$roZÂZ Xem AmoX _ohbmAmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m ‡^modV H$aVr h¢ oOgg a∫$AÎ[Vm H$r oÒWoV ‡^modV hmVr h°& _ohbm H$r oÒWoV Cgr ‡H$ma g‡^modV hmVr h° oOg_ß dh [bH$a ]∂S>r hwB© h°& Ao^Ïò∫$, Ï`dhma,AßYodÌdmg, [aÂ[am`ß, aroVnadmO _ohbmAmß H$r oZÂZ gm_moOH$ Xem


g^r ‡À`j Am°a A‡À`j Í$[ g _ohbmAmß H$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m ‡^modV H$aVh°& oX oH$gr [nadma _ß emH$mhmar mOZ hr Im`m OmVm h° Vm dhmß _mßgmhmar^mOZ doO©V hmJm boH$Z Ohmß _ßgmhmar mOZ hmVm h° dhmß emH$mhma rob`m OmVm h°& `⁄o[ Bg OZOmoV _ß AoYH$mßeV: _mßgmha ‡MbZ _ß h°[a›Vw [m°oÓQ>H$ VÀdmß H$m A^md VWm oZÂZ AmoW©H$ oÒWoV [`m©· mOZ _ß]mYH$ ]ZVr h° oOg H$maU AÎ[ [mfU `m Hw$[mfU H$r oÒWoV H$ H$maUa∫$mÎ[Vm oZo_©V hmVr h° Am°a eara H$B© amJmß g [ro∂S>V hm OmVm h°& MòZVCŒmaXmVmAmß g odo^fi gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$mß H$ ‡^md g ÒdmÒœ`gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$Vm H$ gÂ]ßY _ß Om Vœ` kmV hw` C›hß oZÂZ VmobH$m _ßXem©`m J`m h°&

ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$VmÒdmÒœ` gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$VmÒdmÒœ` gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$VmÒdmÒœ` gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$VmÒdmÒœ` gÂ]ßYr OmJÍ$H$VmVmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2

Am`wAm`wAm`wAm`wAm`w CÉCÉCÉCÉCÉ _‹`__‹`__‹`__‹`__‹`_ oZÂZoZÂZoZÂZoZÂZoZÂZ Hw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJ20-30 4 8 10 2231-40 7 9 11 2741-50 7 9 13 2951-60 8 8 6 22`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ`mJ 2626262626 3434343434 4040404040 100100100100100

C[am∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ Hw$b CŒmaXmVmAmß _ß 20 g 30Am w dJ© _ß 22 CŒmaXmVmAmß H$m ÒdmÒœ` H$ gÂ]ßY _ß OmZH$mar aIVr WroOZ_ß 4 CÉ 8 _‹`_ VWm 10 oZÂZ lUr _ß AmVr Wt& 21-40 Am`w dJ©_ß 27 CŒmaXmVm oOZ_ß 7 CÉ, 9 _‹`_ VWm 11 oZÂZ lUr _ß AmVr Wt41 g 50 Am`w dJ© _ß 29 CŒmaXmVmAmß _ß 7 CÉ, 9 _‹`_ VWm 13 oZÂZ

lUr _ß AmVr Wr O]oH$ 51 g 60 Am`w dJ© H$ 22 CŒmaXmVmAmß _ß 8 CÉ,8 _‹`_ VWm 6 oZÂZ lUr H$ A›VJ©V AmVr Wr& AV: Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$Hw$b CŒmaXmVmAmß _ß 40 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm Egr Wr Om ÒdmÒœ` H$ ‡oVoZÂZ OmJÍ$H$Vm aIVr Wr O]oH$ 34 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm _‹`_ Edß 26‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm ÒdmÒœ` H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Wr& AV: C[am∫$ A‹``Z gÒ[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ OZOmoV` _ohbmAmß _ß AZwdmßoeH$ amJ Edß a∫$mÎ[VmH$m AZH$ gm_moOH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`© ‡À`j Edß A‡À`j Í$[ g‡^modV H$aV h°& òX Bg jÃ _ß oejm H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om`, AZH$‡H$ma H$ AßYodÌdmgmß Edß [aÂ[amAmß H$m ]Xb oX`m Om` VWm _yb^yVÒdmÒœ` gdmAmß H$m ÒWmo[V H$a oX`m Om` Vm Bg g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZgß^d h°&


1. C‡Vr hareM›– (1997) ^maVr` OZOmoV`mß Edß gßÒWm`ß oh›XrJ´ßW AH$mX_r O`[wa

2. Xw] Ì`m_mMaU, (1960) _mZd Am°a gßÒH•$oV amOHw$_ma ‡H$meZZB© oXÑr

3. hgZ°Z ZXr_, (2001) OZOmoV` ^maV Odmha [o„beg© E S>oS>ÒQ≠>r„`yQ>g© ZB© oXÑr

4. od⁄mbßH$ma gÀ`d•V (1994), ^maVr` OZOmoV`mß Edß dmUr‡H$meZ O`[wa

5. gßgg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m df© 20116. oObm gmßª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 2013 oObm Ωdmobà

*************


H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm| _| yo_H$m-gßKf© ïEH$ g_mOemÛr` odÌbfU

amH$e oeßX *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ EH$ ‡oÒWoV YmaU H$aZ H$ H$maU Ïò∫$ Om H$m`© H$aVm h°, dh Cg [X H$r yo_H$m h°& g_mO _ß H$mB© r yo_H$m AH$br m EH$[jr`Zht hmVr h°, ‡À`H$ ^yo_H$m H$m _hÀd A›` ‡oÒWoV`mß Edß ^yo_H$mAmß H$ gßX^© _ß hr hmVr h°& H$B© ]ma Ïò∫$ H$m Xm o^fi ‡oÒWoV`mß H$r ^yo_H$m EH$gmW oZ^mZr hmVr h° Am°a òX CZ_ß odamYm^mg h° Vm Cg h_ ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$hV h°& H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`mß _ß H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$r ododY ^yo_H$mH$m oZdm©h C›hß H$_ `m AoYH$ ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV _ß bm XVm h°& O°g CZH$ [nadmnaH$ d d°dmohH$ OrdZ, gßVmZ gß]ßYr Edß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYrXmo`Àd, oZOr Zm°H$ar Edß H$m_H$mO H$ jÃ ‡^modV hmV h°& O] A[Zr ododY yo_H$m _ß d Ag_m`mOZ Edß A›V¤©›X _hgyg H$aVr h°° Vm H$m_H$mOr_ohbmAmß H$m ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV g JwOaZm [∂S>Vm h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ yo_H$m H$m ‡oÒWoV H$m JoVerb m Ï`dhmnaH$ [hbw _mZmOmVm h°& ‡oÒWoV YmaU H$r OmVr h° O]oH$ ^yo_H$mAmß H$m oZdm©h oH$`mOmVm h°& EH$ Ïò∫$ oOg ‡H$ma g EH$ ‡oÒWoV g g]ßoYV Xmo`Àdm H$moZdm©h Am°a Cgg g]ßoYV gwodYmAmß Edß odefmoYH$mam H$m C[^mJ H$aVmh°, Cg hr ^yo_H$m H$hV h°& EH$ ‡oÒWoV YmaU H$aZ H$ H$maU Ïò∫$ OmH$m`© H$aVm h°, dh Cg [X H$r ^yo_H$m h°&

g_mO _ß H$mB© ^r ^yo_H$m AH$br `m EH$[jr` Zht hmVr h°, ‡À`H$^yo_H$m H$m _hÀd A›` ‡oÒWoV`mß Edß ^yo_H$mAmß H$ gßX^© _ß hr hmVr h°&H$B© ]ma Ïò∫$ H$m Xm o^fi ‡oÒWoV`mß H$r ^yo_H$m EH$ gmW oZ^mZr hmVrh° Am°a òX CZ_ß odamYm^mg h° Vm Cg h_ ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$hV h°& ^yo_H$mgßKf© H$ ob` g_mO H$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ _yÎ` ^r CŒmaXm`r h°& AmYwoZH$ Edß[nadV©Zerb g_mOm _ß ^yo_H$m gßKf© AoYH$ [m`m OmVm h° ∑`mßoH$ `hm±ZdrZ Edß [wamZ _yÎ` gmW-gmW MbV h°& ^yo_H$m gßKf© _mZogH$ VZmd[°Xm H$aVm h°& bw S>]J© bw S>]J© bw S>]J© bw S>]J© bw S>]J© H$hV h° oH$ ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV _ß Ïò∫$‡^mdembr ^yo_H$m H$m MwZ bVm h° Am°a H$_Oma ^yo_H$m H$m N>m∂S>> XVm h°VWm Om Ïò∫$ Egm Zht H$a [mV, CZH$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m odKQ>Z hmZ bJVmh°& yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWV g_mO H$ odo^fi jÃm _ß ‡À H$ dJ© H$m ‡^modVH$aVr h°& C›h>t _ß g EH$ dJ© H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m h°& H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`mß_ß H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß _ß yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV hmVr h°, d CZH$ [nadma‡^modV hmV h°&

^maVr` gm_moOH$ gßaMZm [wÍ$f ‡YmZ h°& [wÍ$f Ka g ]mha H$m_H$aZ OmV h° Edß _ohbmE± A[Zr J•h J•hÒWr H$r gmO gß^mb _ß bJr ahVrh°& ]Émß H$m [mbZ-[mfU Edß [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$aZmCZH$m _wª` H$m`© h°& AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z CZH$m H$m`© jÃ Zht h°& `⁄o[ BgVœ` g BßH$ma Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm oH$ ‡mMrZH$mb g _ohbmE± ‡H•$oV‡XŒm dÒVwAmß Edß H•$of H$m`© _ß gßbæ ahr h°ß&_hmamOm ^mO em. ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mmb` Yma (_0‡0)- _hmamOm ^mO em. ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mmb` Yma (_0‡0)- _hmamOm ^mO em. ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mmb` Yma (_0‡0)- _hmamOm ^mO em. ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mmb` Yma (_0‡0)- _hmamOm ^mO em. ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mmb` Yma (_0‡0)- _ohbmoejm Edß oejm H$ ]∂T>V ‡oVfV Z ÒdVßÃVm H$ [ÌMmV≤ Edß Z` _ohbmH$mZyZmß Z Ûr ÒdmVßÃ` H$m ÒWmo[V H$a ]mhar XwoZ`m _ß ‡de H$aZ H$ gmaXadmO Imb oX h°& Z gm_moOH$ _yÎ`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB© h°& oejm Z C›hß

* AoVoW Ï`mª`mVm (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` [r.Or. _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

AmÀ_ oZ^©a H$a oX`m h°& [naUm_V: d H$m_H$mOr hm J`r h°& odo^fi jÃmß_ß CZH$r JoVerbVm gd©Ã XIr Om gH$Vr h°& _ohbm H$ ‡oV [aß[amJVEdß Í$∂T>rdmXr YmaUmAmß _ß [nadV©Z Am`m h°, d A] [wÍ$fmßß g Hß$Y g Hß$Ymo_bmH$a AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z _ß gßbæ h°& AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z _mZdrÀmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H$m gmYZ h°& oOZH$r [yoV© g _ZwÓ` H$m ‡gfiVmH$m ]mY hmVm h°& gwI Am°a XwI _ZwÓ` H$ OrdZ H$ Aod^m¡` AßJ h°&A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© g Cg gwI ‡m· hmVm h° O]oH$ CgH$A^md _ß Cg XwI hmVm h°&

H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± A[Z H$m_ H$mO g oH$VZr ‡gfi h° AWdm oH$VZrVZmd_w∫$ h° Bg [naoÒWoV H$m ]m¯ AdbmH$Z gß^d Zht h°& BgH$mJUZmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZm H$oR>Z h°& Ïò∫$ AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z H$ obE Ohm±gdmaV hmVm h° dhm± H$ Xmo`Àd H$m oZdm©h CZH$ obE ‡mWo_H$ H$V©Ï`hmVm h°& CZH$ AoYH$mar JU Edß A›` gß]ßoYV H$_©Mmar H$m AmXe CZ [aOdm]Xmar H$m oOÂ_m XV h°& Ïò∫$ oH$g ^yo_H$m H$m M`Z H$aJm d oH$gN>m∂S>Jm, BgH$m V` H$aZ H$ ob` g_mO ¤mam ‡mWo_H$VmAmß H$r EH$ gyMr]Zr hwB© h°, Cgr H$ AZwgma dh H$_ _hÀ[dyU© H$m`© H$r A[jm AoYH$_hÀd[yU© H$m`© H$m H$aVm h°&

AmYwoZH$ `wJ _ß _ohbm oejm H$m ]∂T>Vm ‡oVeV Edß _ohbm oejmH$ ]∂T>V ÒVa Z _ohbmAmß H$m H$m_H$mOr hmZ H$r ‡aUm Xr h°& \$bV: CZH$r‡d•oŒm H$m_H$mOr hm J`r h°& AmO d ododY ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$a ahr h°&A[Zr e°joUH$ mΩ`Vm H$m C[`mJ CZH$ OrdZ H$m Ah_ [j ]Z J`mh°& AmO d g^r jÃmß _ß [wÍ$fmß H$ g_mZ [Xmß [a AmgrZ h°& amOZroVH$gŒmm H$m jÃ hm m Am`.E.Eg. Amo\$ga H$r Hw$gr©, Ao^Z` H$r Ao^Ïò∫$hm `m Z•À`mßJZm H$m Z•À`, gmohÀ` H$m jÃ hm J`m bobV H$bmAmß H$mAmßJZ, amJ-amoJZr`m± H$r gaJ_ hm `m oMÃH$mar H$r oMVar, oMoH$ÀgH$hm `m H$mZyZr gbmhH$ma, ‡emgZ H$m jÃ hm `m oeojH$m, ‡m\$ga H$mXmo`Àd, kmZ odkmZ hm `m H$bmÀ_H$ ‡ÒVwoV _ohbmAmß H$ H$m_H$mO H$modÒVma g^r jÃmß _ß hwAm h°&

H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± A[Zr `mΩ`Vm g Z H$db YZ AoO©V H$aVr h°Ao[Vw d AoO©V YZ g [mnadmnaH$ AmoW©H$ gßaMZm _ß A[Zm `mJXmZ


XH$a AmoW©H$ gß]b ‡XmZ H$aVr h°& _ohbmAmß H$m AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z AmoW©H$jÃ _ß CZH$r AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°&

‡m`: h YmaUm h° oH$ AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z H$aZ dmbr H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE±CÉ OrdZ ÒVa Edß A[Z OrdZ g gßVwÓQ> hmVr h°& C›hß Z gßH$Q> H$mgm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h° Am°a Zm oH$gr ‡H$ma H$ gßKf© H$m d _mZogH$ X]mdg _w∫$ hmVr h°& `h EH$ ^´_[yU© YmaUm h°& OrdZ H$ oH$gr ^r [hby H$mdV©_mZ m°oVH$ gßÒH•$oV _ß H$mB© Z H$mB© oÒWoV Egr ]ZVr h° Ohm± d yo_H$mgßKf© H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h°& Wm∂S>r m H$_ _mÃm _ß yo_H$m gßKf© OrdZ g OwS>mh°& _mZd OrdZ H$m ]m¯ Edß AmßVnaH$ [hby o^fi hmVm h°& Cgr ‡H$ma oOg‡H$ma _mZd eara Edß md H$r AmßVnaH$ emarnaH$ gaßMZm [aÒ[a o^fi hmVrh°& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± Bgr ‡H$ma H$r oÒWoV _ß hmVr h°& CZH$r yo_H$m gßKf©H$m ]m¯ AdbmH$Z gß d Zht& H$mB© ^r Ïò∫$ [na[yU© Zht A[Zr yo_H$moZdm©h _ß& H$m_ H$ Xm°amZ Hw$N> Z Hw$N> Egm KQ> hr OmVm h° , Hw$N> H$m_ Eg hrAmgmZr g hm OmV h° Am°a Hw$N> C[ojV ah OmV h°& oO›h [yU© H$aZm r CZH$ob ß AmdÌ`H$ hmVm h°& H$m_H$mOr gßKf© H$r ^r hmVr h°& d A[Zr odo^fi

yo_H$m _ß oH$g [hb H$a Am°a oH$g ]mX _ß gßKf© ]Zm ahVm h°& h AÎ[H$mbrZ^r hm gH$Vm h° Am°a XrK©H$mbrZ ^r BgH$m _yÎ`mßH$Z d Òd ß H$a gH$Vr h°&

[oÀZ hmZ H$ ZmV [oV H$ ‡oV Xmo`Àd oZdm©h _ß H$ht Z H$ht H$_rhmVr h°& [oV-[oÀZ g A[jm H$aV h° oHß$Vw H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± A[Z [oVg gh`mJ H$r A[jm H$aVr h°& A[jmAmß H$r [yoV© Z hmZ [a yo_H$m gßKf©H$r oÒWoV [°Xm hmVr h°& CZH$m H$m_H$mOr hmZm CZ [a ^mar [∂S>Vm h°&H$^r-H$^r d Xw^m©Ω`de Kabw-ohßgm H$r oeH$ma hmVr h° Am°a [mnadmnaH$d°dmohH$ gß]ßY VZmd[yU© hmV h°& [oV H$m A[Zr [oÀZ g A[jm hmVr h°&[yU© Zht hmZ [a [oV-[oÀZ _ß gßKf© CÀ[fi hmVm h° Edß gß]ßYmß H$r lßIbmAmßH$r H$∂S>r H$ Qy>Q>Z H$r gß^mdZm ahVr h°&

‡m`: _mZm OmVm h° oH$ [X [a AmgrZ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± gwIgß[oŒm H$r Òdmo_Zr hmVr h°& oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m oddmX C›hß Ny> VH$ Zht[mVm& oHß$Vw H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$m H$m_H$mOr hmZm CZH$ obE gX°d‡gfiVm H$m odf` Zht hmVm h°& H$m`© - jÃ H$m Xmo`Àd, Ka _ß [nadma Edß]Émß H$ Xmo`Àd H$ gmW H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß [a A›` AZH$ Xmo`Àd rhmV h°& O°g C›hß oZ[wU J´h-‡mJßU Edß Ka g ]mha H$ H$m`m~ H$ obE mΩ`_mZ ob`m OmVm h°& Ka H$ C[H$aU IarXZm h°, Iam] hm J` h°, dm R>rH$H$admZm, em∞o[ßJ H$aZm O°g H$m`© C›ht H$ _mZ ob` OmV h°, oOgg C›h^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV H$m ha g_` gm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h°&

[nadma _| ]Émß H$ obE _mVm H$m ÒWmZ Ah_ ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©hH$aVr h°& e°ed AdÒWm g oH$emamdÒWm VH$ ]É _mVm [a AmolV ahV h°oHß$Vw H$m_ H$r Ï`ÒVVm H$ H$maU ]Émß [a oOVZm ‹`mZ XZm MmhVr h°, dhMmhH$a ^r Zht hm [mVm& _mVm ]Ém H$ obE g]Hw$N> hmVr h° ]Ém ^rA[Z eedH$mb _ß _m± d Òd`ß _ß H$mB© AßVa Zht g_PVm h° ∑`mßoH$ CgH$rg_ÒV AmdÌ`H$Vm _m±$hr [yar H$aVr h°, _m± H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m ‡^md ]É H$gm_mOrH$a m H$r ‡oH´$`m _ß _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIVr h°& dh Om Hw$N> ^rgrIVm h° _m± H$r hr XZ h°, dh hr CgH$r ‡W_ [mR>embm hmVr h°, J´h‡mßJU _ß ahZ dmbr _ohbmE| ]Iw]r ZdOmV oeew H$r Edß A›` N>mQ> ]ÉmH$r gwajm Edß [mbZ [mfU H$aZ _ß og‹XhÒV hmVr h° ∑`mßoH$ CZH$r H$mB©A›` ^yo_H$m Zht hmVr h°& oHß$Vw Zm°H$ar [em _ohbmE± oeew H$ [mbZ

[mfU H$ g_` _m± H$r ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aV g_` ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$mgm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h°& C›hß _mZogH$ ¤›¤ H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h°, ZmMmhH$a r EH$ bß]r AdoY VH$ C›hß A[Z oeewAmß H$m [ahÒV H$m gm°[Zm[S>Vm h°& ]Ém H$ ‡oV EH$ _m± H$r ^yo_H$m, [oV H$ ‡oV [oÀZ H$r ^yo_H$m,gmg ggwa H$ ‡oV ]hw H$r ^yo_H$m, H$m`©jÃ _ß EH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbm H$r^yo_H$m, [nadma _ß A›` ^yo_H$mAmß H$m oZdm©h H$aV-H$aV H$m_H$mOr_ohbmE± ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV H$ g_j IS>r hm OmVr h°&

ZmVXmar maVr` gm_moOH$ gßaMZm _ß OmoV g_yh Ïò∫$ H$ OrdZ _ßgm_moOH$ JoVerbVm Edß gm_moOH$ gß]ßYmß H$r AmYmaoebm h°& ZmVXmamßnaÌVXmamß H$r gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ JoVerbVm ]Zr ahVr h°& ZmVXmamßEdß naÌVXmamß H$ odo^fi H$m`©H´$_ H$ Adga [a goÂ_obV hmZm [a_AmdÌ`H$ hmVm h°& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± MmhH$a r AZH$mß ]ma BZ Adgamß[a goÂ_obV Zht hm [mVr h°& CZH$r Zm°H$ar Cg_ß AZH$mZH$ H$maUmß g]mYm CÀ[fi H$aVr h°, A[Zr AZw[oÒWoV H$m bH$a d odMmamß H$ ¤›X _ß\$gr ahVr h° oH$ bmJ CZH$ ]maß _ß ∑`m H$hßJ& `hr odMma C›hß ^yo_H$mgßKf© H$r oÒWoV _ß bmH$a IS>m H$a XVm h°& Hw$N> H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± amV Am°aoXZ H$r S>ÁyQ>r H$aVr h° oOgg CZH$ X°oZH$ OrdZ H$r oH´$`mE± A›`H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß H$r A[jm AoYH$ ‡^modV hmVr h°& H$m_ H$r Ï`ÒVVmg CZH$r AZH$ ^yo_H$m ÒdV: C[ojV hm OmV h°& âgH$ ‡`ÀZ H$aZ H$]mX r O] d C›hß [yam Zht H$a [mVr h° Vm yo_H$m gßKf© hmZm Òdm^modH$h°& AoO©V YZ B¿N>mZwgma IM© Z H$aZ [mZ H$r oÒWoV _ß Òd ß H$ H$m_H$mOrhmZ [a ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$m CÀ[fi H$aVr h°&oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- C[am∫$ [naoÒWoV`mß _ß [wÍ$fmß H$r A[jm _ohbmAmß H$ Hß$Ymß [aXmo`Àdmß H$m ^ma AVwÎZr` hmVm h°& ∑`mßoH$ d ododY ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©hH$aVr h°& [nadma H$ ‡oV CZH$r Odm]Xmar H$ ‡oV ^r d ‡oV]’ hmVr h°&`hr H$maU h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAmß _ß ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV hmZmÒdm^modH$ h°& O] A[Zr yo_H$m _ß d Ag_m`mOZ Edß A›V¤©›X _hgygH$aVr h° V] CZH$r ododY ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h C›hß H$_ `m AoYH$ ^yo_H$mgßKf© H$r oÒWoV _ß bm XVm h°&

Bg ‡H$ma `h odMmaUr` Edß odÌbfUmÀ_H$ Vœ` h° oH$ H$m_H$mOr_ohbmAmß H$m ^yo_H$m gßKf© H$r oÒWoV g JwOaZm [S>Vm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. H$[ya, S>m± ‡o_bm 1976 "H$m_H$mOr ^maVr` Zmar' amO[mb E S>

gßg, oXÑr&2. `mXd, adr _B© 2001 "X doH©$ßJ dw_Z Am∞\$ B oS> m, gmeb db\$Aa

ZB©oXÑr, V.O.L. 48, No-2, "3. doH©$ßJ dy_Z E S> ÒQ≠>g, ÒdmZgZ EZOr (O E_ _S> dy_›g EgmogEeZ

2000 oÒ‡ßJ; 55 (2) :76-9, naÏ`w)4. "H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`mß _ß _ohbmE' amÓQ≠>r` OZ gßÒWmZ Edß ]mb odH$mg

gßÒWmZ&5. `mXd, amO›– "AmX_r H$ oZJmh _ß Am°aV'6. dw_Z EÂ[mda_ßQ>-"E o_W Am°a naEobQ>r' oZJ_, embw brJb ›`wO,

_B© 20017. S>m∞. [r.EZ.‡^w- [mnadmnaH$ gß]ßY8. [r.EZ.Jw·m- gmog`mbmOr∞

*************


‡m. F$Mm Eg. _hVm *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ nH$gr g_mO AWdm Xe _ß gm_mnOH$ gßaMZm, gm_mnOH$Ï`dÒWm, gm_mnOH$ gß]ßYmß Edß gm_mnOH$ _yÎ`mß Edß nZ`ßÃU H$m ]ZmàIZ _ß H$mZyZ H$r _hÀd[yU© yn_H$m ahVr h°& H$mZyZ ]m‹`VmH$mar en∫$ H$Í$[ _ß g_mO H$ _mZdr` Ï`dhma Edß AmMaU H$m nZ`ßnÃV H$aVm h° VWmC›hß g_mO gÂ_V Ï`dhma Edß AmMaU H$aZ H$ nbE gX°d ‡naV H$aVm h°&

‡À H$ g_mO _ß A[Z hm± Ï`dÒWm ]Zm aIZ Edß A[Z gXÒ`mß H$Ï`dhma Edß AmMaU [a nZ`ßÃU H$aZ, nOgg g_mO _ß A[amY Edß gßKf©H$r nÒWnV CÀ[fi Z hm, H$ nbE ndn^fi ‡H$ma H$ H$mZyZmß H$m nZ_m© m H$aVmh°& H$mZyZmß H$m nZ_m©U g_mO H$r gm_mnOH$, AmnW©H$, gmßÒH•$nVH$,amOZrnVH$ [nanÒWnV`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIH$a nH$`m OmVm h°& ‡mMrZH$mbrZg_mO Am°a OZOmVr` g_mO gab ‡H•$nV W AV: BZ_ß H$mZyZmß H$r gßª`m]hwV H$_ Wr, bnH$Z O°g-O°g g_mO ndH$mg H$aV hwE OnQ>b ‡H•$nV H$mhm OmVm h¢ Vm BZ ‡H$ma H$ g_mOmß _ß H$mZyZmß H$r gßª`m ]∂T> OmVr h°&

AmYwnZH$ g_mOmß _ß Mmh dh ndH$mgerb hm AWdm ndH$ngV,gmÂ`dmXr hm AWdm g_mOdmXr bmH$VmßnÃH$, nZaßHw$edmXr [y±OrdmXr hmAWdm n_nlV AW©Ï`dÒWm dmb ‡À`H$ g_mO _ß ndH$mg Edß ‡JnV H$gmW gm_mnOH$, AmnW©H$, amOZrnVH$, Ymn_©H$, gmßÒH•$nVH$ jÃ ]∂T> OmVmh¢ nOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ H$mZyZmß H$r gßª`m ^r ]∂T> OmVr h¢&

g_mO _ß nOZ ‡WmAmß Am°a Í$n∂T>`mß H$m g_mO H$ gßMmbZ H$ nbEAÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ g_Pm OmVm h¢ Am°a C›hß g_yM g_mO H$r _m°Z ÒdrH•$nV‡m· hmVr h¢, V] C›hß nbnIV Í$[ nX`m OmVm h° nOgg dh H$mZyZ H$m Í$[b bVm h°& AV: H$mZyZ CZ nbnIV nZ`_mß H$m dh gßJ´h H$hbmVm h° nOgH$rKmfUm am¡` gaH$ma H$r Ama g nbnIV Í$[ _ß H$r OmVr h°&

H$mZyZ H$m g_mO _ß Am°[MmnaH$ nZ`ßÃU H$ gmYZ VWm ‡nV_mZAWdm _mZX S> H$ Í$[ _ß _mZm OmVm h¢& gab Edß ‡mMrZ g_mOmß H$rA[jm AmYwnZH$ OnQ>b g_mOmß _ß H$mZyZmß H$m _hÀd nXZ ‡nVnXZ ]∂T>VmOm ahm h°&gm_m›`V: g_mOmß _ß Xm ‡H$ma H$ H$mZyZ [m` OmV h¢ -1µ ‡WmJV H$mZyZ (Costomary Law)2µ nZn_©V H$mZyZ (Enacted Law)1µ ‡WmJV H$mZyZ CZ g_mOmß _ ß [m` OmV h¢ Ohm± amOZrnVH$ndefrH$aU Zht hwAm h¢ VWm Ohm± ›`m` H$m T>m±Mm ]hwV AnYH$ gaH$marZhr hmVm, ]nÎH$ Ï`n∫$`mß H$ ndneÓQ> g_yhmß H$m d g^r AnYH$ma ‡m· hmVh¢ Om H$mZyZmß ¤mam ›`m`mYremß H$m ‡m· hmV h°&2µ OnQ>b Edß AmYwnZH$ g_mOmß _ß H$db OZ_V Am°[MmnaH$ en∫$ VWmZ°nVH$ MVZm hr Ï`dÒWm ]Zm` aIZ H$ nbE [`m©flV Zht hmV, ]nÎH$nH$gr ndef ‡H$ma H$ amOZrnVH$ gßJR>Z H$r ^r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h¢&

g_mO Am°a H$mZyZ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` gßÒH•$V _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ^maV

AmYwnZH$ g_mOmß _ß mfm Edß nbn[ VWm nejm H$ ndH$mg H$ H$maU H$mZyZH$m nbnIV Í$[ [m`m OmVm h°& nbnIV H$mZyZ ndYmZ _ S>bmß ¤mam ]ZmÈdß [mnaV nH$E OmV h¢ VWm gaH$mar VßÃ ¤mam bmJy nH$` OmV h¢ Am°a›`m`mb`mß ¤mam CZH$r ajm Am°a Ï`mª`m H$r OmVr h°&

nZn_©V VWm [mnaV H$mZyZmß H$m gwndYm H$r —nÓQ> g Xm ^mJmß _ß ]m±Q>mJ`m h° -1µ XrdmZr AWdm ZmJnaH$ H$mZyZ (XrdmZr AWdm ZmJnaH$ H$mZyZ (XrdmZr AWdm ZmJnaH$ H$mZyZ (XrdmZr AWdm ZmJnaH$ H$mZyZ (XrdmZr AWdm ZmJnaH$ H$mZyZ (Civil Law ) : BgH$m An^‡m`CZ H$mZyZmß g h¢, Om Ï`n∫$, Ï`n∫$ H$ _‹` VWm Ï`n∫$ Edß gßÒWm H$ _‹`nddmXmß H$m nZ[Q>mam H$aV h° O°g-O°g nH$gr g_mO _ß ndH$mg EdßJnVerbVm ]∂T>Vr h¢ d°g-d°g hr XrdmZr H$mZyZmß H$r gßª`m _ß d•n” hmVrOmVr h¢&^maVr` g_mO _ß XrdmZr H$mZyZmß H$ ‡_wI ‡H$ma nZÂZmßnH$V h¢ -(H$) gm_mnOH$ H$mZyZ (gm_mnOH$ H$mZyZ (gm_mnOH$ H$mZyZ (gm_mnOH$ H$mZyZ (gm_mnOH$ H$mZyZ (Social Law) : Bg_ß d H$mZyZ h° nOZH$AßVJ©V g_mO _ß ahZ dmb bmJmß (Ûr, [wÍ$f, ]É) H$ [nadma, nddmh,‡nÒWnV, gÂ[nŒm, CŒmmamoYH$ma Òdmo_Àd, [mbZ-[mfU VWm EH$b oddmh,]mb oddmh, gVr [Wm, odYdm oddmh XhO AmoX gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAmßg gßß]ßoYV oddmXmß H$m gm_m›` ‡oH´$`m ¤mam oZ[Q>mam oH$`m OmVm h°&

^maV _ß [nadma Edß oddmh gß]ßYr ]hwV g H$mZyZ ‡MobV h¢ oOZ_ß‡_wI oZÂZoboIV h° -l gVr ‡Wm nZfY AnYnZ`_ 1929l nh›Xy ndYdm [wZnd©dmh AnYnZ`_, 1856l ^maVr` nddmh nd¿N>X AnYnZ`_, 1869l ]mb-nddmh nZamYH$ AnYnZ`_, 1929l nh›Xy nÛ`mß H$m gÂ[nŒm [a AnYH$ma AnYnZ`_, 1937l AbJ ahZ Am°a âU-[mfU hVw nÛ`mß H$ AnYH$ma, AnYnZ`_

1946l nh›Xy nddmh hVw nÛ`mß H$ AnYH$ma AnYnZ`_, 1946l nh›Xy nddmh AnYnZ`_, 1955l ndef nddmh AnYnZ`_, 1954l nh›Xy CŒmamnYH$ma AnYnZ`_, 1956l nh›Xy Zm]mnbJmß VWm gßajVm AnYnZ`_, 1956l nÛ`mß Edß H$›`mAmß H$m AZ°nVH$ Ï`m[ma nZamYH$ AnYnZ`_, 1956l XhO ndamYr AnYnZ`_ 1961, 1986 (gßemnYV)l nddmh ndnY (gßemYZ) AnYnZ`_ 2001 AmnX

BZ_ß Hw$N> H$mZyZmß _ß H$db Ow_m©Z H$m ‡mdYmZ h°, O]nH$ Hw$N> _ßOw_m©Zm Am°a gOm XmZmß H$m ‡mdYmZ h°&


(I) AmnW©H$ H$mZyZ (AmnW©H$ H$mZyZ (AmnW©H$ H$mZyZ (AmnW©H$ H$mZyZ (AmnW©H$ H$mZyZ (Economic Law) - Bg_ß d H$mZyZ AmV h¢ Om^maV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm, AmnW©H$ nH´$`mAmß, AmnW©H$ T>m±M AmnX H$m nH$grZm nH$gr J°a H$mZyZr H$m`m~ ¤mam hmnZ [hw±MmZ g amH$V h° - O°g ]°nHß$JH$mZyZ, Am`H$a H$mZyZ, e a Ï`dgm` H$mZyZ, CÀ[mX ewÎH$ H$mZyZ, amOÒdH$mZyZ, Am]H$mar H$mZyZ, gdm H$a H$mZyZ, Am`mV-nZ`m©V H$mZyZ F$Ugß]ßYr H$mZyZ, gmd©OnZH$ gÂ[oŒm H´$` ndH´$` H$mZyZ, ÒQ>m∞Â[ S>ÁyQ>r H$mZyZAmnX& BZ g^r AmnW©H$ H$mZyZmß _ß J°a H$mZyZr AmnW©H$ nH´$`mAmß H$m nZnf”H$aZ hVw Ow_m©Zm Edß gOm XmZmß H$m ‡mdYmZ h° &(J) amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZ (amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZ (amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZ (amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZ (amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZ (Political Law) - amOZrnVH$ H$mZyZmß _ßamOZrnVH$ JnVndnY`mß MwZmd ‡nH´$`m, gaH$ma H$ JR>Z, gaH$ma H$mnZbß]Z, _VXmVm Ï`dhma, MwZmd CÂ_rXdma, amÓQ≠>[nV, ‡YmZ_ßÃr, _ßÃr[nafX, amÓQ≠>[nV emgZ gßgXr` H$m`©ndnY, ndYmZg^mndYmZ [nafXH$m`©ndnY, ÒWmZr` nZH$m`, ZmJnaH$Vm, gßndYmZ gßemYZ, am¡`[mbbmH$ gdmE±, gaH$mar _ßÃmb` nd^mJ JR>Z Am`mJ, gn_nV H$m JR>Z,AmajU, AÎ[gßª`H$, AZwgynMV OmnV, OZOmnV ‡nVnZnYÀd,OZ‡nVnZnY`mß H$m dVZ, Œmm, g°›` ‡emgZ, gwajm ]b, ›`m`[mnbH$mÏ`dÒWmn[H$m, H$m`©[mnbH$m JR>Z AmnX g gß]ßnYV [jmß H$m gnÂ_nbVnH$`m J`m h° Om maVr` amOZrnVH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m ‡À`j AWdm A‡À`jÍ$[ g ‡^mndV H$aV h¢&(K) ln_H$ H$Î`mU Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$mZyZ (ln_H$ H$Î`mU Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$mZyZ (ln_H$ H$Î`mU Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$mZyZ (ln_H$ H$Î`mU Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$mZyZ (ln_H$ H$Î`mU Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$mZyZ (LabourWelfare & Social Security Law) - ^maV _ß gßJnR>V EdßAgßJnR>V jÃmß _ß H$am∂S>mß ln_H$ H$m`©aV h¢& ^maV _ß ln_H$mß H$r gwajm,H$Î`mU dVZ, _OXyar, Am°⁄mnJH$ h∂S>Vmb ln_H$ gßK AmnX g gß]ßnYVH$ar] 50 H$mZyZ bmJy h¢&(S>) H•$nf gß]ßYr H$mZyZ (H•$nf gß]ßYr H$mZyZ (H•$nf gß]ßYr H$mZyZ (H•$nf gß]ßYr H$mZyZ (H•$nf gß]ßYr H$mZyZ (Agriculture Law) - BgH$ AßVJ©V ^y-amOÒd AnYnZ`_ 1986, y ImVXmar H$mZyZ, H•$fH$ ]r_m H$mZyZ 1992ghH$mnaVm H$mZyZ 1976, O_tXmar C›_ybZ H$mZyZ Edß yn_ grnbßJ E∑Q>1971 AmnX&(]) [wnbg Edß `mVm`mV gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ ([wnbg Edß `mVm`mV gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ ([wnbg Edß `mVm`mV gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ ([wnbg Edß `mVm`mV gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ ([wnbg Edß `mVm`mV gß]ßnYV H$mZyZ (Police & T rafficrelated Law) - ^maV Xe _ß emßnV Edß Ï`dÒWm H$r ÒWm[Zm A[amYmßH$r amH$Wm_, A[amnY`mß H$m X S> XZ hVw [wnbg H$mZyZ r H$m ©aV h°& BgrVah ehamß _hmZJamß _ß ]∂T>V `mVm`mV X]md d ‡dmh H$m nZ`ßnÃV H$aZ,`mVm`mV ‡XyfU H$m amH$Z, XwK©Q>ZmAmß H$r H$_r bmZ, gwanjV `mVm`mVgßMmbZ AmnX hVw H$m`m~ H$ nbE `mVm`mV gß]ßYr H$mZyZ H$m`©aV h°&

2µ \$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ (\$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ (\$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ (\$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ (\$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ (Criminal Law) - maV_ß gm_m›` H$mZyZmß H$ AnVna∫$ \$m°OXmar AWdm Am[amnYH$ H$mZyZ h°& BZH$mZyZmß H$ AßVJ©V O] EH$ Ï`n∫$ ¤mam BgH$ Ï`n∫$ H$m emarnaH$ Í$[ ghmnZ [hw±MmZ H$m ‡`mg nH$`m OmVm h°& O°g - (hÀ`m H$aZm, XwK©Q>ZmH$aZm, _ma[rQ>, H$Àb AßJ-^ßJ H$aZm AmnX) Vm \$m°OXmar H$mZyZmß H$VhV≤ A[amY H$aZ dmb [a [wnbg H$r ghm`Vm g ›`m`mb` ¤mam H$m ©dmhrH$r OmVr h° Am°a A[amYr H$m Ow_m©Zm Edß gOm Xr OmVr h°& \$m°OXmarH$mZyZmß H$m C‘Ì` A[amY H$aZ dmb H$m gªV X S> XZm h° nOgg dh AmJA[amY Z H$a VWm g_mO H$ A›` Ï`n∫$ ^r Bgg g]H$ bV hwEAm[amnYH$ JnVndnY`mß _ß nb· Z hm & \$m°OXmar H$mZyZmß H$m C‘Ì` g_mO_ß emßnV Edß Ï`dÒWm ]ZmE aIZm hmVm h°& \$m°OXmar H$mZyZ _ß [wnbg›`m`mb` Edß dH$rb VrZmß H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yn_H$m ahVr h°&

^maV _ß \$m°OXmar H$mZyZmß H$ AßVJ©V ‡_wI H$mZyZ nZÂZnbnIV h° -∑ ^maVr` X S> ndYmZ (IPC) 1860l ^maVr` X S> ‡nH´$`m gßnhVm, 1973

Q>mS>m (TADA) H$mZyZ, 1975l [mQ>m (POTA) H$mZyZ, 2002

Bg ‡H$ma C[ w©∫$ H$mZyZmß H$ nddaU g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ maV _ß _mZdr`OrdZ H$ ha [j g gß]ßnYV H$mB© Zm H$mB© H$mZyZ ]Zm hwAm h° Om ‡À`j-A‡À`j Í$[ g _mZdr` OrdZ H$m nZ`ßnÃV H$aVm h¢ VWm Cg g_mOgÂ_V Ï`dhma H$aZ hVw ‡mÀgmnhV H$aVm h¢ VmnH$ g_mO Í$[r gßaMZm EdßÏ`dÒWm ]Zr ahr h°&

AßV _ß h_ g^r H$m BZ H$mZyZmß H$r OmZH$mar hmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°∑`mßnH$ h_ A[Z Ï`dhma H$m nZ`ßÃU _ß aIH$a g_mO Edß Xe H$mgH$mamÀ_H$ ndH$mg H$r Ama b Om gH$V h° Am°a A[amYmß ^´ÓQmMma H$m^ndÓ` _ß H$_ H$aZ _ß ghm`H$ ng” hm gH$V h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Aubert - sociology of law2. Adam Podgorecki - Law and Society.3. Vyas & Rathore - Social Authorpology.4. K.L. Sharma - Sociology of Law and Legal Profession.5. H$mZyZ H$m g_mOemÛ - S>m∞µ AO` ngßh amR>m°a6µ h_ma H$mZyZ - _nhbm Edß ]mb ndH$mg ndH$mg

*************


d°ÌdrH$aU H$ Xm°a _|$ _ohbm |

S>m∞. H$odVm O°Z *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ ‡À`H$ Xe H$m A›` Xemß H$ gmW dÒVw, gdm, [y±Or Edß ]m°o’H$ gÂ[Xm H$m A‡oV]o›YV AmXmZ-‡XmZ hr d°ÌdrH$aU H$hbmVmh°& d°ÌdrH$aU H$ Bg Xm°a _ß [yar XwoZ`m _ß ]∂S>m CWb-[wWb hm ahm h°& AmO [yar XwoZ`m d°ÌdrH$aU H$ Xm°a _ß gm±g b ahr h°& h_ AmO d°ÌdrH$aU H$]rM Or ah h¢ d°ÌdrH$aU g_H$mbrZ XwoZ`m H$r gÉmB© h°& Bgr gßX^© _ß _hmÀ_m JmßYr H$ Bg C’aU H$m r XIZm hmJm, d obIV h° - _¢ Zht MmhVmoH$ _am _H$mZ Mmamß Am°a Xrdmamß g oKam hm Am°a _ar oI∂S>oH$`m± ]ßX hm& _¢ MmhVm hy∞ oH$ g^r Xe H$r gßÒH•$oV`mß H$r hdm`ß _a Ka _ß oOVZr r AmOmXrg ]h gH$ ]h, boH$Z _¢ßß `h Zht MmhVm oH$ CZ_ß g H$mB© hdm _wP _ar O∂S>mß g hr CIm∂S> Xß&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ h_ Xyga Xemß _ß OmV h° Am°a Xyga Xemß H$ bmJ h_ma `hm∞AmV ah h¢& Ï`m[mnaH$ bZ-XZ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ ^r h_h_em H$aV ah h°& BZ ‡oH´$`mAmß _ß ^r h_ ef odÌd g H$^r H$Q> Zht]oÎH$ [hb g ^r ¡`mXm Ow∂S>V ah h¢ AV: d°ÌdrH$aU h_ma obE H$mB© ZB©`m S>amdZr MrO Zht h°& boH$Z h_ A[Zm d°ÌdrH$aU g_Vm, ›`m` Am°aodÌd]›YwÀd H$ AmYma [a MmhV h°&

d°ÌdrH$aU H$ Xm°a _ß Zmar H$r _woÌH$b ]∂T>r h¢& ]∂T>V _erZrH$aU gZm°H$na`mß _ß Agwajm, H$_ dVZ, odXer H$Â[oZ`mß H$r _Z_mZr eV, CZH$g_j h_ma H$mZyZmß H$r Ag_W©Vm, ]∂T>Vm ^´ÓQ>mMma ` [naoÒWoV`mß Am°aVH$m ›`m` oXbmZ _ß Ag_W© h°& d°ÌdrH$aU H$ H$maU odH$ogV Xemß _ß_ohbm`ß oZY©ZVm Am°a X^md H$m oeH$ma hm ahr h°& EH$ hr Vah H$ H$m_ _ß[wÈf Am°a _ohbm _ß X^md oH$`m Om ahm h°& XmZmß H$ [mnalo_H$ _ß o^››Vmh°& AmO [wÈfmß H$r VwbZm _ß _ohbmAmß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$_ oH$`m Om ahm h°&AmO ^r _ohbm`ß Aoejm, Hw$[mfU Am°a oZY©ZVm H$m oeH$ma hm ahr h°&

AmO _ohbm H$ obE OÈaV h° oH$ CgH$ l_ H$m grY CÀ[mXZ gOm∂S>m Om`& h_em hr AmOrodH$m H$_mZ _ß [wÈf H$ H$m_ H$r VwbZm _ß_ohbm H$m H$m_ Vw¿N> ahm h°& CgH$m CÀ[mXZ g grYm gÂ]›Y gwoZoÌMVZht hmVm O]oH$ [amjV: CgH$m l_ CÀ[mXZ _ß ghm`H$ hmVm h°&

_ohbmAmß H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$db Cgr g_` gß^d hmVr h° O] d ]S>∂[°_mZ [a CÀ[mXZ _ß ^mJ bZ _ß g_W© hm [mVr h°& d°ÌdrH$aU _ß d°oÌdH$[`m©daU, d°oÌdH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm, d°oÌdH$ J´m_ AmoX H$m odõfU H$aZH$m H$m`© oH$`m OmVm h°&

d°ÌdrH$aU g OZVm H$ ododY jÃ ‡^modV hwE h° Om OrdZ g Ow∂S>h°& Bg_ß V_m_ H$Â[oZ`mß H$ _‹` CÀ[mXZ Edß gh`mJ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` odŒmr`]mOma H$m AoYH$moYH$ ‡`mJ Edß ZB© ]mOma Ï`dÒWm _ß ÒWmZr` H$maH$mßEdß CÀ[mXZ H$m ‡gma Am°a AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ]mOma H$m gdm©oYH$ ‡`mJd°ÌdrH$aU H$r [hMmZ h°&

_ohbmAmß H$r oÒWoV Am°a ^yo_H$m [a d°ÌdrH$aU H$m ‡^md [∂S>m h°&BgH$ odo^fi [hby _ohbmAmß H$ gßX^© _ß XI Om gH$V h°&

gmYmaUV: _ohbm ß Xm ‡mÈ[ _ß ‡^modV Am°a oeH$ma hmVr h°& _wª`V:emofV dJ© H$m gXÒ` hmZ H$ H$maU o¤Vr`V: _ohbm hmZ H$m H$maUd°ÌdrH$aU H$ ‡^md _ß ahVr h°& gß‡^w Xe ‡mH•$oVH$ ÛmVmß [a oZ`ßÃU

aIV hwE gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV _ß o^fiVm H$ ]mdOyX ^rodH$mgm›_wI Xemß H$ gm_Z V_m_ MwZm°oV`m± ‡ÒVwV H$aV h°, d°ÌdrH$aU H$MbV _mZd odH$mg na[mQ©> 1992 _ß Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ d°ÌdrH$ Ï`dÒWm Am`o^fiVm H$m odÒV•V H$aH$ AmoW©H$ d•o’ g Ow∂S>r odo^fiVm H$m ‡gma H$aH$OrdZm[jr, [mfmhma, ZdOmV oeew Edß _À`©Vm, d`ÒH$, gmjaVm AmoX_ß odf_Vm [°Xm H$aH$ oZ]©b dJ© H$r oÒWoV H$m Am°a ^r ]XVa ]ZmVr h°&^maV _ß _ohbmAmß H$m odH$mg XIZ g h Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ d°ÌdrH$aU ZodH$mg Edß gwYma H$r VwbZm _ß _ohbmAmß H$m [VZ hr oH$`m h°& CXmhaUmW©odÌd [Q>b [a ^maV _ß `m°Z AZw[mV EH$ hOma [wÈf [a 929 _ohbm`ßodÌd _ß g]g H$_ h°& VrZ [wÈfmß [a EH$ _ohbm ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr gwodYmAmH$m C[`mJ H$a [mVr h°& ¡`mXmVa _ohbm`ß AgßJoR>V gßÒWmAmß _ß H$m_H$aVr h° Am°a oZ`_hrZVm H$ MbV emfU H$m oeH$ma hmVr h°& o[V• gŒmmÀ_H$g_mO Z _ohbmAmß [a KmVH$ ‡^md S>mb h°& AmoW©H$ Òdmo_Àd AmV hr[wÈf g_mO H$m o[Vm ]Z ]°R>m& o[V•gŒmm Z [ya g_mO H$m ‡^modV oH$`m&_ohbm _mZd BoVhmg H$r EH$ Egr OmoV h° oOgH$m goX`mß g emfU hmVmahm h°& dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ [na—Ì` _ß ^r o[V•gŒmm H$ g^r Xmg h°& H$m`©H$aVr hw`r _ohbmAmß H$m OrdZ ÒVa [yar Vah Iam] [mfmhma d ÒdmÒœ` _ßoJamdQ> H$ H$maU ‡^modV hwAm h°& Bg Vah _ohbmE± Xmhar emfU H$roeH$ma h°&

gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$ VÀdmdYmZ _ß ]roOßJ _ß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _ohbm gÂ_bZhwAm Wm& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$ H$m`© _ßM g _ohbmAmß H$r oÒWoV ]hVa ]ZmZH$ obE Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© ‡ÒVmd [e oH$E JE oOZ_ß g Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© ‡ÒVmd` h° -1.1.1.1.1. AmoW©H$ odf_Vm :AmoW©H$ odf_Vm :AmoW©H$ odf_Vm :AmoW©H$ odf_Vm :AmoW©H$ odf_Vm : _ohbmAmß H$m gßgmYZmß, amOJma, ]mOma EdßÏ`m[ma, gyMZm Edß Q>∑Zmbm∞Or _ß ]am]ar H$m ohÒgm o_b& H$m`©ÒWbmß H$m`m°Z CÀ[r∂S>Z Edß A›` Vah H$ ^X^md H$m Xya oH$`m Om`&2.2.2.2.2. Jar]r -Jar]r -Jar]r -Jar]r -Jar]r - _ohbmAmß H$ ‡¿N>fi H$m`m~ H$m [hMmZ ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ obEgmßoª`H$r` _m‹`_ ‡XmZ oH$`m Om` Am°a amÓQ≠>r` AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß CZH$gh`mJ H$m oMo›hV oH$`m Om`& Jar] Am°aVmß H$m AmoW©H$ Adga ‡XmZoH$`m Om`, H$_ IM _ß Ka, yo_, ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ CYma Edß A›` gdm ßXr Om`&3.3.3.3.3. [`m©daU -[`m©daU -[`m©daU -[`m©daU -[`m©daU - [`m©daU gß]ßYr ZroV`mß _ß oZ_m©U, [`m©daUr` ZroV`mß

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


H$m Am°aVmß [a [∂S>Z dmb ‡^md H$m AmH$bZ oH$`m OmE&4.4.4.4.4. gßÒWm`ß -gßÒWm`ß -gßÒWm`ß -gßÒWm`ß -gßÒWm`ß - Am°aVmß H$ odH$mg H$r oOÂ_Xmar gaH$ma _ D$±M ÒVa [agm¢[r Om`& g^r H$mZyZmß OZZroV`mß, H$m ©H´$_mß _ß obßJ ‡^mdmß H$m oXImZdmb AmßH$∂S>m H$m gßJ´h H$a CZH$m ‡Mma oH$`m OmE&

gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$ gdjU H$ AZwgma h_ma Xe _ß ha df© S>∂T> H$am∂S>b∂S>oH$`mß O›_ bVr h° oOZ_ß [Érg bmI 15 df© H$r C_´ g [hb H$r _aOmVr h°& BZ b∂S>oH$`mß H$r _m°V H$m H$maU g_mO _ß _ohbmAmß H$ ‡oV^X^md H$m Ï`dhma h°& ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`mß d gßJR>Zmß H$ AZw^dmß gÒ[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ CÉ [yßOr ‡odoY H$ H$maU CÀ[mXZ Vm ‡Mwa _mÃm _ß hmVmh° [a›Vw CgH$ _wH$m]b amOJma H$ Adgamß _ß d•o’ Zht hmVr&

EH$ AmÌM`©OZH$ Vœ` `h ^r h° oH$ l_ _ß ^r ZmarÀd H$m ÈPmZAmZ bJm h°& amOJma _ß › yZV_ _OXyar H$r AdYmaUm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`mOmVm h°& oZòV g Ow∂S> C⁄mJmß _ß _ohbmAmß H$m ›`yZV_ _OXyar AmßoeH$‡H•$oV H$ amOJma, AÒWmB© AZw]ßY [a oZ`w∫$ oH$`m OmVm h° oOgg_ohbmAmß _ß gX°d AoZoÌMVVm H$m _mhm°b ]Zm ahVm h°& ]mOma H$EH$moYH$ma H$ H$maU C[`mJr MrOmß H$ ‡oV OrdZ H$ ododY [j odefÈ[ g AmH$of©V hwE h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$ ÈPmZ g _ohbmAmß H$r J•hH$m`© ggß]ßoYV È[aIm ‡^modV hwB© h°& EH$ ]mV Am°a _hÀd[yU© h° oH$ _ohbmAmßH$ Kaby H$m`m~ H$m H$m`© lUr _ß Zht _mZm OmVm h°& _ohbmAmß H$ H$m`© H$mH$m`© H$r gßkm V^r Xr OmVr h° O] d ]mha OmH$a Hw$N> H$m`© H$aVr hm Am°aCgH$ EdO _ß _w–m [mVr hm &

gm_m›` ‡mH•$oVH$ ÛmVmß H$r oZOrH$aU [`m©daU H$ bJmVma h´mgH$ obE oOÂ_Xma h°& oZòV H$m ‡mÀgmhZ XZ H$ obE Xer ÛmVmß H$memfU oH$`m Om ahm h°& BgH$ H$B© Jß^ra [naUm_ ^r gm_Z AmZ bJ h°&Egr _ohbmAmß H$m OrdZ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$m r OwQ>mZ H$ obE _hZV

H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° oOZH$m OrdZ ‡mH•$oVH$ ÛmVmß g Ow∂S>m h°& ]wZH$a g_wXm`_N>br [H$∂S>Z dmb oOZ_ß ‡_wI È[ g AmV h°&

^maVr` ‡mH•$oVH$ ÛmVmß H$m d°oÌdH$ emfU H$ obE _w∫$ H$a XZmH$B© MwZm°oV`mß H$m I∂S>m H$a ahm h°& C[^m∫$mdmX, ohßgm, Ïò∫$dmX, EdßÒd¿Nß>X `m°oZH$ Ï`dhma AmoX H$m g_mO d _ohbmAmß [a KmVH$ ‡^md[∂S>∂m h°& _ohbmAmß [a ]∂T>Vr ohßgm Ka H$ ^rVa Am°a ]mha ]hwV hr KmVH$[naUm_ Xem©Vm h°& _ohbmAmß H$ ‡oV `m°Z A[amY CZH$r oÒWoV H$m Am°a^r ^`mZH$ ]Zm ahm h°& [oV `m oZH$Q> gß]ßoY`mß ¤mam _ohbmAmß H$r hÀ`mhmZm `m ]bmÀH$ma hmZm Am_ ]mV hm JB© h°& XhO H$ H$maU 17 _ohbm`ßamO _aVr h°& ]∂T>Vm hwAm C[^m∫$mdmX, ]mOmadmX, C›_ofV AmoW©H$ZroV H$m ]∂T>mdm XVm h° Am°a _ohbmAmß H$m Ad_yÎ`Z H$aVm h°&

Bg Vah g d°oÌdH$aU Ohmß odH$mgm›_wI Xemß H$ AZ›Va odH$mgH$ ¤ma H$m aImßoH$V H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h° dht g_mO H$r AmoW©H$ È[g Jar] _ohbmAmß H$m AoYH$ CÀ[ro∂S>V H$aZ H$m ‡`mg r H$aVm h°& Bgg_ohbmAmß H$m oZa›Va h´mg Am°a CÀ[r∂S>Z hwAm h°& d°oÌdH$aU H$ Xm°a _ß_ohbm`ß MVwoX©H$ CÀ[r∂S>Z H$r oeH$ma hwB© h¢ß&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ^maVr` _ohbmAmß H$m g_mOemÛ - S>m∞. E_.E_. bdmoZ`m-amoe

H$ O°Z nagM© [o„bH$eZ O`[wa ZB© oXÑr2. ^maVr` Zmar : dV©_mZ g_Ò`m`ß Am°a ^mdr g_mYmZ - Ama. gr.

oVdmar, E.[r.EM. [o„boeßJ H$m∞a[maeZ ZB© oXÑr3. g_mOemÛ-S>m∞. Jw·m Edß e_m©4. [arjm _ßWZ5. `mOZm [oÃH$m6. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a

*************


S>m∞. Ama. gr. [m›Q>b >*

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^maV _ß OZOmoV gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡m` AmoX_ Edß o[N>∂S>rgßÒH•$oV ‡mMrZ g_` g hr _mZr OmVr ahr h¢ VWm dV©_mZ _ß OZOmoV`[nadmamß _ß AoYH$ gwYma —ÓQ>rJmMa Zht hm ahm h¢ oOgH$ ‡_wI H$maU BZH$r A[Zr hr gßÒH•$oV H$ [aÂ[amJV _yÎ` h°& [wamVZ gmohÀ` H$ A‹``Z gkmV hmVm h¢ oH$ d°oXH$ [m°amoUH$ _wJb amO[yVH$mbrZ gßÒH•$oV _ß eam] H$AÀ`moYH$ ‡MbZ H$m gmohÀ` am [∂S>m h¢& eam] H$ gß]ßY _ß Hw$N> od¤mZmßH$m _V h¢ oH$ g]g [hb eam] g AmoW©H$, [mnadmnaH$ Am¢a gm_moOH$odKQ>Z ‡^modV hmVm h¢ß& "[hb Ïò∫$ eam] H$m [rVm h¢ o\$a eam] Òd`ßH$m [rVr h¢ Am°a Am°a AßVV: eam] Ïò∫$ H$m hr [r OmVr h¢&'

C[am∫$ —oÓQ>H$mU g eam] H$m gdZ Ïò∫$ H$ OrdZ _ß hmZm BgH$odZme H$r Ama OmZm oZoÌMV hm OmVm h¢& boH$Z ‡mMrZ g_` _ß eam]H$m ‡`mJ XdmB© H$ Í$[ _ß oH$`m OmVm Wm VWm h_ma Xe H$ _wª` ajH$m _ßOmf âZ H$ ob` ^r eam] H$m gdZ A¿N>m _mZm J`m h¢ boH$Z dV©_mZg_` _ß eamo]`mß H$m g∂S>H$ oH$Zma, Zmob`mß H$ [mg VWm eam] AmhVmß _ßodZme H$aV XI h ‡ÌZ oM›h hmVm h¢ oH$ BZ bmJmß H$m AmoW©H$ ZwH$gmZhmZ H$ gmW hr H$hr AoYH$ gm_moOH$ joV r hm ahr h¢ BZH$r gm_moOH$‡oVÓR>m oXZ-‡oVoXZ Iam] hmVr oXImB© X ahr h¢&

BoVhmg ‡_mU XVm h¢ oH$ eam] H$ H$maU hr H$B© am¡` [VZ H$ JV©_ß Mb J` O_tXmna`m byQ> JB© VWm gm_moOH$ odKQ>Z H$r AZH$ KQ>ZmEßgwam gw›Xna`mß H$ H$maU hr hwB© h¢&

Bgg Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h¢ oH$ AoV ‡mMrZ H$mb g hr eam] H$m ‡MbZ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _ß Kwbm o_bm h¢& dV©_mZ _ß _hmZJar` g‰`Vm g bH$aJmßd, H$Ò]m, ZJa VWm \$mÎ`m VH$ H$r gßÒH•$oV _ß eam] Z A[Zm odÒVma∑`m AoY[À` H$a ob`m h¢& maVr` [aÂ[am H$ AZwgma eam] H$m gß]ßY _ßgwI-XwI XmZmß g Jham Ow∂S>m hwAm h¢&

emYmWr© Z A[Z A‹``Z _ß [m`m oH$ gß[yU© ^maV H$ OZOmoV`g_mO _ß eam] H$m ‡MbZ [maÂ[naH$ Í$[ _ß A[Zr O∂S> VH$ Mbm J`m h¢&S>m∞. Zo_MßX O°Z Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ "^rb mfm H$m mfm emÛr` A‹``Z'_ß Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h¢ oH$ ^rb OZOmoV _ß AmoXH$mb g Mbr Am ahr Bg[aÂ[am H$m oH$gr r ‡`mgm g ZÓQ> Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢& Bg oH$g VahOZOmoV` OrdZ g odbmo[V oH$`m OmE& g_mOemÛr, ew^-oMVßH$mVWm _Kmdr gm_moOH$ odMmaH$m ¤mam odMma H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ hmJm&

OZOmoV` g_mOm _ß eam] H$ gdZ H$m ‡MbZ ]∂T>V ahZ g ZH$db Ïò∫$ H$m VWm [mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z hmJm ]oÎH$ oZY©ZVm VWm odo^fi‡H$ma H$r o]_mna`mß _ß BZH$ OrdZ [a od[naV ‡^md S>mbJr& _.‡. H$[oÌM_ jÃ Om JwOamV H$r gr_m H$m Nw>E hwE dhmß oH$ OZOmoV` [nadmamß_ß eam] H$m AoYH$ gdZ hm ahm h¢ Ohmß CZH$m gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ odH$mg

OZOmoV gßÒH•$oV _ß eam] H$m ‡MbZ : EH$ Aoêm[

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` Ym_ZmX oObm -Yma (_.‡) ^maV

AdÍ$¤ hm J`m h¢ß& _.‡. H$m [oÌM_r jÃ rbmßMb H$ Í$[ _ß A[Zr [hMmZ]Zm` hwE h¢&

_.‡. H$ _mZoMÃ _ß IaJmZ, ]∂S>dmZr, Yma, Pm]wAm, aVbm_ oOb^rb OZOmoV jÃ H$ Í$[ _ß OmZ OmV h¢& BgH$ gmW hr amOÒWmZ Am°aJwOamV r rbmß H$ Zm_ g A[Zr [hMmZ oZo_©V H$aV h¢& oX A‹``Z H$AVrV H$r Ama XIm OmE Vm kmV hmJm oH$ `h OmoV joÃ` OmoV H$ Í$[_ß MoM©V ahr h¢& odefH$a OZOmoV gßX^© _ß `h dJ© ^rb gaXmam, ^rbamOmAm Am°a rb am¡` ‡_wI H$ Í$[ _ß A[Zr odamgV BoVhmg H$ [fimß _ßMoM©V h¢& g_`H$mb Edß CÀ[fi [naoÒWoV`mß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ [a kmVhmVm h¢ oH$ rbmß _ß hr EH$ lÓQ> dJ© Z A[Zr [hMmZ EH$ AbJ g_wXm` H$Í$[ _ßß oZo_©V H$r oOg EoVhmogH$ Í$[ _ß XIm Om gH$Vm h¢& amO[yVmß H$gß[H©$ _ß AmZ H$ H$maU B›hr rbm g o^bmbm, ]mabm, R>mH$na`m, Xa]mna`m,VWm V∂S>dr OZOmoV AoÒVÀd _ß AmB© VWm A[Zr ÒdVßÃ [hMmZ oZo_©VH$r h¢& _.‡. OZOmoV dJ© _ß o^bmbm OZOmoV A[Z Am[H$m gd©lÓQ>g_P ahr h¢ oOgH$m H$maU amO[yV amOmAmß H$ gß[H©$ _ß AmZm h¢ß& amO[yVmßH$ gß[H©$ _ß EH$ Hw$eb dJ© ,o^bmbm Om ]wo’ H$m ‡oVH$ hr Zht Wm Ao[VwV_m_ ‡H$ma H$r Hw$ebVmEß gßÒH$maJV ‡m· hwB© Wr&

oejm O°gr AoZdm © mOZmAmß _ß r rb g_wXm` o[N>∂S>r hwB© oÒWoV_ß h¢ oOg_ß OZOmoV` odH$mg _ßÃmb` H$ Ambm A\$ga oMßoVV h¢& dV©_mZg_` _ß XIm Om ahm h¢ oH$ emgZ oH$ OZOmoV` H$Î`mU ZroV`mß H$mgdm©oYH$ bm^ o^bmbm OZOmoV [nadmamß H$m hr ahm h¢& ‡m`: `h H$hmßOmVm h¢ oH$ `mOZmEß g]H$ hH$ H$ obE oZdoeV hmVr h¢ boH$Z H$mB© EH$dJ© hr bm^mßodV hmVm h¢ Am°a A›` g_yh H$r oÒWoV [yd© H$r ^mßoV hr ]Zrahr Vm `h odH$mg `mOZmAmß H$ oH´$`m›d`Z hVw EH$ MwZm°oV h°&

C[am∫$ H$WZmß H$m `h VmÀ[`© Zht h¢ oH$ A[Z Am[ H$m CÉ _mZZdmbr OZOmoV (o^bmbm) eam] H$m gdZ Zht H$aVr, `h dJ© ^r[aÂ[amJV gßÒH•$oV AZwgma eam] H$m gdZ H$aVr h¢ [a gMV hmH$a&

AmOmXr H$ bÂ] A›Vamb H$ ]mX ^r AmO H$m OZOmoV` dJ©gm_m›` dJm g ]hwV [rN> Ny>Q> J`m h¢& gßÒH•$oVH$ ‡oV_mZmß H$ AZwgmag_`-g_` [a OZOmoV` g_mO eam] H$m gdZ H$aV hr h¢&

gm_moOH$ aÒ_mß H$ Adga [a r OZOmoV`mß _ß eam] H$m AÀ`moYH$gdZ gm_m›` g_Pm OmVm h¢ oOgH$m ‡^md `h hmVm h¢ oH$ `h dJ©AmoW©H$ C[mO©Z H$m EH$ ]∂S>m ^mJ eam] [a Ï`` H$a XVm h¢ß&

^rb OZOmoV H$r Xygar OZOmoV`mß _ß eam] H$ gdZ H$ CVZ ]wa[naUm_ XIZ H$m Zht o_bV h¢& oOVZ H$r ^rb [nadmam _ß XI OmV h¢&Bg jÃ H$m ^rb Aoejm H$ H$maU A[Zm AoO©V [°gm eam] [a ZÓQ> H$aXVm h¢& BgobE CgH$m [nadma Kma Xna–Vm H$ ]mhw[me _ß OH$∂S>m oXImB©


XVm h¢ß& eam] H$r ]war bV H$ H$maU OZOmoV` [nadmam _ß odo^fi ‡H$maH$r o]_mna`mß O°g Q>r.]r., brda, oH$S>Zr H$m odÒVma hm ahm h¢ `h h¢ oH$Jß ra o]_mna`mß CZH$ _m°V H$ AmJme _ß b ahr h¢& ÒdmÒœ` od^mJ H$r Amag OZOmoV` jÃmß _ß Zem_wo∫$ hVw ]∂S> [°_mZ [a ‡Mma-‡gma oH$`m Om ahmh¢& [a›Vw Aofjm H$ H$maU ‡Mma-‡gma H$r CZH$r _mZogH$Vm [a gH$mamÀ_H$‡^md Zht [∂S> ahm h¢ d°g r Hw$N> od¤mZm Z H$hmß h¢ oH$ "_ZwÓ` EH$ gm_moOH$‡mUr AdÌ` h¢ boH$Z Ï`o∫$ A[Zr AmXVm H$m Xmg hmVm h¢&'

Am`w dJ© _ß eam] H$m gdZAm`w dJ© _ß eam] H$m gdZAm`w dJ© _ß eam] H$m gdZAm`w dJ© _ß eam] H$m gdZAm`w dJ© _ß eam] H$m gdZAm w 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-50‡oVeV≤ 20% 80% 100% 60% 30% 10%

C[am∫$ gmaUr g Ò[ÓQ> h¢ß oH$ OZOmoV` [nadmamß _ß g]g AoYH$25-30 Am w dJ© H$ Ï`o∫$ eam] H$m AoYH$ gdZ H$aV h¢ß VWm g]g H$_Am`w dJ© 40-50 df© h¢&

gßX^© J´ßW gyßMr-gßX^© J´ßW gyßMr-gßX^© J´ßW gyßMr-gßX^© J´ßW gyßMr-gßX^© J´ßW gyßMr-

1. S>m∞. O°Z Z_rMßX ^rbr ^mfm d°kmoZH$ A‹``Z& (X.A.od.od.B›Xm°a)

2. S>m∞. O°Z Z_rMßX - ^rb gßÒH•$oV& (dmUr ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr)3. S>m∞. oZHw$ßO- rbmß H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm& (amYm ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr)4. S>m∞. [mQ>rb-_.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m[mb5. e_m© S>r E S> ]hmXwa-OZOmoV` A‹``Z& (AmoXdmgr AZwgßYmZ

^m[mb)6. S>m∞. d_m© E_.Eb-^rbmß H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm&

(∑bmogH$b [o„bH$eZ ZB© oXÑr)7. Xmg ogdVme-^maV H$ AmoXdmgr& (OZVm ‡g AmJam)8. OZOmoV` jÃ H$m oZdmgr hmZ H$ ZmV Òd`ß H$m AZw^d&

*************


g_mO H$ CÉ oeojV wdm dJ© _ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gßX © _ßOmJÈH$Vm: EH$ g_mOemÛr` A‹``Z

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ maVr` gßodYmZ H$ mJ-3 _ß ZmJnaH$mß H$ _yb AoYH$mamß-g_Vm, ÒdmßVÃ, Y_© H$r ÒdVßÃVm, oejm emfU H$ odÈ’ AoYH$ma H$mCÑI oH$`m J`m h°& oH$gr r ‡OmVmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm _ß CÑoIV AoYH$maZ og\©$ _hÀd[yU© h° ]oÎH$ ‡OmVßÃ H$ ob` ‡mUdm`w H$m H$m_ H$aV h°& BZAoYH$mam _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ^r goÂ_obV h°& ^maVr` gßodYmZ19(1)(E) H$ A›VJ©V KmofV Í$[ g ]mbZ d Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVmH$ AoYH$ma H$r ajm H$aVm h°& gdmÉ ›`m`b` Z Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g Ï`mª`m H$rh° oH$ OmZZ H$m AoYH$ma, ]mbZ d Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m ÒdVßÃVm H$ AoYH$ma_ß hr emo_b h°& gyMZm `m OmZH$mar H$ A^md _ß oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$ H$ ob`gmW©H$ ∂Tß>J g A[Zr am` ]ZmZm m Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm gß d Zht h°& gdmÉ›`m`mb` Z OmZZ H$ AoYH$ma H$m gßodYmZ H$ E 21 H$ AßVJ©V ‡XŒmOrdZ H$ AoYH$ma g ^r Om∂S>m h°& OmZZ H$ AoYH$ma H$ o]Zm OrdZ H$mAoYH$ma Òd`ß hr AYyam ah OmVm h°&

AV: gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$r _yb mdZm gßodYmZ¤mam ‡XŒm BZ AoYH$mamß H$m ZmJnaH$mß ¤mam ‡^mdr C[`mJ oH$` OmZ gh°& emgZ H$m [maXer© Edß CŒmaXm`r ]ZmZm ^r Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ C‘Ì`mß_ß g EH$ h°&gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m C‘Ì` - gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m C‘Ì` - gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m C‘Ì` - gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m C‘Ì` - gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m C‘Ì` - AoYoZ`_ H$ ‡mdYmZmßH$ AYrZ ""gyMZm g VmÀ[`© CZ g_ÒV odoY`mß Edß ‡oH´$`mAmß g h° OmoH$gr gßÒWm H$ ‡emgZ, H$m`© gßMmbZ Edß oZU©` bZ H$r ‡oH´$`m ggß]ßoYV hm VWm Cg bmH$ohV H$r mdZm g _mßJm J`m hm& Bg [na^mfm H$AßVJ©V gyMZm naH$mS©>, Z∑e, ZÒVr, [yßOr, aoOÒQ>S©>, Am±H$∂S>, aImoMÃ,Z_yZ BÀ`moX oH$gr ^r È[ _ß hm gH$V h°& Bg AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 27 H$AßVJ©V odo^fi am¡` gaH$mamß H$m AoYoZ`_ H$ ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z hVwoZ`_ ]ZmZ H$ oZXe oX` J` h° &''gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ∑`m ß _hÀd[yU© h° ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ∑`m ß _hÀd[yU© h° ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ∑`m ß _hÀd[yU© h° ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ∑`m ß _hÀd[yU© h° ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ∑`m ß _hÀd[yU© h° ? -bmH$VßÃ _ß emgZ, OZVmH$m, OZVm H$ ob OZVm H$ ¤mam gßMmobV oH$`m OmVm h°& maVr` gßodYmZgh^mJr bmH$VßÃ H$ og’mßV [a AmYmnaV h°& emgZ Ï`dÒWm _ß A[Zrgh^moJVm gwoZoÌMV H$aZ H$ ob ZmJnaH$mß ¤mam MwZmd H$ _m‹`_ g A[Z‡oVoZoY H$m M`Z oH$`m OmVm h°& [ßaVw o[N>b H$m\$r g_` g ZmJnaH$mß H$rgh^moJVm H$db _VmoYH$ma H$m ‡`mJ VH$ hr gmo_V hmH$a ah JB© h°& BgH$[rN> AmdÌ`H$ gyMZmAmß H$ A^md _ß ZmJnaH$mß H$m oZoÓH$`Vm EH$ H$maU ahmh°& gyMZm H$ A^md _ß bmJ `hr Zht OmZ [mV h° oH$ gaH$ma ∑`m H$a ahr h° ?gaH$mar mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH$`m ∑`m h° ? CZ_ß H°$g mJrXmar H$r Om gH$Vr h¢ ?

gßodYmZ H$r h _m›`Vm h° oH$ OZVm H$ MwZ hwE ‡oVoZoY OZVm H$rB¿N>m d AmßH$mjm H$ AZwÈ[ gßodYmZ gÂ_V emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$m gßMmbZVWm ZroV`mß H$m oZYm©aU Bg ‡H$ma H$aß oH$ ‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ H$m CgH$mAoYH$V_ bm^ ‡m· hm gH$& Bg ‡H$ma emgZ H$m J´m_ ÒVa g bH$a H$ß–

S>m∞. gßO` Omer *

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) Òdm_r oddH$mZ›X emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma$_hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

ÒVa VH$ Odm]Xh hmZm AmdÌ`H$ hmVm h° VmoH$ gmd©OoZH$ YZ H$ _m‹`_g OZ-H$Î`mU H$m C‘Ì` ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$& [aßVw dV©_mZ g_` _ßgmd©OoZH$ YZ H$ XwÈ[`mJ, J]Z Am°a bm[admh C[`mJ H$ MbV `hYmaUm ]hwV hX VH$ PyR>r [∂S> JB© h°& Bg [a amH$ bJmZ H$ ob` AmdÌ`H$h° oH$ gmd©OoZH$ _m_bmß _ß gß[yU© [maXoe©Vm ]aVr OmE& Bgg gmd©OoZH$YZ H$m gmdYmZr g ‡`mJ H$aZ H$m X]md ]ZJm&gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ ∑`m h¢ ? - gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ ∑`m h¢ ? - gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ ∑`m h¢ ? - gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ ∑`m h¢ ? - gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ ∑`m h¢ ? - gßodYmZH$ ^mJ 3 _ß ZmJnaH$m H$m ‡XŒm _m°obH$ AoYH$mamß H$r KmfUm H$r JB© h°&AZw¿N>X 19 (H$) _ß Ao^Ïò∫$ ÒdmVßÃ` VWm dmH$≤ ÒdmVßÃ` H$m AoYH$maZmJnaH$mß H$m ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°& Bgr ‡H$ma AZw¿N>X 39 (H$) ZmJnaH$mßH$m gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrZ H$m AoYH$ma XVm h°& CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z r AZH$_m_bmß _ß `h Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ gyMZm ‡mo· H$m AoYH$ma A[Z Am[ _ß[maXer© Edß gj_ emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$m MbmZ H$ ob` AmdÌ`H$ Am°agÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrZ H$m AoYH$ma H$m hr Ao^fi AßJ h° VWm `h Ao^Ïò∫$H$r ÒdVßÃVm _ß oZohV h°&gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmZ g ∑`m hmJm ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmZ g ∑`m hmJm ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmZ g ∑`m hmJm ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmZ g ∑`m hmJm ? -gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmZ g ∑`m hmJm ? - gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma‡m· hmZ g ZmJnaH$ Z H$db emgZ _ß A[Zr ^mJrXmar gwoZoÌMV H$agH$V h° ]oÎH$ emgZ _ß [maXoe©Vm, Iwbm[Z Am°a Odm]XohVm bmH$aA[Z gwemgZ H$r [naH$Î[Zm H$m r gmH$ma H$a gH$V hß°& emgZ Ï`dÒWm_ß Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m H$_ H$aZ, emgH$r` `mOZmAmß H$m ghr g_` [aVWm dmÒVodH$ bm^mWr© VH$ [hwßMmZ H$ ob` emgH$r` ‡oH´$`mAmß H$AZmdÌ`H$ ]mP g ]MZ _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma EH$ H$maJma AÛ h°&_‹`‡Xe _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma -_‹`‡Xe _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma -_‹`‡Xe _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma -_‹`‡Xe _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma -_‹`‡Xe _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma - _‹`‡Xe _ß 1997 _ß gyMZm H$AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$mZyZ H$m _gm°Xm V°`ma oH$`m J`m& odYmZg^m _ß[mg hmZ H$ ]mX h odY`H$ am¡`[mb H$r gh_oV Zm n_b [mZ g dm[ghm J`m& Bg Vah gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma H$m `h [hbm odY`H$ H$mZyZ H$mÈ[ Zht b gH$m& [naUm_ÒdÈ[ gaH$ma Z EH$ emgH$r` AmXe H$ ¤mam‡Xe gaH$ma H$ 38 od^mJmß _ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ZmJnaH$mß H$m ‡XmZoH$`m& AmXe ]hwV ¡`mXm Ò[ÓQ> Zht W Am°a BZ_ß H$B© VH$ZrH$r Imo_`mßWr& 1998 _ß ‡Xe gaH$ma H$ 47 od^mJmß _ß EH$ A›` AmXe H$ ¤mamogQ>rOZ MmQ©>a bmJy oH$`m J`m oOgH$ VhV od^mJmß H$m A[Z H$m`©-H$bm[mß H$ ]ma _ß ZmJnaH$mß H$m gyMZm XZ H$ ob gmar AmdÌ`H$ OmZH$margyMZm [≈ [a ‡Xoe©V H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ oH$`m J`m& [wZ: 2002 _ß ‡XegaH$ma odYmZg^m H$ erVH$mbrZ gÃ _ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gß]ßY _ßEH$ AoYoZ`_ _‹`‡Xe OmZH$mar H$r ÒdVßÃVm AoYoZ`_ 2002 bmB©&odYmZg^m _ß [mg hmZ Am°a am¡`[mb H$m _ßOyar o_bZ H$ ]mX `hAoYoZ`_ H$mZyZ Vm ]Z J`m [ßaVw BgH$ oZ`_ Zhr ]Z [mZ H$ H$maU h‡^mdr Zht hm [m`m&


A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` g_mO H$ wdm dJ©_ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ AoYoZ`_ H$ ]ma _ß OmJÈH$Vm H$m VbmeZm WmBgob _hmod⁄mb` _ß A‹``ZaV≤ wdH$ wdoV`mß g Bg AoYH$ma H$ ]ma_ß odo^fi Vœ`mß [a AmYmnaV ‡ÌZ [yN> J`&

g_mO H$m wdm dJ© OmZZ H$ AoYH$ma H$m oH$VZm ‡`mJ H$a ahm h°&`h OmZZm ^r Bg emY H$m EH$ ‡_wI b˙` h°&A‹``Z [’oV Edß ‡odoYA‹``Z [’oV Edß ‡odoYA‹``Z [’oV Edß ‡odoYA‹``Z [’oV Edß ‡odoYA‹``Z [’oV Edß ‡odoY - ‡ÒVwV emY [Ã gm°C‘er` hmZ H$ H$maUH$mQ>m oZXe©Z [’oV Edß Xd oZXe©Z H$r EH$m›Va [’oV H$ oZXe©Z H$¤mam gyMZmXmVmAmß H$m MòZV oH$`m J`m& Am°[MmnaH$ ]mVMrV EdßgH$o›–V gmjmÀH$ma H$ ¤mam Vœ`mß H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m J`m&

gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ gßX^© _ß h_Z AZw^modH$ Vœ`mß H$ AmYma [aÒdm_r oddH$mZßX emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` Zr_M H$ 50 N>mÃmßH$m gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr, ‡À`j AdbmH$Z Edß AZm°[MmnaH$ ]mVMrV H$AmYma [a `h emY [Ã V°`ma oH$`m h°& Bg_ß MòZV 50 od⁄moW©`mß H$rgßH$m`dma oÒWoV

VmobH$m H´$. $- 1 - od⁄moW©`mß H$m gßH$m` H$ AmYma [a dJr©H$aUH´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m` od⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`m1 H$bm gßH$m` m _ZmdrH$r` 252 odkmZ 123 dmoU¡` 104 ‡]ßYZ 3

`mJ 50VmobH$m H´$. $- 2 - od⁄moW©`mß H$r Am`w H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aZ dmbrVmobH$mH´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß.H´$ ß. gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m`gßH$m` od⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`mod⁄mWr©`m ß H$r gßª`m1 16 g 18 152 19 g 21 223 21 g AoYH$ 13

Hw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJHw$b `mJ 5050505050A‹``Z hVw MòZV od⁄moW©`mß H$r Am`w H$m odÌbfU H$aZ [a h

kmV hmVm h° oH$ gdm©oYH$ od⁄mWr© 19 g 21 Am`w g_yh H$ h°& BgH$[ÌMmV≤ 15 gyMZmXmVm 16 g 18 df© H$r Am w g_yh H$ h°& ef 13 od⁄mWr©21 df© g AoYH$ Am`w g_yh H$ h°&

BZ 50 gyMZmXmVmAmß g O] `h [yN>m J`m oH$ Am[H$m gyMZm H$AoYH$ma H$ ]ma _ß OmZH$mar h° Vm BZ_ß g 46 gyMZmXmVmAmß Z H$hm oH$ hm±h_ß gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ ]ma _ß _mby_ h°& 4 gyMZmXmVm Eg [mE J oO›hßBgH$ ]ma _ß OmZH$mar Zht h°&

O] CZg [yN>m J`m oH$ `h oH$g ‡H$ma C[`mJr h° Vm 40gyMZmXmVmAmß Z H$hm oH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$m Xya H$aZ _ß 3 gyMZmXmVmAmß Z H$hmoH$ H$m`m _ß [maXoe©Vm bmZ hVw d Bgr ‡H$ma 3 gyMZmXmVmAmß Z H$hm oH$oZ_m©U H$m`m _ß B©_mZXmar H$ gmW amoe H$m C[`mJ H$aZ _ß C[`mJr hmJm&

O] BZg [yN>m J`m oH$ ∑`m H$^r Am[Z Bg AoYH$ma H$m C[`mJoH$`m h° Vm BZ_ß g 48 od⁄moW©`mß Z Zht _ß CŒma oX`m VWm 2 od⁄moW©`mß _ßEg [m` J` oO›hmZß Bg AoYH$ma H$m C[`mJ H$aV hwE emgZ g gyMZm‡m· H$r Wr gmW hr BZg [yN>m J`m oH$ ‡m· gyMZm g Am[ gßVwÓQ> W VmCZH$m CŒma hm± _ß Wm&

oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©-oZÓH$f©- ‡ÒVwV emY[Ã H$ Vœ` Bg ]mV H$m ‡oV[moXV H$a ah h¢ oH$ g_mO H$ wdm dJ© _ß Bg AoYH$ma H$ g›X^© _ß [`m©· OmJÍ$H$Vm COmJahm ahr h° bJ^J 92 ‡oVeV wdm Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ ]ma _ß OmZH$mar aIVh°& Bg AoYH$ma H$ C—Ì` Edß gaH$ma ¤mam Bg bmJw H$aZ H$r _ßem H$gßX^© _ß `wdm dJ© _ß gßVmf[yU© OmZH$mar Edß kmZ ‡Xoe©V hm ahm h°&bJ^J eV ‡oVeV `wdm dJ© H$m Bg AoYH$ma H$ C[`mJ H$ g›X^© _ßOmZH$mar [m`r J`r &

emY [Ã H$ ¤mam ‡m· Vœ`mß g `h Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ ôdÓ` _ßoeojV `wdm dJ© ¡`mß-¡`mß ]T>Jm À`mß-À`mß Bg AoYH$ma H$ C[`mJ _ßd•o’ hmJr Am°a Amem H$r Om gH$Vr h° oH$ ôdÓ` H$m ^maV ^´ÓQ>mMma H$mXya H$aZ [a g\$bVm ‡m· H$a gH$Jm &g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-g›X^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma 2005 oXem-oZXeH$ Zam›hm ‡emgZ Edß

‡]›YH$r` AH$mX_r _.‡. ^m[mb 2006 &2. bmH$ gyMZm AoYH$mar : emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb` Zr_M g

‡m· ‡mWo_H$ g_ßH$ &


‡mMrZ g_mO _| Ô>mMma oZdmaU Edß H$mZyZ H$r Ï`dÒWm ïEH$ g_mOemÛr` odÌbfU

S>m∞. gßO` Omer *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ dV©_mZ H$mb _ß EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>r _mZdr` Edß gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$È[ _ß ÓQ>mMma A[Zr O∂S>ß O_m MwH$m h°& h H$mZyZodXmßß, g_mOemÛr`mß, ZroVoZYm©aH$mß d ‡emgH$mß H$ ob EH$ MwZm°Vr ]ZH$a Câm h°& odÌd H$ AoYH$mßeXe Bg g_Ò`m g JÒV h°& Hw$N> hr Eg Xe h° Om odÌd H$ g]g H$_ m Zm H$]am]a ÓQ>mMma dmb h°& BZ_ß o\$Zb° S>, › yOrb° S>, AmBgb° S>, ÒdrQ>≤Oab° S>Edß O_©Zr goÂ_obV h°& odÌd H$ g]g ÓQ>mMmar Xemß H$r gyMr _ß h ]VmV hwEAÀ ßV XwI hmVm h° oH$ [moH$ÒVmZ, ]mßΩbmXe, lrbßH$m, A\$JmoZÒVmZ,AO›Q>rZm, _°o∑gH$mß H$ [ÌMmV≤ maV odÌd H$m gmVdmß g]g AoYH$ ÓQ> Xeh°& Om oZoÌMV hr h_ g^r H$ ob b¡OmOZH$, e_©ZmH$ Edß oMßVZr` ]mV h°&h_ß odMma H$aZm hmJm oH$ ZE-ZE H$mZyZ Edß odYmZ ]ZmE OmZ H$ C[amßV rh_ Bg g_Ò`m H$m oZ ßoÃV Zht H$a [m ah h°& h_ß XIZm hmJm oH$ O] ^maVA[Z ‡mMrZ g_` _ß odÌd H$m JwÈ Edß g_•’ d gwemgZ dmbm Xe Wm VmCgH$ [rN> Cg g_` H$r VmÀH$mbrZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm oH$g ‡H$ma H$r WroOgg h_mam g_mO, Iwehmb, gwemogV d odÌd H$ Xyga Xemß H$ ob AZwH$aUr` Wm&

Bg gXß © _ß EH$ VmÀH$mobZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m g_mOemÛr`[na‡ ` _ß AdbmH$Z H$aZm OÈar hmJm& ‡mMrZ g_mO _ß Z Vm h_ma Jmßdmß,Hw$bm, OZ[Xmß _ß [wobg, gZm d ›`m`mb` C[b„Y W oHß$Vw CgH$ [ÌMmV rh_mam g_mO A[amY odohZ hmVm Wm& BgH$ Hw$N> ‡_wI VÀd Om Câ H$a gm_ZAmV h° Cg_ß [ßM [a_Ìda H$r Ï`dÒWm bJ^J ‡À H$ Jmßd ÒVa [a C[b„YhwAm H$aVr Wr Ohm± Ïò∫$`mß H$m VÀH$mb o]Zm ^ÓQ>mMma H$ o]Zm g_` H$r]]m©Xr oH$ hwE `m "o]Zm odbß] H$' ghr d oZÓ[j ›`m` o_bVm Wm Om XmZm[jmß H$ ¤mam o]Zm oH$gr oOah H$ VwaßV ÒdrH$ma H$a ob`m OmVm Wm& ‡À H$ JmßdH$m EH$ _woI`m, VS>dr `m [Q>b hmVm Wm Om [wobg H$r yo_H$m _ß Jm_rUAZwemgZ Edß gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm d gwodYmEß C[b„Y H$amZ H$m _hÀd[yU©H$m © H$aVm Wm & AmO r oX h_ XyaÒW oÒWV AmoXdmgr Jm±d H$m AdbmH$ZH$aß Vm dhm± Bg ‡mMrZ Ï`dÒWm H$ VÀd h_ß H$ht H$ht ZOa AmV h°& _am Pm]wAmoOb H$r rb OZOmoO H$ EH$ na_mQ> Ena _ß ]g AmoXdmgr Jm±d H$ A‹``ZH$m gm° mΩ` ‡m· hwAm h° Ohm± _wP Bgr ‡H$ma H$r EH$ AZyR>r odefVm XIZ H$mo_br& Jm±d H$ EH$ AmoXdmgr Z ]Vm`m oH$ OßJb _ß OmV hwE ^r òX XmÏò∫$`mß _ß oH$gr ]mV H$m bH$a b∂S>mB© hm OmVr h° Vm dh dhm± C[b„Y g]g‡W_ [m±M Ïò∫$`mß H$m EH$oÃV H$aH$ A[Zm [j d Xygam ‡oVdmXr Ïò∫$A[Zm [j aIVm h° & BZ XmZmß H$ Vœ` H$m gwZH$a d [mß±M Ïò∫$ Om Cg g_`›`m`mYre H$r yo_H$m _ß hmV h∞° CZH$ ›`m` H$m XmZmß ÒdrH$ma H$a bV h° &gm_m›`V: CZH$r b∂S>mB© [ew oOZ_ß _wJm©-_wJr©, ]H$aß, ]H$ar, O_rZ m Ûr H$mbH$a hmVr h° d dht CgH$m oZ[Q>mam o]Zm oH$gr ^ÓQ>mMma H$ oH$ H$a XV h°&

BgH$m EH$ ‡_wI H$maU h r Wm oH$ VmÀH$mobZ g_mO OZgßª`mÀ_H$—oÓQ> g N>mQ>m hmVm Wm& ‡À`j gÂ[H©$ hmVm Wm& ‡À H$ Ïò∫$ ‡À H$ H$m[hMmZVm Wm& hm± VH$ oH$ °gmß H$m aßJ EH$ g_mZ hmZ [a r Jm±d H$m EH$ N>mQ>m

* od^mJm‹`j (g_mOemÛ) Òdm_r oddH$mZ›X emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma$ _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

]mbH$ ^r `h ]Vm XVm Wm oH$ `h ¢g oH$g Ïò∫$ H$r h°& JbV Ï`dhma `mgm_moOH$ oZ`_mß m _yÎ`mß H$ od[arV oH$ J AmMaU m Ï`dhma H$m VwaßVJm±d _ß [Vm Mb OmVm Wm Edß CgH$ ob X S> H$r Ï`dÒWm hmVr Wr&

gab g_mOmß _ß Y_© H$m AÀ ßV _hÀd [m`m OmVm Wm& [aÂ[am, OZaroV,‡WmAm, aroV`m| Edß bmH$mMma H$m AÀ ßV _hÀd d g]H$ ¤mam CZH$m [mbZ hmVmWm& gab Ïò∫$ hmZ g dh BZH$m o]Zm oH$gr Am°[MmnaH$ oZ ßÃU H$ gmYZmß H$A^md _ß ^r Òdm^dV: [mbZ H$aVm Wm& Bgr H$ gmW ‡À H$ OmoV g_mO H$rA[Zr OmoV [ßMm`Vß hmVr Wr dhm± g ^r Ïò∫$ H$ OmoV H$ oZ`_mß Edß _yÎ`mß dAZwemgZ H$ oIbm\$ oH$ J H$m`m H$r oZßXm hmVr Wr d Cg AmoW©H$, emarnaH$`m OmoV ]ohÒH•$V H$a Xo S>V oH$ m OmVm Wm&

AmO H$m _mZd ]hwV OoQ>b hm J`m h°& Y_© _ß CgH$m odÌdmg bJmVmaH$_ hmVm Om ahm h° & Bgr Vah ‡mMrZ g_mOmß _ß _ZmaßOZ H$ AmYwoZH$ XyofV,XwÒH•$V gmYZmß O°g Am[amoYH$, _maYm∂S>, g°∑g A[amY BÀ`moX [a ]Zr hwB©o\$Î_mß, YmamdmohH$mß, ZQ>, H$Âfl yQ>a, Ò_mQ©> \$mZ, MoQß>J H$m A^md Wm& BZH$ÒWmZ [a mJdV H$Wm, gßwXaH$m S>, gÀ`ZmamÙ H$r H$Wm, odo^fi 16 gßÒH$maVWm `kmß H$m ‡mdYmZ Wm& ÒdÒW _ZmaßOZ hVw am_brbm d amgbrbm H$mAm`mOZ hmVm Wm Om g^r gßÒH$ma ‡XmZ H$aZ dmb hmV W& OrdZ _ß gm_moOH$_yÎ`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZ dmb hmV W & Bgr H$maU VmÀH$mbrZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWmA[amYodhrZ d ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ Wr& Ïò∫$ gXmMmar Wm d gXmMma H$m AmMaUH$aVm Wm& AmOH$b H$r Vah ^r∂S>-^m∂S> dmb AmYwoZH$ ZJamß H$m A^md WmOhm± AZOmZ [Z H$m bm^ bH$a VWm [wobg d ›`m`mb` _ß ÓQ>mMma H$aH$ dhA[amY H$aZ H$ ]mdOyX r X S> g ]M OmVm h° & AmdÌ`H$Vm h° AmO Bg ]mVoH$ CZ [wamZr gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$ A¿N> VÀdmß H$m, _yÎ`m H$m d gßÒH$mamß H$m[wZï dV©_mZ g_` _ß ÒWmo[V H$aH$ EH$ A¿N> embrZ gXmMmar, AZwÌmogV,A[amY_w∫$ d ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmE& Ïò∫$ H$ Òd^md H$m[nadoV©V H$aZ _ß mJ, ‹`mZ, ‡mUm`m_ d ‡mW©Zm [yOm H$m r A[Zm Ao¤Vr`ÒWmZ h°& BZH$m r Y_© H$ d°kmoZH$ Òd^md H$ gmW g_mO _ß bmJy H$a EH$ CfiVd g_•’ d ]hVarZ Xemß H$r odÌd gyMr _ß A[Z Xe H$m goÂ_obV H$amZ _ß h_g]H$r oOÂ_Xmar AÀ ßV _hÀd H$r h° V^r h_ EH$ ÒdÒW g_mO H$r ÒWm[ZmH$aZ _ß H$m_`m] hm gH$Jßß&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Mukerjee,R.N. 2006,Social Idiology from comptee to

Mukerjee,New Delhi: Vivek Prakash PP-168-172.2. Agrawal,G.K. 1986,Rural Sociology,Agra:Agra book

Store PP,503-505.3. Mukerjee,R.N. 2006,Indian Society & Culture,Dekhi

: Vivek Prakashan,PP 501-512.4. Mittal,A.k. 2006, History for B.A. Ist year,Agra :

Sahitya Bhavan Punlication PP 33-44.5. Mahajan & Mahajan,2006, Criminology,Delhi:Vivek

Prakashan,PP 249-252.


_wJbH$mbrZ gaH$mar [Ã Am°a _mhaß

‡m. AmH$me Vmoha *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _wJb g_´mQ>mß H$ [mg EH$ AÀ`›V odÒV•V goMdmb` AWdm[Ãmß H$m od^mJ(XmÍ$b-Bßem) Wm Am°a Bg od^mJ H$ H$mJO-[Ã, OmBg g_` C[b„Y h¢, _wJb BoVhmg H$ AmYwoZH$ N>mÃmß H$ obE BVZC[`mJr h¢ oH$ CgH$m AZw_mZ Zht bJm`m Om gH$Vm h¢& g_´mQ> H$ Xa]maAWdm oeoda g, gm_›V amOHw$_mamß AWdm ‡m›Vr` dm`gam`mß H$ [mg,CgH$ Xa]ma _ß CZH$ amH$ hwE EO Q>mß ¤mam O J` AI]ma AWdm oH$grKQ>Zm H$ gÂ]›Y _ß gßoj· _wo–V oddaU [Ã VWm Am°aßJO] Am°a CgH$CŒmamoYH$mna`mß H$ emgZH$mb H$ gwaojV ]hwV g [Ã BoVhmgdŒmmAmß H$obE oZg›Xh ]∂S> _hÀd H$ h¢& oH$›Vw Am°aßJO] g gÂ]o›YV EoVhmogH$gyMZmAmß H$m _wª` S>ma g_H$mbrZ [Ãmß _ß oZohV h° Om C[ w©∫$ AI]mamßH$ gmW-gmW CgH$ emgZH$mb H$ BoVhmg H$ obE AÀ`›V H$Ér gm_J´rAWdm AÀ`›V ‡m_moUH$ ÚmV h°&[Ãm ß H$ ^X Am°a CZH$ Zm_ - [Ãm ß H$ ^X Am°a CZH$ Zm_ - [Ãm ß H$ ^X Am°a CZH$ Zm_ - [Ãm ß H$ ^X Am°a CZH$ Zm_ - [Ãm ß H$ ^X Am°a CZH$ Zm_ - _wJb gm_´m¡` H$ gaH$mar [Ã H$B© ‡H$maH$ W Am°a CZ_ß g ‡À`H$ H$m A[Zm AbJ-AbJ Zm_ Wm& CZH$ Zm_oZÂZoboIV h¢-1.1.1.1.1. \$a_mZ, ew∏$m, AhH$m_ Am°a Am°aßJO] H$ [Ãm ß H$ ]mX H$\$a_mZ, ew∏$m, AhH$m_ Am°a Am°aßJO] H$ [Ãm ß H$ ]mX H$\$a_mZ, ew∏$m, AhH$m_ Am°a Am°aßJO] H$ [Ãm ß H$ ]mX H$\$a_mZ, ew∏$m, AhH$m_ Am°a Am°aßJO] H$ [Ãm ß H$ ]mX H$\$a_mZ, ew∏$m, AhH$m_ Am°a Am°aßJO] H$ [Ãm ß H$ ]mX H$

EH$ gßJ´h _ß, aÂO-d-Bemam- EH$ gßJ´h _ß, aÂO-d-Bemam- EH$ gßJ´h _ß, aÂO-d-Bemam- EH$ gßJ´h _ß, aÂO-d-Bemam- EH$ gßJ´h _ß, aÂO-d-Bemam- BZ Zm_mß H$m VmÀ[`© oH$gr ^rEg [Ã g Wm Om g_´mQ> ¤mam Òd`ß AWdm Ïò∫$JV Í$[ g oH$grXyga Ïò∫$ H$ [mg obIm J`m Wm Mmh dh CgH$ dße H$m amOHw$_ma,‡Om AWdm odXer emgH$ hm&

2.2.2.2.2. oZemZ- oZemZ- oZemZ- oZemZ- oZemZ- oH$gr emhOmX ¤mam, g_´mQ> H$m N>m∂S>H$a, oH$gr H$m ^robIm J`m [Ã&

3.3.3.3.3. AO©XmÌV- AO©XmÌV- AO©XmÌV- AO©XmÌV- AO©XmÌV- g_´mQ> AWdm oH$gr emhOmX H$m ‡Om ¤mam VWm g_´mQ>H$m oH$gr emhOmX ¤mam obIm J`m [Ã& odO`-[Ã H$m [mna^mofH$Í$[ g "\$VhZm_m' H$hV W&

4.4.4.4.4. he-Cb-hw∑_- he-Cb-hw∑_- he-Cb-hw∑_- he-Cb-hw∑_- he-Cb-hw∑_- g_´mQ> H$ gßH$V [a CgH$ AmXemßß H$ gyMZmW©oH$gr _›Ãr ¤mam Ïò∫$JV Í$[ g obIm J`m [Ã&

5.5.5.5.5. AhH$m_ VWm aÂO- AhH$m_ VWm aÂO- AhH$m_ VWm aÂO- AhH$m_ VWm aÂO- AhH$m_ VWm aÂO- BZ e„Xmß H$m Ame` H$r ]mVmß VWm H$mÎ[oZH$Am°a Ymo_©H$ [wÒVH$mß g gÂ]o›YV CXmhaUm| VH$ hr gro_V aIZmMmohE oO›hß g_´mQ> A[Z goMd H$m, gaH$mar [Ãmß H$r gm_J´r H$oZo_Œm, ]mb oX`m H$aVm Wm Am°a oO›hß ]mX _ß Í$o∂T>JV odoY`mß H$AZwgma [yU© Í$[ g obI ob`m OmVm Wm& Am°aßJO] H$ Ao›V_ dfm~H$ ` bI Vm gwaojV h¢ oH$›Vw [yU© [Ã gwaojV Zht h°&

6.6.6.6.6. gZX- gZX- gZX- gZX- gZX- oH$›Vw dm`gam`mß H$m oZ w∫$ H$aZ _ß \$a_mZ e„X H$m ‡`mJoH$`m OmVm Wm&

7.7.7.7.7. [admZm- [admZm- [admZm- [admZm- [admZm- oH$gr AYrZÒW AoYH$mar H$ obE EH$ emgH$r` AmkmAWdm oZU©`, gmYmaUV`m H$Mhar H$ oH$gr _wH$X_ H$m [naUm_&

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹j (BoVhmg) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡) ^maV

8.8.8.8.8. XÒVH$- XÒVH$- XÒVH$- XÒVH$- XÒVH$- odef Í$[ g gm_mZ H$m bmZ Am°a b OmZ AWdm oeoda`m Xa]ma _ß oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ ‡de H$ obE EH$ N>mQ>m gm gaH$marAmkm[Ã AWdm AZw_oV [Ã&

9.9.9.9.9. Í$∏$m- Í$∏$m- Í$∏$m- Í$∏$m- Í$∏$m- EH$ Ïò∫$JV [Ã, AWdm Xm o_Ãmß H$ ]rM H$m [Ã&1

\$a_mZm ß H$m obIZ VWm CZ [a hÒVmja H$aZ H$r gaH$mar odoY-\$a_mZm ß H$m obIZ VWm CZ [a hÒVmja H$aZ H$r gaH$mar odoY-\$a_mZm ß H$m obIZ VWm CZ [a hÒVmja H$aZ H$r gaH$mar odoY-\$a_mZm ß H$m obIZ VWm CZ [a hÒVmja H$aZ H$r gaH$mar odoY-\$a_mZm ß H$m obIZ VWm CZ [a hÒVmja H$aZ H$r gaH$mar odoY-emhOhmß H$ gaH$mar BoVhmg-bIH$ A„Xwb h_rX bmhm°ar Z CgH$r e°brH$m Bg ‡H$ma dU©Z oH$`m h°:

"XrdmZ-Img _ß g_´mQ> Òd`ß A[Z hmWmß g Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© [Ãmß H$mCŒma obIm H$aVm Wm& A_ramß H$ Xa]mar EO Q>mß (dH$rbmß), dOramß AWdmgy]Xmamß H$ [Ãmß H$m [∂T>Z H$ obE oZ`w∫$ AoYH$mna`mß (AarOmªdmß) ¤mamg_´mQ> H$m oX` J` Xyga [Ãmß H$ CŒma _ß dh _m°oIH$ Í$[ g A[Zr B¿N>m‡H$Q> H$a XVm Wm Am°a Cgr H$ AZwgma goMd bmJ \$a_mZ obIV W& BgH$[ÌMmV≤ CZH$ bImß H$m CgH$ g_j ‡ÒVwV oH$`m OmVm Wm&

dh emhOmXm, oOg nagmb H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m Wm& \$a_mZ H$[rN> A[Zm agmbVyZ obIm H$aVm Wm Am°a Bg [a A[Zr _mha g grbbJm`m H$aVm Wm& nagmb H$ ZrM XrdmZ A[Zm _ma\$V AWdm Vœ` H$gÂ]›Y _ß A[Zm ZmQ> obIVm Wm oH$ \$a_mZ Cgr H$ hmWmß g oÔdm`mJ`m Wm& BgH$ [ÌMmV≤ \$a_mZ H$m "Am°OH$' _mha g grb]›X H$aZ H$obE A›V:[wa _ß O oX`m OmVm Wm& g_´mkr Bg _mha H$r ajm H$aVr Wr&2

ÒdU©-aUw oN>∂S>H$ hwE H$mJO [a ]∂S>-]∂S> Am°a gw›Xa Ajamß _ß obIrhwB© \$a_mZ H$r ew‹X ‡oV [a _mha bJm`r OmVr Wr& VXw[am›V Cg b[Q>H$a gmZ H$ ]b]wQ> H$∂T> hwE H$[∂S> H$ EH$ bÂ] VWm [Vb W°b _ß aIm OmVmWm& Bg W°b H$m _wßh aßJrZ S>mna`mß g ]mßYm OmVm Wm& Am°a Bg [a dOra H$r_mha g M[∂S>m bJmH$a grb bJm Xr OmVr Wr& Eg W°bmß H$m "IarVm' H$hVW& BZ_ß g ]hwV-g A] ^r O`[wa H$ ‡mgmX _ß gwaojV h°&3

_mha ß- _mha ß- _mha ß- _mha ß- _mha ß- H$db g_´mQ> H$m Zm_ YmaU H$aZ dmbr EH$ N>mQ>r gr Jmb _mhaH$m Am°OH$ H$hV W Am°a h "\$a_mZ og„Vr' H$ obE ‡`mJ _ß bm`r OmVrWr&4 BgH$ Abmdm EH$ ]∂S>r Jmb _mha Am°a Wr& BgH$ H$›– _ß EH$ d•Œm _ßg_´mQ> H$m Zm_ hmVm Wm VWm H$›– H$ Mmamß Ama Kamß _ß V°_ya VH$ H$ CgH$[yd©Omß H$m Zm_ AßoH$V hmVm Wm& ‡maÂ^ _ß BgH$m ‡`mJ H$db odXeramOmAmß H$ `hmß Ô OmZ dmb [Ãmß H$ obE oH$`m OmVm Wm oH$›Vw ]mX _ß`h g^r ‡H$ma H$ \$a_mZmß [a bJm`r OmZ bJr Wr&5 AÀ`mdÌ`H$ AWdmJm[Zr` AmXemß [a H$db emhr _mha bJm`r OmVr Wr& Eg AmXemß H$m\$a_mZ-]`mOr H$hV W& Xyga g^r \$a_mZmß, [admZmß VWm ]amVmß [adOra H$ ZrM H$ AoYH$mna`mß H$m EH$ Xb _mha bJmVm Wm&6

AR>mahdt eVm„Xr H$ [VZm›_wI H$mb H$ ]hwV g [Ã gßJ´hmß H$ A›V_ß odef Adgamß H$ obE C[`w∫$ "AmXe [Ã' Edß "na∫$ ‡[Ã' oX` hwE h¢-


`Wm, g_´mQ> AWdm Zdm] H$ am¡`mamhU, O›_oXdg, odO`, [wÃO›_oXdg AWdm B©X H$ Adga [a ]YmB© XZ dmb [Ã AWdm oH$grÏ`o∫$ H$ [mg CgH$r oH$gr [X [a oZ`wo∫$ AWdm [XmfioV, oH$gr o‡`H$r _•À`w [a emH$ [Ã AmoX& (BZ_ß ]rM-]rM _ß [naoMV [⁄mß H$ CXmhaUoX` ahV W& BZH$m ‡`mJ H$aV g_` H$db na∫$ ÒWmZmß _ß XyÎhm AWdm_•Œm Ï`o∫$ H$m Zm_ Am°a gÂ]›Y AßoH$V H$a XZm hmVm Wm&) odo^fi [Xmßg gÂ]o›YV oZ`wo∫$ [Ãmß H$ na∫$ ‡[Ã r BZ_ß oX` hwE h¢& BZ_ß BZ [Xmßg gÂ]o›YV H$V©Ï`mß H$m ^r CÑI ahVm h°& oZJma Zm_-E-_wßer Am°aBßem-E-haH$aZ Bg ‡H$ma H$ [Ãmß H$ CXmhaU h¢& BZH$ A›V _ß ‡m`:

C[moY`mß VWm odo^fi [Xmß Am°a H$m`m©b`mß H$ gÂ]mYZ H$ CoMV ‡H$mamßH$r gyMr Xr hwB© hmVr h¢&gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-gßX^© J´›W gyMr :-1. AmB©Z AH$]ar, [•. 1482. Amb_JraZm_m, [•. 11013. AmB©Z AH$]ar, oOÎX 1, [•. 263, [M, oOÎX 9, [•. 504. AmB©Z AH$]ar, oOÎX 1, [•. 2605. AmB©Z AH$]ar, oOÎX 1, [•. 52,6. AmB©Z AH$]ar, oOÎX 1, [•. 263-264.

*************


gwZrVm _lm_ *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ odo^fi J°gmß H$r bJmVma ]∂T> ahr gmß–Vm H$ H$maU [•œdr H$dm`w_ S>b H$m Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z g gß[yU© odÌd _ß Om ‡^md CÀ[fi hwAm h°&dhr gmd©oÃH$ D$ÓUVm (Global Warming) h°& dm`w_ S>br` hnaV J•hJ°g [•œdr H$ D$[a EH$ Hß$]b H$r Vah H$m_ H$aVm h°& [•œdr H$m Am°gVdmof©H$ Vm[_mZ 15

0cg h°& òX hnaV J´h J°g Z hm Vm [•œdr H$m Vm[_mZ

oJaH$a bJ^J -200 cg hm Om Jm& [•œdr H$m J_© aIZ H$r dm w_ S>b H$r

`h j_Vm hnaV J•h J°gm H$r C[oÒWoV [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°&gmd©OoZH$ CÓUVm H$ obE _mZdr` JoVodoY`m∞ ^r oOÂ_Xma h°

oOZH$ H$maU h_mar [•œdr H$m ÒdÈ[ ]XbVm Om ahm h°& Vrd´ Am°⁄moJH$odH$mg, ZJarH$aU, OrdmÓ_ B©YZ H$ ¤mam D$Om© CÀ[mXZ,H$m`b [aAmYmnaV od⁄wV Vm[J´h, VH$ZrH$r VWm [nadhZ jÃ _ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©ZH$m`bm IZZ, _mZd OrdZ H$ ahZ-ghZ _ß [nadV©Z EàHß$S>rÓZa,ao\´$OaQ>a, \$a‚`y_ AmoX H$m AoYH$ _mÃm _ß C[`mJ AmYwoZH$ H•$of _ßagmòZH$ ImXmß H$m AßYmYwßY ‡`mJ, YmZ H$r IVr H$ jÃ\$b _ß d•o’,emH$^jr [ewAmß H$r OZgßª`m _ß d•o’, ^yo_ C[`mJ H$m ]XbVm ÒdÈ[VWm OßJbmß H$ H•$of mΩ` yo_ _ß ]XbZ H$ H$maU odÌdÏ`m[r H$m]©Z MH´$‡^modV hm ahm h¢& BgH$ AoVna∫$ odo^fi _mZdr` JoVodoY`mß H$ H$maUAÀ`moYH$ _mÃm _ß _rWZ, ∑bm‚bmam H$m]©Z, ZmBQ≠>g Am∑gmBS>,hmBS≠>m‚bmam H$m]©Z AmoX dm`w_ S>b _ß O_m hm ahr h¢& dm`w_ S>b J´rZhmCg J°gmß _ß d•o’ H$ H$maU d°oÌdH$ Obdm`w [nadV©Z hm ahm h°&d°oÌdH$ Vm[_mZ H$m ‡^md d°oÌdH$ Vm[_mZ H$m ‡^md d°oÌdH$ Vm[_mZ H$m ‡^md d°oÌdH$ Vm[_mZ H$m ‡^md d°oÌdH$ Vm[_mZ H$m ‡^md - ]∂T>Vm Vm[_mZ ‡H$oV H$ AoÒVÀd [aIVam ]ZH$a I∂S>m h°& Vm[_mZ _ß ha 10]h H$r ]∂T>mVar [`m©daU H$mZwH$gmZ [hwßMm Jr&1. 1

0cg Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z g _bna`m, Hw$[mfU Am°a dmVmdaU OoZV

A›` [aemoZ`mß H$ H$maU ha gmb 3% bmJ _aßJß& Dß$MmB© [a ahZdmb bmJmß H$ R> S> g _aZ dmb H$r gßª`m _ß ]∂T>mVar 5 H$am∂S> bmJmßH$m OrdZ VwaßV ‡^md _ß Am Om`Jm& 80 ‡oVeV _yßJ H$r M≈mZ ZÓQ>hm Om`Jr&

2. 20cg]h Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z [a -\$gbmß H$r [°Xmdma 5 g 10 ‡oVeV

VH$ oJa Om`Jr& _bna`m ‡^modVm H$r gßª`m 10 bmI VH$ [h∞wMOm Jr& Ord OßVw Am°a dZÒ[oV H$r 15 g 40 ‡oVeV VH$ ‡OmoV`mßH$m AoÒVÀd IVa _ß Am Om`Jm&

3. 30cg Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z [a `mZH$ gyI H$r _ma [∂S> gH$Vr h°& XwoZ`m _ß

4 Aa] g ¡`mXm bmJ [mZr H$r oH$ÑV Pb ah hmßJ& Im⁄mfi CÀ[mXZ_ß H$_r& Hw$[mfU g _aZ dmbm H$r gßª`m 30 bmI VH$ ]∂T> gH$Vr h°&

4. 40cg Vm[_mZ [a-]∂S> Ωboeà ZÓQ> hm gH$V h°& XwoZ`m H$r ]∂S>r Am]mXr

ZÓQ> hm gH$Vr h°& g_w– Vb ]∂T>Z g Dß$MmB© [a ]g Xr[ ZÓQ> hm gH$V h°&

gmd©OoZH$ D$ÓUVm Edß Obdm w [nadV©Z

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJmb ) emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oNß>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

Ωbm]b dmo_™J _ß odo^fi Xem ß H$m `mJXmZΩbm]b dmo_™J _ß odo^fi Xem ß H$m `mJXmZΩbm]b dmo_™J _ß odo^fi Xem ß H$m `mJXmZΩbm]b dmo_™J _ß odo^fi Xem ß H$m `mJXmZΩbm]b dmo_™J _ß odo^fi Xem ß H$m `mJXmZXf ‡oVeV `mJXmZ

1. g.am.A_naH$m 30.3 2. yam[ 27.7 3. gmod`_ Èg 13.7 4. ^maV,MrZ Am°a odH$mgerb Eoe`m 12.2 5. XojUr Am°a _‹` A_naH$m 3.8 6. Om[mZ 2.6 7. [oÌM_ Eoe`m 2.5 8. A\´$rH$m 2.1 9. AmÒQ≠>ob`m 1.110. H$ZmS>m 2.3gmd©oÃH$ CÓUVm H$m ‡^md gmd©oÃH$ CÓUVm H$m ‡^md gmd©oÃH$ CÓUVm H$m ‡^md gmd©oÃH$ CÓUVm H$m ‡^md gmd©oÃH$ CÓUVm H$m ‡^md - hmb H$ XeH$m _ß hnaV J´h ‡^md H$ MbVAZH$ jÃmß _ß Am°gV Vm[_mZ _ß ]∂T>mVar df© 2020 B©. VH$ [yar XwoZ`m H$mVm[_mZ o[N>b 1000 dfm H$r VwbZm _ß gdm©oYH$ hmJm& AmB©[rgrgr Zdf© 1995 B©. _ß ôdÓ`dmUr H$r Wr& oH$ 21dr gXr _ß Am°gV Vm[_mZ _ß3.5 g 10

0cg VH$ d•o’ hmJr& d°oÌdH$ ÒVa [a df© 1998 B©. g]g J_©

df© Wm Am°a 1990 H$m XeH$ g]g J_© XeH$ Wm&20dr gXr _ß Am°gV Vm[_mZ bJ^J 0.6

0cg ]∂T> J`m h° Edß 21dr

gXr H$ AßV VH$ [•œdr H$m Vm[_mZ bJ^J 60cg VH$ ]∂T> Om Jm& oOgH$

H$maU Am°⁄moJH$ ZJamß _ß AÂbr` dfm© r hm gH$Vr h°& oOgg Ob, yo_dZÒ[oV Am°a ^dZmß H$m ÒdÈ[ ‡^modV hm gH$Vm h°& _Wwam VbemYH$H$maImZ H$ H$maU hr odÌd ‡og’ VmO_hb H$m aßJ [rbm [∂S>Vm Om ahmh°& AmZ dmb Hw$N>H$ dfm _ß odÌd H$m Vm[_mZ 1/2

0cg ]T>∂Jm& [naUm_

ÒdÈ[ J_© hdmE∞ MbJr Am°a g_w–r Vy\$mZmß H$m È[ odH$amb hm Om`JmEdß _mZgyZ ^r ‡^modV hmJm&Ωbm]b dmo_©J Ωbm]b dmoZ™J h°&dZÒ[oV [a ‡^md dZÒ[oV [a ‡^md dZÒ[oV [a ‡^md dZÒ[oV [a ‡^md dZÒ[oV [a ‡^md - dm w_ S>b _ß H$m]©Z S>mB©Am∑gmBS> H$r _mÃm _ß d•o’H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Ωbm]b dmo_™J H$m ‡^md [∂S>-[m°Ym H$ odH$mg [a[∂S >Jm odefH$a H$m]©Z VrZ (C3) ‡OmoV H$ [m°Ym [a H$m]©ZS>mBAm∑gmBS> H$ ]∂T>Z g ‡H$mf-gßÌbfU H$r Xa ]∂T>Z g ]hwV H$_ g_`_ß [m°Ym H$r gßª`m Am°a CgH$ AmH$ma _ß 25% VH$ d•o’ gß^d hm gH$Vr h°&H$m]©Z S>mBAm∑gmBS> H$ ]∂T>Z g Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ H$maU Bg [a AßVV:hmoZH$maH$ ‡^md hr [∂S>Jm& Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m ‡^md O°d ododYVm[a ^r [∂S>Jm& Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m gdm©oYH$ ‡^md g_w–VQ>r` jÃmß _ß[m`r OmZ dmbr XbXbr jÃ H$r dZÒ[oV`mß [a [∂S>Jm&


g_w– H$ ÒVa _ß [nadV©Z - g_w– H$ ÒVa _ß [nadV©Z - g_w– H$ ÒVa _ß [nadV©Z - g_w– H$ ÒVa _ß [nadV©Z - g_w– H$ ÒVa _ß [nadV©Z - 20 dt eVm„Xr _ß ‡oVdf© 2 o_._r. H$r Xag g_w– H$ Obr ÒVa _ß d•o’ hwB© Am°a AZw_mZ h° oH$ 21dr eVm„Xr H$ AßVVH$ g_w– H$m Ob ÒVa bJ^J 88 _rQ>a g 3 _rQ>a VH$ ]∂T> Om`Jm&A Q>mH©$oQ>H$m, J´rZb° S> H$ oh_MmXam H$ o[KbZ H$ H$maU g_w– H$m ObÒVa H$m\$r ]∂T> Om`Jm& Om _ZwÓ` H$ gmW-gmW g_ÒV Ord-OJV H$m‡^modV H$aJm& ]hwV g ZJa Am°a VQ>r` jÃ ]m∂T> H$ IVa H$ AßXa AmOm`ßJß, ]hwV g N>mQ>-N>mQ> ¤r[ Sy>] Om`ßJ& ]mßΩbmXe H$m JßJm ]´Âh[wÃS>ÎQ>m, o_l H$m Zrb ZXr S>ÎQ> VWm _me©b ¤r[ Am°a _mb¤r[ gohVAZH$ N>mQ> ¤r[mß H$m AoÒVÀd 2100 VH$ g_m· hm Om`Jm& ‡emßV_hmgmJa H$m gmbm_Z ¤r[ ObÒVa _ß d•o’ H$ H$maU Sy>]Z H$ H$Jma [ah°&

Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ ^maV H$ C∂S>rgm, AmßY´‡Xf,Vo_bZmSy>, H$ab, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamÓQ≠>, Jmdm, JwOamV VWm [oÓM_ ]ßJmbH$ VQ>r` jÃ Ob_æVm H$ oeH$ma hmßJ& oOgH$ H$maU Amg-[mg H$Jmßdm d ehamß _ß 10 H$am∂S> g ^r AoYH$ bmJ odÒWmo[V hmßJ& g_w– _ßObÒVa _ß d•o’ H$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ ^maV H$ bj¤r[ VWm A S>_mZoZH$m]ma ¤r[mß H$m AoÒVÀd g_m· hm Om`Jm& g_w– H$m ObÒVa ]∂T>Z g_rR> Ob H$ ÛmV XyofV hmßJ& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ [rZ H$ [mZr H$r g_Ò`mhmJr&

d°oÌdH$ Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m ‡^md g_w– _ß [m` OmZ dmbrO°d ododYVm ‡dmb oôŒm`mß [a [∂S>Jm& EH$ AZw_mZ H$ AZwgma [•œdr H$rbJ^J 10% ‡dmb oôŒm`mß H$r _•À`w hm MwH$r h°, 30% Jß^ra È[ g‡^modV hwB© h°& VWm 30% H$m jaU hwAm& g_w– H$ ObÒVa _ß d•o’ H$m_mZd AoYdmg, [ ©Q>Z, ew’ Obm[yoV© g_w–r gßgmYZ, H•$of yo_, dZ yo_VWm AmYma^yV gßaMZm [a ZH$maÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>Jm&odo^fi ‡OmoV`mß H$ odVaU [a ‡^md odo^fi ‡OmoV`mß H$ odVaU [a ‡^md odo^fi ‡OmoV`mß H$ odVaU [a ‡^md odo^fi ‡OmoV`mß H$ odVaU [a ‡^md odo^fi ‡OmoV`mß H$ odVaU [a ‡^md - ]hwV g [∂S>-[m°Ym VWm Ord-OßVw EH$ Vm[_mZ odef [a hr [m` OmV h°& gmd©OoZH$ CÓUVm H$ H$maUBZ Ord-OßVwAmß H$r bJ^J 40 % ‡OmoV`m∞ ZÓQ> hm gH$Vr h° `m A[Z_yb ÒWmZ g ÒWmZmßVnaV hm gH$Vr h°& 21dr gXr _ß 2.5

0cg Vm[_mZ _ß

d•o’ g CÓUH$oQ>]ßYr` ‡Xem| _ß [m` OmZ dmbr dZÒ[oV 250 g 500oH$._r. VH$ Y´wdr` ‡Xem|ß H$r Va\$ oIgH$ gH$Vr h°& ^maV O°gCÓUH$oQ>]ßYr` Xe _ß Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ \$bÒdÈ[ [wÓ[r` [m°Ym H$[m gr, gmB‡gr, \°$∑gr, y\$mod`mgr, A_aWgr VWm EÒH$bo[S>gr Hw$bmßg gß]’ Ia-[Vdmamß H$r gßª`m _ß d•o’ hmJr oOgg \$gbmß H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm[a od[arV ‡^md [∂S>Jm&Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXZ [a ‡^md Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXZ [a ‡^md Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXZ [a ‡^md Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXZ [a ‡^md Im⁄mZ CÀ[mXZ [a ‡^md - Vm[_mZ _ß d•o’ H$ \$bÒdÈ[ CÀ[fiΩbm]b dmo_™J H$ H$maU [m°Ymß _ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r ]r_mna`mß H$m ‡H$m[]∂T>Jm& Vm[_mZ _ß Wm∂S>r d•o’ g g_frVmÓU ‡Xfmß _ß AÎ[d•o’ hmJr [aßVwVrd´ d•o’ g CÓU VWm C[mÓU H$oQ>]ßYr` jÃmß _ß \$gbmß H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm _ßhmoZH$maH$ ‡^md [∂S>Jm& XojU [ydr© Eoe`m _ß ‡oV 1

0cg Vm[_mZ _ß

d•o’ g CÀ[mXH$Vm _ß 5% H$r H$_r hm gH$Vr h°&^maV _ß Obdm w [nadV©Z H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Jfim, _∏$m, ¡dma,

]mOam VWm amJr O°g \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ hmJr O]oH$ Jßhy∞, Om°,YmZ H$r C[O _ß H$_r Am`Jr&

EH$ AZw_mZ H$ AZwgma d°oÌdH$ Vm[d•o’ g ^maV _ß df© ogßoMVjÃmß _ß 12.5 H$am∂S> Q>Z Im⁄mmZ CÀ[mXZ _ß H$_r Am`Jr& erV F$Vw _ß0.50

0cg Vm[_mZ d•o’ g [ßOm] _ß 20% VH$ H$r H$_r Am gH$Vr h°&

ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md - d°oÌdH$ Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m ‡^md ÒdmÒœ` [a[∂S>Jm& Obdm`w _ß CÓUVm g Ìdmßg VWm ˆX` gß]ßYr ]r_mna`mß _ß d•o’hmJr& XwoZ`m H$ odH$mgerb Xemß _ß XÒV [oMg, h°Om, jàmJ, [rV¡dma VWm o_`mXr ]wIma O°gr gßH´$m_H$ ]r_mna`m∞ ]∂T>Jr&gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃm ß [a ‡^md gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃm ß [a ‡^md gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃm ß [a ‡^md gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃm ß [a ‡^md gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃm ß [a ‡^md - Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$mgdm©oYH$ XwÓ‡^md gm_moOH$ VWm AmoW©H$ jÃmß [a [∂S>Jm& AmoW©H$ jÃH$m ^m°oVH$ _yb T>m∞Mm Obdm`w [nadV©Z ¤mam ‡^modV hmJm& ]m∂T>, gyIm,^yÒIbZ VWm g_w–r ObÒVa _ß d•o’ H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ _mZd ‡dOZhmJm&AmOmZ [aV H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm AmOmZ [aV H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm AmOmZ [aV H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm AmOmZ [aV H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm AmOmZ [aV H$m joVJ´ÒV hmZm - ZdrZ ‡m°⁄moJH$r H$ \$bÒdÈ[_mZdr` oH´$`mH$bm[mß H$ H$maU AmOmZ _ S>b _ß bJmVma na∫$rH$aU hmahm h°& 1956 g 1970 H$ ]rM AßQ>mH©$oQ>H$ H$ D$[a AmOmZ [aV H$r_mQ>mB© 300 S>m]gZ B©H$mB© ahr h _mQ>mB© 1979 _ß H$_ hmH$a 225 S>m]gZB©H$mB© hm J`r& 1985 _ß `h 136, 1994 _ß 94 VWm 2005 _ß 83S>m]gZ B©H$mB© [a H$m JB© h°& AmOmZ [aV _ß 5 H$r joV 10 AÎQ≠>mdm∞`bQ>aoS>EfZ _ß d•o’ H$aVr h°& oOgg Ordmß _ß H°$ßga, _moV`mo]›X, [mMZVßÃAm°a VßoÃH$m VßÃ g gß]ßoYV amJ hm gH$V h°& VWm ‡H$mf gßfbfU H$roH´$`m r ‡^modV hm gH$Vr h¢& AmOmZ [aV _ß N>X [hbr ]ma A›Q>mH©$oQ>H$mH$ D$[a 1985 _ß XIm J`m h°& BgH$m jÃ\$b bJ^J 1 H$am∂S> 60 bmIdJ© oH$._r. H$ ]am]a hmJm& 2001 VH$ AmOmZ H$r _mQ>mB© _ß 3 dmof©H$ H$rXa H$_r XO© H$r JB© h°&gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m` - AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Xm°∂S> _ßh_mam [mnaoÒWoVH$r gßVwbZ o]J∂S> MwH$m h°& odÌd _ß AmO Im⁄mZ gßH$Q>,D$Om© H$r H$_r, AmoW©H$ ^Xr AmoX g_Ò`mE I∂S>r h°& BZ g]H$m gß]ßßYObdm`w [nadV©Z g h°& ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$ XmhZ g H$B© ‡H•$oV O›`gßH$Q> gm_Z I∂S> h°& [•œdr H$m Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z g Ωboeà o[Kb ah h°&g_w–r Ob ÒVa ]∂T>Z g H$B© ¤r[ odbw· hm MwH$ h°& Edß JßJm ZXr ‡XyofVhm J`r h°& AmOmZ [aV _ß N>X hm OmZ H$ H$maU BgH$r gy`© H$r [am]¢JZroH$aUmß H$m amH$Z H$r j_Vm KQ> ahr h°& ‡H•$oV H$ oZ^©_ gßhma H$ MbVCÀ[fi Obdm`w [nadV©Z AmO odÌd H$ g_j ¡dbßV Am°a gwIQ> MwZm°Vr]Z JB© h°& Obdm`w [nadV©Z [a oMßVZ H$aZ Am°a Bgg oZ[Q>Z H$ obEA›VamÓQ≠>r` Edß amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a H$B© ‡`mg oH$E Om ah h°& J´rZ hmD$gJ°gmß H$r _mÃm H$m H$_ H$aZ H$r 1987 B©. _ß Am°YmoJH$ Xemß Z _mo Q≠>`beha _ß EH$ A›VamQ≠>r` g_Pm°Vm hwAm oOg_ J°g AmOmZ [aV _ß hwE N>X H$obE oOÂ_Xma J°gm H$r CÀ[oŒm H$a H$_ oH$`m Om` Am°a odH$mgerb Xem|H$m ∑bmam‚bmam H$m]©Z H$ odH$Î[ H$ BÒV_mb [a ghm`Vm br Om`&gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m` -gZ≤ 1977 _ßOm[mZ H$ ∑`mQ>m _ß Obdm`w [nadV©Z [a gß]ßoYV Xe J´rZ hmCg J°gmß H$CÀgO©Z H$m 5 ‡oVeV H$_ H$aV hwE 2008 - 2012 VH$ H$r g_` gr_m_ß df© 1990 H$ ÒVa [a bm`Jß&1. OrdmÌ_ B™YZ H$m › yZV_ C[^mJ H$aZm VmoH$ JrZ J°gmß H$m CÀgO©Z

H$_ hm&2. YaVr [a dZ yo_ H$m odÒVma H$aZm oOgg AoYH$ g AoYH$ _mÃm _

H$m]©Z S>mÀm∑gmBS> H$m CÀgO©Z H$_ hm& BgH$ ÒWmZ [a O°odH$ImX H$ BÒV_mb H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aZm&

3. ∑bmam‚bmamH$m]©Z H$ odH$Î[ H$m odH$mg hm&


4. _mQ>a dmhZ C⁄mJ _ß [Q≠>mb Edß S>rOb H$ ÒWmZ [a d°H$oÎ[H$ B™YZH$m ‡`mJ H$aZm O°g ]m`mS>rOb, gm°a D$Om©, gr EZ Or, od⁄wV Am°a]°Q>ar MmobV dmhZmß H$m odH$mg H$aZm& dmhZmß _ ]mna`_ o_olVB©YZ H$m ‡`mJ ^r oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° VmoH$ YwßE H$r _mÃm H$_ hm&

5. ZJamß _ C⁄mJmß H$ EH$ hr ÒWmZ [a H$›–rH$aU H$r ‡d•oV H$_ H$aZH$m ‡`mg hm&

6. g^r ‡H$ma H$ C⁄mJmß _ß YwAmß gßdY©Z gß`ßÃ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZm EdßJ´rZ Q>∑ZmbmOr H$ odH$mg [a Oma XZm&

7. D$Om© H$ [aß[amJV ÚmVmß [a oZ^©aVm H$_ H$aZm Am°a BgH$ odH$Î[[a AoYH$ ‹`mZ XZm O°g gm°a COm© , [dZ COm©, ¡dma eo∫$ O°g yVm[r` eo∫$, Ob eo∫$ AmoX H$m odH$mg H$aZm&

oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ H$maUmß Am°a ‡^mdmß H$m odõfU H$aH$BgH$ IVa H$r Jß^raVm H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& [`m©daU ggß]’ hmZ H$ H$maU Obdm`w [nadV©Z oH$gr EH$ Xe H$m gßHß$Q> Z hmH$a[ya odÌd H$m gßH$Q> h°& Am°a Bg gßH$Q> H$m _wH$m]bm [ya odÌd H$m o_bH$a

H$aZm hmJm& d°oÌdH$ Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ XwÓ‡^mdmß H$m XIV hwE g_`H$r g]g ]∂S>>r AmdÌ`H$Vm `h oH$ hnaV J´h ‡^md H$ CŒmaXm`r J°gmß H$CÀgO©Z [a amH$ bJmB© Om oOgg d°oÌdH$ Vm[ d•o’ H$m ‡^mdr oZ ßÃUhm gH$ Am°a odÌd H$r Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ gß^modV IVamß g ]Mm`m OmgH$&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ogßhgod›X (1991)-[`m©daU ^yJmb - ‡`mJ [wÒVH$ ^dZ,

Bbmhm]mX &2. Hw$_ma gßOrd (2012) - [mnaoÒWoVH$r Edß [`m©daU byg›Q>

[o„bH$eZ S>r.EZ.Xmg bmZ ]ßJmbr AIam bßJaQ>mbr [Q>Zm &3. Jw·m Am.H$ Edß OmQ> ]r.gr. (2001) - [`m©daU ^yJmb [ßMerb

‡H$meZ O`[wa &4. lrdmÒVd H$.dr. (1990) - [`m©daU [mnaoÒWoVH$r, dgwßYam

‡H$meZ JmaI[wa &

gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m`gmd©oOH$ CÓUVm gßH$V ‡^md Edß H$a H$aZ H$ C[m` -

gßH$VgßH$VgßH$VgßH$VgßH$V H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m`H$_ H$aZ H$ C[m` ‡^md‡^md‡^md‡^md‡^md1. \$°bVr ]r_moa`mß & 1. H$m]©ZS>m`Am∞∑gmBS> H$m ÒVa 1. Vm[_mZ _| ]∂T>mŒmar

H$_ oH$`m Om` &2. F$VwAm| H$m g_` [yd© 2. odo^fi _m‹`_m| g Hy$∂S>m > 2. g_w–r Ob ÒVa _| d•o’

AmJ_Z & H$aH$Q> H$_ H$a| &3. dZÒ[oV Am°a Ordm| H$ 3. $od⁄wV C[H$aUm| H$ AZmdÌ`H$ 3. [hm∂S>r g o[KbV Ωboe`a

oH´$`mH$bm[m|$ _| [oadV©Z & ‡`mJ g ]M &4. [mZr H$ Vm[ _| d•o’ g 4. dZm H$m gßajU H$a|& 4. Ob gßH$Q>

_yßJm o^Œmr gßH$Q> _| &5. ^mar ]moae, ]m∂T> 5. Am_ ]Î]m| H$ ÒWmZ [a

]\$©]mar gyI AmoX & gr.E\$.Eb H$m ‡`mJ6. d•jmam[U H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`m

Om` &7. Am∞∑grOZ H$ ob` dZm|$ H$m

]Mmd AmdÌ`H$ &

*************


S>m∞. gw mZogßh ]Kb *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ maV H$r H•$of AmYmnaV AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß g„Or CÀ[mXZ Edß[ew[mbZ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU©KQ>H$ h°& yo_ H$r C[`mJH$m dJr©H$aU, ^yo_ j_Vm Edß ^yo_ C[`mJ, H•$of ZdmMma, hnaVH´$mßoV,Im⁄mfi Edß AIm⁄mfi \$gbmß, H•$of AmYmnaV Am°⁄moJH$aU Edß [ew[mbZH$ bKw d _‹`_, d•hX C⁄mJ AmoX H$m ^m°JmobH$ odÒVma VWm gÂ[yU©^maV _ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß [ew[mbZ _wª` AdÒWm h¢& h_ma Xe H$rbJ^J 70 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jmßd _| oZdmg H$aVr h° Am°a Bg_ß r AmYg AoYH$ H•$of d [ew[mbZ _ß gßbæ h°& maV _ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß H•$ofEdß [ew[mbZ _wª` Ï`dÒWm h° oH$›Vw Xe H$r gH$b Kaby CÀ[mXZ _ßBgH$r mJrXmar 20 ‡oVeV g r H$_ h°& H•$of jÃ H$ ob` ZB© gXr H$rMwZm°oV`mß o[N>b XeH$mß g o^fi h¢& Eg g_` _ß O] Am°⁄moJH$aU VWmeharH$aU (ZJar` jÃ) g C[b„Y H•$of `mΩ` ^yo_ _ß H$_r Am ahr h°dhr ]∂T>Vr Am]mXr (OZgßª`m) H$m Im⁄mfi C[b„Y Eßd [ew[mbZ gXwΩY, [Zra AmoX H$ obE AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ H$aZ H$m X]md H•$of jÃ _ß h°&H•$of jÃ _ß d•o’ H$m JoV XZ H$ obE ^yo_ JwUdŒmm, ogßMmB© ÛmV ]rO,ImX, H$rQ> oZ ßÃU Edß Am[yoV© l•ßIbm _ß d°kmoZH$ Edß AmoW©H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm _hÀd[yU© h°& H•$of odÌd _ß AZH$mZH$ Xemß H$ ar∂T> H$r h»r h°&H•$of H$ o]Zm odH$mg gß d Zht h° [a›Vw dV©_mZ _ß gßgma H$ H$B© Xe odo^fiH•$of g_Ò`mß g JÒV h° b°oQ>Z A_naH$m, A\$rH$m, XojU-[ydr© Eoe`m Ohm±[a A^md, Jar], yI_ar Am°a ]r_mar H$r g_Ò`m ß H$a hm JB© h¢&AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of odH$mg g„Or, \$b, XwY CÀ[mXZ -AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of odH$mg g„Or, \$b, XwY CÀ[mXZ -AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of odH$mg g„Or, \$b, XwY CÀ[mXZ -AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of odH$mg g„Or, \$b, XwY CÀ[mXZ -AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of odH$mg g„Or, \$b, XwY CÀ[mXZ -^maVAmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß H•$of odH$mg Edß go„O`mß AmoX H$ ^m°JmobH$ H$maH$‡mH•$oVH$ H$maH$, Obdm`w, o_o≈`mß, dZÒ[oV`mß, A[dmhVb (ZoX`mß)VWm _mZd d AmoW©H$ H$maH$, ‡mWo_H$, o¤Vr`, V•Vr` d MVwW© AmoXH$maH$ _mZd H•$of yJmb, Am°⁄moJH$ yJmb Ï`m[mnaH$ (dmoU¡`) yJmb,[nadhZ yJmb Am°a amOZroV yJmb Amdmgr` yJmb, ‡mH•$oVH$ yJmb,Obdm w Edß _m°g_ y-AmH•$oV odkmZ g gmYZ yJmb, dZÒ[oV yJmb,OrdO›Vw AmoX m°JmobH$ H$maH$ ‡^modV H$aV h°& maV H$r H•$of odH$mg- H•$of, g„Or, \$b d XwY AmYmnaV AW©Ï`dÒWm H$ CÀ[mXZ _hÀd[yU©^m°JmobH$ H$maH$ ‡mH•$oV d AmoW©H$ H$maH$ H$aVr h°&^maV _ ß H•$of oZ`mOZ ‡Xe - ^maV _ ß H•$of oZ`mOZ ‡Xe - ^maV _ ß H•$of oZ`mOZ ‡Xe - ^maV _ ß H•$of oZ`mOZ ‡Xe - ^maV _ ß H•$of oZ`mOZ ‡Xe - H•$of odH$mg hVw H•$of oZ`mOZAmdÌ`H$ H•$of H$r odefVmAmß `Wm dV©_mZ CÀ[mXH$Vm H$r Xem`ß,CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ H$maH$ VWm H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm H$r gß mÏ`Vm oOgH$ A›VJ©Vodo^fi H•$of [mnaÒWoVH$r VWm O°odH$ ^m°oVH$ Xem`ß AmoX AZwHy$bV_H•$of [’oV H$m ‡^modV H$aVr h° H•$of oZ`mOZ hVw AmdÌ`H$ hmVm h°&^maV _ß H•$of Obdm`w H$ gß]ßYmß H$ A‹``Z H$m ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ H$m[ZVWm WmZdQ> H$ Obdm w od^mOZ H$m _hÀd[yU© mJXmZ h° oOg_ß gm_m›`dmÓ[Z, dmÓ[mÀgO©Z, Am°gV dfm©, Am–©Vm KmVmßH$, Vm[r` X>jVm AmoX

* od^mJm‹`j (^yJmb) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

^maV _ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg - H•$of d [ew[mbZ(H•$of _ß g„Or CÀ[mXZ Edß [ew[mbZ)

H$m C[`mJ oH$`m J`m Wm& 1976 _ß amÓQ≠>r` H•$of Am`mJ Z dfm© H$rÃ°_mogH$ _mÃm H$ AmYma [a ‡_wI eÒ`mß (\$gb) H$m oZYm©aU oH$`m J`moOg_ß (1) 30g._r. g AoYH$ ‡oV _mh VrZ _mh VH$ dfm© H$ jÃ H$mYmZ ‡YmZ (2) 20 g 30g._r. dfm© _ß jÃ H$m _∏$m, C∂S>X ‡YmZ, (3)10 g 20g._r. dfm© H$ jÃ H$m Kmg d Mmam ‡YmZ, (4) 5g._r. 10g._r. g H$_ dfm© jÃ H$m eÒ`mÀ[mXZ H$ obE AZw[`w∫$ _mZm h°&_.‡. _ß H•$of odH$mg d g„Or H$m CÀ[mXZ -_.‡. _ß H•$of odH$mg d g„Or H$m CÀ[mXZ -_.‡. _ß H•$of odH$mg d g„Or H$m CÀ[mXZ -_.‡. _ß H•$of odH$mg d g„Or H$m CÀ[mXZ -_.‡. _ß H•$of odH$mg d g„Or H$m CÀ[mXZ - _.‡. H$r H•$of Obdm wg„Or CÀ[mXZ Edß AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß _hÀd[yU© mJXmZ h°& o[N>b XeH$_ß _.‡. Z g„Or CÀ[mXZ H$ jÃ _ß VOr g H$X_ ]∂T>m`m h°& ^yo_JV H$rC[`moJVm ]∂T>mZ g \$gb ododYVm H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ, amOJma H$ Adga]∂T>mZ VWm Xe H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß `mJXmZ VWm OZVm H$m Im⁄ Edß[mfU gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ _ß go„O`mß H$r A[Zr AbJ C[`moJVm h¢&BgH$ AoVna∫$ `h Am_XZr ]∂T>mZ H$m _hÀd[y m© AmYma ÒVÂ^ h°&

h_ma ‡Xe _ß 30 odo^fi ‡H$ma g AoYH$ go„O`mß H$m CÀ[mXZoH$`m OmVm h°& _.‡. _ß g„Or CÀ[mXZ H$r A[ma gß^mdZm`ß h°& dV©_mZ _ß_.‡. _ß bJ^J 2 bmI h∑Q>à jÃ\$b _ß go„O`mß H$m CÀ[mXZ oH$`mOmVm h°& Bg_ß ‡_wI Í$[ g ]°JZ, Amby, fl`mO, bhgyZ, \y$bJm^r,[ŒmmJm^r, YoZ`m Edß o_M© h°& BZ_ß g Amby, YoZ`m, o_M© Edß bhgyZ H$modef \$gb H$m XOm© oX`m J`m h°& ⁄o[ Im⁄mfi CÀ[mXZ _ß h_ma Xe ZAmÀ_modÌdmg hmogb H$a oX`m h°& [a›Vw A^r r h_ A[Zr [yar Am]mXrH$m [mfU hVw go„O`mß H$r gßVwobV _mÃm 300 J´m_ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZC[b„Y H$amZ _ß gj_ Zhr hm gH$& _.‡. H$ bJ^J 85 J´m_ g„Or ‡oVÏò∫$ ‡oVoXZ H$r Am°gV I[V h¢&g„Or CÀ[mXZ _wª` ÛmV - g„Or CÀ[mXZ _wª` ÛmV - g„Or CÀ[mXZ _wª` ÛmV - g„Or CÀ[mXZ _wª` ÛmV - g„Or CÀ[mXZ _wª` ÛmV - Ï`mdgmo`H$ ÒVa [a go„O`mß eha H$[mg dmb jÃmß _ß CJmB© OmVr h°& ZJar` jÃmß _ß Ah_ [°gm o_b OmZ H$rdOh g `h H$m`© _hÀd[yU© h°&

^mOZ odefVmß H$ AZwgma h_ß A[Z mOZ H$m [m°ÓQ>H$ Edß gßVwobV]ZmZ H$ obE 300 J´m_ g„Or ‡oVoXZ ImZm MmohE& Ï`mdgmo`H$ ÒVa[a Om go„O`mß CJmB© OmVr h° Bg_ß CfiV oH$Ò_ H$ ]rOmß H$m ‡`mJ oH$`mOmVm h° VWm ogßMmB© d ImX H$r gßVwobV _mÃm [a odef ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm h°&O°odH$ g„Or CÀ[mXZ - O°odH$ g„Or CÀ[mXZ - O°odH$ g„Or CÀ[mXZ - O°odH$ g„Or CÀ[mXZ - O°odH$ g„Or CÀ[mXZ - X°oZH$ Amhma _ß go„O`mß H$m AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU©ÒWmZ h° go„O`mß _ß odo^fi [mfH$ VÀd, odQ>mo_›g, ‡moQ>Z AmoX [mÒmV h°, Om _mZd ÒdmÒœ` H$ ob bm^‡X h°& go„O`mß H$r IVr _ß agm`Zmß(amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$ d H$rQ>ZmeH$mß)H$m ]hwVm`V g C[`mJ hmVm h°&^maVr` J´m_rU [nadma ‡oVdf© 5 g 10 hOma Í$[` ÒdmÒœ` [a IM©H$aVm h°& `h IM© ha df© ]∂T> ahm h°& dhr ZJar` OZVm H$a IM© Am°aAoYH$ H$r g„Or CÀ[mXZ VWm C[^m∫$m XmZmß hr H$m Bg odf` _ß OmJÍ$H$H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& h_ma amÓQ≠> H$m ]r_ma amÓQ≠> ]ZZ g ]MZ hVw


O°odH$ [’oV g g„Or CÀ[mXZ H$r oZßVmV AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& h g_` H$r_mßJ H$r J´m_ AmYmnaV gßgmYZ O°g Jm]a, Jm_yÃ, O°odH$ ImX, O°odH$oZ`ßÃU AmoX H$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h°&

h_ma Xe _ß O°odH$ g„Or od[UZ H$r ^r A[ma gß^mdZmEß [yZm,B›Xm°a A›` ehamß _ß Hw$N> oH$gmZ g_yh C[^m∫$mAmß H$m grY O°odH$ g„OrC[b„Y H$adm ah h°& Bg ‡H$ma oH$gmZmß H$m grY C[^m∫$m g Ow∂S>Z god[UZ _yÎ` A¿N>m o_b OmVm h° gmW hr C[^m∫$m H$m ew’ (ÒdmÒœ` H$ago„O`mß o_b OmVr h° go„O`mß g bm^ H$_ g_` g AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ H$_jÃ H$m AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ X°oZH$ Am_XZr H$m ÒVmÃ, df© â amOJma H$rgwb^Vm, odo^fi [mfH$ VÀdmß H$m gwb^ ÛmV Am°fYr` JwUmß g â[ya&go„O`mß H$m dJr©H$aU -1. [ŒmXma go„O`mß - [mbH$, YoZ`m, _°Wr,2. \$bXma go„O`m - o^ S>r, Q>_mQ>a, ]¢JZ, o_M©3. ]rO`w∫$ go„O`mß - _Q>a, \´$ßM]rZ, ]a]ar, Ωdma\$br,4. ^yo_JV go„O`mß - Amby, fl`mO, bhgyZ, ebO_, _ybr, JmOa5. Hß$XdJr©` go„O`mß - H$‘y, gmaB© Iram, bm°H$r, Jm^r6. dJr© go„O`m - [ŒmmJm^r, \y$bJm^r&_mZd ÒdmÒW Edß go„O`mß H$m _hÀd - _mZd ÒdmÒW Edß go„O`mß H$m _hÀd - _mZd ÒdmÒW Edß go„O`mß H$m _hÀd - _mZd ÒdmÒW Edß go„O`mß H$m _hÀd - _mZd ÒdmÒW Edß go„O`mß H$m _hÀd - _oÒVÓH$ H$ obE - har [ŒmXmago„O`mß, _gy∂S>mß Edß XmßVm hVw - \y$bJm r, H$abm, haro_M©, AmßIm H$ obE -JmOa, _yybr Q>_mQ>a, X` H$ obE - bhgyZ, _°Wr, fl`mO, [Q> H$ obE - H$Ér]ßX Jm r, _°Wr har [ŒmXma go„O`mß, IyZ H$ ob - har [ŒmXma go„O`mß,[ŒmmJm r, JmOa MwHß$Xa, ho»`mß H$ ob - [mbZ, _°Wr, [admb, haro_M©,YoZ`m, AmoX, eara oZ_m©U Edß _aÂ_V H$ ob - _Q>a, ]a]ar, \ß M]rZ&oQ>H$mD$ O°odH$ IVr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - oQ>H$mD$ O°odH$ IVr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - oQ>H$mD$ O°odH$ IVr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - oQ>H$mD$ O°odH$ IVr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - oQ>H$mD$ O°odH$ IVr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - ‡mMrZH$mb _ß g^r [m°Yß‡mH•$oVH$ AdÒWm _ß CJV W& _ZwÓ` H$m Om A¿N>m bJVm Cg A[ZoZ`ßÃU _ß CJmZm Mmby oH$`m, oOg H•$of H$hm J`m& AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ H$b˙` _ß ‡H•$oV H$ _yb^yV og’mßVmß H$m ‹`mZ _ß Zht aIm J`m& H•$of _ßamgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$rQ>ZmeH$mß, emH$Zmo``m, AoYH$ [mZr, Q≠>∑Q>a AmoXH$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmZ bJm& odH$mg H$m Bg ÀdnaV bm^ XZ dmbr [’oVH$ XwÍ$[`mJ H$ XyaJm_r [naUm_ ∑`m hmJ&dV©_mZ H•$of [’oV - dV©_mZ H•$of [’oV - dV©_mZ H•$of [’oV - dV©_mZ H•$of [’oV - dV©_mZ H•$of [’oV - amgmòZH$ ImX, Q≠>∑Q>a, ]rO, IoZO (‡Q≠>mb,S>rOb) Ï`m[mar, [nadhZ gmYZ, amgmòZH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$& AmO BgH$Jß ra [naUm_ H•$fH$ g_mO H$m XIZ [∂S> ah h°& oXZ ‡oVoXZ [mZr H$r H$_rhm ahr h° Edß dmVmdaU _ß CÓUVm ]°R> ahr h°& H•$of [’oV [`m©daU Z hmZ gH•$of CÀ[mXZ ‡^modV hm ahm h°& oOg Xe _ß amgmòZH$ H•$of [’oV H$rZrd aIr Wr C›hr ßXemß _ß AmO O°odH$ IVr H$r bha VOr g Mb ahr h¢&oQ>H$moQ>H$moQ>H$moQ>H$moQ>H$mD$D$D$D$D$ H•$of _ß ododY KQ>H$ - H•$of _ß ododY KQ>H$ - H•$of _ß ododY KQ>H$ - H•$of _ß ododY KQ>H$ - H•$of _ß ododY KQ>H$ - O°odH$ H•$of EH$ Egm odf` h° oOg_ßh_mam gß]ßY ‡H•$oV H$ g_ÒV KQ>H$mß g hmVm h°& Bg_ß ‡_wI ÒWmZ Ob,dm w, d•j, [m°Y, Jm`, ]°b, H$rQ>m Edß yo_ _ß ahZ dmb Agßª` gy _ Ord-O›Vw g grY Ow∂S> ahV h°& 1. d•j ‡ß]YZ, 2. \$gb ‡]ßYZ, 3. Ob‡]ßYZ, 4. ^yo_ ‡]ßYZ, 5. ]rO ‡]ßYZ, 6. [ew[mbZ, 7. [m°Y gßajU,8. [m°Y [mfU ‡]ßYZ, 9. H•$of od[UZ AmoX&dV©_mZ _ß H•$of H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ -dV©_mZ _ß H•$of H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ -dV©_mZ _ß H•$of H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ -dV©_mZ _ß H•$of H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ -dV©_mZ _ß H•$of H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ - ‡W_ d o¤Vr` w’ H$ ]mX H•$ofH$aZ H$ ‡mMrZ [’oV _ß Am_ybMyb [nadV©Z hwAm h°& N>mQ>-2 IVmß H$rOJh ]∂S>-]∂S> \$m_m Z ÒWmZ b ob`m h°& hb, ham, Ò‡à VWm WóeßJ_erZ \$gb CÀ[mXZ H$ H$m_ _ß bm`r Om ahr h°, Cgr ‡H$ma hb OmVZmCd©aH$ S>mbZm, H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$m oN>∂S>H$md H$aZm, \$gb H$mQ>Zm AmoX H$m`©^r A] _erZmß ¤mam oH$E Om ah h°& AWm©V H•$of H$aZ H$r [’oV _ß _mZd

l_ H$r OJh _erZmß Z ÒWmZ b ob`m h°& AmYwoZH$ `wJ H•$of AmO h_maXe H$ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r AmYma ÒVÂ^ h°& H•$of CÀ[mXZ H$ ]mX hr Xe H$rAW©Ï`dÒWm H$m ∂T>mßMm ]Zm`m OmVm h°& Xe H$r odŒm Ï`dÒWm ^r H•$of [ahr oZ^©a h°& Bg ‡H$ma H•$of H$ ÒdÍ$[ _ß [nadV©Z Am ahm h°&ImO H$ _hmZ `wJ -ImO H$ _hmZ `wJ -ImO H$ _hmZ `wJ -ImO H$ _hmZ `wJ -ImO H$ _hmZ `wJ -1. H•$of ^yJmb H$r [hbr aMZm AmW©a `ßJ H$r oOgH$r _hmZ Ò_aUr`

H•$of “ BΩb° S> _ß [`m©daU Edß \$gb ÒdÍ$[ ” gZ≤ 1770 _ ß‡H$moeVH$r JB©&

2. hÂ]mÎQ> Z gZ≤ 1807 _ß A[Zr H•$of “ H$mg_mg ” XojUr A_naH$md ∑`y]m _ß ^yo_ C[`mJ ‡H$moeV H$r&

3. \$mZ œ`yZZ (dmZ œ`yZZ Egm [hbm od¤mZ Wm oOgZ H•$of ^yo_C[`mJ Am°a \$gb JhZVm [a ÒWmoZH$ _m S>b V°`ma oH$`m& (H•$of[oQ>`mß)

4. H$mÒQ>modH$r 1964 odÌd _ß H•$of Í$[m H$m odkmZ ‡H$moeV &5. Og]ra ogßh 1974 Z hna`mUm H$r H•$of EQ>bg ‡ÒVwV H$r &6. _mhÂ_X e\$r “ CŒma‡Xe H$r H•$of odH$mg Edß `mOZmE| VWm ^yo_

C[`mJ ”1961 &7. drdm 1954 _‹`[oÌM_ _ß \$gb gß`mOZ &oZÓH$f© - ZÓH$f© - ZÓH$f© - ZÓH$f© - ZÓH$f© - _hmÀ_m JmßYr H$ AZwgma “ Jm` bmImß H$am∂S>mß maVdmog`mß H$âU [mfU H$aZ dmbr _mVm h°& oh›XwÒVmZ _ß Jm` h°& _ZwÓ` H$r gÉmgmWr Edß gß]g ]∂S>m AmYma h°& dh og\©$ XwY hr Zhr XVr ]oÎH$ gmar IVrH$m AmYma ÒVß^ h°&”Jm` g [b ah gmV H$maImZJm` g [b ah gmV H$maImZJm` g [b ah gmV H$maImZJm` g [b ah gmV H$maImZJm` g [b ah gmV H$maImZ - 1. XwΩY, 2. Jm]a, 3. M_∂S>m, 4. Jm_yÃ,5. Jm]a J°g d D$Om©, 6. ]°b, 7. JmÌV&

`h Jar]r gr_mßV d bKw H•$fH$mß H$ ob Am` ]∂T>mZ hVw A¿N>m Adgah° oH$›Vw ]hwV g Egm Zht H$a [mV h¢& H$_ gmjaVm ÒVa Edß VH$ZrH$r kmZH$r H$_r BZ H•$fH$mß H$ ob ‡^mdr H•$of Edß od[UZ Ï`dÒWm _ß ]mYH$ ]Zahr h°& Jm_rU j°Ã _ß H•$fH$ A[Z [wamZ kmZ d VH$ZrH$r H$ AmYma [a g„OrCÀ[mXZ Edß XwΩY CÀ[mXZ H$a ah h°& Eg H$m ©H$_ H$r H$_r h° Om g„OrCÀ[mXZ d XwΩY CÀ[mXZ H$m bm^H$mar ]ZmZ H$ obE d°kmoZH$ VH$ZrH$r H$m‡Mma H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& BZ XmZmß jÃmß _ß g„Or d XwΩY CÀ[mXZodef H$a Jm_rU C⁄_r _ohbmAmß VWm [wÍ$fmß H$m ‡oeojV d ‡naV H$aZ H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm h°& oOgg bKw Ï`dgm` H$m ]∂T>mdm oX`m Om gH$& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. ^maVr` g„Or AZwgßYmZ [mÒQ> ]m∑g Zß. 01 OImZr ehewa,

dmamUgr 221305(C.‡.)2. H$›–r` dmJmZr \$gb AZwgßYmZ gßÒWmZ H$mgaJm°S>, H$ab,

670124&3. H$›–r` Amby AZwgßYmZ gßÒœmmZ oe_bm, oh_mMb ‡Xe 171 0014. amÓQ≠>r` fl`mO Am°a bhgyZ AZwgßYmZ H$›– E_.E\$. 37 gw›XadZ

H$mbmZr, ZmogH$ _hmamÓQ≠> 422 004&5. ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ gßÒWmZ [ygm JQ>, ZB©oXÑr 110012&6. amÓQ≠>r` H•$of dmZH$r AZwgßYmZ H$›– AmB©.Or.E\$.Ama. AmoX [arjm

[hwM _mJ©, Pmßgr am∂S>, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)7. ^maVr` H•$of AmOmXr H$ ]mX ‡m. Or.Eg. ^Ñm, ZeZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>

Bo S>`m&8. H•$of ^yJmb S>m∞. _moOX hwg°Z O`[ya ‡H$meZ&9. g„Or CÀ[mXZ g_` H$r _mßJ S>m∞. H$Î[Zm eßH$a _wª` H$m`©H$mar

AoYH$mar h° S> BZ h° S> Bo S>`m&


AÂ]mbmb H$Q>mam * ‡m. Eb.gr. IÃr **

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ Jar]r oZdmaU Edß J´m_rU odH$mg XmZmß EH$ Xyga g H$m\$r KoZÓR> Í$[ g gÂ]›Y h°& J´m_rU odH$mg V^r gÂ^d h° O]oH$ Jar]roZdmaU H$r oXem _ß CoMV [hb H$r OmE, boH$Z amOÒWmZ jÃ\$b H$r —oÓQ> g g]g ]S>m am¡` hmV hwE ^r am¡` _ß odo^fi [ßMdfr©` `mOZmAmß H$A›VJ©V H$adm J g^r ‡H$ma H$ odH$mg H$m`m H$ ]mdOyX AmO r h oÒWoV h° oH$ amOÒWmZ H$ jÃ\$b, OZgßª`m, H•$of, C⁄mJ AmYma yV T>mßMH$r gaßMZm, IoZO gÂ[Xm d ‡oV Ïò∑V Am` AmoX H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z ^maVr` [na‡˙` d A›` am¡`mß H$r VwbZm g [Vm MbVm h° oH$ am¡`H$m\$r o[N>∂S> ahm h° boH$Z C[`mOZm jÃ H$ ¤mam odef jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß H$ bm^ r CZ bmJmß H$m AoYH$ o_bm oOgH $[mg gj_ gßgmYZ[na[yU© hm d `mOZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar Wr& BgobE g_mO H$_Oma o[N>∂S Jar] Om J´m_rU Xya XamO OJßbmß, [hmS>r ^mJmß _ß ]g oZaja AmoXdmgrOZOmoV Om CZ mOZAmß H$ C‘Ì`mß d bm^ H$m bZ _ß oejm EH$ ]mYm ]Zr hwB© h°, Om AoeojV h° oejm H$ Xm°a _|> g_` H$ gmW [nadV©Z d H$m ©H´$_mßH$ ‡Mma ‡gma g Yra Yra Jmßdmß _ß amOJma H$ gmYZmß d oMoH$Àgm gwodYm, oejm, [Òb, ImX]rO odVaU, H$m°eb odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H•$of C⁄o_Vm‡oejU ÒdamOJma ‡oejU H$ _m‹`_ g amOJma H$ Adga ]∂T> ah h° &e„X Hwß$Or ñ e„X Hwß$Or ñ e„X Hwß$Or ñ e„X Hwß$Or ñ e„X Hwß$Or ñ Q>r.Eg.[r, C[`mOZm jÃ, OZOmoV, odH$mg &

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ J´m_rU odH$mg H$m ©H´$_ H$m BoVhmg H$m\$r [wamZm h° o\$a roZ`moOV ∂T>J g H$m ©H´$_ maV _ß mOZm wJ H$ ‡maÂ^ g ewÍ$ oH$ JEh¢ Am°a odJV dfm _ß AZH$ Zm_mß g BZ H$m`©H´$_mß H$m V°`ma oH$`m J`m oH$J´m_rU jÃ _ß ahZ dmb bmJmß odefH$a oZY©Z dJ© H$ bmJmß H$ AmoW©H$ Edßgm_moOH$ OrdZ H$m CfiV oH$`m Om gH$& BZ H$m`©H´$_mß H$ jÃ H$m H$m\$rodÒV•V aIm J`m h°& oOZH$ A›VJ©V ‡_wI: CÀ[mXZ, amOJma, ÒdmÒœÈdß oejm, `mVm`mV Edß gßdXZmdmhZ, Ï`m[ma, od⁄wV Edß Ob[yoV© H$moZ`›ÃU gm_moOH$ Edß amOZroVH$ OZMVZm AmoX H$m emo_b oH$`mJ`m h°&

oZY©ZVm EH$ gmYmaU ]r_mar Zht h° BgH$m AW© h° gmßgmnaH$ dÒVwAmßg BVZm dßoMV hmZm oOgH$r A_ra amÓQ≠>mß H$ oZdmgr o]Zm XI H$Î[Zm rZht H$a gH$V h°& bJ^J Imbr CXa, A’©Zæ eara, ZßJ [m∞d gwI hwE [Q>ogHw$S> AßJ, Ï`m[H$ ]r_mar VWm oZ]©bVm AmoX gm_m›` Jar]r H$ bjUh°& gaH$ma Z am¡` ‡MobV `mOZmAmß ZroV`mß Am°a H$m`©H´$_mß H$m H$›–o]›Xw ]ZmH$a H$Î`mUH$mar H$m`©H´$_mß H$m oZYm©aU H$a CZH$m oH´$`m›d`Z‡maÂ^ oH$`m, oOgg BZ dJm H$ OrdZ _ß CÀgmh H$ gmW ]Xbmd bm`mOmE& Q>r.Eg.[r. jÃ _ß oejm H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ H$ obE ‡mÀgmhZ H$ Í$[ _ßamoe, N>mÃmdmg oZ_m©U, Amdmgr` od⁄mb`, _m∞ ]mS>r H$›–, ÒH$m∞baoe[`mOZm amOJma H$ obE _hmZaJm `mOZm, _wª`_ßÃr Amdmg `mOZm,oZ:ewÎH$ oMoH$Àgm gdm, AmoX mOZmAmß H$ ¤mam OZOmoV jÃmß _ß J´m_rUodH$mg hmZ bJm h°& AmO r Jmßdmß _ß amOJma H$r A[ma gß^mdZmEß h° ]gOÍ$aV h° Wm∂S> g ‡`mg H$r oOZ bmJmß H$ [mg H•$of AmYmnaV H$mam]maewÍ$ H$aZ H$ obE [°gm Z>ht h°, CZH$ obE g_Ò`m h° ∑`mßoH$ Aoejm H$rdOh g `mOZm H$ bm^ hH$Xma ]ZZ g o[N>∂S> ah h°&C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - C‘Ì` - OZOmoV C[`mOZm H$ _m‹`_ g OZOmoV H$ bmJmß H$r AmoW©H$

OZOmoV C[`mOZm _ß Jm_rU odH$mg Edß Jar]r oZdmaUEH$ ^m°JmobH$ odÌbfU

* emYmWr© (^yJmb od^mJ) _mhZ bmb gwImo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amOÒWmZ) ^maV**‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJmb od^mJ) gm_moOH$ odkmZ Edß _mZodH$r _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amOÒWmZ) ^maV

d gm_moOH$ oÒWoV gwYmaZ _ß odH$mg H$r gÂ^mdZmAmß [a ‹`mZ H$o›–VH$aZm&1. C[`mOZm jÃ _ß OZOmoVAmß H$ `wdH$ `wdoV`mß H$ amOJmam›_wIr

‡oejU H$ ¤mam bm^mo›dV H$aZm&2. OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃmß _ß gaH$ma H$r H$Î`mU H$mar mOZmAmß H$

_m‹`_ g AmYma wV gwodYmAmß H$ odÒVma H$a odH$mg H$r Am°a ‹`mZH$o›–V H$aZm&

Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌbfU -Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌbfU -Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌbfU -Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌbfU -Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌbfU -1. amOÒWmZ OZOmoV jÃ H$r OZgßª`m 9.39 bmI Ïò∫$ (Hw$b

OZgßª`m H$m 13.5 ‡oVeV)2. XojUr amOÒWmZ H$ oObm ]mßgdmS>m, Sy>ßJa[wa, CX`[wa ‡Vm[J∂T>

Edß ogarH$r _ß OZOmoV bmI Ïò∫$ Hw$b OZgßª`m H$m 73.17‡oVeV&

3. ]mßgdmS>m oObm gdm©oYH$ OZOmoV AmYmnaV jÃ 76.38 ‡oVeVEdß Sy>ßJa[wa oOb _ß 70.8 ‡oVeV h°&

4. Sy>ßJa[wa oObm gdm©oYH$ J´m_rU OZgßª`m AZw[mV 93.6 ‡oVeV2011 _ß

A‹``Z jÃ -A‹``Z jÃ -A‹``Z jÃ -A‹``Z jÃ -A‹``Z jÃ -OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ -OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ -OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ -OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ -OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ - ‡emgoZH$ —oÓQ> g OZOmoV C[`mOZmjÃ XojUr amOÒWmZ H$ gÂ[yU© ]mßgdmS>m, Sy>ßJa[wa ‡Vm[J∂T> (N>mQ>rgmXS>r, N>mS>H$a) ogamhr oOb H$ Am]wamS> C[I S> VWm CX`[wa oOb H$rIadm∂S>m, H$mQ∂S>>m, Pm∂S>>mb, gbwÂ]a, gamS>m, VWm oJdm© Vhgrb H$ 81Jmßdm H$r g_mohV H$aVm h°& 23 [ßMm`V go_oV`mß VWm 19 Vhgrbmß H$4409 Jmßdmß H$m 19770 dJ© Bg jÃ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°& 2001 H$rOZJUZm H$ AZwgma amOÒd Jm±d C[`mOZm jÃ 2301’ CŒmar Aßjme g


25045’ 30’ Ajmße VWm 730 [ydr© Xem›Va g 74045" [ydr© Xem›VaVH$ CÉmdM H$r —oÓQ> g A‹``Z jÃ H$m VrZ ^mJmß _ß od^∫$ h°A) XojUr Aamdbr&]) N>fl[Z H$m _°XmZ&g) _mhr ]ogZ H$m bJ^J 40 ‡oVeV ^y^mJ [hm∂S>>r VWm [R>mar h°&

amOÒWmZ H$m ‡og’ [d©Vr` [`©Q>Z ÒWb _mC Q> Am]y VWm g]gD±$Mm [d©V oeIa "JwÍ$ oeIa' (1722 _r.) gm_moOH$ d Ymo>_©H$$ [`©Q>ZÒWb ]UÌda Ym_ Om AmoXdmog`m| H$m "_hmHw$ß ' Edß _mZJT> Ym_, KmoQ> mAmÂ]m, Bgr jÃ _ß oÒWV h° _mhr, gm_, OmI_, gm]ad_br, ZXr`mß H$mC“_ ^r Bgr jÃ g h°&A‹``Z H$r AmYma gm_J´r - A‹``Z H$r AmYma gm_J´r - A‹``Z H$r AmYma gm_J´r - A‹``Z H$r AmYma gm_J´r - A‹``Z H$r AmYma gm_J´r - Bg emY [Ã _ß o¤Vr` AmßH$∂S>>m H$mgßH$bZ H$ ¤mam oH$`m J`m h°-o¤Vr`H$ AmßH$∂S>>m H$m gßH$bZ ^maV H$OZJUZm 2011 ¤mam ‡H$moeV AmßH$∂S>> od^mJ ¤mam d C[`mOZmH$m`m©b` OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg od^mJ ¤mam C[b„Y oZÂZ gm_J´r¤mam oH$`m J`m h°&OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ -OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ -OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ -OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ -OZOmoV jÃr` odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ - 2011 H$r OZJUZ H$ AZwgmaamOÒWmZ _ß 92.39 bmI OZOmoV H$ bmJ h° Om am¡` H$r Hw$b OZgßª`mH$m 13.48 ‡oVeV h° oOgg OZOmoV C[`mOZm _ß 2001 H$ AZwgma69.85 J´m_rU 12.63 ‡oVeV ZJar` AZwgwoMV OZOmoV OZßgª`moZdmg H$aVr h°& gZ≤ 2011 _ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV d 73.17 ‡oVeVOZOmoV OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h°& C[`mOZm jÃ _ß rb, _rUm, S>m_ma,Jamog`m, H$Wm°>∂S>>r, d ghna`m AmoX OZOmoV H$ Ïò∑V oZdmg H$aV h°&am¡` H$r OZOmoVAmß H$ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ VWm J´m_rUodH$mg hVw am¡` _ß OZOmoV jÃ odH$mg H$r ÒWm[Zm 1975 _ß H$r JB©&am¡` H$r g^r OZOmoVAmß H$m gßdm©JrU odH$mg hm gH$& oOg_ß am¡`gaH$ma Z am¡` H$ AbJ AbJ jÃmß H$ AZwgma mOZm d CZH$ odH$mghVw jÃmß H$m oZYm©aU oH$`m J`m& am¡` _ß AbJ-AbJ jÃmß AZwgmaodo^fi jÃmß oZÂZ Zm_m g [hMmZm OmVm h°& OZOmoV jÃ OZOmoV jÃ OZOmoV jÃ OZOmoV jÃ OZOmoV jÃ OZOmoVOZOmoVOZOmoVOZOmoVOZOmoV OZOmoV am¡` _ßOZOmoV am¡` _ßOZOmoV am¡` _ßOZOmoV am¡` _ßOZOmoV am¡` _ß

OZgßª`mOZgßª`mOZgßª`mOZgßª`mOZgßª`m ‡oVeV ‡oVeV‡oVeV ‡oVeV‡oVeV ‡oVeV‡oVeV ‡oVeV‡oVeV ‡oVeV OZOmoV C[`mOZm 4188056 45.33 6.10 jÃ Q>r.Eg.[r. _mS>m jÃ `mOZm 1830253 19.81 2.67 _mS>m H$bÒQ>a jÃ mOZm 67451 0.73 0.09 ghna`m odH$mg jÃ 102124 1.10 0.14 o]Iar hwB© OmoV odH$mg 3050650 33.02 4.45 Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ Hw$b `mJ 92385349238534923853492385349238534 100 13.48100 13.48100 13.48100 13.48100 13.48

C[am∫$ g^r OZOmoV jÃ odH$mg H$r OZgßª`m AZw[mV 20.01‡oVeV h°& AH$b C[`mOZm OZOmoV jÃ Q>r.Eg.[r. _ß 45.33 ‡oVeVOZgßª`m h°& gmW hr OZOmoV C[`mOZm _ß AOOm OZgßª`m 73.17‡oVeV h°& C[`mOZm _ß AOm H$r OZgßª`m H$m AZw[mV 5 ‡oVeV gAoYH$ h°&OZOmoV C[`m OZm ¤mam odH$mg H$ H$m`©H ´ $_ - OZOmoV C[`m OZm ¤mam odH$mg H$ H$m`©H ´ $_ - OZOmoV C[`m OZm ¤mam odH$mg H$ H$m`©H ´ $_ - OZOmoV C[`m OZm ¤mam odH$mg H$ H$m`©H ´ $_ - OZOmoV C[`m OZm ¤mam odH$mg H$ H$m`©H ´ $_ - odH$mg H$r[naoÒWoV`mß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE A^md J´ÒV d amOJma_wIr H•$of dZmAmYmnaV m gaH$mar Zm°H$ar [em _ß AmajU [’oV ¤mam H$_Oma bmJmß H$m_wª` Ymam _ß bmZ H$ oZÂZ mOZm m H$m ©H$_mß H$m gßMmobV oH$`m OmVm h°&

1.1.1.1.1. _mZd ggmYZ -_mZd ggmYZ -_mZd ggmYZ -_mZd ggmYZ -_mZd ggmYZ - oejm H$r JwUmÀ_H$ [nadV©Z, Ï`dgmo`H$ oejmH$ obE _mJ©Xe©Z H$›– Am°⁄moJH$ ‡oejU, oejm H$ obE AmoW©H$ghm`Vm, amOJma ‡oejU H$m gßMmbZ, Aml_, ÒHy$b, _m∞ ]mS>r H$›–Amdmgr` od⁄mb`, Ib N>mÃmdmg, Ib ‡oejU Edß N>mÃmdmg Ï`dÒWmCÉ oejm Edß am¡` gdmEß d ogodb god©g PMT, PET, IIT, IIM hVw‡mÀgmhZ amoe H$r Ï`dÒWm2.2.2.2.2. H•$of jÃ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm - H•$of jÃ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm - H•$of jÃ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm - H•$of jÃ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm - H•$of jÃ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm - H•$of OZOmoV jÃ H$m _wª` amOJmah° Bg_ß ›`yZ jÃ Edß AoYH$ CÀ[mXH$Vm VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`moOg_ß (1) JhZ H•$of (2) go„O`mß d \$bmß H$ [m°Ymß H$m am[U (3) H•$ofoejm Edß AZwg›YmZ H$›– _hmam mm ‡Vm[ H•$of Edß ‡m°⁄moJH$rodÌdod⁄mb` H$ AYrZ gßMmobV H•$of odkmZ H$›– (4) H•$of _ß AmYwoZH$`›Ãmß, ]rO d VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`mJ ]T>mZm (5) H•$of ‡Xe©oZ`mß (6) ObgßgmYZ H$m ‡`mJ (7) JmÎS>Z _∏$m ]rO, ImX 50 oH$bmß oZ:ewÎH$odVaU H$aZm&3.3.3.3.3. d•jmam[U d dmoZH$r - d•jmam[U d dmoZH$r - d•jmam[U d dmoZH$r - d•jmam[U d dmoZH$r - d•jmam[U d dmoZH$r - (1) [`m©daU gwYma H$ obE dZmß H$modÒVma, odH$mg H$r AoV AmdÌH$Vm h°& (2) Ï`W© ^yo_ H$m odH$mg Edß‡`mJ, [hmS>r jÃ _ß odH$mg H$m`© (3) gaH$mar d•jmam[U Edß gm_moOH$gwajm H$m b˙` [yU© H$aZm& (4) OZOmoV jÃ _ß [m°YembmAmß (Zg©ar)H$m odH$mg, ]mJdmZr ‡oejU &4.4.4.4.4. [ew gÂ[Xm H$m odH$mg - [ew gÂ[Xm H$m odH$mg - [ew gÂ[Xm H$m odH$mg - [ew gÂ[Xm H$m odH$mg - [ew gÂ[Xm H$m odH$mg - [ew gÂ[Xm H$m Am` Edß amOJma ggÂ]›oYV H$aZ H$ obE oZÂZoboIV ‡`mg oH$` J`- (1) _ÀÒ` dHw$∏$wQ> ebmAmß H$m odH$mg ‡oejU (2) [ew oMoH$Àgmb` H$m odÒVmaEdß eßH$a ZÒb H$m odÒVma, (3) IaJme [mbZ `mOZm d ]H$ar [mbZ`mOZm5.5.5.5.5. [Òb d ]H$ar [mbZ mOZm - [Òb d ]H$ar [mbZ mOZm - [Òb d ]H$ar [mbZ mOZm - [Òb d ]H$ar [mbZ mOZm - [Òb d ]H$ar [mbZ mOZm - C[`mOZm jÃ _ß ogßMmB© gwodYmEßC[b„Y H$aZ H$ obE _mhr ]hwC‘er` [na`mOZm OmI_, gm_ H$_bm,AmÂ]m [na`mOZm [yU© H$r JB© & \$bÒdÍ$[ Bg jÃ ogßMmB© gwodYmAmß _ßodÒVma hwAm h°&6.6.6.6.6. [Òb gwodYm [Òb gwodYm [Òb gwodYm [Òb gwodYm [Òb gwodYm _ß _mhr ob‚Q> [na`mOZm T>]a, OmI_, gm_ H$_bmAmÂ]m d A›` [Â[gQ>, Q>Áy]db ¤mam OZOmoV jÃmß _ß [Òb g_Ò`mH$r H$_r hwB© h°&7.7.7.7.7. AmYma^yV gwodoYmAmß H$m odH$mg - AmYma^yV gwodoYmAmß H$m odH$mg - AmYma^yV gwodoYmAmß H$m odH$mg - AmYma^yV gwodoYmAmß H$m odH$mg - AmYma^yV gwodoYmAmß H$m odH$mg - BZ gwodYmAmß H$m g›VwobVAmYma [a odH$ogV H$aZm VmoH$ odH$mg JoV ÀdnaV hm gH$& AmYmagwodYm hmVr h° boH$Z BZH$ emfU d odXmhZ H$r AmdÌH$Vm AoV Vrd´h°& AV: ]amOJmar Edß Jar]r oZdmaU _ß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$m odH$mgAoV AmdÌ`H$ h°&8.8.8.8.8. emfU H$ odÍ$’ gwajm - emfU H$ odÍ$’ gwajm - emfU H$ odÍ$’ gwajm - emfU H$ odÍ$’ gwajm - emfU H$ odÍ$’ gwajm - OZOmoV jÃ H$m emfU g _w∫$ H$amZH$r JhZ AmdÌH$Vm AmO ^r h°& `h dJ© Aoejm Edß Jar]r H$ XwÌMH´$ H$H$maU emofV hmVm ahm h°& AV: Bg jÃ H$ AmajU H$m bm^ `hmß H$OZOmoV`mß H$m Zht o_b [m`m h°, Om AmO ^r o¤Vr`H$ lUr Zm°H$na`mßVH$ H$r X` h° oOZH$m bm^m _mS>m OZOmoV`mß d A›` oObmß H$ _rUmOZOmoV dJ© H$ bmJ [hb g bm^ CR>mah h°& am¡` gaH$ma _| Bg dOh gQ>r.Eg.[r. C[`mOZm jÃ _ß oZdmg gm_m›` d A›` o[N>S>m dJ© H$m ^rBg mOZm _ß emo_b oH$`m J`m h° gmW hr EH$ AbJ jÃ _mZH$a ÒWmoZ``wdmAmß H$m amOJma oX`m OmEJm VmoH$ Cg jÃ H$m odH$mg ]T>Jm&9.9.9.9.9. `mOZmAmß d H$m`©H´$_m ß H$m ‡gma d ‡gma g odH$mg - `mOZmAmß d H$m`©H´$_m ß H$m ‡gma d ‡gma g odH$mg - `mOZmAmß d H$m`©H´$_m ß H$m ‡gma d ‡gma g odH$mg - `mOZmAmß d H$m`©H´$_m ß H$m ‡gma d ‡gma g odH$mg - `mOZmAmß d H$m`©H´$_m ß H$m ‡gma d ‡gma g odH$mg - BgjÃ _ß AoYH$mße OZgßª`m Xya XamO gr_mdVr© jÃmß _ß OßJbmß [hmS>r jÃmß


ß_ß oZdmg H$aZ dmbr OZgßª`m H$m `mOZmAmß H$m [Vm Zhr ahVm h°,oOgH$r oOÂ_Xmar Jm´_ ÒVa d „bm∞H$ ÒVa H$ H$_©Mmna`mß H$r oOÂ_Xmar dXmo`Àd g H$V©Ï`mß [mbZ H$a J´m_ g^m m A›` _m‹`_ g CoMV ‡mdYmZoH$`mOmE VmoH$ dmÒVodH$ hH$Xma H$m bm^ ‡m· hm gH$&Jar]r oZdmaU H$ H$m`©H´$_ - Jar]r oZdmaU H$ H$m`©H´$_ - Jar]r oZdmaU H$ H$m`©H´$_ - Jar]r oZdmaU H$ H$m`©H´$_ - Jar]r oZdmaU H$ H$m`©H´$_ - ‡W_ [ßMdfr©` `mOZm g bH$a AmR>dt`mOZm H$ A›V VH$ gaH$ma Z AZH$ oZY©ZVm oZdmaU H$m`©H´$_mß H$mA[Zm`m h° oOZ_ß _wª`V`m gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg `mOZm, [ßMm`Vr amO,bKw oH$gmZ odH$mg Ao^H$aU, gr_m›V H•$fH$ Edß H•$of lo_H$ odH$mgAo^H$aU, H$m_ H$ ]Xb AZmO, EH$rH•$V J´m_ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ OdmhaamOJma AmoX ‡_wI h°& ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm g Jar]r H$m hQ>mZ H$ obEJ´m_rU odH$mg H$m ‡mWo_H$Vm XZm AoZdm`© AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& BgH$ gmWhr J´m_rU odH$mg hVw oZÂZ C[m`mß H$m A[Zm`m hmJm-1. J´m_rU gm_moOH$ gdmAmß O°g - oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, Amdmg AmoX

‡_wI gwodYmAmß H$m odH$mg H$aZm&2. Ï`mdhmnaH$ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg&3. ÒWmZr` [±yOr odoZ_m©U [na`mOZmAm ßodef Í$[ g Egr [na`mOZmE±

oOZH$ ¤mam H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm _ß erK´ d•o’ hm gH$, O°g - bKw Edß_‹`_ ogßMmB© [na`mOZm , Zmob`mß H$m oZ_m©U, gßJ´hU H$r gwodYmH$m odH$mg, ÒWmZr` [nadhZ Edß gS>H$mß H$m odH$mg AmoX&

4. ^yo_ H$m Hw$eb odVaU, CgH$m odH$mg Edß Ï`dÒWm[Z H$aZm&J´m_rU odH$mg _ß H$oR>ZmB© H$ Í$[ _ß Jar]r EH$ AÀ`oYH$ ‡^mdr

Qy>b H$m H$m`© H$a ahr h°& Bg Xya H$a J´m_rU odH$mg H$ obE gaH$ma H$m‡^mdH$ ZroV H$r KmfUm H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ _ß OZgßª`m H$m OrdZ dZmß g OwS>mhmVm h°& BZH$ jÃmß _ß ^y-OmVm H$m AmH$ma 2 h∑Q>a g ^r H$_ hmVm h°&H$^r-H$^r h°∑Q>a g ^r H$_ hmVm h°& [nadhZ H$r OoQ>bVm, ogßMmB© d[ Ob H$r H$_r, Aoejm, Hw$[mfU gm_moOH$ Hw$naoV`mß, A›VYodÌdmg,AmoW©H$ emfU, ]amOJmar AmoX g_Ò`mAmß g J´ÒV h°& AmO r BZ bmJmßH$m D$[a CR>mZm ^r EH$ Yr_r ‡oH´$`m h°&

OZOmoV C[`mOZm jÃ _ß 50 ‡oVeV g ^r ¡`mXm (73.17‡oVeV) OZgßª`m OZOmoV H$ bmJmß H$r h° boH$Z BZ jÃmß _ß r BZH$obE AmajU H$m 12 ‡oVeV h°, Om ‡W_ lUr H$m∞bO Ï`mª`mVm d am¡`

gdm _ß Q>r.Eg.[r. H$ obE X` Zhr h°& BZH$ obE Bg jÃ 45 ‡oVeVAOOm d 5 ‡oVeV AOm d 50 ‡oVeV AmajU A›` OmoV`mß H$ obE‡mdYmZ h°& AOOm H$r OZgßª`m AoYH$ hmZ [a ^r BZH$m dmÒVodH$hH$ Zhr oX`m Om ahm Om 12 ‡oVeV _ß g 5.5 ‡oVeV bm^ C[`mOZmH$ obE bm^ oX`m OmZm MmohE& oOgH$r `hm± H$ ]amOJma `wdH$mß H$mamOJma _ß Adga o_b&

C[`mOZm jÃ _ß oOZ I S>mß _ß 75 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m AmoXdmog`mßH$r [mB© OmE d OZOmoV H$ odH$mg I S> KmofV oH$E OmE Am°a dhm H$r^yo_ [a AmoXdmog`mß H$m AoYH$ma hm OmE Am°a d CZ jÃmß _ß C⁄mJ,Ï`m[ma, gdm H$ gma Adga ‡m· H$a&

C[`mOZm _ß H$›– d am¡` gaH$ma ¤mam ‡m· AmdQ>Z `mOZm H$ramoe H$m ‡oH$`m d H$mJOmß _ß CbOZ g 50 ‡oVeV g AoYH$ amoe bfl[g≤hm OmVr h° oOgg Bg jÃ _ß g_woMV C[`mJ Zm H$a [mZ g g_Ò`mE± ahVr h°&AmYma^wV gßaMZm, gßgmYZm ß H$r A[`m©·Vm- AmYma^wV gßaMZm, gßgmYZm ß H$r A[`m©·Vm- AmYma^wV gßaMZm, gßgmYZm ß H$r A[`m©·Vm- AmYma^wV gßaMZm, gßgmYZm ß H$r A[`m©·Vm- AmYma^wV gßaMZm, gßgmYZm ß H$r A[`m©·Vm- od⁄wV, ‡oV Ï`o∑Vod⁄wV C[^mJ, [nadhZ, gS>H$, oejm d A›` gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mß _ß na∑V[Xmß H$r g_Ò`m, [ Ob, ÒdmÒœ` gwodYm AmdÌ`H$Vm H$ AZw[mV _ß H$_&Ob ogßMmB©, ]r_m, ]¢H$, _mb JmXm_, gßdhZ AmoX gwodYmAmß H$r oÒWoVgßVmf‡X Zhr h°&


1. ^Ñm, Eb.Ama., "amOÒWmZ H$m yJmb', Hw$bXr[ [o„bH$eZ, hmCg,O`[wa, 2014

2. amOÒWmZ gaH$ma, "AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$ obE H$Î`mUH$mar`mOZmEß', Q>r.Ama.AmB©, 2011-12

3. S>m∞. d_m©, gmdob`m o]hmar, "J´m_rU Jar]r C›_wbZ' `yoZdaog©Q>r[o„bH$eZ ZB© oXÑr 2011

4. ogh, oedeßH$a "^maV _ß g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg Ed oZ`mOZ',ZB© oXÑr 2008

5. e_m©, aIm "Jm_rU odH$mg Edß oZ`mOZ' amdV [o„bH$eZ ZB© oXÑr,2012

6. AmewVmf R>mHw$a, Q≠>mB©]b S>db[_›Q> E S> B©Q>≤g [amS>m∑g 20017. OZJUZm g›gg, 20118. amOÒWmZ gaH$ma, ]OQ> KmfUm _mM© 2014

*************


Dr. Asha Ojha *

The Effect Of Contingent,Non-Contingent Feedback AndTask Difficulty On Intrinsic Motivation

Introduction - The present investigation attempts to studythe phenomenon of intrinsic motivation in the context ofcontingency of feedback. It has been hypothesized thateffects on intrinsic motivation are modified by personalityfactor and task difficulty i.e. contingency of feedback affectsintrinsic motivation differently for easy and difficult tasks andthis feedback effect is different high-low need for cognitionindividuals. The most important point made in the presentstudy is that intrinsic motivation is influenced firstly bycontingency of the feedback and secondly by, the interactionof contingency and the person’s need for cognition andcontingency as well by the difficulty levels of the task. Assuch, intrinsic motivation has been assessed by taskappraisal, task persistence and perceived competence.

These issues have been addressed in the form of thefollowing questions, which may be formulated as theobjectives of the study :(a) Does feedback affect intrinsic motivation similar to

reward effects ?(b) Does the contingency of feedback have any difference

in affecting this motivation in comparison to non-contingency ?

(c) Are these feedback effects sensitive to task differencesspecifically in terms of difficulty ?

(d) Do personality differences modify these contingencyeffects upon intrinsic motivation ?

The problem thus has the objective of studying theseinteracting factors together in understanding their influenceson intrinsic motivation.1. Variables - the main variables of the study are asfollows :1) Intrinsic Motivation - intrinsic motivation is the innate,natural propensity to engage one’s interest and exerciseone’s capacities and in so doing to seek and conquer optimalchallenges. Such motivation emerges spontaneously frominternal tendencies can motivate behaviors even without theaid for extrinsic rewards or environmental controls. Thusmotivation that is aroused through personal factors is knownas intrinsic motivation. The present study has used taskappraisal, task persistence and perceived competenceas measures for intrinsic motivation.(a) Task Appraisal – How the subject is feeling about thetask. The higher the rating of the positive qualities he finds

* Asst. Professor (Psychology) Govt. M.L.B. Girls P .G. College, Kila Bhavan, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

in the task the more intrinsically motivated he is.(b) Task Persistence – a willingness to return for anotherset of similar tasks for some time. The more willingness thesubject shows the more intrinsically motivated he is.(c) Perceived Competence – how much is the subjectfeeling competent or capable of doing a task or incapable ofdoing it. The more capable or competent he feels the moreintrinsically motivated he is.(2) Attribution – the cognitive explanation of motivationhas been called attribution. The process of attribution is anindividual’s understanding of the reasons behind people’sbehavior or his own behavior. In other words cognitiveexplanation of motivation is called attribution. Attributionalmotivation describes how the individual’s explanation,justification an excuses influence motivation. Weiner’s view,attribution of internality, externality and of stability, instabilityof the performance are the crucial determinants in attributionsof causation for success and failure.(3) Contingent and Non-Contingent feedback –feedback is a process by which information is given aboutthe correctness of previous performance under one’s control.In the present investigation one set of independent variableis contingency effects and positive negative effects offeedback. Feedback contingency will be presented as resultsfor prior task performance with manipulation of the scoresbeing congruent with the reported effort ratings (contingent)or the scores being incongruent with the reported effort ratings(non-contingent).(4) Need for Cognition - need for cognition implies a needto structure relevant situations in meaningful integratedways, a need to understand and make reasonable theexperimental world.(5) Task Difficulty – in the present investigation difficultand easy tasks has been given to the subjects and effect oftask difficulty is to be seen. Difficult tasks have beenconceptualized as involving more effort that easy task andthis has been determined by an initial try-out of the task.

Intrinsic motivation is perceived source of energy forresponding in a given context coming from within the person;doing something for its “own sake” (Zimbardo 1979)

According to Deci and Ryan (1990 ) “Intrinsic motivationis the innate, natural propensity to engage one’s interestand exercise one’s capacities and in so doing, to seek and


conquer optimal challenges”. Such motivation emergesspontaneously from internal tendencies can motivate behavioreven without the aid of extrinsic rewards or environmentalcontrols. According to these theorists, intrinsic motivationis also an important motivator of the learning, adaptationand growth in competencies.

Deci& Ryan’s (1985 a) cognitive evaluation theory positsthat self-determination and competence are the hallmarksof intrinsic motivation. Other theorists have proposed theaffective components of interest and excitement, (Izard 1977)elation and the “flow” of deep task involvement(Csikszentmibalji 1975, 1978) and happiness, surprise andfun ( Pretty & Seligman (1983) ReeneCale&Olsam (1986).Similarly conceptions of intrinsic motivation includechallenge, enjoyment, personal enrichment, interest and self-determination.

When individuals are intrinsically motivated they engagein an activity because they are interested in and enjoy theactivity (Sansane&harackiewicz (2000)). According toDeci& Ryan (1985) extrinsic incentives and pressures canundermine motivation to perform even inherently interestingactivities. Deci and his associates provide the major researchutilized by the present study.Hypotheses - the major hypotheses of the study are asfollows :1. Contingency of feedback will have differential effects onintrinsic motivation in terms of positive negative feedback ofperformance.(a) Positive contingent feedback will increase intrinsic

motivation (i.e. task appraisal, task persistence andperceived competence) and will result in more internalattributions while negative contingent feedback willdecrease intrinsic motivation.

(b) There will more difference between positive contingentnon-contingent feedback effects than between negativecontingents – non- contingent feedback in these effects.

2. Difficult task will show more differences of contingent-non-contingent feedback effects, than easy tasks.3. High need for cognition persons will be more affectedby non-contingent feedback in their intrinsic motivation thanlow need for cognition persons.

These hypotheses have been formulated on the basisof the Cognitive evaluation theory by Deci and Ryan(1985). They had proposed that monitory rewards (i.e.external reasons for doing the activity) reduced the enjoymentin an activity and this was further extended to other kind ofrewards by Lepper, Greene and Nisbett (1973), Harackiewicz(1979) and Ross (1975). However, when feedback effect sare introduced as verbal rewards positive feedback, intrinsicmotivation increases especially when the feedback is self-administered and negative feedback that impliesincompetence decreases intrinsic motivation.

The theory proposed by Deci (1975) provides three basicpropositions:1. Events that promote a more external perceived locus ofcausality will undermine intrinsic motivation whereas those

that promote a more internal perceived locus of causalitywill enhance intrinsic motivation.2. Events that promote greater perceived competence willenhance Intrinsic motivation, whereas those that diminishperceived competence will decrease intrinsic motivation.3. Events relevant to initiation and regulation of behaviorhave three potential aspects – the informational aspectfacilitates intrinsic motivation, the controlling aspectundermines intrinsic motivation and the amotivating aspectalso undermines intrinsic motivation by facilitating perceivedincompetence.

It is being proposed in the present context, the positive-negative feedback would work like information but thecontingency manipulation providing non-contingent feedbackwould bring forth the amotivating aspect of the information inthe sense of the outcome being out of control of the intentionsor efforts of the person. The basic question put forth is –does positive feedback increase intrinsic motivation even whenit is non-contingent upon the performance of the person ?

Then the issue of easy versus difficult task has alsotaken up in the present study for which the personality variableof need for cognition has also been studied in relation tofeedback effects. Cohen (1955) found that high need forcognition subjects showed greater persistence for difficultytask.

Thus, the present study attempts to add to the basicissue of intrinsic motivation that is a function of positive-negative feedback, of contingent-non-contingent feedbackconditions of these feedback, of easy-difficult task, of high-low need for cognition. Most importantly, it is expected thatthese variables will show interesting interactional effectsrather than simple main effects alone.Method - A preliminary tryout for the contingencymanipulation was carried out before the actual study wasdone. The basic design for the study is as follows :Firstly, subjects were assigned randomly to contingent andnon-contingent positive/ negative feedback after an easy ordifficult task and measures on task appraisal, taskpersistence and perceived competence were obtained,followed by attributions. In the next study, high-low need forcognition persons were formed as extreme groups (on thebasis of Cohen’s need for cognition inventory) and thecontingency manipulation was carried on for these groups.

The essential process of the contingency manipulationwas of providing feedback in the form of scores forperformance on a series of tasks (matrices, paragraph,general reasoning, mathematical tasks, association andsentence, similarity and differences) after getting an effortrating and the contingent feedback was high scores for higheffort (backed up with higher actual performance) and lowscores for low effort (backed up with lower actualperformance). Non-contingent feedback was given byproviding low scores for high efforts (higher actualperformance and high scores for low efforts ( and lower actualperformance). A total of 740 subjects with 265 males and375 females were thus assessed for the feedback effects


as part of 3 studies.Tools - the tools of the study included Cohen’s need forcognition questionnaire (1955) and a series of self constructedmeasures for task appraisals (semantic differential scales),task persistence ( 7 point rating scale), perceivedcompetence ( 7 point adjective scales for ratings) and anattribution questionnaire. Besides, questions for efforts andmanipulation checks were also edit.Sample - the sample included class 11th and 12th studentsand college students of the under graduate level comprisingof both boys and girls. These students were assessed overa period of 3 years for study total time of 4-5 hours was tobe taken to manipulate contingency effects. Total 4 sessionsof task were given. Two sessions were given on first day thatit practice session and first session, after the first sessionsubjects were asked to estimate efforts and marks. Accordingto effort and estimation contingent and non-contingentfeedback was given on next day and other two sessions oftask were also given.

After the initial tryout, the first study was done forcontingency effects, the second study added the easy-difficult task differences, the third study added high-low needfor cognition differences.Results – the results support some of the hypotheses andprovide suggestive findings for the others.Summary of T ables Table 1 & Table 2 (see in last p age)Firstly, contingency of feedback had significant effects ontask persistence and perceived competence but not on taskappraisal. If the feedback of the performance is consistentwith one’s perceived efforts only some of the intrinsicmotivation measures are affected and one may show morepersistence of efforts and also increase one’s sense ofcompetence.

Tripathi and Agrawal (1985), Karnial and Ross (1977),Boggino and Ruble (1979) have all found intrinsic motivationhigher for positive verbal feedback. Deci (1971) was foundthat subjects who received positive verbal feedback from theexperimenter for working on puzzles where more intrinsicallymotivated then subjects who received no feedback. Howeverthe present study does not support this for all the measuresof intrinsic motivation and it is been proposed that perceivedcompetence and task persistence are related more tocontingency of feedback then task appraisal.

With task appraisal as one of the major intrinsicmotivation measure, difficult tasks have shown anunexpected finding that non-contingent feedback hasenhanced the appraisal of the task, probably; the impressionthat the outcome of the task is unrelated to one’s effortsallows one to relax the effort and thus increase the likingtowards the task. In the difficult task perceived competencehas also been found to be greater in the non-contingentconditions. It is clear that contingency may not always leadto higher intrinsic motivation and similar to rewards basedon performance, may actually reduce the liking for the task.With attribution, it has been found that contingent feedbackgenerates more effort attribution as expected but also task

difficulty attribution while non-contingent feedback enhancesability attribution. Thus, specific attributions have to be takeninto account rather than internal or external attributions.Positive –negative feedback has led somewhat expectedresults. Yet, they have revealed significant affects only withdifficult tasks and a surprising finding of negative feedbackproviding higher perceived competence has been obtained.Further, this aspect to feedback has shown more effectswith attributions and also with task persistence.

Positive feedback has led to higher task persistenceas well as to higher ability and effort attribution. However,higher task difficulty attributions have also been found alongwith these outcomes. Taken together with contingentfeedback effects it shows that positive feedback obtainedfor performance which has been considered actually basedon high effort results in the cognition that the task was quitedifficult, requiring high ability as well as effort and thus reflectsa sense of achievement.

Black Reis, and Jackson (1984) found that subjectswho received positive verbal feedback were more intrinsicallymotivated than subjects who received no feedback. Russell,Studstill and Grant (1979) found not just that positive feedbackwas facilitative of intrinsic motivation, but that positivefeedback that was self-administered by virtue of being inherentin the task led to an even higher level of intrinsic motivationthan positive feedback that was administered by theexperimenter. Backerman (1994) found that subjectsassigned to random feedback of success and failuredisplayed increases in intrinsic motivation with success anddecreases with failure feedback. Harackiewicz (1979) foundthat positive feedback increased intrinsic motivation.

Personality variables have also affected theseinfluences. Firstly, need for cognition has no led so mucheffect. Only on the difficult task, high need for cognitionsubjects have shown higher task persistence and perceivedcompetence as hypothesized but the low needs for cognitionsubjects have presented higher levels of task appraisal.

It appears that the low need for cognition subjects werealso competent enough to appreciate the difficult task orthe high need for cognition subjects probably desired morechallenging task requiring more organization. Cohen (1955)found high need for cognition subjects had a greater tendencyto structure and organized the information or tasks at handwhich may indirectly be related to intrinsic motivation.However, it has not been found that high need for cognitionsubjects have greater liking for the tasks rather there is lowerappraisal for the tasks but more persistence.

Most of the analyses reveals significant contingency Xpositive negative feedback interactions for both task appraisaland task persistence, contigent positive feedback hasresulted in higher scores while non-contingent negativefeedback has lead to higher scores. Moreover, contingencyof feedback also provides significant interactions for someattributions in the same directions.Ability attributions has been the most sensitive attribution;it is highest for the negative non-contingent feedback (easy


task) especially for the high achievement orientation subjectsand lowest for the contingent negative conditions for boththe high an low achievement orientation subjects. But forthe difficult task it is highest for contingent positive ( highachievement oriented) and lowest for non-contingent negative( high achievement oriented).Effort Attributions have shown less interactional effects –more differences between positive-negative feedback for thelow achievement oriented subjects then for the highachievement oriented subjects and similarly luck attributionshave shown more differences for the low achievement orientedbetween positive-negative feedback especially for the non-contingent condition.

Differences between easy and difficult tasks have alsobeen very clearly obtained. The chi-square analysis revealsthat there is significantly higher task persistence in difficulttask, but greater perceived competence only for contingentconditions. Besides, higher ability and effort (internal)attributions were found for the easy task especially in thecontingent conditions while higher task difficulty and luckattributions (external) were found for the difficult rask. Overalldifferences do show greater task as had been hypothesized.Yet, task appraisal as a major intrinsic motivation measurehas not been affected by the easy difficult differences.

Inter co-relations among the intrinsic motivationmeasures have also been found. Significant correlations havebeen found but the relationship is somewhat low. Themeasures of intrinsic motivation thus may not be highlyconsistent and may have to be treated as independentmanifestations of motivation.The summary of these findings are as follows:1. Contingent feedback results in greater task persistence

and higher perceived competence but not in morepositive task appraisal. It could b that contingency leadsto persistence because of perceived competence.

2. Difficult tasks have shown more positive appraisal oftask in the non-contingent conditions along with higherperceived competence. It may be that non-contingentfeedback makes the difficult task more positivelyappraised with the mediating factor of perceivedcompetence.

3. Positive feedback has led to higher task persistencewhile negative feedback in difficult task in one studyhas resulted in higher perceived competence.

4. Attributions show that contingent negative feedbacklowers ability attributions but non-contingent negativefeedback increases it. Efforts attributions are moreaffected by positive-negative feedback than bycontingency manipulations.

5. Need for cognition has been found to be related tointrinsic motivation only for the difficult task and lowneed for cognition subjects have shown more positiveappraisal for the difficult task but lower persistence andlower perceived competence.

6. Easy tasks show more internal attributions while difficulttask have shown more external attributions and more

differences are present for difficult task acrosscontingent-non-contingent conditions.

References :-1. Backerman, N.D., 1994, The effects of random success

of failure feedback &perceived competence on intrinsicmotivation of collegiate elite & non elite athletes.Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 04, 1230A.

2. Boggians, A.K. & Ruble, D.N., 1979, Perceptions ofcompetence and the over justification effect. ADevelopment Study, Journal of Personality & SocialPsychology, 37, 1462-1468.

3. Cohen A.R., 1955 An experimental investigation of theneed for cognition. Journal of Abnormal and SocialPsychology 51, 291-294.

4. Csikszentimihalyi, M., 1975, Beyond boredom andanxiety. San Francisco :Jossey-Bass.

5. Csikszentimihalyi, M., 1978, Attention and the holisticapproach to behavior. In K.S. Pope & J.L. Singer (Eds.).The Stream of Consciousness, (pp 335-358),New Your:Plenium Press.

6. Deci, E.L., 1975, Intrinsic Motivation. New York :Plenum.

7. Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M., 1990, Motivational approachto self integration in personality. In R. Dientsbier (Ed.)Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol 38, PP 237-288) Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.

8. Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M., 1985a, Intrinsic motivationand self determination in human behavior. New York:Plenium.

9. Deci, E.L., 1971, Effects of externally mediated rewardson intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality & SocialPsychology, 1971, 18, 105-115.

10. Harackiewicz, J.M. (1979) The effects of rewardcontingency and performance feedback on intrinsicmotivation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,37, 1352-1363.

11. Izard. C., 1977, Human Emotions, New York : Plenum.12. Karniol, R. & Ross, M., 1977, The effects of performance

relevant and performance irrelevant rewards on children’sintrinsic motivation. Child Development, 1977, 48,482-487.

13. Lepper, M. & Greene, D. &Hisbett, R.E., 1973,Undermining children’s instrinsicinterest with extrinsicreward. A test of the over justification hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28,129-137.

14. Pretty, G.H. & Seligman, M.E.P., 1983, Affect and theover justification effect. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 46, 1241-1253.

15. Reene, J., Cole, S.G. &Olsaon, B.C., 1986, Addingexcitement to intrinsic motivation research. Journal ofSocial behavior and personality, 1, 349-363.

16. Ross, M., 1975, Salience of reward and intrinsicmotivation. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 1975, 32, 245-254.


17. Sansone,C. &Harackiewicz, J.M. 2000, Intrinsic andextrinsic motivation: The search for optimal motivationand performance. New York : academic.

18. Stipek, 1998, Motivation to learn : From theory topractice. Boston :Allyn Bacon.

19. Tripathi, K.N., Agrawal, A., 1985, Effects of verbal andtangible rewards on intrinsic motivation in males andfemales. Psychological studies, 30, 1.

20. Weiner, B. &Kukla, A. (1970) Anattributional analysisof achievement motivation. Journal of Personality &Social Psychology, 1970, 15, 11-20.

Summary of T ablesSummary of the mean differences and ratios

Table 1: Showing mean differences and F ratios of contingency & positive negative effect s for difficult t ask.

Variables Feedback F1 F2 InteractionF3Contin Non-contin Positive Negative

Task Appraisal 55.92 60.42 8.27** 57.40 58.94 .97 29.78**Task Persistence 21.58 22.25 0.94 22.13 21.71 .37 10.75**Perceived Competence 54.69 59.83 10.37** 54.79 59.73 9.54** 6.20**Ability Attribution 4.14 5.06 23.68** 5.67 3.54 40.44** .77Effort Attribution 5.63 4.19 21.38** 5.6 3.94 38.84** .11Task Difficulty Attribution 5.17 4.29 5.95** 5.92 3.54 43.81** .12Luck attribution 4.12 3.71 1.33 4.44 3.4 8.35** 7.06**

Table 2: Showing mean differences and F ratios of need of cognition for difficult t ask.

Variables Need for High Cognition Low InteractionF1 F2

Task Appraisal 41.05 20.1 74.65** 2.20Task Persistence 24.2 21.8 6.04* 2.10Perceived Competence 57.8 50.05 21.99** .55Ability Attribution 4.5 5.5 3.92 .49Effort Attribution 4.7 5.55 2.17 .32Task Difficulty Attribution 4.45 5.65 3.78 0.05Luck Attribution 3.15 4.9 14.58** 1.38

Variables Chi Square for Easy and difficult taskTask Appraisal 2.91Task Persistence 7.86*Perceived Competence 12.12**Ability Attribution 18.38**Effort Attribution 11.37*Task Difficulty Attribution 17.28**Luck Attribution 7.65*

*Significant at .05 levels**Significant at .01 level


S>m∞. ]r.Eg.]m_oZ`m *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ gßÒH•$V e„X "g_≤' C[gJ©[yd©H$ "H•$' YmVw g "∫$' ‡À`` H$aZ [a oZÌ[fi hmVm h°, oOgH$m AW© h°- gßÒH$moaV ^mfm O] ^maV H$rgßÒH•$oV H$m O›_ hwAm Am°a _mZd ]mbZ bJm& CgZ ^mfm grIr& CgH$r dmUr ‡Ia hmVr JB©& odo^fi jÃmß _ß odo^fi dmoU`mß H$m O›_ hwAm& ZB©-ZB© ^mfmE± oZH$br V] ^mfm H$m Om [naÓH•$V Í$[ gm_Z Am`m dh "gßÒH•$V' h°- gÂ`H$≤ H•$Vß [naÓH•$Vß BoV gßÒH•$V_≤& AZH$ ^mdmß H$m g_m` hwE `hgßÒH•$V e„X gßÒH•$oV H$m ^r ]mY H$amVm h°& AmMm`© ]bXd C[m‹`m` Z H$hm h°- "^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡mU Am‹`moÀ_H$ ^mdZm h°& À`mJ gAZw‡_moUV V[Ò`m ` [moeV VWm V[mdZ _ß gßdoY©V ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m a_Ur` Am‹`moÀ_H$ Í$[ gßÒH•$V ^mem H$ß J´ßWmß _ß A[Zr gw›Xa Pm±H$roXIbmVm hwAm gˆX`mß H$ ˆX` H$m ]a]g ItMVm h°'&1

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ gßÒH•$V AmO Am_ bmJmß H$r ]mbMmb H$r ^mfm Zht h°&‡mMrZH$mb _ß `h OZgm_m›` H$r ^mfm Wr, Egm od¤mZmß H$m _V h°&gßÒH•$V H$m gmohÀ` r CÉH$moQ> H$m h°& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` Z Aj` gßÒH•$oVAm°a g‰`Vm H$m O›_ oX`m h°& ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m Xmàm [ya odÌd Am°a_mZd OmoV H$m Ny>Vm h°& _mZd OmoV H$ BoVhmg _ß "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$r[naH$Î[Zm Om oH$ gÂ[yU© odÌd H$m EH$ gyÃ _ß ]m±YZ H$m H$m`© H$aVr h°,gd©‡W_ gßÒH•$V _ß hr e„X]’ hwB© h°&

^maVr` _Zrof`mß H$m gÂ[yU© oM›VZ, _ZZ, JdfU VWm bm°oH$H$-Abm°oH$H$ g^r AZw yoV Bgr gßÒH•$V dmS>._` _ß oZohV h°& maVr` gßÒH•$oV_ß dXmß H$m ÒWmZ Jm°ad[yU© h°& O›_ g bH$a _•À`w[`©›V OrdZ H$ g_ÒVgßÒH$ma dX odohV h°& _ZwÒ_•oV _ß H$hm J`m h°- gd©kmZ_`mß oh g:2& dXAm·dMZ _ß gd©kmZ_` h°& OrdZ _ß Eg H$B© [hby h° oOgH$m ]mY h_ß‡À`j AWdm AZw_mZ H$ ¤mam Zht hm gH$Vm h° O°g- [m[-[w `, Y_©-AY_©, _mj, AmÀ_m H$m ÒdÍ$[, [wZO©›_ AmoX BZH$m ]mY dXm g hr hmVmh°& dX H$ gß]ßY _ H$hm J`m h°-

‡À`jß MmZw_mZß M emÛß M ododYmJ__≤&Ã`ß gwodoXVß H$m`™ Y_©ewo’_^rÀgVm&&3

gßÒH•$V mfm g_•’embr, odH$ogV, g]g ‡mMrZ, ∑bmogH$b Am°aodMmamß H$m dhZ H$aZ dmbr ^mfm h°& gßÒH•$V _ß Om kmZ h°, dh gmJa H$rVah JhZ Am°a Ï`m[H$ h°& gßÒH•$V ^mfm _ß dXm, ]´m˜Umß, Ama `H$mß Am°aC[oZfXmß H$ gmW hr gmW H$Î[gyÃ, H$m_gyÃ, Ï`mH$aU, JoUV, odkmZ,¡`moVf, IJmb, AW©emÛ, ¡`moVf, `w’emÛ, ZmQ>ÁemÛ,H$mÏèmÛ, `mJemÛ, ZroVemÛ, dmÒVwemÛ, Am`wdX, YZwdX,amOZroVemÛ, ^mfmemÛ, Xe©ZemÛ Am°a AbßH$maemÛ AmoX g^rodf`mß H$m kmZ g_mohV h°& JoUV, odkmZ, ¡`moVf AmoX H$ odo^fi‡mMrZ gßÒH•$V J´›Wmß _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$` J` og’mßVm H$r d°kmoZH$Vm Edß‡_moU_Vm H$m AmO [yam gßgma ÒdrH$ma H$a MwH$m h°& gßÒH•$V H$r obo[XdZmJar h° Om [yU©V: d°kmoZH$ h°& O°gr ‹doZ d°gr obo[ AWm©V≤ O°gr]mbr OmVr h° d°g hr oboI OmVr h°& AßJÓr AmoX mfmAmß _ß h JwU Zhth° O°g BUT (]Q>) PUT ([wQ>) AmoX&

dV©_mZ _ß gßÒH•$V H$r C[`moJVm Edß MwZm°oV`m±

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßÒH•$V) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡) ^maV

[moUZr (500 B©.[y.) H$r AÓQ>m‹``r H$ gß]ßY _ß- [mÌMmÀ` ^mfmd°kmoZH$mß Z Best Creation oF human intelligence H$hm h°& [war H$[yd© eßH$amMm`© lr oZaßOZ Xd VrW©[mX ¤mam oboIV "d°oXH$ _W_oQ>∑g'Zm_H$ [wÒVH$ _ß 16 gyÃ ‡oV[moXV oH$ J h°, oOgH$ _m‹`_ g H$Âfl yQ>a

ßÃ AoYH$ A¿N>r Vah H$m © H$a gH$Vm h° Egm H$Âfl yQ>a odefkmß H$m _V h°&g_mO _ß ‡]w’ dJ© H$m gßÒH•$V dmS>≤._` g AoYH$ A[jmE± h° ∑`mßoH$

OrdZ H$m gma Bgr dmS>≤._` _ß oZohV h°& h_ma F$of _woZ`mß Z OrdZ H$oH$gr ^r [j H$m ANy>Vm Zht ahZ oX`m& _ZwÓ` H$ ‡m·Ï` Mmam b˙`mß-Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am°a _mj Mmamß [wÍ$fmWm H$m gÂ`H$ oddMZ Bg gmohÀ` _ßo_bVm h°& _hm^maV AmoX[d© _ß Vm Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g h CX≤KmfU H$r JB© h°-

Y_ MmW M H$m_ß M _mj M ^maVe©^&òXhmoÒV VX›`Ã `fihmoÒV Z VV≤ π$oMV≤&&4

AWm©V Om Bg_ß h° dhr A›`Ã h° Am°a Om Bg_ß Zht h° dh H$ht r Zhth°& AmYwoZH$ odkmZ H$m gßÒH•$V H$r XZ -1. MaH$ - gßohVm (700B©.[y.) Am°foYodkmZ H$m odÌd _ [hbm J´ßW

h°&2. gwlyV - gßohVm (500B©.[y.) gßgma _ß eÎ` oMoH$Àgm H$m ‡W_ J´›W

h°&3. ¡`mo_oV H$m ‡maßo^H$ odH$mg ]mYm`mZ ewÎd - gyÃ (600B©.[y.) _ß

doU©V h°&4. ey›` H$r AdYmaUm gßÒH•$V H$r XZ h°&5. AZ›V H$r AmdYmaUm H$m _yb d•hXma `H$m[oZeX≤ h°&

[yU©_X: [yU©o_Xß [yUm©V [yU©_wXÉV&[yU©Ò` [yU©_mXm` [yU©_dmdofÌ`V&&5

6. Am`©^≈ (5 dt eVm„Xr) Z A[Z Am`©^Q>r`_≤ _ß "[mB' H$r dÎ`y([naoYÏ`mg- AZw[mV H$m _yÎ`) oZYm©naV oH$`m Am°a C›hmZ [•œdrA[Z H$j [a Ky_Vr h°, gy`© Zht& Bg hOmam dfm~ ]mX H$m[oZ©H$gEdß H$[ba AmoX AmYwoZH$ d°kmoZH$ Z Cgr Í$[ _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m&

7. H$UmX (600B©.[y.) H$ d°eofH$ gyÃ _ß [a_mUwdmX H$m og’mßVgd©‡W_ ‡oV[moXV h°&


8. damho_oha (500B©.) H$ d•hV gßohVm _ß ^yJmb, dZÒ[oV, H•$oeodkmZ Ao^`mo›ÃH$r, O›Vw odkmZ AmoX doU©V h°&gßÒH•$V odÌd]›YwÀd H$m ‡]b gßXedmhH$ h° Bg_ß Om OrdZ _yÎ`

C[oZ]’ h°, dh A›`Ã Xwb©^ h°& g_mO _ß Ïò∫$JV o^fiVm g_m· H$agÂ[yU© odÌd H$m [nadma g_PZm, `h gßÒH•$V H$m hr EH$ gßXe h°-

"dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_'& H•$ d›Vm odÓ_m`©_'&_mVm ^yo_: [wÃm@hß [•oWÏ`m&

^maV H$ ‡mMrZ kmZ ^maV H$ ‡mMrZ kmZ ^maV H$ ‡mMrZ kmZ ^maV H$ ‡mMrZ kmZ ^maV H$ ‡mMrZ kmZ - d°^d H$m gaßjU Edß amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ÒWm[Zm_ß gßÒH•$V H$ odoeÔ>> mJXmZ H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIV hwE h_ma amÓQ≠>o[Vm _hmÀ_mJmßYr Z H$hm Wm- "‡À`H$ oh›XwÒVmZr od⁄mWr© H$m gßÒH•$V AdÌ` [∂T>ZrMmohE'&

gßÒH•$V gÂ[yU© maV H$r mfm h°& A›` mfmAmß H$m ‡`mJ oH$gr jÃodef _ß hmVm h° O°g _b`mb_ H$m ‡`mJ H$ab _ß, Vo_b H$m ‡`mJVo_bZmSy> _ß BÀ`moX& oH$›Vw gßÒH•$V H$m ‡`mJ gÂ[yU© ^maV _ß H$Ì_ra gH$›`mHw$_mar VH$ hmVm h°& gÂ[yU© ^maV _ß BgH$ AmMm`©, bIH$, H$odAmoX h°& BVZm hr Zht O_©Zr, BßΩb° S>, B S>mZoe`m, MrZ, gß`w∫$ am¡À_naH$m AmoX Xemß _ß ^r gßÒH•$V [∂T>r Am°a [∂T>mB© OmVr h°& Z[mb H$H$mR>_m Sy> _ß EH$ gßÒH•$V odÌdod⁄mb` ^r h°&MwZm°oV`m± -MwZm°oV`m± -MwZm°oV`m± -MwZm°oV`m± -MwZm°oV`m± -1. amÓQ≠>r` oejm ZroV H$ AZwgma od⁄mb` ÒVa [a oÃ^mfm gyÃ H$m

oH´$`m›d`Z ^mfm oejU H$ obE AoZdm`© h°& CgH$ AZwgma VrZ^mfmAmß H$m [∂T>m`m OmZm h°- oh›Xr, AßJÓr Edß EH$ A›` AmYwoZH$^maVr` ^mfm& Bg_ß gßÒH•$V H$m ÒWmZ Zht oX`m J`m&

2. oXZmßH$ 4 A∑Qy>]a 1994 H$m CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z oZU©` XV hwEH$hm oH$ VrZ _mh H$ AßXa gr]rEgB© H$ [mR>ÁH´$_ _ß gßemYZ H$agßÒH•$V H$m EH$ Eo¿N>H$ odf` H$ Í$[ _ß g_mde oH$`m Om`& oHß$Vwgr]rEgB© H$ ¤mam BgH$m oH´$`m›d`Z Zht oH$`m J`m&

3. emgH$r` od⁄mmb`m _ß H$jm Xe_≤ VH$ gßÒH•$V odf` H$m [R>Z [mR>ZoH$`m OmVm h° oßH$Vw H$›–r` od⁄mb`mß _ß H$jm N>R>t g AmR>dt VH$ hrgro_V H$a oX`m J`m h°& H$jm Zm°dt Edß Xgdr H$ N>mÃm H$m gßÒH•$V H$A‹``Z g dßoMV H$a oX` J` h°& _ar —oÓQ> _ß H$_ g H$_ H$jm N>R>tg ]mahdt VH$ gßÒH•$V H$m EH$ AoZdm`© odf` H$ Í$[ _ß [mR>ÁH´$_ _ßÌmo_b H$aZm MmohE& BgH$m oH´$`m›d`Z g^r H$›–r` od⁄mb`mß,ZdmX`, am¡` ]mS©> H$ g^r emgH$r` Am°a AemgH$r` od⁄mb`mß _ßhmZm MmohE&

4. amOJma [aH$ Z hmZ H$ H$maU gßÒH•$V odf` H$ ‡oV N>mÃm H$m Í$PmZZJ ` h°& BgH$ obE ¡`moVf, H$_©H$m S> AmoX Ï`mdgmo`H$ odf`mß_ß oS>flbm_m [mR>ÁH´$_ Mbm`m OmZm MmohE& AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m XIVhwE AZwdmX [mR>ÁH´$_ Mbm`m OmZm MmohE& `mJ _ß ^r AßeH$mobH$oS>flbm_m [mR>ÁH´$_ hmZm MmohE oOgg gßÒH•$V N>mÃmß H$m OrodH$m H$Adga gwb^ hm gH$&

5. AoYH$mßeV: emgH$r` od⁄mb`mß _ß gßÒH•$V oejH$ H$m [X ÒdrH•$VVm oH$`m OmVm h° [ßaVw bß] Aag g [X am Zht OmVm h°& Egr oÒWoV_ß A›` odf` H$ oejH$ ¤mam gßÒH•$V H$m A‹`m[Z H$m`© oH$`mOmVm h°& \$bÒdÍ$[ kmZ H$r Om JwUdŒmm hmZr MmohE dh Zht hm[mVr h°&

6. _hmod⁄mmb`mß _ß ^r gßÒH•$V odf` H$ N>mÃm H$r gßª`m A[jmH•$VA›` odf`mß g H$_ hmVr Om ahr h°&[naUm_V: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gßÒH•$V ^mfm H$m O°gm CÀWmZ

hmZm MmohE d°gm Zht h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg [•ÓR>-22. _ZwÒ_•oV 2.73. _ZwÒ_•oV 12.1054. _hm^maV- AmoX[d©5. d•hXma `H$m[oZeX≤ 5.1

*************


S>m∞. èd›V ogßh pZßJdmb *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ eßH$amMm`© Z C[oZfX≤ H$m ]´õd⁄m _mZm h°& C[oZfX≤e„X C[ + oZ + ogX≤ + oπ$[≤ C[oZfX≤ AW© h° VÀd kmZ H$ obE JwÈ H$[mg godoZ`, oZÓR>m[yd©H$ ]°R>Zm& eßH$amMm © Z BgH$ AW© ]Vm h°& (1)odeaU- Zme hmZm, AWm©V≤ gßgma H$r _yb yV Aod⁄m H$m Zme hmZm& (2)JoV- [mZm `m OmZZm, oOg_ß† ]´˜ ‡mo· hmVr h° `m CgH$m kmZ hmZm&(3) AdgmXZ-oeoWb hmZm, oOgg _ZwÓ` H$ Xw:I `m ]›YZ oeoWbhmV h°& Bg ‡H$ma eßH$amMm`© Z Aod⁄m H$m Zme, ]´˜ ‡mo· Am°a CgH$mkmZ VWm Xw:I-oZamY, BZ VrZmß AWm™ H$m bH$a C[oZfX≤ H$m ]´õd⁄mH$m ⁄mVH$ _mZm h°& 11111

C[oZfXmß H$r gßª`m H$ gß]ßY _ß† oddmX h°& BZ_ß† [`m©· _V^X h°&gmYmaUV`m CZH$r gßª`m 108 _mZr OmVr h¢, oOZ_ß eßH$amMm`© ‡VrU10 C[oZfX †h° Am°a ⁄y_ Z 3 odef C[oZfX≤ _mZ h°,¶Bg ‡H$ma gm_m›`V`m10 g 12 `m 13 VH$ C[oZfXmß H$r gßª`m _mZr h°& Hw$b 108 C[oZfXmßH$ AmYma [a 10 C[oZfXmß H$m gß]ßY F$ΩdX g, 19 ew∑b ÒwdX, 12H•$ÓU ÒwdX g, 16 gm_dX g VWm 13 AWd©dX g h¢& JwOamVr q‡qQ>J‡g g ]ß]B© g ‡H$moeV C[oZfX≤-dm∑`-_hmH$me _ß† 223 C[oZfXmß H$Zm_ h°& eßH$amMm`© h°- B©e, H$Z, H$R>, ‡ÌZ, _w S>, _m Sy>∑`, V°Var`,EVa`, N>›XmΩ` Edß d•hXma `H$ Z _mZ h°& 22222

Bgr ‡H$ma C[oZfXmß H$ H$m`©H$mb H$ gß]ßY _ß† r o^fi-o^fi _V h°&S>m∞. amYmH•$ÓUZ≤ H$ AZwgma Om BZ_|† g ‡maßo^H$ C[oZfX≤† Wr, d oZoÌMVÍ$[ g ]m°’H$mb H$ [hb H$r h°& Hw$N> C[oZfX≤† ]m°’H$mb H$ [ÌMmV≤ H$r h°&`h gß^d h° oH$ CZH$m oZ_m©U d°oXH$ gy∫$mß H$r g_mo· Am°a ]m°’ Y_© H$Aod^m©d H$ _‹`dVu H$mb _ß† hwAm h°& AWm©V≤ B©gm H$r N>R>t eVm„Xr H$ [yd©BZH$m H$m`©H$mb _mZm OmVm h°& ‡maßo^H$ C[oZfXmß H$m aMZmH$mb 1000B©.[y. g bH$a 300 B©gm [yd© H$m _mZm J`m h°& Hw$N> C[oZfXmß H$m mÓ` ]w’`wJ H$ [adVu H$mb _ß† hwAm h°& CZH$m oZ_m©U H$mb 400 g 300 B©gm [yd©hwAm h°& g]g ‡mMrZ C[oZfXmß _ß† J⁄ aMZm hwB© h°& CZ_ß† EVa , H$m°frVH$r,V°Var`, N>›XmΩ`, ]•hXma `H$ Am°a H$Z H$oV[` Aße h¢& H$R>m[oZfX≤ H$raMZm [adVuH$mb _ß† hwB© h¢, ∑`mßoH$ Bg [a `mJ Am°a gmßª` H$m ‡^mdoXImB© XVm h°& _m Sy>∑` ‡m`: g]g Adm©oMZ h°, Om gmÂ[Xm`dmXrC[oZfX≤ _mZm OmVm h°, oOgH$m AW© h° oH$ ` C[oZfX≤† odoeÓQ> gÂ‡Xm`H$ AßVJ©V _mZr OmVr h°& _°ÃmÙr Am°a ÌdVmÌdVa r [adVu H$mb H$ h°&

C[oZfXmß H$r ‡mMrZVm H$ gß]ßY _ß† AV: gm˙` H$ AmYma [aC[oZfXmß H$ H$m`©H$mb H$ gß]ßY _ß† [Vm bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& B©gdt gZ≤[yd© N>R>t eVm„Xr _ß† [moUoZ H$m AÓQ>m‹`m`r H$r aMZm H$r JB© Wr, oOg_ß†C[oZfX≤ H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°&

C[oZfX≤ Am°a d°oXH$ Xe©Z

"OrodH$m[oZfXmdm°Â`&' "OrodH$m[oZfXmdm°Â`&' "OrodH$m[oZfXmdm°Â`&' "OrodH$m[oZfXmdm°Â`&' "OrodH$m[oZfXmdm°Â`&' 33333

([moUoZ1.4.79) ([moUoZ1.4.79) ([moUoZ1.4.79) ([moUoZ1.4.79) ([moUoZ1.4.79) "bwodJ' H$ AZwgma C[oZfXmß H$r aMZm AmO g VrZ ghÛ df© [yd©

hwB© Wr& oVbH$Or "JrVm ahÒ`' _ß† B©gm g [yd© 1600 df© C[oZfXmß H$maMZmH$mb _mZm h°&44444

Am°aßJO] H$ ^mB© XmamoeH$mh ¤mam 1656 _ß† 50 C[oZfXmß H$m\$magr _ß† AZwdmX H$am`m Wm, Om "oga AH$]a' H$ Zm_ g obIm J`m Wm&Bg J´ßW H$m oh›Xr _ß† AZwdmX gZ≤ 1720 _ß† oH$`m J`m Wm& gw‡og’ \´$ßM`mÃr Eßπ$oQ>b S>`yaZ \´$ßM Am°a boQ>Z Z AZwdmX oH$` W& Am[ZIV _ß†boflQ>Z _ß† AZwdmX 1801-2 _ß† oH$`m Wm& amOm am__mhZ am` Z _yb J´ßWmßH$ gmW Hw$N> C[oZfXmß H$ AßJÓr AZwdmX 2816-19 B©. _ß† ‡H$moeVoH$`m Wm& O.S>r. bwßOwB©Zm Zm_H$ \´$ßM od¤mZ Z \$magr AZwdmX H$ AmYma[a boQ>Z H$ AmYma [a \´$ ßM _ß † Í$[mßVa oH$`m Wm& d]a gmh] Z"Bo S>ÒH$ZÒVwoflQ>Zb' Zm_H$ [wÒVH$ 17 ^mJmß _ß† obIr h°& gZ≤ 1850_ß†14 C[oZfXmß H$m AZwdmX ‡H$moeV hwAm h°& o¤Vr` ^mJ _ß†15 g 39C[oZfX≤ ‡H$moeV hwE h° VWm 9 mJ _ß† ìogaAH$]aí H$ 40-50 C[oZfX≤ob[oOH$ g ‡H$moeV hwB©& gZ≤ 1882 _ß† BZH$m O_©Z AZwdmX S≠>ÒS>Z g‡H$moeV hwAm h°& [ßoS>V _°∑g_yba Z "ogH´$S> ]w∑g Am∞\$ X B©ÒQ' Zm_H$J´ßW_mbm _ß† 12 C[oZfXmß H$m AßJÓr AZwdmX gZ≤ 1879 g 84 H$ ]rM‡H$moeV oH$`m& A›` Xm O_©Z od¤mZmß Z- E\$.o_eb Z 1882 _† VWm]mQ> qbJ Z 1889 B©. _ß† C[oZfXmß H$ O_©Z AZwdmX oH$` W& ^maVròd¤mZ 1898 g 1910 H$ ]rM grVmam_ emÛr VWm JßJmZmW Pm ZAmR> ‡_wI C[oZfXmß H$m AßJÓr AZwdmX oH$`m Wm& S>m∞. amYmH•$ÓUZ≤ Zam_Z Ajamß _ß† ‡_wI C[oZfXmß H$m _yb Edß AßJOr AZwdmX oH$`m Wm, oOgq‡g[b C[oZfXg H$ Zm_ g ‡H$moeV hwAm Wm&

C[oZfXmß H$ aMo`VmAmß H$ OrdZ H$ odf` _ß† Hw$N> ^r kmV Zht h°&CZH$ d∫$mAmß `m gßJ•hrVmß H$ odMma _mÃ C[oÒWV h¢, oOZ_ß† _ohXmg,EVa`, a°π$, emßoS>Î`, gÀ`H$m_, O°dobI ÌdVH$Vw, ma¤mO, Jm`m©ÃU,‡ŒmX©Z, ]mbmoH$, AOmVeÃw, dÈU, mkd∑Î`, JmJu VWm _°Ã° r& AZH$odMmaH$mß Z C[oZfXmß [a ^mÓ` obI h¢, oOZ_ß† eßH$a, am_mZwO, _‹d,AmoX&C[oZfX≤-Xe©Z - C[oZfX≤-Xe©Z - C[oZfX≤-Xe©Z - C[oZfX≤-Xe©Z - C[oZfX≤-Xe©Z - ‡m. O.Eg. _°H$ßOr H$ AZwgma [hb [hb odÌd-oZ_m©U H$r gß]Yt og’m›V H$m gd©‡W_ C[H´$_ h°& gÀ`m›dfU hrCX≤oZfXmß H$r b˙` h°& oeÓ` [yN>Zm MmhVm h° oH$ "oH$gH$r B¿N>m g ‡naVhmH$a _Z A[Z Ao^bofV' ‡`mOZ H$r Ama ]∂T>Vm h° ? oH$g Amkm g

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßÒH•$V) emgH$r` J•hodkmZ ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡) ^maV


‡W_ ‡mU ]mha AmVm h°? CgH$r B¿N>m g h_ dmUr ]mbV h°? H$m°Z XdAm±I `m H$mZ H$m ‡aUm XVm h° ?

H$R>m[oZfX≤ H$hVm h° oH$ AmÀ_m H$r gŒmm Bgr OrdZ VH$ ahVr h° `mOrdZ H$ ]mX r CgH$m AoÒVÀd ]Zm ahVm h° ? AmoX H$m oddMZ oH$`mJ`m h°& AmÀ_m oZÀ` h°& dh Z _aVm h° Z AdÒWmoX H•$V Xmfmß H$m ‡m·H$aVm h°& `h earaY_m© _•À`w H$ de _ß† h°, oH$›Vw dh AodZmer h°&

]´˜ VÀd gJwU Am°a oZJwU© XmZmß ahVm h°& ‡mH•$oVH$ OJV≤ H$r gmareo∫$`mß H$m `WmW© Í$[ _ß† ]´˜ H$r hr eo∫$ H$hm J`m h°& ]´˜ gÀ` VWmkmZ ÒdÍ$[ h°& dh agÍ$[ h°& ]´˜ hr g ‡mUr CÀ[fi hmV h¢, OrodV ahVh° VWm AßV _ß† Cg_|† ‡odÓQ> hm OmV h°& ]´˜ H$m Aja, AodZmer Am°a_ybVÀd H$hm J`m h°& dh AmZßXÒdÍ$[, AOa, A_a Am°a ‡H$me_mZ h°&

]•hXma H$ H$hVm h° oH$ AmÀ_m hr ]´ h°, dh AO›í_m h°, AOa,A_a, A_•V Am°a A^` h°&

C[oZfX≤ ìZoV ZoVí (AWm©V≤ h Zht) H$h H$a ]´ H$m ÒdÍ$[ ‡H$Q>H$aZ _ß Ag_W© h°& dh AdmS>≤J_ZgmJmMa h°& ]´˜ gd©Ï`m[r h°, gMamMad· h°& g_ÒV Ordmß _ß dh od⁄_mZ h°& dh H$_m™ H$m gmjr h°& MVZ, Ao¤VrAm°a oZamH$ma h°& ]´˜ g^r Bo›–`mß H$r [hw±M g [a h¢& CgH$r gŒmm _ß hr _ZAm°a Bo›–`m± H$m`© H$aVr h¢&

"EH$m@dUm ]hwYm eo∫$WmJmX ≤&"EH$m@dUm ]hwYm eo∫$WmJmX ≤&"EH$m@dUm ]hwYm eo∫$WmJmX ≤&"EH$m@dUm ]hwYm eo∫$WmJmX ≤&"EH$m@dUm ]hwYm eo∫$WmJmX ≤&dUm©Z≤ AZH$mZ≤ oZhmVmWm XYmoV &&'dUm©Z≤ AZH$mZ≤ oZhmVmWm XYmoV &&'dUm©Z≤ AZH$mZ≤ oZhmVmWm XYmoV &&'dUm©Z≤ AZH$mZ≤ oZhmVmWm XYmoV &&'dUm©Z≤ AZH$mZ≤ oZhmVmWm XYmoV &&'55555

(ÌdVm.4.1) (ÌdVm.4.1) (ÌdVm.4.1) (ÌdVm.4.1) (ÌdVm.4.1)

"Aod⁄`m _•À`wß VrÀdm od⁄m@í_•VÌZwV &' "Aod⁄`m _•À`wß VrÀdm od⁄m@í_•VÌZwV &' "Aod⁄`m _•À`wß VrÀdm od⁄m@í_•VÌZwV &' "Aod⁄`m _•À`wß VrÀdm od⁄m@í_•VÌZwV &' "Aod⁄`m _•À`wß VrÀdm od⁄m@í_•VÌZwV &' 6

(B©e.11) (B©e.11) (B©e.11) (B©e.11) (B©e.11)^maVr Xe©Z [wZO©›_ H$m ÒdrH$ma H$aVm h°& _ZwÓ` H$_m~ H$ AZwgma

odo^fi `moZ`mß _ßß O›_ bVm h°&"OmVÒ` oh Yw´dm _•À`wY´w ©dß O›_ _•VÒ` Mm &'"OmVÒ` oh Yw´dm _•À`wY´w ©dß O›_ _•VÒ` Mm &'"OmVÒ` oh Yw´dm _•À`wY´w ©dß O›_ _•VÒ` Mm &'"OmVÒ` oh Yw´dm _•À`wY´w ©dß O›_ _•VÒ` Mm &'"OmVÒ` oh Yw´dm _•À`wY´w ©dß O›_ _•VÒ` Mm &'7

(JrVm 2.27) (JrVm 2.27) (JrVm 2.27) (JrVm 2.27) (JrVm 2.27)oOgH$m O›_ oZoÌMV h° CgH$r _•À`w ^r oZoÌMV h°&C[oZfXmß Z _mZm h° oH$ _mj hr _mZd OrdZ H$m b˙` h°& gßgma H$

]ßYZmß g Ny>Q> H$a _mj [mZm hr OrdZ H$m [a_ b˙` h°& kmZmoæ g hr gmaH$_© ZÓQ> hmV h¢&

"kmZmoæ: gd©H$_m©oU ^Ò_gmV≤ Hw$ÈV VWm &' "kmZmoæ: gd©H$_m©oU ^Ò_gmV≤ Hw$ÈV VWm &' "kmZmoæ: gd©H$_m©oU ^Ò_gmV≤ Hw$ÈV VWm &' "kmZmoæ: gd©H$_m©oU ^Ò_gmV≤ Hw$ÈV VWm &' "kmZmoæ: gd©H$_m©oU ^Ò_gmV≤ Hw$ÈV VWm &' 8

(JrVm 4.57) (JrVm 4.57) (JrVm 4.57) (JrVm 4.57) (JrVm 4.57)dXmß _ß ]´˜ H$m hr g•oÓQ> H$m H$Vm©, YVm© Am°a gßhVm© ]Vm`m J`m h°&

odÌd H$r gdmÉ gŒmm ]´ hr h°& dh gma gßgma _ß AmV‡mV hmH$a od⁄_mZh°&

ÒwdX H$ AZwgma ]´ hr g•oÓQ> H$r gd©‡Wí gŒmm h° dh gV≤ Am°aAgV≤ H$m H$maU h°&

"]´ÕkmZß ‡W__≤&"]´ÕkmZß ‡W__≤&"]´ÕkmZß ‡W__≤&"]´ÕkmZß ‡W__≤&"]´ÕkmZß ‡W__≤&gŒmÌM `moZ_≤ AgVÌM od ]: &&'gŒmÌM `moZ_≤ AgVÌM od ]: &&'gŒmÌM `moZ_≤ AgVÌM od ]: &&'gŒmÌM `moZ_≤ AgVÌM od ]: &&'gŒmÌM `moZ_≤ AgVÌM od ]: &&'9

(Òw. 13.3) (Òw. 13.3) (Òw. 13.3) (Òw. 13.3) (Òw. 13.3)]´˜ hr Ma Am°a AMa g] _ß od⁄_mZ h°&H$R>m[oZfX≤ H$ AZwgma gßgma AoZÀ` h°& gßgma H$ ^mJ odbmg

joUH$ h°& KZ g AmoÀ_H$ emßoV Zht o_bVr&

"Z odŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ` &' "Z odŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ` &' "Z odŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ` &' "Z odŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ` &' "Z odŒmZ V[©Ur`m _ZwÓ` &' 10

(H$R>m. 1.1.27) (H$R>m. 1.1.27) (H$R>m. 1.1.27) (H$R>m. 1.1.27) (H$R>m. 1.1.27)AmÀ_m AOa Am°a A_a h°& Z H$^r CÀ[fi hmVm h° Am°a Z H$^r _aVm h°&

`h gy˙_ Am°a odamQ>≤ g odamQ>≤ h°&"Z Om`V o_´`V dm H$oÌMV≤' "Z Om`V o_´`V dm H$oÌMV≤' "Z Om`V o_´`V dm H$oÌMV≤' "Z Om`V o_´`V dm H$oÌMV≤' "Z Om`V o_´`V dm H$oÌMV≤' 11

(H$R>m.1.2.18) (H$R>m.1.2.18) (H$R>m.1.2.18) (H$R>m.1.2.18) (H$R>m.1.2.18)"AUmaUr`mZ _hVm _hr`mZ≤&' "AUmaUr`mZ _hVm _hr`mZ≤&' "AUmaUr`mZ _hVm _hr`mZ≤&' "AUmaUr`mZ _hVm _hr`mZ≤&' "AUmaUr`mZ _hVm _hr`mZ≤&' 12

(H$R>m. 1.2.20) (H$R>m. 1.2.20) (H$R>m. 1.2.20) (H$R>m. 1.2.20) (H$R>m. 1.2.20)dh AmÀ_m kmZ-odkmZ-_Km AmoX g ‡m· Zht h°& AmÀ_g_[©U g

hr ‡m· h°& ^∫$ [a CgH$r H•$[m hmVr h¢, Cg AmÀ_Xe©Z hmVm h°&"Zm`_mÀ_m ‡dMZ b‰`≤.. `_d°f d•UwV V b‰`:&'"Zm`_mÀ_m ‡dMZ b‰`≤.. `_d°f d•UwV V b‰`:&'"Zm`_mÀ_m ‡dMZ b‰`≤.. `_d°f d•UwV V b‰`:&'"Zm`_mÀ_m ‡dMZ b‰`≤.. `_d°f d•UwV V b‰`:&'"Zm`_mÀ_m ‡dMZ b‰`≤.. `_d°f d•UwV V b‰`:&'13

(H$R>m. 1.2.22) (H$R>m. 1.2.22) (H$R>m. 1.2.22) (H$R>m. 1.2.22) (H$R>m. 1.2.22)O°g _H$∂S>r A[Zm Omb ]ZmVr h° Am°a o\$a Im bVr h°& Cgr ‡H$ma

[a_mÀ_m g g•oÓQ> hmVr h° Am°a o\$a Cgr _ß brZ hm OmVr h°&"`WmU©Zmo^: g•OV J•ÜV M&&' "`WmU©Zmo^: g•OV J•ÜV M&&' "`WmU©Zmo^: g•OV J•ÜV M&&' "`WmU©Zmo^: g•OV J•ÜV M&&' "`WmU©Zmo^: g•OV J•ÜV M&&' 14

(_w S>H$m. 1.1.70) (_w S>H$m. 1.1.70) (_w S>H$m. 1.1.70) (_w S>H$m. 1.1.70) (_w S>H$m. 1.1.70)]´˜ H$r ¡`moV g hr gy`© AmoX _ß ‡H$me hmVm h°& gy`© Mß–, Vmam

AmoX _ß A[Zm ‡H$me Zht h¢& Cgr ]´˜ H$ ‡H$me g g] _ß ‡H$me h°&"V_d ^m›V_Zw^moV gd™ VÒ` ^mgm gd©o_Xß od^moV&'"V_d ^m›V_Zw^moV gd™ VÒ` ^mgm gd©o_Xß od^moV&'"V_d ^m›V_Zw^moV gd™ VÒ` ^mgm gd©o_Xß od^moV&'"V_d ^m›V_Zw^moV gd™ VÒ` ^mgm gd©o_Xß od^moV&'"V_d ^m›V_Zw^moV gd™ VÒ` ^mgm gd©o_Xß od^moV&'15

(`_w S>H$m 2.2.10) (`_w S>H$m 2.2.10) (`_w S>H$m 2.2.10) (`_w S>H$m 2.2.10) (`_w S>H$m 2.2.10)"gd™ ªoÎdXß ]´˜&' "gd™ ªoÎdXß ]´˜&' "gd™ ªoÎdXß ]´˜&' "gd™ ªoÎdXß ]´˜&' "gd™ ªoÎdXß ]´˜&' 16

(N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.1) (N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.1) (N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.1) (N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.1) (N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.1)kmZdÎ∑` Z _°ÃÃr gßdmX ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g H$hm Wm oH$ _wP m°oVH$

gÂ[oŒm Zht MmohE& gmar gÂ[oŒm ^r o_b OmE Vm ^r _¢ A_a Zht hmgHy$ßJr& YZ g A_aÀd Zht o_bJm AV: _wP ]´˜kmZ XroOE&

"A_•VÀdÒ` Vw Zm@@emoÒV odŒmZ&&' "A_•VÀdÒ` Vw Zm@@emoÒV odŒmZ&&' "A_•VÀdÒ` Vw Zm@@emoÒV odŒmZ&&' "A_•VÀdÒ` Vw Zm@@emoÒV odŒmZ&&' "A_•VÀdÒ` Vw Zm@@emoÒV odŒmZ&&' 17

(]•hX≤. 4.5.3) (]•hX≤. 4.5.3) (]•hX≤. 4.5.3) (]•hX≤. 4.5.3) (]•hX≤. 4.5.3)gdmŒm_ C[Xemß _ß h Vœ` h° oH$- h [a_mÀ_m ! h_ß gÀ` g AgÀ`

H$r Ama, A›YH$ma g ‡H$me H$r Ama _•À`w g A_aÀd H$r Ama b Mbm&"AgVm _m gX≤ J_`& V_gm _m ¡`moVJ©_`& _•À`m_m©@_©•Vß J_`&&' "AgVm _m gX≤ J_`& V_gm _m ¡`moVJ©_`& _•À`m_m©@_©•Vß J_`&&' "AgVm _m gX≤ J_`& V_gm _m ¡`moVJ©_`& _•À`m_m©@_©•Vß J_`&&' "AgVm _m gX≤ J_`& V_gm _m ¡`moVJ©_`& _•À`m_m©@_©•Vß J_`&&' "AgVm _m gX≤ J_`& V_gm _m ¡`moVJ©_`& _•À`m_m©@_©•Vß J_`&&' 18

(]•hX≤. 1.3.28) (]•hX≤. 1.3.28) (]•hX≤. 1.3.28) (]•hX≤. 1.3.28) (]•hX≤. 1.3.28)AmÀ_m hr ]´˜ h° Am°a hr g] Hw$N> h°&

Bg ‡H$ma Bg bI _ß C[oZfX≤ H$r OmZH$mar H$ gmW gma Í$[ _ß C[oZfXmßH$m gma J´hU ^r oH$`m J`m h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. H$R>mC[oZfX, emS>≤H$a^mÓ` H$r ‡ÒVmdZm&2. S>m∞. H$o[bXd o¤dXr- d°oXH$ gmohÀ` Edß gßÒH•$oV&3. [moUoZ 1.4.794. oVbH$/JrVmahÒ`/550-525. ÌdVm.4.1 6. B©e.117. JrVm 2.27 8. JrVm 4.579. Òw. 13.3 10. H$R>m. 1.1.2711. H$R>m. 1.2.18 12. H$R>m. 1.2.2013. H$R>m. 1.2.22 14. _w S>H$m. 1.1.7015. _w S>H$m 2.2.10 16. N>m›XmΩ` 3.14.117. ]•hX≤. 4.5.3 18. ]•hX≤. 1.3.28


S>m∞. `ed›V ogßh pZßJdmb *

lr_X≤ mJdV _ß "_m`m' H$r AdYmaUm

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßÒH•$V) emgH$r` J•hodkmZ ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡) ^maV

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - lr_X≤^mJdV _ß† "_m`m' H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$r MMm© H$aV hwE amOmoZo_ Z Òd`ß ^JdmZ≤ odÓUw g "_m`m' H$ gß]ßY _ß† [yN>m Wm oH$ _m`m Òd`ß_m`mod`mß H$m _mohV H$a XVr h°& Cg H$mB© r [hMmZ Zht gH$Vm& CŒma _ß†`mJrÌda A›Vnaj Or Z H$hm Wm oH$ "_m`m' ÒdÍ$[V: AoZd©MZr` h°&AV: O] H$mB© KoQ>V hmVm h° V] CgH$ ¤mam hr CgH$m oZÍ$[U oH$`m OmgH$Vm h°& JdmZ≤ Bg "_m`m' H$m [na^mofV H$aV hwE H$hV h° oH$- AmoX[wÈf [a_mÀ_m oOg eo∫$ g gß[yU© yVmß H$ H$maU ]ZV h° Am°a CZH$ odf`^mJ VWm _mj H$r ogo’ H$ obE AWdm A[Z C[mgH$mß H$m CÀH•$ÓQ> ogo’H$ obE ÒdoZo_©V [ßM^yVmß H$ ¤mam ZmZm ‡H$ma g Xd, _ZwÓ` AmoX H$earamß H$r g•oÓQ> H$aV h°, Cgr H$m _m`m H$hV h°&

C∫$ [na^mfm g Ò[Ô> hmVm h° oH$ [a_Ìda Òd`ß oOg eo∫$ g gß[yU©^yVmß H$m [naMmbZ H$aVm h°, dhr odf` ^mJ Am°a _mj H$m H$maU h°&[ßM_hm^yVmß H$ ¤mam Xd Am°a _ZwÓ` H$r g•oÓQ> H$aV h°& Eo^^y ©VmoZ ^yVmÀ_m _hm^yV°_©hmZwO& ggOÉmdMm›`m ⁄: Eo^^y ©VmoZ ^yVmÀ_m _hm^yV°_©hmZwO& ggOÉmdMm›`m ⁄: Eo^^y ©VmoZ ^yVmÀ_m _hm^yV°_©hmZwO& ggOÉmdMm›`m ⁄: Eo^^y ©VmoZ ^yVmÀ_m _hm^yV°_©hmZwO& ggOÉmdMm›`m ⁄: Eo^^y ©VmoZ ^yVmÀ_m _hm^yV°_©hmZwO& ggOÉmdMm›`m ⁄:Òd_mVm©À_‡og‹`&&Òd_mVm©À_‡og‹`&&Òd_mVm©À_‡og‹`&&Òd_mVm©À_‡og‹`&&Òd_mVm©À_‡og‹`&&1

(^mJ. 11.3.3) (^mJ. 11.3.3) (^mJ. 11.3.3) (^mJ. 11.3.3) (^mJ. 11.3.3)[a_mÀ_m H$r Bg oZO eo∫$ g [ßM^yVmß ¤mam ]Zm` ‡mUr earamß _ß†

‡de H$aH$ _Z Í$[ _ß† [m±M kmZo›–`mß Am°a [m±M H$_o›–`mß g odf`mß H$m^mJ H$aV h°& V] Òd ß AmÀ_m H$ Í$[ _ß† hr A[Zm ÒdÍ$[ _mZH$a Amg∫$ hmOmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma dh AmÀ_m hr Òd ß A[Z _ß† Amg∫$ hmH$a ew mew H$_©H$ \$b H$m ^mJZ bJVm h° Am°a earaYmar hmH$a Bg gßgma _ß† ^Q>H$ZbJVm h°& Bg hr ^JdmZ≤ H$r _m`m H$hV h°& Bg ‡H$ma Òd`ß [a_mÀ_m hrA[Z [m±M kmZo›–`mß Am°a [m±M H$_o›–`mß H$ ¤mam Xg ^mJmß _ß† od^∫$hmH$a A[Z hr eara _ß† oÒWV AmÀ_m g Amg∫$ hm OmVm h°& dh [a_mÀ_m hrA[Z kmZo›–`mß Am°a H$_o›–`mß H$ ¤mam ew^ Am°a Aew^ H$_© H$m \$b^mJVm h°& ÒdoZo_©V [ßM^yVmß g hr o^fi-o^fi earamß H$r g•oÓQ> H$aVm h°&

Bg ‡H$ma `h [a_mÀ_m hr A[Zr eo∫$ g [naMmobV hmH$a AZH$Í$[mß _ß† Òd`ß H$m hr ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°& A[Z hr ÒdÍ$[mß H$m odÒVma H$aVm h°Am°a ‡b` VH$ dh O›_ Am°a o\$a _•À`w H$m odbrZ ^r H$a XVm h°&

H$_m©oU H$_©o^: Hw$d©Z≤ goZo_ŒmmmoZ Xh^•V≤& VŒmV≤ H$_©\$bßH$_m©oU H$_©o^: Hw$d©Z≤ goZo_ŒmmmoZ Xh^•V≤& VŒmV≤ H$_©\$bßH$_m©oU H$_©o^: Hw$d©Z≤ goZo_ŒmmmoZ Xh^•V≤& VŒmV≤ H$_©\$bßH$_m©oU H$_©o^: Hw$d©Z≤ goZo_ŒmmmoZ Xh^•V≤& VŒmV≤ H$_©\$bßH$_m©oU H$_©o^: Hw$d©Z≤ goZo_ŒmmmoZ Xh^•V≤& VŒmV≤ H$_©\$bßJ•ÜZ≤ ^´_Vrh gwIVa_≤&& 2 (^mJ.11.3.6)J•ÜZ≤ ^´_Vrh gwIVa_≤&& 2 (^mJ.11.3.6)J•ÜZ≤ ^´_Vrh gwIVa_≤&& 2 (^mJ.11.3.6)J•ÜZ≤ ^´_Vrh gwIVa_≤&& 2 (^mJ.11.3.6)J•ÜZ≤ ^´_Vrh gwIVa_≤&& 2 (^mJ.11.3.6)A] dh H$_©o›–`mß g gH$m_ H$_© H$aVm h° Am°a CgH$ AZwgma ew^ H$_©\$bgwI Am°a Aew H$_© H$m \$b Xw:I mJ H$aZ bJVm h° Am°a earaYmar hmH$aBg gßgma _ß† ^Q>H$Z bJVm h°& `h ^JdmZ≤ H$r _m`m h°&

[ßM_hm yVmß H$ ‡b` H$m O] g_` AmVm h° V] 100 dfm™ H$m `mZH$gyIm [∂S>Vm h°& dfm© Zht hmVr& CÓ_m ]∂T> OmVr h° VrZmß bmH$ V[ OmV h°&ef ^mJ g AmJ H$r b[Q> bJVr h¢& ]mX _ß† odamQ>≤ ]´˜m S> Sy>] OmVm h°&dm`w [•œdr H$r JßY IrM bVr h°& Ob OmVm h°& V_g AhßH$ma H$ brZ hmVmh°& Bo›–`m± Am°a ]wo’, amOg AhßH$ma _ß† brZ hmV h°&

`h g•oÓQ> ‡b` H$m ‡gßJ h°& V] [a_mÀ_m [wZ: g] Hw$N> dÒVw OJV≤_| odbrZ hm OmVm h°&

F$ΩdX _ß† "_m`m' H$m dU©Z o^fi-—oÓQ> g oH$`m OmVm h°& _m`m H$¤mam CgH$r odo^fi eo∫$`mß H$m dU©Z oH$`m h°& _m`m e„X ‡`mJ eo∫$`m gm_œ`© H$ obE hwAm h°&

^mJdVH$ma Z ^r _m`m H$m eo∫$ H$ Í$[ _ß† hr gd©‡W_ OmZm h°&AmoX-[wÈf [a_mÀ_m Z oOg eo∫$ H$ gß[yU© ^yVmß H$m H$maU hmVm h°&AWm©V≤ [a_mÀ_m H$r eo∫$ hr _m`m h°& F$ΩdX _ß† o_Ã Am°a dÈU H$r ]∂S>r_m`m h°&

_hr o_ÃÒ` VÈUÒ` _m`m& 3_hr o_ÃÒ` VÈUÒ` _m`m& 3_hr o_ÃÒ` VÈUÒ` _m`m& 3_hr o_ÃÒ` VÈUÒ` _m`m& 3_hr o_ÃÒ` VÈUÒ` _m`m& 3 (F$ΩdX 3.67.7) (F$ΩdX 3.67.7) (F$ΩdX 3.67.7) (F$ΩdX 3.67.7) (F$ΩdX 3.67.7)

_m`m e„X H$m ‡`mJ N>b-H$[Q> H$ AW© _ß†^r hwAm h°& B›– Z AgwamßH$ N>b-‡`mJmß H$m Z oH$`m&AX dragohV _m`m:& 4AX dragohV _m`m:& 4AX dragohV _m`m:& 4AX dragohV _m`m:& 4AX dragohV _m`m:& 4

(F$ΩdX 7.95.5) (F$ΩdX 7.95.5) (F$ΩdX 7.95.5) (F$ΩdX 7.95.5) (F$ΩdX 7.95.5)hÒV-oeÎ[ Edß H$bm-H$m°eb H$ AW© _ß† r _m`m e„X H$m ‡`mJ

o_bVm h°& lÓR>-oeÎ[r Àdm AZH$ hÒVoeÎ[ OmZVm h°& Àdm _m`m dV≤Àdm _m`m dV≤Àdm _m`m dV≤Àdm _m`m dV≤Àdm _m`m dV≤(F$ΩdX 10.53.9) ZH$br ÒdÍ$[ ]ZmZ AmoX H$m r _m`m H$hm J`m h°&B›– H$ odo^fi Í$[-YmaU H$m _m`m Zm_ oX`m J`m h°&

_m`V≤ gm V.& 5_m`V≤ gm V.& 5_m`V≤ gm V.& 5_m`V≤ gm V.& 5_m`V≤ gm V.& 5 (F$ΩdX 10.54.2) (F$ΩdX 10.54.2) (F$ΩdX 10.54.2) (F$ΩdX 10.54.2) (F$ΩdX 10.54.2)

Aod⁄m `m AkmZ H$ AmdaU H$m ^r _m`m _mZm J`m h°& _ZwÓ` BgAkmZ AmdaU H$ H$maU [a_mÀ_m H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m Xe©Z Zht H$a [mVm h°&VÀd kmZ H$ ¤mam O] `h Aod⁄m H$m AmdaU hQ> OmVm h° V^r B©Ìda H$mgmjmÀH$ma hmVm h°& `OwdX _|† Bg Aod⁄m H$ AmdaU H$m gwZhar T>∏$Z]VmV hwE Í$[H$ H$ dU©Z _ß† oH$`m J`m h° oH$ B©Ìda Í$[r gÀ` H$m _wI^m°oVH$ MH$mMm¢Y Í$[r gwZhar AmdaU g T>H$m hwAm h°& O] VH$ AkmZÍ$[r gwZhar AmdaU hQ> OmVm h°, O] gÀ`-ÒdÍ$[ [a_mÀ_m H$m gmjmÀH$mahm [mVm h°&


oha _`Z [mÃU gÀ` Ò`m o[ohVß _wI_≤& 6oha _`Z [mÃU gÀ` Ò`m o[ohVß _wI_≤& 6oha _`Z [mÃU gÀ` Ò`m o[ohVß _wI_≤& 6oha _`Z [mÃU gÀ` Ò`m o[ohVß _wI_≤& 6oha _`Z [mÃU gÀ` Ò`m o[ohVß _wI_≤& 6 (Òw. 40.17) (Òw. 40.17) (Òw. 40.17) (Òw. 40.17) (Òw. 40.17)

F$ΩdX _ß† Bg Aod⁄m H$ AmdaU H$m hr g] [m[mß H$m _yb ]Vm`m J`mh° Am°a H$hm J`m h° oH$ _ZwÓ` Bgr H$ H$maU XwÏ ©gZmß _ß† \±$gVm h°& gwam[mZAmoX H$aVm h°, PyR> ]mbVm h° Am°a A[Zr B¿N>m H$ odÈ’ AZH$ XwÓH$_©H$aVm h°&

Z g Òdm Xjm AZ•VÒ` ‡`mVm& 7 Z g Òdm Xjm AZ•VÒ` ‡`mVm& 7 Z g Òdm Xjm AZ•VÒ` ‡`mVm& 7 Z g Òdm Xjm AZ•VÒ` ‡`mVm& 7 Z g Òdm Xjm AZ•VÒ` ‡`mVm& 7 (F$ΩdX9.86.6)

AVEd H$R>-C[oZfX≤ _ß† ÒdÍ$[ g H$hm J`m h° oH$ B©Ìda H$ gmjmÀH$maH$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ Aod⁄m `m _m`m H$m AmdaU hQ>m`m Om`& OmXwÓH$_© H$aZ dmb h°, Om AemßV oMŒm h° Am°a oOZH$m _Z oZ`ßÃU _ß† Zht h°,d B©Ìda H$m gmjmÀH$ma Zht H$a gH$V h°&

ZmodaVm XwÌMnaVmX≤& 8ZmodaVm XwÌMnaVmX≤& 8ZmodaVm XwÌMnaVmX≤& 8ZmodaVm XwÌMnaVmX≤& 8ZmodaVm XwÌMnaVmX≤& 8 (H$R> C[. 1.2.23) (H$R> C[. 1.2.23) (H$R> C[. 1.2.23) (H$R> C[. 1.2.23) (H$R> C[. 1.2.23)

A¤°V-odXm›V Xe©Z _m`m H$ gß]ßY _ß† AbJ oddaU C[b„Y hmVmh°& `hm± dXm›V Xe©Z Z gd©‡W_ Hw$N> ‡ÌZ C[oÒWV oH$` J` h°& O°gH$hm J`m h° oH$ oZod©ef oZb©jU ]´˜ g godef bjU OJV≤ H$r C[oŒm∑`mß H$a hwB©? EH$ ]´˜ g ZmZmÀ_H$ OJV≤ H$r g•oÓQ> H$] g hwB©? Bg hVwdXm›V Xe©Z Z "_m`m' H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m OmZZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [a ]b oX`mh°& eßH$amMm`© Z _m`m VWm Aod⁄m e„Xmß H$m ‡`mJ g_mZmW©H$ Í$[ _ß†oH$`m h°, [a›Vw [adVu Xme©oZH$mß Z BZ XmZmß e„Xmß _ß† gy˙_ AW© ^X H$rH$Î[Zm H$r h°& [a_Ìda _ß† ‡d•oŒm Zht hmVr Am°a Z dh OJV≤ H$r g•oÓQ>H$aVm h°& Z Aod⁄moÀ_H$m ]rO eo∫$ AÏ`∫$ H$ht OmVr h°& `h [a_Ìda_ß† AmolV hmZ dmbr _hmgwo·Í$o[Ur h° oOg_ß† A[Z ÒdÍ$[ H$m Z OmZZdmb gßgmar Ord e`Z oH$`m H$aV h°&

eßH$amMm`© H$ A¤°VXe©Z H$ A›VJ©V "_m`m' H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m oddMZ^mJdÀH$ma g o_bVm-OwbVm h°, oOg mJdÀH$ma AmoX-[wÈf [a_mÀ_moOg eo∫$ g gß[yU© ^yVmß H$ bjU ]ZV h°& ÒdoZo_©V [ßM^yVmß H$ ¤mamZmZm ‡H$ma H$ Xd, _ZwÓ` AmoX earamß H$r g•oÓQ> H$aV h°& Cgr H$m _m`mH$hV h°& AWm©V≤ [a_mÀ_m H$r eo∫$ hr "_m`m' H$ ÒdÍ$[ _ß† Ï`∫$ hmVr h°&`h ]mV AbJ h° eßH$amMm © H$hV h°- _m`m aohV hmZ [a [a_Ìda _ß† ‡d•oŒmZht hmVr Am°a Z dh OJV≤ H$r g•oÓQ> H$aVm h° Am°a Z hr dh ]rOeo∫$AÏ`∫$ H$hr OmVr h°& `h [a_Ìda _ß† AmolV hmZ dmbr _hmgwo·Í$o[Urh°, oOg_ß†A[Z ÒdÍ$[ H$m Z OmZZ dmb gßgmar Ord e`Z H$aV h°&

oÃJwUmoÀ_H$m _m`m kmZ odamYr md Í$[ [XmW© h°& _m`m Z gV≤ h° ZAgV≤ h°& BZ XmZmß g odbjU hmZ H$ H$maU Cg AoZd©MZr` H$hm J`m h°&

^mJdÀH$ma Z ^r H$hm h° oH$ ^JdmZ≤ H$r _m`m ÒdÍ$[Vm AoZdM©Zr` h°&OJV≤ H$ [XmWm™ H$m Í$[ Xm ‡H$ma H$m hmVm h°-gV≤ `m AgV≤&

]´˜ H$m kmZ hmZ [a _m`m kmZ ]moYV hm OmVm h°& ]´˜kmZr H$m_m`m H$^r Zht hmVr& H$db AkmZr hr _m`m H$ [M∂S> _ß o\$aVm ahVm h°&_m`m H$r odo^fi H$Î[ZmE± - _m`m H$r odo^fi H$Î[ZmE± - _m`m H$r odo^fi H$Î[ZmE± - _m`m H$r odo^fi H$Î[ZmE± - _m`m H$r odo^fi H$Î[ZmE± - eßH$a VWm am_mZwO XmZmß AmMm`m™ H$¤mam _m`m Ï`mª`mV h°, oH$›Vw XmZmß H$r _m`m odf`H$ H$Î[Zm oZVm›Vo^fi h°& am_mZwO H$ AZwgma g•oÓQ> dmÒVodH$ Am°a gÉr h°& BgrobE d_m`m H$m B©Ìda H$r dmÒVodH$ g•oÓQ> H$aZ H$r eo∫$ _mZV h°& B©Ìda H$reo∫$ _m`m h°& B©Ìda H$r "_m`m' eo∫$ H$ H$maU AmH$me, Ob, [•œdr AmoX[XmW© CÀ[fi hmZ H$r YmaUm C[oÒWV hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma _m`m H$ odÒVmag ^m°oVH$ OJV≤ H$m hr odÒVma hmVm h°& `h g] Hw$N> _m`m H$m odbmg h°&

]´˜ H$ ew’ ÒdÍ$[ H$m _m`m A[Z AmdaU g T>H$ bVr h°& CgH$rodef eo∫$ H$ H$maU hr AmH$memoX VÀdmß H$m ‡[ßM Ï`m· hmVm h°, oOg‡H$me aÒgr H$ CÀ[fi hmZ H$ ^´_ hr gm±[ [°Xm hmZ H$m ^´_ ]bdVr hmOmVm h°& R>rH$ Cgr ‡H$ma _m`m ^r Am¿N>moXV AmÀ_m _ß† Bg eo∫$ H$ ]b[a AmH$memoX OJV≤ ‡[ßM H$m CÀ[fi H$aVr h¢&

A¤°V og’m›V _ß† AmdaU Am°a odj[ H$ gß]ßY _ß† `h Vœ` h° oH$AmdaU mZ Agbr ÒdÍ$[ [a [Xm© S>mbZm Am°a odj[ mZ Cg [a XygardÒVw H$m Amam[ H$aZm& BZ XmZmß eo∫$`mß H$ H$maU hr _m`m hr ]´˜ gOJV≤ H$r CÀ[oŒm H$m H$maU ]ZVr h°& B©Ìda H$ obE _m`m H$db B¿N>m _mÃh°& dh Bgg ‡^modV Zht hmVm, oH$›Vw _m`m H$ H$maU B©Ìda o^fi-o^fiÍ$[mß _ß† [nabojV hmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma ^´_ H$ H$maU hr ZmZm Í$[ g•oÓQ>‡VrV hmVr h°& BgobE eßH$amMm`© Z Bg hr Aod⁄m H$hm h°& lr_X≤^mJdV _ß† hr B©Ìda ^r eo∫$ H$ H$maU —Ì`_mZ≤ OJV≤ H$r H$Î[ZmH$r JB© h°&

g›X^© J´›W gyMr ïñg›X^© J´›W gyMr ïñg›X^© J´›W gyMr ïñg›X^© J´›W gyMr ïñg›X^© J´›W gyMr ïñ

1. ^mJdV 11.3.32. ^mJdV 11.3.63. F$ΩdX 3.67.74. F$ΩdX 7.95.55. F$ΩdX 10.54.26. Òw. 40.177. F$ΩdX 9.86.68. H$R> C[. 1.2.23

*************


S>m∞. _wH$m_ ogßh ßda *

emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ gm_m›`V`m _mZm OmVm h° oH$ gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _ß MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$r Ymam H$ odH$rU©-od›`ÒV drO od^∫$ Í$[ g odH$ogV hmV ah h° &CZH$r gwXrK© [yd© [aÂ[am h°, [a›Vw oOg AmO MÂ[yH$mÏ`Ymam ÒdrH$ma oH$`m OmVm h° & Cg CÀH•$ÓQ> Í$[ H$ g_mZ EH$ ‡]›YmÀ_H$ Xem Xgdt eVm„XrH$ [yd© VH$ ‡m· Zht hm gH$r Wr [a›Vw gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _ß gd©‡W_ C[b„Y MÂ[yH$mÏ` - ZbMÂ[y h° & Bg [aÂ[am _ß 15 dt eVm„Xr g bH$a 18 dteVm„Xr VH$ MÂ[yH$mÏ`mß H$m gdm©oYH$ g•OZ hwAm Am°a AmO ^r MÂ[yH$mÏ`mß H$r aMZm oZ]m©Y Í$[ g hm ahr h° &

‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ‡ÒVmdZm ñ gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$ _wª` Í$[ g VrZ odYmAmß _ß od^moOVoH$`m J`m h° oOgg [⁄H$mÏ`, J⁄H$mÏ`, MÂ[yH$mÏ` & C∫$ odYmAmß _ßMÂ[yH$mÏ` H$m gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _ß _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h° Edß BgH$m CX≤^dd°oXH$ H$mb g hm MwH$m Wm &MÂ[y e„X H$m CX≤^d - MÂ[y e„X H$m CX≤^d - MÂ[y e„X H$m CX≤^d - MÂ[y e„X H$m CX≤^d - MÂ[y e„X H$m CX≤^d - Ûr ‡À`›V MwamoXJU H$r Mo[JÀ`W©H$ YmVw g"C, ‡À`` bJmH$a MÂ[y e„X H$r oZÓ[oŒm hmVr h° & oOgH$ AmYma [a"MÂ[VroV BoV MÂ[y'& MÂ[yòV gX°d J_òV `mOòV J⁄-[⁄ BoVMÂ[y: AWm©V≤ oOg aMZm _ß J⁄ VWm [⁄ ghm`mJ[yd© ‡`w∫$ hm, dh MÂ[y h°&hnaXmg ^≈mMm`© H$ AZwgma J⁄-[⁄ o_olV Om e°br gh≤X` [mR>H$mß H$h≤X` H$m M_ÀH•$V H$aV hwE C›hß odoÒ_V H$aZ H$ gmW-gmW [odÃ Am°a‡gfi H$aZ H$r AX≤^wV j_Vm g [na[yU© hmVr h°, dh MÂ[y H$ Zm_ g OmZrOmVr h° -

"M_ÀH•$À` [wZmoV gh≤X`mZ odÒ_`rH•$À` ‡gmXòV BoV MÂ[y: &'MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$m CÑI H$aZ dmb gd©‡W_ AmMm`©X S>r h°, oO›hmßZ

Bg H$mÏ` od⁄m H$ J⁄- [⁄_` d°oeÓQ>Á H$r Ama gßH$V H$aV hwE H$hm -o_lmoU ZmQ>H$mXroZ Vfm_›Ã` odÒVa: &J⁄[⁄_`r H$moMÉÂ[ynaÀò[ od⁄V &&]mahdr eVm„Xr H$ h_M›–mMm`© Z A[Z H$mÏ`mZwemgZ Zm_H$

bjU J´›W _ß AßH$ VWm C¿N>≤dmg hmZm AoZdm`© h° & [a›Vw H$oV[`MÂ[yH$mÏ` Eg ^r ‡m· hwE h° oOg_ß AßH$ VWm C¿N>≤dmg Zht h° & AmMm`©odÌdZmW Z gmohÀ` X[©U H$ fÓR> [na¿N>X _ß H$hm h° -

J⁄ [⁄_`ß H$mÏ`ß MÂ[ynaÀò^Yr`V &J⁄ [⁄_`r dmUr MÂ[ynaÀò^Yr`V &&J⁄-[⁄ VWm o_l VrZ e°ob`mß _ß aMZmAmß H$m AmaÂ^ _°ÃmÙr VWm

H$R> VrZm gßohVmAmß _ß `h e°ob`m± _w∫$ Í$[ g ‡`mJ H$r JB© h° & EVa`]´m˜U H$m "hnaÌMM›–m[mª`mZ' o_olV e°br H$m CÀH•$ÓQ>V_ CXmhaU h°

"hnaeM›–m h d°Yg, E dmH$m amO@[wÃ Amg & AÛ h eVß Om`m d yd& Vmgw [wÃß Z b & VÒ`h [d©VZmaXm° Jh D$fVw: & g h ZmaXß [‡¿N> BoV &'

MÂ[y H$mÏ` H$m CX≤ d Am°a odH$mg

o_l e°br H$r C[`w©∫$ VrZ odYmAmß g gd©Ym ÒdV›Ã EH$ MÂ[yH$mÏ`Ymam odH$ogV hwB© h° & hnaeU g_w–Jw· ‡eoÒV _ß o_lH$mÏ` H$ Bg H$mÏ`^Ï` Í$[ H$m Xe©Z hmVm h° & Z H$db e°br, Ao[Vw dU©Z odÒVma H$r —oÓQ>g ^r `h ‡eoÒV MÂ[yH$mÏ` g bH$a ‡W_ Edß ^Ï`V_ CXmhaU ‡ÒVwVH$aVr h° & o¤Vr` eVm„Xr g fÓR>r eVm„Xr VH$ J⁄ gmohÀ` H$m JmT>]’Edß AbßH•$V ]ZmZ H$r ‡d•oŒm CŒmamVa odH$ogV hwB© Am°a Bg ‡H•$oV H$mXe©Z Cg g_` H$ ‡m· oebmbImß _ß ^r hmVm h° & `⁄o[ ]mU^≈H•$VH$mXÂ]ar AmoX gdmŒm_ J⁄H$md` Bg g_` VH$ ‡H$me _ß Am MwH$ W &

B©gm H$r Xe_ eVm„Xr H$ [ydm©’© g [yd© VH$ ⁄o[ H$mobXmg, gw]›Yw,AÌdKmf, ^maod, X S>r, _mK VWm aÀZmH$a AmoX gw‡og’ H$od VWmA›` ZmQ>H$H$ma A[Zr aMZmE± H$a MwH$ W, [a›Vw MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$m H$mB©CÀH•$ÓQ> J´›W gm_Z Z Am gH$m Wm & ododY XmZ-[Ã oebmbI AmoXo_le°br H$ _w∫$H$ Í$[ H$m hr AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV ah & g·_r eVm„Xr H$M›–oJna H$m oebmbI MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$ Cg [yU©Í$[ H$m C[oÒWV H$aVm h°oOgH$m O°Z MÂ[yH$mÏ`mß Ord›YaMÂ[y, [wÍ$Xd AmoX _ß A[Zm`m J`m h° &

MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$m g]g ‡mMrZ C[b„Y MÂ[y oÃodH´$_^≈ ¤mam odaoMV"ZbMÂ[y' h° & AV: Bg ‡W_ gw_Z H$hm Om gH$Vm h° & MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$ _ybÛmV am_mÙ, _hm^maV, ^mJdV, [wamUmß AmoX ah h° & Hw$N> oHß$dXo›V`mßAWdm H$mÎ[oZH$ H$WmAmß [a oZ^©a h° & Bg oddMZ g Ò[ÓQ> kmV hmVm h°oH$ MÂ[yH$mÏ` [aÂ[am goX`mß OZ_mZg H$mß ‡^modV H$aVr ahr h° & CgH$mod[wb gmohÀ` AZH$Í$[Vm ^r C”moQ>V H$aVm h° &


1. H$mÏ`mXe© - AmMm`©X S>r2. gmohÀ`X[©U - AmS>Mm`© odÌdZmW3. MÂ[yH$mÏ` H$m AmbmMZmÀ_H$ Edß EoVhmogH$ A‹``Z

*************

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßÒH•$V) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV$


ph›Xr - C[›`mg H$ jÃ _|$ ‡_M›X H$m mJXmZ

S>m∞. emoO`m ImZ *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ JmßYrOr Z maVr` g_mO H$m gwYmaZ H$ ob` Om Hw$N> H$hmCg gÀ`ß-oedß-gw›Xaß H$ Í$[ _ß oh›Xr J⁄ gmohÀ` _ß gmH$ma Í$[ ‡XmZH$aZ dmbm, JmßYrOr H$m O°gr ^mfm o‡` Wr Cgr ^mfm H$m obIZ dmbmòX H$mB© gmohÀ`H$ma hwAm Vm d ‡_M›X hr h¢& oZ:gßXh d JmßYrdmXrodMmaYmam H$ AZ›` C[mgH$ W& JmßYrOr H$r ^m±oV ‡_M›X Z ^r ^maVH$r OZVm H$m ˆX` H$ ZÃmß g XIm Wm& JmßYrOr Z ^r amOZroV Am°ag_mO gwYmamß H$m JR>]›YZ H$a XobV OmoV`mß H$ C’ma, _mXH$ –Ï`mß H$oZfY, AÒ[•Ì`Vm oZdmaU, oÛ`mß H$r CfioV, ‡m°∂T> oejm AmoX [a ]bXV hwE A[Zm AR>mah gyÃr` aMZmÀ_H$ H$m ©H´$_ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m& ‡_M›X [aCZH$m ^r ‡^md [∂S>m& ^maVr` Zmar H$m Ka H$r H$mam g oZH$mbZ H$m l`JmßYrOr H$ Am›XmbZmß H$m hr h°& ‡_M›X H$ Zmar [mÃ r Bgr OmJ•oV H$‡VrH$ h°& ‡_M›X H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` A[Z wJ H$r amOZroVH$, AmoW©H$,gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$ ‡d•oŒm`mß H$m [yU© ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°; dh wJ H$m X[©Uh°& BgrobE H$hm J`m h° oH$ oX ‡_M›X wJ H$ maV H$m BoVhmg ZÓQ> rhm Om`, Vm ^r ‡_M›X gmohÀ` ¤mam CgH$m [wZoZ©_m©U hm gH$Vm h°&‡_M›X H$m H$›– _mZH$a oh›Xr C[›`mg H$ odH$mg H$m oZÂZ `wJmß _ßod^moOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°- 1. ‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg, 2. ‡_M›X`wJrZ C[›`mg, 3. ‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg&‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg -‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg -‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg -‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg -‡_M›X H$ [yd©dVr© C[›`mg - Omgygr, oVobÒ_r, EÊ`mgr C[›`mg -

‡_M›X H$ [yd© H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Omgygr, oVbÒ_r, E°Ê`mar Am°aH$mÎ[oZH$ am_mßg g w∫$ hmZ H$ H$maU _mZd H$ WmW© OrdZ g ]hwV XyaWm& ` C[›`mg H$m°Vyhb H$r g•oÓQ> H$a H$db _ZmaßOZ H$ gmYZ W&‡_M›X Z A[Z C[›`mgmß H$ ¤mam wJm›Va C[oÒWV oH$`m& oX C[›`mgH$m _mZd OrdZ H$m _hmH$mÏ` Am°a _mZd MnaÃ H$m oMÃU _mZm Om`, Vm‡_M›X H$ [yd© H$m oh›Xr-C[›`mg Bgg Xya Wm& Bg —•oÓQ> g ‡_M›X H$mhr oh›Xr H$m _m°obH$ C[›`mgH$ma _mZm Om gH$Vm h°& ‡_M›X g [yd©oh›Xr H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` A[Zr e°edmÒWm _ß Wm Am°a dh odH$mg H$roXem ImO ahm Wm& ‡_M›X C[›`mg gmohÀ` _ß wJm›Va bH$a AdVnaVhwE& ‡_M›X H$ [adVr© C[›`mgH$mamß Z oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _ß ‡_M›X H$mAZwH$aU oH$`m&

AmO oh›Xr C[›`mg gmohÀ` odH$ogV hmH$a [wÓQ> hm MwH$m h°& Cg_ße°br-oeÎ[m Am°a odf_ dÒVw H$r —oÓQ> g Z`-Z` ‡`mJ hwE h° Am°aAgßª` C[›`mg obI J` h¢, [a›Vw oh›Xr C[›`mg jÃ _ß ‡_M›X O°gm

wJ —ÓQ>m C[›`mgH$ma Zht hwAm& ‡mßa^ g bH$a A] VH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg-OJV _ß ‡_M›XOr C[›`mg g_´mQ> H$m [X [mZ H$ AoYH$mar h°&‡_M›X wJrZ C[›`mg Edß ‡_M›X H$m C[›`mg jÃ _ß ÒWmZ, _hÀd Am°a`mJXmZ-`mJXmZ-`mJXmZ-`mJXmZ-`mJXmZ- ‡_M›X H$ C[›`mg maV H$ amOZroVH$ Am°a gm_moOH$ OrdZH$m `WmW© oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aV h¢& CZH$ C[›`mgmß _ß AmXem›_wI `WmW© H$

* AoVoW od¤mZ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, [ßT>mZm, oObmñ I S>dm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

oMÃU ¤mam OrdZ gßKf© Am°a MVZ OJV H$m gw›Xa oMÃU hwAm h°& CZH$m"JmXmZ' ^maV H$ g_mO H$m `WmW© Am°a [yU© oMÃ C[oÒWV H$aZ dmbm_hmH$mÏ`mÀ_H$ C[›`mg h°& ‡_M›X H$m _hÀd Ò[ÓQ> H$aV hwE H$hm J`m h° -

"JmXmZ' H$ aMo`Vm ‡_M›XOr oh›Xr H$ dV©_mZ Am°a ôdÓ` H$oZXeH$ h¢&"

"‡_M›X Cg oeIa H$ g_mZ h°, oOgH$ XmZmß Am°a [d©V H$ XmZmß^mJmß H$ CVma-M∂T>md h°&"

‡_M›X Am°a CZH$ g_H$mbrZ A›` C[›`mgH$mamß H$m _wª` b˙`_mZd OrdZ H$m oMÃU H$aZm Wm& ‡_M›X H$ `gdm gXZ', `‡_ml","aßJ^yo_', "H$_©^yo_', "J]Z', "JmXmZ', AmoX _m°obH$ C[›`mgmß _ß OrdZAm°a g_mO H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ ]∂S>r g\$bVm H$ gmW hwB© h°& BZ C[›`mgmß _ßdÒVwoMÃU, H$Wm[H$WZ AmoX H$ ‡m°∂T>V_ Í$[ _ß Xe©Z hmV h¢& BZH$_m‹`_ g oZÂZ Am°a _‹`_ dJ© H$ gw›Xa oMÃ gm_Z Am` Am°a gmW hramÓQ≠>r` mdZm H$m r ]b o_bm AmMm © hOmar‡gmX o¤dXr Z ‡_M›X H$_hÀd H$m Ï`∫$ H$aV hwE obIm h°&

"‡_M›X eVmo„X`mß g [XXobV, A[_moZV C[ojV H•$fH$mß H$rAmdmO W& [X _ß H°$X [J-[J [a bmßoN>V Am°a Aghm` Zmar OmoV H$r_oh_m H$ O]X©ÒV dH$rb W& Jar]mß Am°a ]]gm H$ ‡MmaH$ W& AJa Am[g_ÒV CŒma ^maV H$m MmhV h¢ Vm ‡_M›X g CŒm_ [naMm`H$ Am[H$m Zhto_b gH$Vm& "Pm[o∂S>`mß g bH$a _hbmß VH$ Am[H$m BVZ hr H$m°eb[yU©Am°a ‡m_moUH$ ^md g H$mB© Zht b Om gH$Vm&"‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg - ‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg - ‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg - ‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg - ‡_M›XmŒma C[›`mg - ‡_M›X Z oOg jÃ _ß H$m`© oH$`m Wm, Cg_ßCZH$ CŒmamoYH$mar H´$_ H$m Amaß^ hwAm& ‡H$meM›– Jw·m Z ‡_M›X H$CŒmamoYH$mar C[›`mgH$mamß H$r oÒWoV H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aV hwE obIm h° -î‡_M›X H$r oH$gmZ [aÂ[am H$m VOH$a oh›Xr C[›`mg AZH$ ZB© oXemAmßH$r Ama ]∂T>m, VÀd Am°a Í$[ XmZmß H$r —oÓQ> g EH$Ymam oZÂZdJ© H$ OrdZ,CgH$r oZamemAmß Am°a Ag\$VmAmß H$m A[ZmVr h°& BgH$ ‡_wI [naMm`H$O°Z›–, JdVr ‡gmX ]mO[ r, "AÌH$' AmoX h¢& Xygar Ymam Ïò∫$dmXr,AhßdmXr AmoX ZmedmXr —oÓQ>H$mU H$m A[ZmVr h°& BgH$ ‡oVoZoY^JdVrMaU d_m© "Ak" AmoX h¢& EH$ Ymam _ZmodõfUemÛ H$ ‡^mdg Hw$o R>V AV•· dmgZmAmß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$aVr h°& BgH$ ‡_wI ‡oVoZoY[o S>V BbmM›X Omer h°& EH$ A›` Ymam maVr` l_Ordr dJ© H$r oN>[reo∫$`mß g gÂ]›Y Om∂S>Vr h° Am°a ôdÓ` H$r YaVr H$m gßOmVr h°& BgH$‡_wI ‡oVoZoY è[mb, amßJ` amYd, [hm∂S>r, ^JdVeaU C[m‹`m`ZmJmOw©Z AmoX h¢&‡_M›X H$r C[›`mg OJV H$m XZ - ‡_M›X H$r C[›`mg OJV H$m XZ - ‡_M›X H$r C[›`mg OJV H$m XZ - ‡_M›X H$r C[›`mg OJV H$m XZ - ‡_M›X H$r C[›`mg OJV H$m XZ - ‡_M›X H$m C[›`mg g•OZ gZ≤1902 _ß ‡mßa^ hm OmVm h°& Bg g_` Am[H$r Am`w H$db 20 df© H$r Wr&Am[H$ Q°>Jma H$r H$hmoZ`mß H$ AZwdmX CXy© [oÃH$mAmß _ß ‡H$moeV hwE&


Am[H$r g]g [hbr H$hmZr "gßgma H$m g]g AZ_mb aÀZ" gZ≤ 1900 _ß"O_mZm" [oÃH$m _ß ‡H$moeV hm MwH$r Wr& Bgr df© Am[Z "H•$ÓU" Zm_H$C[›`mg H$r ^r aMZm H$r& gZ≤ 1902 _ß `daXmZ' VWm gZ≤ 1902 _ß hr"‡_m' Am°a 1906 _ß ‡oVkm C[›`mg H$r aMZm H$r gZ≤ 1908 _ß O_mZm ‡_g "gmO dVZ' H$ Zm_ g [m±M H$hmoZ`mß H$m EH$ gßJh ‡H$moeV hwAm OmgaH$ma ¤mam O· H$a ob`m J`m& gZ≤ 1954 VH$ Am[ Zdm]am` H$ Zm_ gH$Wm gmohÀ` H$r aMZm H$aV ah& "gmO dVZ' H$r O·r H$ [ÌMmV≤ ‡_M›XH$ Zm_ g obIZ bJ Am°a CXy© g oh›Xr H$r Ama Am J & "gdmgXZ' ‡_M›XH$m ‡W_ C[›`mg h°& `h gZ≤ 1916 _ß ‡H$moeV hwAm Bgg [yd© Am[`daXmZ', "‡oVkm' `m "‡_m' Am°a "Í$R>r amZr', C[›`mg obI MwH$ W&

"Í$R>r amZr' EH$ N>mQ>m-gm EoVhmogH$ C[›`mg h°& Bg_ß amO[yVrdraVm H$ gmW [aÒ[a H$r Cg \y$Q> H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m, oOgH$ H$maU Xe[amYrZ hwAm& gZ≤ 1901 _ß Am[Z "‡Vm[M›X' Zm_H$ C[›`mg obImoOg gZ≤ 1902 _ß "daXmZ' Zm_ g ‡H$moeV oH$`m& gZ≤ 1903 _ß ‡H$moeV"‡_' C[›`mg [hb CXy© _ß "h_Iw_m±' Am°a "h_ H$]md' H$ Zm_ g ‡H$moeVhm MwH$m Wm& ]mX _ß ‡_M›– Z "‡_m' _ß ]hwV AoYH$ [nadV©Z H$a oX`mAm°a dh oh›Xr _ß "‡oVkm' Am°a "CXy©' _ß "]d\$m' Zm_ g ‡H$moeV hwAm&‡_M›X Z BZ C[›`mgmß H$m H$bm H$r —oÓQ> g H$mB© _hÀd Zht h°& "gdmgXZ' hr Am[H$m _hÀd[yU© C[›`mg h°& BgH$ [ÌMmV≤ ‡_M›X H$oZÂZoboIV C[›`mg ‡H$moeV hwE - ‡_ml_ (gZ≤ 1922), oZ_©bm(gZ≤ 1923), aßJ^yo_ (gZ≤ 1924-25), H$m`mH$Î[ (gZ≤ 1928),J]Z (gZ≤ 1931), H$_©^yo_ (gZ≤ 1932), JmXmZ (gZ≤ 1936)&

‡_M›XOr Z A[Z OrdZ H$ ‡À`H$ [hby H$m gÉmB© H$ gmW dU©ZH$aH$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` H$m OrdZ H$r [yU©H•$oV ]ZmZ H$m AZw[_ ‡`mgoH$`m h°& VÀH$mbrZ gÉr [naoÒWoV`mß H$m oMÃU Am[H$ C[›`mgmß _ßo_bVm h°&

‡_M›X-H$_©^yo_-‡_M›X-H$_©^yo_-‡_M›X-H$_©^yo_-‡_M›X-H$_©^yo_-‡_M›X-H$_©^yo_- "H$_©^yo_' H$r H$WmdÒVw ^maV H$ ÒdmYrZVmAm›XmbZ H$r H$hmZr H$m EH$ Aße h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ H$db `wJrZKQ>ZmAmß H$m oddaU _mÃ Zht h°& Cg_ß amMH$Vm ^r [yU©V: od⁄_mZ h°&‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$r H$WmdÒVw Ohm± amOZroV g_mO, Y_© Edß oejm H$odemb jÃ H$m oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°& dhr WmW© H$r yo_ [a oMoÃV hwB© KQ>ZmE± CZH$m gyÃ]’ H$aZ H$r j_Vm r aIVr h°& oOgg d AgßJoR>V ZOmZ [∂S>&

"H$_©^yo_' C[›`mg H$m H$bda Xm AßMb H$r H$WmAmß H$m o_lU h°&EH$ H$mer ZJar H$r Am°a Xygar hna¤ma H$ g_r[ÒW Jm±d H$r& XmZmßH$WmAmß H$ gyÃ A_a H$ _m‹`_ g Ow∂S>V h¢& ZJa H$r H$Wm ANy>Vm’ma Edßlo_H$mß VWm _OXyamß H$r Amdmgr Ï`dÒWm g gß]oYV h°& ANy>Vmß H$ _o›Xa‡de H$ obE ‡m. emo›VHw$_ma Edß gwIXm ¤mam gÀ`mJ´h oH$`m OmVm h°,Jmbr MbVr h° Am°a A›V _ß C›hß _ßoXa ‡de H$m AoYH$ma o_b OmVm h°&_OXyamß H$r Amdmg H$r Ï`dÒWm H$ obE ]mS©> _ß ‡ÒVmd aIm OmVm h°& A_aH$r [ÀZr gwIXm h∂S>Vmb H$amVr h°, gaH$mar X_ZMH´$ MbVm h° Am°a gwIXm,emo›VHw$_ma, A_aH$m›V, gH$rZm AmoX g^r Ob OmV h¢&

J´m_ H$r H$Wm ANy>V oH$gmZmß H$r XwamdÒWm g gß]ßoYV h°& A_a H$r‡aUm [mH$a oH$gmZ bJmZ ]›Xr Am›XmbZ H$aV h¢& gaH$ma oZ_©_Vm[yd©H$Cg Hw$MbZ H$r MÓQ>m H$aVr h°& A_a oH$gmZmß H$m ^∂S>H$mZ H$ A[amY _ß[H$∂S>m OmVm h° Am°a Ob Ô oX`m OmVm h°& "JmXmZ' C[›`mg H$r VahBg C[›`mg H$r ZJa Am°a Jm±d H$r H$Wm AbJ-AbJ ‡VrV Zht hmVr&

"JmXmZ' H$r ^mßoV ‡_M›X H$ Bg C[›`mg _ß ^r Jm±d Am°a ZJa H$r H$WmdoU©V h°& BVZ odemb H$WmoMÃ \$bH$ H$m bH$a gwgßJoR>V Í$[ _ß ‡ÒVwVH$aZ H$r ‡_M›X H$r ‡oV_m AZw[_ h°&

‡_M›X-aßJ^yo_- "aßJ^yo_' H$r AmoYH$mnaH$ H$Wm H$mer H$ ]mhar^mJ _ß ]g [mßS>[wa Jm±d H$r h°& Jar]mß H$r ]ÒVr h° - Ωdmb, _OXya,Jm∂S>rdmZ Am°a Im_M dmbmß H$r ]ÒVr& B›ht _ß EH$ Jar] Am°a AßYm M_maahVm h° - gyaXmg& oÎmar h° Am°a [waIm H$r 10 ]rKm YaVr r CgH$ [mgh°, oOg_ß Jm±d H$ ∂T>ma MaV-odMaV h¢& gm_Z hr EH$ Imb H$m JmXm_ h°,oOgH$m Am∂T>Vr h° OmZgdH$ - ogJam _whÑ H$m oZdmgr EH$ B™gmB© BgO_rZ [a CgH$r ]hwV oXZmß g oZJmh h° ogJaQ> H$m H$maImZm ImbZ H$ obEgyaXmg oH$gr ^r Vah A[Z [waIm H$r oZemZr Cg YaVr H$m ]MZ H$ obEO] amOr Zht hmVm h° Vm OmZgdH$ AoYH$mna`mß g _bOmb H$m ghmam bH$aCg hoW`mZm MmhVm h° A[Zr ]Q>r gmo\$`m H$ _m‹`_ g amOm aVogßh Am°aCZH$ [nadma H$ OmZgdH$ H$m [naM` gß]ßY ÒWmo[V hmVm h°&

amOmgmh] H$ [nadma _ß Mma ‡mUr h° - [ÀZr amZr Om˜dr, [wÃr B›XwAm°a [wÃ odZ`& AmoYH$mnaH$ H$Wm H$ gmW Ow∂S>Z dmbm ‡W_ ‡]bV_H$WmgyÃ gmo\$`m Am°a odZ` H$m [aÒ[a X` XmZ h°& odZ` H$m OZVm H$obE ]obXmZ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a gmo\$`m JßJm _ß g_m OmVr h°&AmoYH$mnaH$ H$Wm Am°a ghm`H$ H$WmAmß H$ gmW ‡mßgoJH$ H$WmE± ^rgw^mJr Am°a ^°am H$r C[H$Wm [mßS>[wa _ß C[OVr h° VWm J´m_rUOZmß H$rÒdmW©[aVm, [maÒ[naH$ H$bh, B©Ó`m©-¤f, gh`mJ Edß ghmZw^yoV AmoXH$ Í$[ _ß Jm±d H$ gm_yohH$ OrdZ H$m oMÃ C^maH$a odbrZ hm OmVm h°&Jm_rU OrdZ, amd-amO, oH$gmZ-ZmJnaH$, [y±Or[oV Am°a CZH$ AYrZÒW_OXya AmoX H$r _mZogH$ odMma YmaUmE± ‡H$Q> H$aZm aßJ^yo_ H$m C’Ì`h°& maVr` g_mO Om goX`mß g Í$o∂T>J´ÒV, A›YodÌdmgr Am°a J´ÒV hmZH$ H$maU _yH$ Wm, ‡_M›X Z CgH$ _m°Z H$m Vm∂S>H$a "aßJ yo_' _ß Cg dmMmb]Zm oX`m h°&

"òX oh›Xr C[›`mg [a gagar ZOa r S>mbr Om` Vm bJVm h° oH$AmYwoZH$Vm H$ OrdZ H$r ewÍ$AmV "JmXm_' (1934-36) _ß _mZr OmgH$Vr h°& BgH$ Amg[mg H$WmH$mamß H$r gßdXZm _ß AßVa AmZ bJm Wm&

‡_M›X - JmXmZ- "JmXmZ' _ß AZH$ [nadmamß H$r H$Wm h°, Om o_bH$aEH$ odamQ> Edß gm_moOH$ [nade H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h¢& hmar H$m [nadmaBg_ß gd©‡_wI h°& dh o]bmar Jm±d H$m oH$gmZ h° Ohm± H$ O_rXmßa am`gmh]A_a[mbogßh h°& hmar am` gmh] H$ `hm± A∑ga OmVm h° Am°a CZH$m _w±hbJm h°& H$WmZH$ H$m ‡mßa^ hmar H$r Jm` [mbZ H$r B¿N>m g hmVm h°& [∂S>m°gJm±d H$ Ωdmb ^mbm g CgH$r ^ßQ> hm OmVr h°& ^mbm H$r AZH$ Jm`ß Wr,CZ_ß g EH$ [a hmar H$m _Z bbM CR>Vm h°& ^mbm H$ gm_Z ^yg H$rH$oR>ZmB© Wr& hmar H$ [mg ^ygm ‡Mwa _mÃm _ß Wm& hmar H$m [wÃ Jm]a am`gmh] H$m T>mßJr Ama og`ma ]VmVm h°& ]rM _ß hmar mbm g Jm` ‡m· H$aZ,Cg ygm XZ Am°a mbm H$m oddmh H$am XZ H$ AmÌdmgZ H$m CÑI H$aVmh°& Jm` Am OmZ g Ka _ß ‡gfiVm H$r bha N>mB© hwB© h°& Jm±d H$m gmhyH$maoPßJwaogßh H$r —oÓQ> hmar H$r Jm` [a h°& hmar H$ Xm mB© em^m Am°a hram h°&hram Jm` H$m Oha XVm h°& Jm` _a OmVr h°& hmar H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV oXZ[a oXZ o]J∂S>Vr OmVr h°& hmar Jm]a H$ ]É H$ XyY H$ obE Jm` bZ H$m‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°& CgH$ obE dh A[r [ÀZr YoZ`m gohV EH$ R>H$Xma H$`hm± Hß$H$S> ImXZ H$m H$m_ H$aVm h°& Hß$H$∂S> ImXV hwE hmar H$m by bJ OmVrh°& Cg Ka bm`m OmVm h°& dh YoZ`m g H$hVm h° oH$ - "JmXmZ H$am Xm,


A] `hr g_` h°&"YoZ`m Z AmO gwVbr ]MH$a ]rg Í$[` ‡m· oH$` W&dh CZH$m hmar H$ hmWmß [a aIH$a gm_Z I∂S> XmVmXrZ g H$hVr h° -"_hmamO Ka _ß Jm` h° Z ]oN>`m, Z [°gm& `hr [°g h¢, `hr BZH$m JmXmZh°&" hmar H$r _•À`w Am°a YoZ`m H$ [N>m∂S> ImH$a oJaZ H$ gmW H$WmZH$g_m· hm OmVm h°&

OrdZ H$ Hw$N> AZw^dmß g ‡_M›X Bg [naUm_ [a [hw±MV h° oH$gm_›Vr Edß [y±OrdmXr XmZmß ‡H$ma H$ emfU g _wo∫$ o_bZ [a hr maVrÒZVm H$m C’ma hm gH$Vm h°& BgobE "JmXmZ' _ß C›hmßZ EH$ gmW gm_›VrAm°a [y±OrdmXr emfU H$r ‡VmaUmAmß H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°&

‡Vm∂SZmAmß H$m AßV hmZ [a hr g_mZVm H$ AmYma [a Om dJ©hrZg_mO ÒWmo[V hmJm, Cg_ß hr hmar H$m ÒdflZ gmH$ma hmJm Ama g^r gwIrhmJß&

"JmXmZ' H$m ‡H$meZ gZ≤ 1936 _ß hwAm Wm, Cg_ß ‡_M›X H$rodMmaYmam Am°a "JmXmZ' H$m C’Ì` gßXe Ò[ÓQ> hm OmVm h°&

‡_M›X- J]Z- "J]Z' C[›`mg H$r H$WmdÒVw _ß EH$ gm_moOH$g_Ò`m Zmna`mß H$r Am yfU o‡`Vm Am°a _‹`_dJr© [nadma m g_mO H$reIr `m PyR>r _mZ ‡oVÓR>m H$ ‡Xe©Z H$ Hw$[naUm_mß H$m CÑI h°& BgC[›`mg H$r _wª` H$Wm _ß H$B© C[H$WmE± AmH$ma o_b JB© h¢& _wª` H$Wm h°oH$ a_mZmW EH$ _‹`_dJr©` [nadma H$m bm[admh Am°a CŒma Xmo`ÀdhrZÏò∫$ h° Om A[Zr [ÀZr H$m Iwe H$aZ H$ obE PyR>r emZ em°H$V H$m ]ImZH$aH$ A[Zr ‡oVÓR>m ]ZmE aIZm MmhVm h¢& BgH$ obE dh gam©\$mß gCYma Am°a H$O© bH$a A[Zr S>tJß _maZ _ß Zht MyH$Vm h°& dh ]hwV hr rÍ$Am°a H$mà ^r h°& CgH$r [ÀZr Omb[m oH$gr ^r ]mV g ]∂T>H$a Am^yfUmßH$m hr _hÀd XVr h°& boH$Z a_mZmW My±Jr H$r Zm°H$ar g [°g bH$a H$O© XZH$ H$maU CgH$m AXm Zht H$a gH$Vm h°& dh mJH$a H$bH$Œmm Mma H$r VahEH$ XdrXrZ Zm_H$ IQ>rH$ H$ hm± JwOaH$a bZm H$]yb H$a bVm h°& [wobgH$ [ßO _ß AmH$a H$ H´$mßoVH$mna`mß H$ odÍ$’ PyR>r ghm`Vm H$aZm _ßOya H$abVm h°& o\$a ^r A[Zr dmÒVodH$Vm H$m oXbm H$ gmW Z Vm A[Zr [ÀZrOmb[m H$m Am°a Z Kadmbmß H$m hr gyoMV H$aVm h°& H$^r Vm ]`mZ ]XbZmMmhVm h° H$^r [wobg H$ S>a g ]`mZ X XVm h°& CgH$r H$màVm H$m ZH$m]V] CVaVm h° O] Omb[m Am°a XdrXrZ Cg K•Um H$r R>mH$aß _maV h¢& Bggdh AßV _ß A[Z ]`mZ H$m ]XbH$a H´$mßoVH$mna`mß H$m gOm g ]ar H$amH$aH$ Òd`ß]ar hm OmVm h¢&

‡_M›X Z Bg C[›`mg _ß Zmar H$r Am^yfU o‡`Vm g CÀ[fiXwÓ[naUm_mß PyR>r _mZ_`m©Xm H$ ‡Xe©Z H$ [naUm_mß AZ_b oddmh H$[naUm_mß AmoX H$m oMÃU H$aH$ Bgg Xya ahZ H$m gwPmd Am°a ]mY oX`m h°&VÀH$mbrZ g_Ò`mAmß H$m oMÃU H$aH$ BZg gmdYmZ `m Xya ahZ H$mC›`mgH$ma Z gwPmd A‡À`j Í$[ g oX`m h° hr Bg aMZm H$m C’Ì` h°&‡_M›X-gdmXZ- "gdmgXZ' EH$ gm_moOH$ C[›`mg h°& Bg_ß g_mO _ß‡MobV odo^fi OmoV`mß AZH$mZH$ odMma [’oV`mß _m›`VmAmß Edß_`m©XmAmß H$m [yU©Í$[ g ‹`mZ aIm J`m h°& gmW hr [mnadmnaH$ Edßgm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAmß H$m ]∂S>m hr _Zmhmar dU©Z h°& H$WmdÒVw AmoW©H$od[fiVm, naÌdVImar, XhO ‡Wm, AZ_mb oddmh, Zmar OrdZ H$r g_Ò`mEdß gÂ_moZV bmJmß [a H$ama Ï`ßΩ`mß g [na[yU© h°& KQ>ZmE± H$mÎ[oZH$ ZhmH$a `WmW© YamVb [a AdoÒWV h°& `WmW©[aH$Vm Edß AZw^yoV H$rgÉmB© H$ H$maU Bg C[›`mg _ß OrdZ H$m dmÒVodH$ oMÃ o_bVm h°&A›V _ß Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _mj _ß g _mj AWm©V oZ:ÒdmW© ^mdZm H$m _mJ©‡eÒV H$a gm_moOH$mß H$m EH$ gyÃ _ß ]m±YZ H$r H$moee H$r JB© h°& Bg_ß_mZd H$r CXÒV ^mdZmAmß Edß gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm [a odef]b oX`m J`m h¢&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - oh›Xr C[›`mg OJV _ß ‡_M›X H$m ÒWmZ gdmÉ h°& _mZdVmH$m Ï`m[H$ gßXe, `wJ H$m gOrd oMÃU, H$Wm oeÎ[ H$r H$bmÀ_H$Vm,MnaÃ-oMÃU H$r H$bm, ^mfm _ß bmH$^mfm Am°a gmohoÀ`H$ gm°ÓR>d H$mg_›d` g^r H$ H$maU C[›`mg gmohÀ` _ß CZH$r H•$oV`mß H$m _hÀd[yU©ÒWmZ h°&

C›hmßZ oh›Xr C[›`mg H$m ZB© ‡mUYmam ‡XmZ H$r h¢& d C[›`mgjÃ _ß o_b H$ [ÀWa h¢&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. S>m∞. Ama.EZ. Jm°∂S>, amOhßg ‡H$meZ _o›Xa, _aR>&2. emo›V ÒdÍ$[ Jw·m arS>a, oh›Xr od^mJ, oXÑr odÌdod⁄mb`,

oXÑr&3. S>m. _hmamOogßh [nahma A^` ‡H$meZ _o›Xa, 15/256 Mmagy

XadmOm, AmJam-34. oh›Xr C[›`mg EH$ Z`r —oÓQ>, B›–ZmW _XmZ&5. JmXmZ: ]mahdm± gßÒH$aU [•ÓR> 364&

*************


Ûr AmÀ_H$WmAm| H$m AßV¤©›X

ZßoXZr Omer *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ AmÀ_H$Wm Ïò∫$ H$ _Z H$m EH$ Egm XÒVmdO h° Om A[Z Ïò∫$ _Z H$m g_oÓQ> _Z H$ g_H$j aIH$a A[Z ^md Ï`∫$ H$aVm h°&AmÀ_H$Wm Egm AV:gm˙` h° Om A[Z rVa PmßH$Z H$m Adga XVr h° Am°a [mR>H$ Bg mÃm _ß emo_b ahVm h°& Òd ß H$m "Òd' g _w∫$ H$aZ H$r AmH$mßjm,A[Z CbP Ahß Am°a Òd H$m gwbPmZ H$r Vrd´ PQ>[Q>mhQ>, A[Z Ïò∫$Àd H$ ae-ae H$m ImbH$a A[Z Ahß H$m gßVwÓQ> Am°a ge∫$ ]ZmZ H$r EfUmAmÀ_H$Wm bIZ H$r _hÀd[yU© ‡aUmE± h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Ûr H$m ÒdVßÃ [hMmZ AWdm "Ûr Ïò∫$' H$m b hr gßgmaÒdrH$ma Z H$a gH$& [a ` AmÀ_H$WmE± MrI-MrIH$a H$^r KQ>ZmAmß _ß,H$^r A[Zr ]]mH$r g A[Z ‡oV hmZ dmb A›`m`, AÀ`mMma H$m gm_ZaIVr h¢& b hr CZ_ß ‡oVH$ma H$r eo∫$ Z hm o\$a r gM H$m gm_Z aIZH$m XwÒgmhg Vm CZ_ß h° hr& h Vm ÒdrH$ma H$aZm [∂S>Jm oH$ BZ AmÀ_H$WmAmßZ [hbr ]ma Ûr hmZ H$ gM H$m COmJa oH$`m h°& h gM "_ar OrdZ mÃmH$m h°"........"A›`m g AZ›`m' hmZ H$r [r∂S>m H$m h° H$^r `h "o[ßOaß H$r_°Zm' ]Z oZ:ÒdmW© md g g•OZ _ß odÌdmg H$aZ H$m h°& "Amhmß H$r ]°gmoI`mß'H$r [r∂S>m oH$VZr KZr^yV h°& A›Xa g KwQ>Vr `h Amh H$db ]°gmIr _ßV„Xrb hm OmVr h°& H$^r A[Z e„X O] Vma-Vma H$a XV h° Vm "_wP _m\$H$a XZ' H$ Abmdm Am°a ∑`m hm gH$Vm h°? Am°a AmoIa "gyaO H$m Sy>]Zm hrh°'& H$^r OrdZ H$m gM "MßX gVaß' Am°a "gVaß Am°a gVaß _ß V„Xrb hm OmVmh°& O] "Am°a.......Am°a.............Am°aV', A[Zr amh ]XbVr h°, Vm "Jwo∂S>`m^rVa Jwo∂S>`m' Am°a "bJVm Zht oXb _am' H$m H$Qw> `WmW© AZmd•V hmVm h°Om H$^r o‡` Zht hm gH$Vm BgobE boIH$m OrdZ g CH$VmH$a AßV _ßobIVr h° bJVm Zht oXb _am CO∂S> X`ma _ß............. oH$›Vw gM Vm hrh° Zm& b hr AmÀ_H$WmAmß H$r boIH$mAmß H$m ]mÎS> bIZ Edß Iwb[Z H$obE ^– g_mO H$mg b, [a Bg gM H$m ÒdrH$maZm Vm [∂S>Jm hr&AmÀ_H$WmAmß H$ _m‹`_ g Ûr Z A[Z gßgma H$ AZw yV H$m Ao^Ïò∫$ Xrh° Am°a A[Z hmZ H$m og’ oH$`m h°&

AmÀ_H$Wm Ïò∫$ H$ _Z H$m EH$ Egm XÒVmdO h° Om A[Z Ïò∫$ _ZH$m g_oÓQ> _Z H$ g_H$j aIH$a A[Z ^md Ï`∫$ H$aVm h°& AmÀ_H$WmbIZ H$r [aÂ[am _ß boIH$mAmß Z ^r A[Zm `mJXmZ h°& oOZ_ß a_mXdrMm°Yar, odO`m ZadU, aÀZHw$_mar, OmZH$r Xdr ]OmO, AZrVm amH$e,XwJm© ImQ>, oedmZr, oXZe ZßoXZr S>mbo_`m, _fiy ^ S>mar, Mß–oH$aUgmZa∑gm, ‡^m IVmZ, _°Ã`r [wÓ[m, H•$ÓUm AoæhmÃr AmoX ‡_wI h°&

AmÀ_H$Wm bIZ H$ ‡maßo^H$ Xm°a _ß O] Ûr ¤mam AmÀ_H$WmE± obIrJB©& V] AmÀ_H$Wm H$ Í$[ _ß dh A[Z N>mQ>-g Ka-gßgma H$m hr Ï`∫$ H$a[m`r& AmÀ_H$Wm H$ odH$mg H´$_ _ß Yra-Yra oÛ`mß Z Ka H$r Xhbr∂O H$]mha H$X_ aIH$a obIZm ewÍ$ oH$`m& Hw$N> Ûr AmÀ_H$WmH$mamß Z Òd ß H$m^mJm hwAm gÀ` Ï`∫$ H$aV hwE A[Z bIZ _ß AÀòYH$ [maXoe©Vm H$m‡`mJ oH$`m& AmO H$r Ûr AmÀ_H$WmH$ma g_mO H$m gM H$m AmB©Zm oXImZH$r j_Vm aIVr h°& dh A] d°gr Ûr Zht ahr oOg `m Vm og\©$ ^mΩ`m `m

XwoZ`m H$ g_j [y¡`m hr _mZm OmVm Wm& [wÍ$f ‡YmZ g_mO _ß O]_ohbmAmß ¤mam AmÀ_H$Wm O°gr Jß^ra odYm [a bIZr MbmB© JB©, V]CZH$ bIZ H$m ]mÎS> bIZ H$r gßkm Xr JB©& A[Z OrdZ H$r Ï`Wm H$mÏ`∫$ H$aZ H$ obE Ûr AmÀ_H$WmH$mamß Z OrdZ H$r WmW© AZw yoV`mß H$m,gßdXZm H$ YamVb [a aIH$a AmÀ_H$WmE± obIr h°& Ûr AmÀ_H$WmH$maA[Zr KwQ>Z, [r∂S>m Am°a gßÃmg H$ Xm°a g JwOaV hwE, A[Zr AoÒ_Vm H$ obEgßKf© H$aVr ahr& EH$ Ama Ohm± dh A[Z AoÒVÀd H$r ajm hVw gßKf©aV h°Vm Xygar Ama dh g_mO H$r Hw$aroV`mß H$m IwbH$a odamY H$aVr h°&OmZH$r Xdr ]OmO H$r AmÀ_H$Wm "_ar OrdZ `mÃm' _ß Xe‡_ hr Zht‡mUr_mÃ g ‡_, g_©[U, À`mJ, Ûr-[wÍ$f g_mZVm H$r mdZm H$m Xem©Vrh°& a_mXdr H$ odMma r Xeô∫$ H$ mdmß g [na[yU© h°, Om [mR>H$mß H$m Xe H$]ma _ß gmMZ H$ obE odde H$aV h°& _hmXdr Ûr _wo∫$ Am°a CgH$ odH$mg H$obE AmdmO CR>mVr h°& "‡_MßX Ka _ß' H$r oedamZr ÒdVßÃVm gßJm_ _ß A[Zm‡À`j `mJXmZ XVr h° Am°a A[Z [oV (‡_MßX) H$m AZwH$aU H$a gmohÀ`gdm H$r Ama AJga hmVr h°& Ûr od_f© H$r ewÍ$AmV H$aZ dmbr "A›`m gAZ›`m' H$r ‡^m IVmZ Òd ß g od–mh H$aVr h°& Ûr od_f© H$m CZH$rAmÀ_H$Wm g YamVb o_bVm oXImB© XVm h°& ‡^m IVmZ Z A[Zr AmÀ_H$Wm_ß EH$ Egr Ûr H$m oMÃ C^mam h° oOgZ gr_mZ X ]mCdma g ‡^modV hm[mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$oV H$r VO© [a obd BZ nabeZoe[ H$m ÒdrH$ma oH$`m&

oedamZr A[Z [oV (‡_MßX) H$ gmohÀ` g ‡^modV hmH$a Òd`ß rbIZ H$r Ama AmH$of©V hmH$a, H$hmoZ`m± obIVr h°& "A›`m g AZ›`m'H$r ‡^m IVmZ EH$ _madm∂S>r g_mO H$r Kaby b∂S>H$r hmZ H$ ]mdOyX, A[ZgJ ^mB© ¤mam oH$` J` Ïò^Mma H$m oOH´$ H$aZ H$m gmhg oXImVr h°&CZH$m g]g ]∂S>m od–mh g_mO g V] hmVm h° O] dh "obd BZnabemZoe[' O°gr YmaUm H$m Ïò∫$JV OrdZ _ß ^r bmJy H$aVr h° Am°aS>m∞. gam©\$ H$ gmW OrdZâ o]Zm „`mh H$ hr naÌVß oZ^mVr h°& "gVaß Am°agVaß' H$r AZrVm amH$e ]M[Z g hr ]Q>-]Q>r H$m bH$a oH$` Om ah^X^md g Ï`mHw$b h°& "o[ßOa H$r _°Zm' H$r M›–oH$aU gm°Za∑gm A[Z[oV H$m ha Vah g gh`mJ H$aVr h°&

"Jwo∂S>`m ^r Jwo∂S>`m' H$r _°Ã`r OrdZ _ß Am` odo^fi CVma-M∂T>mdmßH$m gÀ`Vm, Ò[ÓQ>Vm, oZS>aVm H$ gmW gm_Z bmVr h°& _°Ã`r Z amO›–`mXd, gß[mXH$mß d A›` ‡H$meH$mß H$ gmW A[Z gß]ßYmß H$m AmÀ_hßVm]]mH$r H$ gmW ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& amO›– `mXd H$ gmW hr C›hmßZ bIZ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, oH´$oÌM`Z E_rZ|Q> _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


OJV H$ [mI S> Am°a CgH$ oZ_©_ ‡hmamß g C[Or H$amhmß H$m ^r A[ZbIZ _ß ÒWmZ oX`m h°&

BZ g^r AmÀ_H$WmAmß H$m AZwerbZ H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ Egm bJVm h°oH$ OmZH$r Xdr ]OmO, Mß–oH$aU gm°Za∑gm Edß _fiy ßS>mar H$r AmÀ_H$Wmg_mO H$m oXem XVr h°& B›hmßZ A[Z OrdZ H$r [r∂S>m H$m A[Zr AmÀ_H$Wm_ß Ï`∫$ Vm oH$`m h°, oH$›Vw od–mh Zht& ]oÎH$ AmÀ_H$Wm g_mO H$m gmMZ[a _O]ya H$aVr h¢& Ûr AoÒ_Vm H$ obE ZdrZ yo_ ImOVr h¢& _°Ã r [wÓ[mH$r AmÀ_H$Wm _ß Í$o∂T>dmXr g_mO H$r odH•$V _mZogH$Vm g C[Om bIZPbH$Vm h°& BZH$r AmÀ_H$Wm g_mO H$m X[©U oXImVr h°& Bg X[©U _ßCOb Am°a H$mb XmZmß Mha Z∂Oa AmV h¢& H•$ÓUm Or Z A[Zr AmÀ_H$Wm _ßA[Z ]M[Z g bH$a A] VH$ H$ OrdZ H$m Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°& BZH$r AmÀ_H$Wm_ß AoVÌ`mo∫$ [yU© dU©Z H$B© OJh ^´_ H$r oÒWoV oZo_©V H$aVm h°& H$^rbJVm h° `h H°$gm EH$mbm[ h°?

Ûr AmÀ_H$WmH$mamß Z A[Z AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ gmohÀ` H$ OnaE ÛrH$r XwoZ`m H$m, rVar ]mhar g^r VH$br\$mß H$m, N>Q>[Q>mhQ>mß H$m Ao^Ïò∫$Xr h° VWm Ûr H$ g›X^© _ß ZB© gmM [nabojV H$aZ H$r H$moee H$r h°&_fiy Or ª`mV gmohÀ`H$ma amO›– `mXd g oddmh H$aVr h°, VmoH$ CZH$bIZ H$m EH$ ZB© [hMmZ o_b gH$& [a oddmh H$ [ÌMmV≤ oÒWoV CZH$rgmM g [a hm OmVr h°& d A[Z [oV H$ gmW EH$ hr N>V H$ ZrM ahZ]mdOyX EH$ AOZ]r H$r Vah OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aVr h°& Ka H$r oOÂ_Xmna`mßH$ gmW hr Zm°H$ar r H$aVr h°¢& H$B© odf_ [naoÒWoV`mß H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h¢,[a A[Zm bIZ H$_© Omar aIVr h°& CZH$r AmÀ_H$Wm ha [naoÒWoV _ß AmJ]∂T>Z H$ obE ‡naV H$aVr h°& _fiy ^ßS>mar H$r AmÀ_H$Wm _ß EH$ Egr Ûr H$rN>od oXIm`r XVr h°, Om A[Z OrdZ H$r MwZm°oV`mß H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a OrdZH$ ha _m∂S> [a g_mO g Q>∏$a bZ H$m gm_œ`© aIVr h°& dh oZXmf hmZ [a^r EH$ ^maVr` Ûr H$r Vah ghZerbVm H$m [naM` XVr h°, OrdZ H$[¢Vrg df© [ma H$aZ H$ ]mX ^r [oV ¤mam Xr JB© _mZogH$ d ^mdZmÀ_H$‡Vm∂S>Zm H$m h±gV-h±gV PbVr h°, og\©$ Bg Amem g oH$ EH$ Z EH$ oXZCgH$m [oV Om ª`mV bIH$ h°, CgH$m Òd^md [nadoV©V hmJm Am°a dhgwIr OrdZ Or [mEJr& boH$Z CgH$r gmM g [a CgH$ gma g[Z WmW©H$ YamVb [a Qy>Q> OmV h°, [a›Vw BVZr odf_ [naoÒWoV`mß _ß dh A[ZrgH$mamÀ_H$ gmM H$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ A[Z AoÒVÀd H$m ]Zm aIZ H$ obEâgH$ ‡`mg H$aVr h¢ Am°a Cg_ß g\$b ^r hmVr h°& Bg AmÀ_H$Wm H$_m‹`_ g C›hmßZ A[Zr [r∂S>m, gßdXZmAmß, mdZmAmß, ÃmgXr, gß]ßYmß H$m]hwV hr ghOVm Edß ]]mH$r g Ï`∫$ oH$`m h¢& OrdZ H$r odf_ [naoÒWoV`mßH$ ]mdOyX _fiyOr Z A[Zr gH$mamÀ_H$ gmM H$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ OrZ H$rMmh Am°a _hmZ C[bo„Y`mß H$ obE bbH$Vm, Amg-[mg H$m gmohoÀ`H$dmVmdaU, Eg H$B© odamYm^mgmß H$ ]rM g JwOaV hwE, AJa Hw$N> Qy>Q>ZZht XVr, Vm dh h° CZH$r oOOrodfm, gmXJr Am°a aMZm gßH$Î[& BgraMZmÀ_H$ eo∫$ Z C›hß EH$ ÒWmB© gß]b ‡XmZ oH$`m, oOgZ [°Vrg gmbH$ AH$b[Z H$m aZ _ß _fiy Or ghm`Vm H$r& _fiyOr Z A[Zr gH$mamÀ_H$gmM, ]wbßX hm°gbmß H$r ]oZÒ]V A[Z AßXa H$ bIH$ H$m h_em oO›Xm

aIm Am°a Bgr gH$mamÀ_H$ gmM H$r ]Xm°bV CZH$m bIZ H$m`© AmO VH$Omar h°& h AmÀ_H$Wm EH$ Vah g amO›– mXd H$r AmÀ_H$Wm H$m Odm]^r _mZr Om gH$Vm h° Am°a _fiyOr H$m A[Z [oV H$ ‡oV odamY r& oOg_ßC›hmßZ A[Z OrdZ H$r AßV:[r∂S>m VWm Qy>Q>-o]Ia gyÃmß Am°a H$Qw> AZw^dmßH$m g_Q>Z H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°&

Bg ‡H$ma ` AmÀ_H$WmE± A[Zr g_J´Vm _ß g_mO _ß Ûr H$r oÒWoVH$m gM ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h¢& `h gM ]hwV H$∂S>dm h°, Bg H$∂S>d gM H$m ÛrAZw yoV H$m bKw Edß gßH$rU© Í$[ b hr oX`m OmE [a Bg ZOa AßXmO ZhtoH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Ûr H$m ÒdVßÃ [hMmZ AWdm "Ûr Ïò∫$' H$m ^b hrgßgma ÒdrH$ma Z H$a gH$& [a AmÀ_H$WmE± MrI-MrIH$a H$^r KQ>ZmAmß_ß, H$^r A[Zr ]]mH$r g A[Z ‡oV hmZ dmb A›`m`, AÀ`mMma H$mgm_Z aIVr h¢& b hr CZ_ß ‡oVH$ma H$r eo∫$ Z hm o\$a r gM H$m gm_ZaIZ H$m XwÒgmhg Vm CZ_ß h° hr& `h Vm ÒdrH$ma H$aZm [∂S>Jm oH$ BZAmÀ_H$WmAmß Z [hbr ]ma Ûr hmZ H$ gM H$m COmJa oH$`m h°& `h gM"_ar OrdZ mÃm H$m h°"........"A›`m g AZ›`m' hmZ H$r [r∂S>m H$m h° H$^r`h "o[ßOaß H$r _°Zm' ]Z oZ:ÒdmW© ^md g g•OZ _ß odÌdmg H$aZ H$m h°&"Amhmß H$r ]°gmoI`mß' H$r [r∂S>m oH$VZr KZr^yV h°& A›Xa g KwQ>Vr h AmhH$db ]°gmIr _ß V„Xrb hm OmVr h°& H$^r A[Z e„X O] Vma-Vma H$aXV h° Vm "_wP _m\$ H$a XZ H$ Abmdm Am°a ∑`m hm gH$Vm h°? Am°a AmoIa"gyaO H$m Sy>]Zm hr h°'& H$^r OrdZ H$m gM "MßX gVaß' Am°a "gVaß Am°a gVaß_ß V„Xrb hm OmVm h°& O] "Am°a.......Am°a.............Am°aV', A[Zr amh]XbVr h°, Vm "Jwo∂S>`m ^rVa Jwo∂S>`m' Am°a "bJVm Zht oXb _am' H$m H$Qw>`WmW© AZmd•V hmVm h° Om H$^r o‡` Zht hm gH$Vm BgobE boIH$mOrdZ g CH$VmH$a AßV _ß obIVr h° bJVm Zht oXb _am CO∂S> X`ma_ß............. oH$›Vw gM Vm hr h° Zm& b hr AmÀ_H$WmAmß H$r boIH$mAmßH$m ]mÎS> bIZ Edß Iwb[Z H$ obE ^– g_mO H$mg b, [a Bg gM H$mÒdrH$maZm Vm [∂S>Jm hr& AmÀ_H$WmAmß H$ _m‹`_ g Ûr Z A[Z gßgma H$AZw^yV H$m Ao^Ïò∫$ Xr h° Am°a A[Z hmZ H$m og’ oH$`m h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Jwo∂S>`m ^rVa Jwo∂S>`m - _°Ã`r [wÓ[m, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr

[O Zß. 92. ‡_MßX Ka _ß - oedamZr Xdr ‡_MßX,19323. _ar OrdZ mÃm -OmZH$r Xdr ]OmO, gÒVm gmohÀ` _ S>b 19564. gVaß Am°a gVaß - AZrVm amH$f, amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ, oXÑr 20025. H$ÒVyar Hw$ S>b ]g° - _°Ã`r [wÓ[m, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ, oXÑr 20026. A›`m g AZ›`m - ‡^m IVmZ, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ, oXÑr 20077. EH$ H$hmZr h r - _fiy S>mar, amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ, oXÑr 20088. bJVm Zht oXb _am - S>m∞. H•$ÓU AoæhmÃr, gm_o`H$ ]w∑g, ZB©

oXÑr 20109. o[ßOa H$r _°Zm - M›–oH$aU gm°Za∑gm, [ydmX` ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr

2010

*************


o\$aXm°gr H$m ehZm_m - _mZdr` [hby

S>m∞. ‡oV^m Omer *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ño\$aXm°gr odÌd H$ EH$ _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma h° CZH$r H•$oV "ehZm_m' A[Z Zm_ H$ AZwÍ$[ emhmß H$ oH$Ògmß, OZaßOZ H$ gmW hr wJrZgM Am°a VmÀH$mbrZ bmH$d•oŒm H$m ]Iy]r ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°& "\$magr _ß aoMV Bg H•$oV H$m oh›Xr AZwdmX oH$`m J`m h°& "emhZm_m' [•ÓR>mß _ß o]IamJ[bmH$ gmohÀ` H$m CÀH•$ÓQ> Z_yZm h°& oOg Bg emY [Ã _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h°&

o\$amXm°gr H$m [yam Zm_ "A]y Ab H$mog_ o]Z AbVygr Wm& H$hV h¢ oH$ O] o\$aXm°gr H$m O›_ hwAm Vm CZH$ o[Vm "_m°bmZm Ah_X \$IÍ$‘rZZ ÒdflZ _ß XIm oH$ o\$aXm°gr N>V [a I∂S> hmH$a oH$gr EH$ oXem _ß Hw$N> ]mbV h¢ Vm CZH$ Òda H$r ‡oV‹doZ bm°Q>H$a [wZ: Cgr oXem _ß Am ahr h°& EgmC›hmßZ o\$aXm°gr H$m g^r oXemAmß _ß H$aV XIm& gw]h C›hmßZ A[Z Bg odoMÃ ÒdflZ H$ ]ma _ß ¡`moVof`mß H$m ]Vm`m Vm ¡`moVof`mß H$ AZwgma BgÒdflZ H$m AW© `h oZH$mbm J`m oH$ o\$aXm°gr ]∂S> hmH$a EH$ _hmZ≤ emà H$ Í$[ _ß gß[yU© odÌd _ß A[Zr [hMmZ ]ZmEJß&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ "ehZm_m' H$ aMZmH$ma o\$aXm°gr Z Mmbrg df© H$r C_´ _ß"emhZm_m H$r aMZm ‡maß^ H$r& emhZm_m bJ^J EH$ hOma df© [yd© obImJ`m Wm& Bg_ß bIH$ Z bmH$ gmohÀ`, bmH$ H$bmAmß AmXe© OrdZ H$mgH$mamÀ_H$ [j ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& emhZm_m H$r aMZm Vrg df© _ß hwB©, Bg_ßo\$aXm°gr Z gmR> hOma eamß H$r aMZm H$r h°& emhZm_m _ß \$magr ^mfm H$m‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°& H$hV h¢, oH$ O] emhZm_m H$r aMZm H$r JB© V] Aa]r^mfm H$m ‡^wÀd Wm&

o\$aXm°gr H$m emhZm_m dmÒVd _ß B©amZ H$ BoVhmg H$m gmjr h°&BgH$ ‡maß _ß d IwXm H$r ‡eßgm H$aV h¢, Edß gy ©, Mß–_m H$m r oOH´$ H$aVh¢& d obIV h¢ oH$ C›hß "emhZm_m' H$r aMZm H$m odMma ∑`y± Am`m? BgH$rÏ`mª`m _ß C›hmßZ obIm h° oH$ emhZm_m ‡maß^ _ß H$od X∂H$rH$r ¤mam"JÌVmg]' Zm_ g obIm Om ahm Wm& boH$Z CZH$ hr Jwbm_ ¤mam CZH$mH$Àb oH$E OmZ [a `h aMZm [yar Zht hm [mB©& o\$aXm°gr Z O] Bg aMZmH$m [∂T>m V] C›hmßZ Bg [yam H$aZ H$m gßH$Î[ oH$`m& CZH$m `h gßH$Î[Vrg df© _ß [yU© hwAm&emhZm_m H$m VrZ ^mJmß _ß od^moOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° -1. bmH$ gmohÀ`2. H$Î[Zm bmH$ `m H$[mb H$oÎ[V KQ>ZmE±3. B©amZ H$m gß[yU© BoVhmg

odemb ÒdÍ$[ Edß Ï`m[H$Vm H$r —oÓQ> g "emhZm_m' H$r VwbZm"hm_a' H$ "Bob`S>' Am°a "_hof© Ï`mg' H$r aMZm _hm^maV g H$r Om gH$Vrh°& BZ VrZmß J´ßW _ß Om [ßM^md od⁄_mZ h¢ dhr _mZdr` CÉ ^md H$mOJmZ _ß Am°a gmohÀ` H$m A_aÀd ‡XmZ H$aZ _ß gh`mJr hmV h¢& emhZm_mo\$aXm°gr H$m gß[yU© odÌd _ß A_a ]ZmZ dmbr H$mbO`r aMZm h°& Bg aMZm_ß o\$aXm°gr Z oOZ H$WmAmß H$m dU©Z oH$`m h° Cg_ß XmÒVmZ E ]rOZ d_ZrOm, Í$Xm] d OmbOa, Í$ÒV_ gmham], og`m]wf d Í$Xm], eVaßO H$r[°XmBf, emh ]ham_ H$ oH$Òg, ogH$›Xa d H°$X, ∂OhmH$ d H$mdh AmhßJa‡_wI h°&\$arXwZ d H$mdh AmhßJa -

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, oH´$oÌM`Z E_rZ|Q> _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

emhZm_m H$ ‡maß^ _ß o\$aXm°gr Z B©amZ H$ [hb ]mXemh ∑`y_g© H$moOH´$ oH$`m h°& ∑`y_g© A[Zr eo∫$ Edß ›`mò‡`Vm H$ H$maU ‡og’ Wm&B©amZ H$ AßoV_ emgH$ O_eX H$ emgZ H$mb H$ AßoV_ oXZmß _ß ∂OhmH$Omob_ ]mXemh Z B©amZ [a A[Zm EH$moYH$ma H$a ob`m Wm& ∂OhmH$A[Zr ‡Om _ß oOVZ ^r \$arXwZ Zm_ H$ g^r ]Émß H$m IÀ_ H$aZ H$mAmXe XVm h°& Bg Vah CgH$r `h Omob_ ]mXemhV EH$ hOma df© VH$MbVr ahr -

Mw ∂OhmH$ [a V∂ªV ewX eha`mada C gmob`mZ AßOw_Z ewX hOma

B©amZ H$ BoVhmg H$r `h JmWm OZohV H$ obE ‡mUmß H$m ]obXmZH$aZ dmb ]mbH$ Edß CgH$r draVm H$r h°& `hr gh`mJ H$r ^mdZm H$modH$mg h°&

EH$ g_` Í$ÒV_ oeH$ma IbV hwE VyamZ H$r gr_m _ß ‡de H$a OmVmh°& AÀòYH$ WH$mZ H$ H$maU A[Z Km∂S> aªe H$m [∂S> g ]m±YH$a dh Amam_H$aZ bJVm h°, Hw$N> VyamoZ`mß ¤mam CgH$m Km∂S>m Mwam ob`m OmVm h°& ZtX gOmJZ [a A[Z aªe H$m Z [mH$a dh CgH$ [°amß H$r oZemZXhr [a VyamZ_ß ‡de H$a OmVm h° Xygar Ama VyamZ H$ ]mXemh Í$ÒV_ O°g [hbdmZ H$AmZ H$r I]a gwZV hr CgH$ ÒdmJV H$r V°`mar H$aV h¢& ÈÒV_ O°g hrg_ZJmZ eha H$ g_r[ [hw±MVm h° Cg XIZ H$ obE r∂S> EH$oÃV hm OmVrh°&

h_r Jw‚V ha H$g oH$ BZ ÈÒV_ AÒVd `m Am\$Vm] g[rXh X_ AÒV

ha H$mB© H$h ahm Wm oH$ `h ÈÒV_ [hbdmZ h° `m gw]h H$m CJVmgyaO h°& o\$aXm°gr emhZm_m H$ _m‹`_ g H$db C[Xe hr Zht XV ]oÎH$[nade Am°a H$oR>Z g_` _ß ^r BßgmZ H$r H$_Omar H$m ]∂S>r ]maro∂H$ g‡ÒVwV H$aV h¢ d CgH$ VH©$ r ]VmV h¢& emhZm_m BßgmZ H$m BßgmZ g ‡_H$aZm ogImVm h°& O] emhZm_m H$r aMZm H$r JB© Wr V] B©amZ d VyamZ _ßXwÌ_Zr Wr& ` eÃwVm og\©$ ]mXemhmß VH$ hr gro_V ahr& Am_ B©amZr dVyamZr O] o_bV h¢ Vm XwÌ_Zr Zht ‡_ C[OVm h°& Bgr H´$_ _ß Í$ÒV_ Am°agmham] H$r H$hmZr "ehZm_m' H$r odefVm h° oOgH$m odÒV•V dU©Z


emhZm_m _ß o_bVm h°& Í$ÒV_ Am°a Vh_rZm A[Zr d°dmohH$ oOßXJr _ß IweW, V^r Í$ÒV_ H$m A[Z _wÎH$ Om]wobÒVmZ bm°Q>Z H$m _Z hwAm& O] dhOmZ bJm V] Vh_rZm Z Cgg oZemZr H$ Í$[ _ß CgH$r ]mOy [a ]ßYm]mOy]ßY _mßJm V] Í$ÒV_ A[Zr Bg oZemZr H$m h H$hV hwE Vh_rZm H$moX`m oH$ òX h_ma `hm± ]Q>r H$m O›_ hm Vm CgH$ ]mbmß _ß Bg gOm XZmAm°a oX ]Q> H$m O›_ hm Vm CgH$ ]mOy _ß ]m±Y XZm Am°a H$hZm oH$ dh gm_Zar_mZ Am°a OmbOa O°g [hbdmZmß H$m dßeO h°& oOZH$ Zm_ g [yarXwoZ`m ^`^rV hm OmVr h°& Zm° _mh ]mX Vh_rZm EH$ [wÃ H$m O›_ XVr h°oOgH$m Zm_ gmham] aIm OmVm h°&

emhZm_m _ß ‡_, K•Um, oZÓR>m, B©Ó`m© Edß ]obXmZ H$m g_›d` h°&emhZm_m _ß _mZdr` gamH$mamß, ^mdZmAmß Am°a CgH$r Q>H$amhQ> Ò[ÓQ> Í$[g [nabojV hmVr h°& h EH$ Egr w’ JmWm h° oOg_ß hmbmV H$ Job`mamßg JwOaV BßgmZ H$m H$B© Í$[ -aßJmß _ß doU©V oH$`m J`m h°& emhZm_m H$r_ohbm [mÃ A[Z gmW hmZ dmb KwQ>Z, AÀ`mMma Am°a AßHw$e H$m odamYH$a A[Z AoYH$ma H$m ‡m· H$aZm MmhVr h°& Egr hr EH$ H$hmZr h° og`mdwfd gwXm] H$r, oOg_ß A[Zr B¿N>mAmß Am°a AoYH$ma H$m [mZ H$ obE gwXm]IbZmo`H$m H$ Í$[ _ß Xem©`r JB© h°&

og`mdwe d gwXm] H$r gßVmZ emh IwgÍ$ ^r A[Z o[Vm H$r Vah]bembr d gmhgr Wm, CgZ B©amZ [a H$B© dfm™ VH$ am¡` oH$`m& ]rOZdraVm H$ gmW AmJ Am`m Am°a emh H$r MwZm°oV H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a OßJbrgwAamß H$m ImÀ_m H$aZ oZH$b [∂S>m& A[Z Bg Ao^`mZ _ß CgZ A[Z o_ÃJwaJrZ H$m r gmW ob`m& ]rOZ amh _ß AmZ dmbr ha [aemoZ`mß g b∂S>VmhwAm AmJ ]∂T> ahm Wm& `h g] XIH$a JwaJrZ H$m Cgg B©Ó`m© hmZ bJr&CgZ B©Ó`mde ]r∂OZ H$m Am∂\$amog`m] H$ H´$mY H$m mOZ ]ZmZ H$ obECgH$r [wÃr _Zr∂Om g o_bZ H$m H$hm& CgZ VwH$r© b∂S>oH$`mß H$r gwßXaVm H$m]ImZ H$aV hwE H$hm -

h_ Xw∂ªV VwH$m©Z [merXh ÈBh_ ga d ∂H$X d h_ß _wÌH$ ]wB

h_ Èò [wa A∂O Jwb, h_ MÌ_ ∂ªdm]h_ b] [wa A∂O _B, ] ]wE Jwbm]

ha VwH$r© b∂S>H$r H$m Mham Z∂H$m] g ∂T±>H$m ahVm h°, CZH$m VZ BÃ gJ_H$Vm ahVm h°& CZH$ H$[mbmß [a \y$b oIb hmV h¢ Am°a hmßR>mß g Jwbm] H$rJ›Y ar _oXam Q>[H$Vr ahVr h°& CZH$r Am±Imß _ß _ÒV Iw_ma N>m`m ahVm h°&Bg Vah dh ]rOZ H$ g_j _ZrOm H$r gwßXaVm H$m dU©Z H$a Cg A[Zb˙` g Q>H$mZ _ß H$m_`m] hm OmVm h°& JwaJrZ B©amZ [hw±MH$a ]rOZ H$r_m°V H$r I]a XVm h°& ]rOZ Am°a _Zr∂Om EH$ Xyga H$r MmhV _ß oJa‚V hmOmV h¢& h ]mV Am\$amog`] H$m kmV hmVr h° Vm dh ]rOZ H$m AßYa Hw$±E_ß H°$X H$a XVm h°& Hw$±E H$ _whmZ H$m ]∂S> [ÀWamß g T±>H$ oX`m J`m& _Zr∂Om H$mO] ` [Vm MbVm h° Vm dh ^f ]XbH$a Hw$±E g ]∂S> [ÀWamß H$m Wm∂S>m hQ>mZ_ß H$m_`m] hm OmVr h°& CgH$r Bg H$m_m`m]r g ]rOZ H$m OrdZXmZo_bVm h°& dh N>mQ> oN>– g amOZm ]rOZ H$m ImZ-[rZ H$m gm_mZ XVr h°&Bg Vah ]rOZ d _Zr∂Om EH$ Xyga H$ obE OrV ah& EH$ oXZ IwgÈ]mXemh H$ Xa]ma _ß Zm°amO H$m OÌZ _Zm`m Om ahm Wm& ¡`moVof`mß Z]mXemh H$m naPmZ H$ obE EH$ Om_ _ß [ya odÌd H$m —Ì` oXIm`m& EH$—Ó` _ß VyamZ H$r gr_m [a ]Z Hw$±E H$ g_r[ EH$ b∂S>H$r ]°R>r odbm[ H$a ahrh°& Cg kmV hmVm h° oH$ Hw$±E _ß ]rOZ h°& Bg Vah dh `h Iwer oJd[hbdmZ H$m XVm h° oH$ VwÂhmam [wÃ OrodV h°& oJd [hbdmZ, ÈÒV_

[hbdmZ H$m gmW bH$a VyamZ H$ emgH$ d [hbdmZmß g w’ H$a ]rOZ d_Zr∂Om H$ ‡_ H$m A_aVm ‡XmZ H$aV h¢&og∂H$›Xa Am°a H°$X-E-oh›Xr - og∂H$›Xa Am°a H°$X-E-oh›Xr - og∂H$›Xa Am°a H°$X-E-oh›Xr - og∂H$›Xa Am°a H°$X-E-oh›Xr - og∂H$›Xa Am°a H°$X-E-oh›Xr - oh›XwÒVmZ _ß oH$gr g_` H°$X Zm_ H$m]mXemh Wm& A[Z AOr]mJar] g[Zmß H$ H$maU dh h_em [aemZ ahVmh°& EH$ ]ma Hw$N> Eg hr g[Zmß H$m oOH´$ dh _hamZ Zm_H$ ¡`moVfr g H$aVmh° oH$ CgH$ BZ ]wa g[Zmß H$ ∑`m XwÓ‡^md hmßJ? _hamZ Z Cg ]Vm`m oH$`yZmZ H$m emgH$ ogHß$Xa ]∂S>r gZm bH$a oh›XwÒVmZ H$r Ama Am ahm h°&boH$Z VwÂhmar gZm CgH$m _wH$m]bm Zht H$a [mEJr& Vw_ A[Zr ]wo’_mZrg hr Cg [amÒV H$a gH$V hm& VwÂhß ogHß$Xa H$r ‡eßgm H$a CgH$m ˆXÒrVZm hmJm& H°$X Z ogHß$Xa H$ AmZ H$ ]mX Cg A[Z Xa]ma _ß ]wbdm`mAm°a H$hm oH$ CgH$ [mg Egr Mma dÒVwE± h¢ Om AZ_mb h¢ Am°a gßgma _ß `dÒVwE± oH$gr H$ [mg Zht h°& _¢ ` dÒVwE± ogHß$Xa H$m ^ßQ> H$aZm MmhVm hy±&ogHß$Xa Z H°$X H$ Bg ]wbmd H$ Í$[ _ß A[Z gßXedmhH$ H$m Om Am°a H$hmoH$ dh OmZH$mar bH$a AmE oH$ d Mma dÒVwE± H$m°Zgr h°&]mXemh Z ogHß$Xa H$ gßXedmhH$ H$m ]Vm`m oH$ -

AJa ]r Z XeAm∂\$Vm] ]wb›Xe]X Vramh A∂O È-E-Aa∂Ow_›X

H$_›X AÒV JgyAe h_ aßJ-E-H$rah_r Am`X A∂O Xm bde ]y-E-era

ò_ AmaX ]mbm-E-C ga d ]ZXa A∂\$emZ Hw$ZX MwZ ga Am`X gwIZ

H°$X Z H$hm oH$ _ar ]Q>r H$ Mha H$r Am^m XIH$a gy`© ^r eo_™Xm hmOmVm h°& CgH$ ]mb H$_›X H$ g_mZ bÂ] ]b ImE hwE h¢, Cg_ß BVZrIyo]`m± h° oH$ gßgma _ß CgH$ g_mZ H$mB© Zht h°&

EH$ Egm fl`mbm h° oOg_ß Rß>S>m [mZr m _oXam S>mb Xr OmE Vm dh Xgdfm™ VH$ Imbr Zht hmJm, EH$ Egm d°⁄ r h° Om amJr H$ AmßgwAmß g CgH$mamJ [hMmZ bVm h°, Am°a AßV _ß EH$ Egm kmZr Ïò∫$ h° Om gßgma _ß hmZdmbr ^mdr KQ>ZmAmß H$r OmZH$mar [hb hr X XJm oOgg ogHß$Xa H$mH$^r H$ÓQ> Zht hmJm& ogHß$Xa ]mXemh H°$X H$r ]mVmß g ‡^modV hmH$aCgr ha dÒVwAmß H$r [aI H$aVm h° Am°a CgH$r ]Q>r g oddmh H$a bm°Q> AmVmh°&

emhZm_m _ß emgH$mß H$m BoVhmg Vm h° hr, [hbdmZmß H$ oH$Òg ^râ[ya h¢& gmhg h° Vm ‡_ ^r emhZm_m H$m _hmZ≤ ]ZmVm h°& emhZm_m EH$

w’ JmWm h° boH$Z Bg_ß ‡_ r gdm[na h°& emhZm_m H$ g^r [mÃ _mZdr`gßdXZmAmß Am°a JwUmß H$ YamVb [a I∂S> oXImB© XV h¢& emhZm_m H$m_hmH$mÏ` H$hZ H$ gßX^© _ß o\$aXm°gr Z BZ [ßo∫$`mß H$m obIm Om AmO rC›hß emhZm_m H$ _m‹`_ g OrodV ]ZmE aI h° -

ha AmZ H$g H$r XmaX hye d amB d XrZ[g AO _J© ]a _Z Hw$ZX Am∂\$arZ

ha dh eªe Om gmohÀ` [aIZ H$r —oÓQ> aIVm h°, dh _a _aUm[amßV^r _ar Bg aMZm H$r ‡eßgm AdÌ` H$aJm&

emhZm_ß _ß AmB© ‡_wI H$WmAmß H$m gßoj· [naM` XH$a CZ_ß ghOJE _mZdr` _yÎ`mß H$m VbmeZ H$r H$moee H$r h°& H$hr BZ_ß JÎ[ CâVmh°, Vm H$ht AZmd•Œmm gÀ` H$r H$R>ma ]mZJr h°& Bg_ß AmB© ododY H$WmEßHw$N> Egm gM N>m∂S> OmVr h° oOZH$m ‡H$me _mZdVm H$r amh ‡eÒV H$aVm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. o\$aXm°gr - emhZm_m (OrdZ Edß oMßVZ - Zmogam e_m©)


_mbdr H$hmdVmß _ß bmH$ gßÒH•$oV

S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z * aMZm O°Z **

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _‹`‡Xe A[Zr AmßMobH$ gßÒH•$oV, gmohÀ` Am°a H$bm H$obE odÌd odª`mV h°& _‹`‡Xe _ß oÒWV _mbdmßMb H$r gßÒH•$oV gwhmdZrAm°a AmH$f©H$ h°& `hm± H$ oZdmog`mß H$m ]m]m _hmH$mb H$m oVbH$ bJmZH$m gwZham Adga gX°d o_bVm ahVm h°& `hm± H$ H$U-H$U _ß CZH$r Jy±OH$m Òda gwZmB© XVm h°& ‡H•$oV g ha a Edß gwaÂ` ‡Xe H$r yo_ H$m dU©ZH$aV hwE _mbdr H$od "hare oZJ_' Z H$hm h° -

"Afi YZ b˙_r g^r o_bJr, hmJm Xe oZhmadm &"Afi YZ b˙_r g^r o_bJr, hmJm Xe oZhmadm &"Afi YZ b˙_r g^r o_bJr, hmJm Xe oZhmadm &"Afi YZ b˙_r g^r o_bJr, hmJm Xe oZhmadm &"Afi YZ b˙_r g^r o_bJr, hmJm Xe oZhmadm &^maV _mVm H$m ohaXm _ß, O∂S>`m aVZ gm _mbdm &&'^maV _mVm H$m ohaXm _ß, O∂S>`m aVZ gm _mbdm &&'^maV _mVm H$m ohaXm _ß, O∂S>`m aVZ gm _mbdm &&'^maV _mVm H$m ohaXm _ß, O∂S>`m aVZ gm _mbdm &&'^maV _mVm H$m ohaXm _ß, O∂S>`m aVZ gm _mbdm &&'

AV: maV H$r X` ÒWbr Am°a maVr` AoÒ_Vm H$ ‡VrH$ _mbdm H$Zm_ _ß hr Egm OmXy h° oOg gwZH$a X` _ß C_ßJ H$r bha Xm°∂S> OmVr h°& hm±H$r ]mbr AÀ`›V _Ywa Edß H$U©o‡` h°& A[Zr Bgr H$m_bVm H$ H$maU hXya-Xya VH$ bmH$o‡` ]Zr hwB© h°& Bg ^md H$m Ï`∫$ H$aVr EH$ ‡og’H$hmdV —ÓQ>Ï` h°-

"_rR>r ]mbr _mbdr _Z H$m _rR>m bmJ &"_rR>r ]mbr _mbdr _Z H$m _rR>m bmJ &"_rR>r ]mbr _mbdr _Z H$m _rR>m bmJ &"_rR>r ]mbr _mbdr _Z H$m _rR>m bmJ &"_rR>r ]mbr _mbdr _Z H$m _rR>m bmJ &Mb _rR>m dmàm _rR>m ag H$r AmJ &&'Mb _rR>m dmàm _rR>m ag H$r AmJ &&'Mb _rR>m dmàm _rR>m ag H$r AmJ &&'Mb _rR>m dmàm _rR>m ag H$r AmJ &&'Mb _rR>m dmàm _rR>m ag H$r AmJ &&'

_mbdr bmH$ gmohÀ` ]hw_wIr gmohÀ` h°& `hm± H$ gmohÀ` _ß _mbdmH$r o_≈r H$r gm°Yr gwJßY, Obdm`w VWm gmßÒH•$oVH$ gßdXZm H$ Òda gwZmB©XV h°& `h AoboIV gmohÀ` [r∂T>r Xa [r∂T>r Bg Jm±d g [mbH$r _ß ]°R>H$aXwÎhZ H$ gmW ggwamb OmVm h° Am°a XyÎh H$ gmW Km∂S>r [a ]°R>H$a Bg Jm±d`m eha _ß AmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma bmH$ gmohÀ` AVrV g Om∂S>H$a h_ma dV©_mZH$m AmZo›XV ]ZmVm h°& _ybV: BgH$r Ao^Ïò∫$ bmH$JrV, bmH$H$Wm,bmH$ ZmQ>Á, bmH$JmWm, bmH$mo∫$`mß (H$hmdVm) AmoX H$ ¤mam hmVr h°&oOg_ß _mbdr H$hmdVmß H$m odef _hÀd h°&

H$hmdV ‡mMrZV_ [wÒVH$mß g ^r ‡mMrZ h°& O] bIZ H$bm H$m lrJUe Zht hwAm Wm V] g Za-Zmar A[Z VWm A[Z [yd©Omß H$ AZw dmß H$¤mam ]ZmB© JB© H$hmdVmß H$m ‡`mJ H$aV W& oOZ_ß AZH$ H$hmdVßOZlwoV`mß, AoeojV g_wXm`mß, H•$fH$mß H$ AZw^dmß [a AmYmnaV hmVrWr& _mbdm [najÃ _ß ‡MobV Hw$N> H$hmdVß Egr h° Om Bgr ^y-^mJ _ßO›_r h° Am°a AmYwoZH$ g_` _ß ^r `Wm g_` ‡`w∫$ H$r OmVr h°-

"]mbr Z ^bmB© hmßV Om`&']mbr Z ^bmB© hmßV Om`&']mbr Z ^bmB© hmßV Om`&']mbr Z ^bmB© hmßV Om`&']mbr Z ^bmB© hmßV Om`&'ºAWm©V≤ odZ_´ Ï`dhma g g^r bmJ _•À w H$ ]mX r Ò_aU aIV h¢&

AV: h_em CoMV AmMaU H$aZm MmohE&)"Or H$r XwI [mßIy, dUr H$ Amd Amßgy &'"Or H$r XwI [mßIy, dUr H$ Amd Amßgy &'"Or H$r XwI [mßIy, dUr H$ Amd Amßgy &'"Or H$r XwI [mßIy, dUr H$ Amd Amßgy &'"Or H$r XwI [mßIy, dUr H$ Amd Amßgy &'

(AWm©V≤ oOgH$m XX© hmVm h°, dhr [r∂S>m H$m AZw^d H$aVm h°&)AmoX AZH$ H$hmdVß bmH$ ‡MobV h¢ H$hZ H$m VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$

_mbdr H$hmdVmß _ß OrdZ H$ ha jÃ _ß H$hmdVß Iar CVar h°& H$hmdVß Ohm±

* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV**emYmWr© (oh›Xr) A‹``Zembm , odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

EH$ Ama ]mbMmb H$m AoZdm © C[H$aU h°, dhr gmohÀ` H$ ob r AÀ`›VC[`mJr h°&

_mZd hr odÌd _ß EH$ Egm ‡mUr h° Om A[Zr emarnaH$ Edß ]m°o’H$odefVmAmß H$ H$maU gßÒH•$oV H$m oZ_m©U H$a [m`m h°& _mbdm H$r gßÒH•$oVododY aßJr h°& _mbdr gßÒH•$oV _ß _mbdr mOZ H$m CÑI Z hm Vm AYyam[ZbJVm h° ∑`mßoH$ _mbdr ^mOZ _ß Xmb-]m\$b, b»y H$m ÒdmX Vm ‡À`H$Ïò∫$ bZm MmhVm h°& gw‡og’ h° -

"Mya gßy ]mQ>r o_b Am°a C∂S>Xm H$r Xmb &"Mya gßy ]mQ>r o_b Am°a C∂S>Xm H$r Xmb &"Mya gßy ]mQ>r o_b Am°a C∂S>Xm H$r Xmb &"Mya gßy ]mQ>r o_b Am°a C∂S>Xm H$r Xmb &"Mya gßy ]mQ>r o_b Am°a C∂S>Xm H$r Xmb &D$[a gßy Zr]ßy [∂S >, ]a\$r H$mßB© _mb &&'D$[a gßy Zr]ßy [∂S >, ]a\$r H$mßB© _mb &&'D$[a gßy Zr]ßy [∂S >, ]a\$r H$mßB© _mb &&'D$[a gßy Zr]ßy [∂S >, ]a\$r H$mßB© _mb &&'D$[a gßy Zr]ßy [∂S >, ]a\$r H$mßB© _mb &&'

`hm± H$r de^yfm H$r AbJ Vah H$r h°& gm_m›` Í$[ g [wÍ$f dJ©YmVr, Hw$Vm©, gm\$m AmoX [hZV h°& dht _ohbmE± Am∂T>Zr, bwJ∂S>m, KmKamAmoX [maÂ[naH$ dÛ YmaU H$aVr h°& [wamVZ g_` _ß B›hß AÀòYH$gw›Xa ]ZmZ H$ obE CZH$r oH$Zmar _ß JmQ>m bJm`m OmVm Wm& boH$ZdV©_mZ [nade _ß r BgH$m ‡^md H$_ Zht hwAm oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ wJ H$m‡^md [∂S>Z g H$∂T>mB© H$m ‡MbZ ]∂T>m h°& _mbdmßMb H$ ZmJnaH$mß H$r Bg[aÂ[am H$m Ï`∫$ H$aZ dmbr OZlwoV bmJmß H$ H$ R> H$m hma ]Zr hwB© h°-

"EH$ Zya AmX_r gg Zya H$[∂S>m &"EH$ Zya AmX_r gg Zya H$[∂S>m &"EH$ Zya AmX_r gg Zya H$[∂S>m &"EH$ Zya AmX_r gg Zya H$[∂S>m &"EH$ Zya AmX_r gg Zya H$[∂S>m &hOma Zya JUm ß _Vm bmI Zya ZIam &&'hOma Zya JUm ß _Vm bmI Zya ZIam &&'hOma Zya JUm ß _Vm bmI Zya ZIam &&'hOma Zya JUm ß _Vm bmI Zya ZIam &&'hOma Zya JUm ß _Vm bmI Zya ZIam &&'

AV: Òd`ß H$m gOmZ-gßdmaZ H$r Ao^bmfm _ZwÓ` H$r Òdm^modH$‡d•oŒm h° & J´m_rUmßMbm H$ Za-Zmar Bgg ANy>V Zht h°, CZ_ß ^r gm°›X`©d•o’ H$r B¿N>m ahVr h° & d bmH$ _ß ‡MobV oJbQ> d Mm±Xr H$ odo^fiAm^yfU, Q>rH$m, Hw$ S>b hma, AßJyR>r, H$›Xm°g, Hß$JZ, [m`b, o]oN>`mßAmoX H$m YmaU H$a A[Z ZI-oeI gm°›X`© _ß d•o’ H$aVr h° & Am^yfUmßH$ gß]ßYZ _ß EH$ ‡og’ OZlwoV h° &

"JhUm Ymfl`mß H$m ogUJma Z ^yImß H$m AmYma &'"JhUm Ymfl`mß H$m ogUJma Z ^yImß H$m AmYma &'"JhUm Ymfl`mß H$m ogUJma Z ^yImß H$m AmYma &'"JhUm Ymfl`mß H$m ogUJma Z ^yImß H$m AmYma &'"JhUm Ymfl`mß H$m ogUJma Z ^yImß H$m AmYma &'(AWm©V Am^yfU eara H$m l•ßJma Vm h° boH$Z od[arV [naoÒWoV`mß

_ß `h ^yI H$m AmYma ^r ]ZVm h° &BgH$ gmW hr _mbdm jÃ H$ aroV- nadmO _ß `hm± H$r bmH$ gßÒH•$oV

H$ _Zmhar oMÃ oXImB© XV h° & [aÂ[amJV Í$[ _ß Odmaß (`h ZdamoÃ H$AmIar oXZ CR>Vr h°) od⁄m H$ CÀgd(]g›V [ßM_r), Xeham, Xr[mdbr,hmbr AmoX [d© Yy_Ym_ g _Zm` OmV h° BgH$ AoVna∫$ Hw$N> À`m°hmaH$›`mAmß ¤mam gÂ[fi oH$` OmV h° & CZ_ß gßOm]mB© Am°a CZH$ bmH$JrV,H$›`mAmß ¤ma M°Vr ZdamoÃ [a \w$b[mVr H$m [d© _ZmZm, Xr[mdbr H$ XygaoXZ gwhmJ [∂S>dm [a gwhmoJZ Zmna`m± ]∂S>-]wOwJ© H$ [°a Ny>H$a Amerdm©XbVr h° & AmoX AZH$ odoeÓQ> nadmO ‡MobV h° &

bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ ‡_wI [j aroV nadmO [a AmYmnaV EH$ _mbdr


H$hmdV oOg_ß oXdmbr H$ Adga [a Jm ß OmZ dmb bmH$JrV H$m CÎbIoH$`m J`m h° Om H$db Xr[mdbr H$ Adga [a hr Jm`m OmVm h° &

"JB© oXdmar Jmd hr∂S> &'"JB© oXdmar Jmd hr∂S> &'"JB© oXdmar Jmd hr∂S> &'"JB© oXdmar Jmd hr∂S> &'"JB© oXdmar Jmd hr∂S> &'_mbdm gmßÒH•$oVH$ —oÓQ> g g_•’ h° V^r Vm h H$hmdV hm± ‡MobV

h° -"gmV dma Z Zm° À`mhma &'"gmV dma Z Zm° À`mhma &'"gmV dma Z Zm° À`mhma &'"gmV dma Z Zm° À`mhma &'"gmV dma Z Zm° À`mhma &'

‡À H$ [d© m À`m°hma H$ A›VJ©V Hw$N> oH$dXo›V`mß ‡MobV hmVr h°&AV: _mbdm H$ oZdmog`mß H$ ˆX` _ß B©Ìda H$ AoÒVÀd H$ ‡oV AQ>bl’m, odÌdmg Am°a AmÒWm oXImB© XVr h° & Bg gßX^© H$r gyo∫$ ‡og’ h°

"‡mV: CoR>H$ oZV H$rO° ‡^w H$m ‹`mZ &,"‡mV: CoR>H$ oZV H$rO° ‡^w H$m ‹`mZ &,"‡mV: CoR>H$ oZV H$rO° ‡^w H$m ‹`mZ &,"‡mV: CoR>H$ oZV H$rO° ‡^w H$m ‹`mZ &,"‡mV: CoR>H$ oZV H$rO° ‡^w H$m ‹`mZ &,OmV OJ _ß hm` gwI Z C[O° H$Î`mU &&'OmV OJ _ß hm` gwI Z C[O° H$Î`mU &&'OmV OJ _ß hm` gwI Z C[O° H$Î`mU &&'OmV OJ _ß hm` gwI Z C[O° H$Î`mU &&'OmV OJ _ß hm` gwI Z C[O° H$Î`mU &&'

g^r AßMbm H$r A[Zr _m›`VmE± Am°a bmH$odÌdmg hmV h° & `hrbmH$odÌdmg Ï`dhmnaH$ OrdZ _ß oXImB© XV h° & bmH$ odÌdmgmß _ß Hw$N>eHw$Z, Hw$N> A[eHw$Z bmH$ H$hmdVmß H$ Í$[ _ß ‡MobV h° & _mbdm H$gm_›` OZ oH$VZ hr [∂T> obI ∑`mß Z hm, dh r BZ odÌdmgmß H$m AZw dH$a CZH$m _mZZ bJV h° & O°g- OmV g_` N>tH$ H$m AmZm, o]Îbr H$mamÒVm H$mQ> H$a OmZm AmoX Aew^ H$ ‡VrH$ _mZ OmV h° dhr Xygar Ama

Jm` ]N>∂S> H$m gmW oXImB© XZm, â H$be b OmVr gm°^mΩ`dVr Zmar,ew H$m © H$ obE Xhr Im H$a OmZm AmoX AZH$ _mßJobH$ ew eHw$Z _mZOmV h° & Bg gÂ]ßY _ß EH$ bmH$ H$hmdV OZ- g_mO _ß ‡MobV h° -

"Zmar gwhmoJZ Ob-â bmd° &"Zmar gwhmoJZ Ob-â bmd° &"Zmar gwhmoJZ Ob-â bmd° &"Zmar gwhmoJZ Ob-â bmd° &"Zmar gwhmoJZ Ob-â bmd° &Xoh _N>br Om gZ_wI Amd° &&'Xoh _N>br Om gZ_wI Amd° &&'Xoh _N>br Om gZ_wI Amd° &&'Xoh _N>br Om gZ_wI Amd° &&'Xoh _N>br Om gZ_wI Amd° &&'

oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ß H$h gH$V h° oH$ _mbdr H$hmdVmß _ß _mbdr bmH$gßÒH•$oV H$ Xe©Z hmV h° & _mbdr gßÒH•$oV H$ Xe©Z hmV h° & _mbdr gßÒH•$oVOZ-OZ _ß bmH$o‡` Am°a AmH$f©H$ h° V^r Vm J´m_rUOZ hm m ZJadmgrg^r gßÒH•$oV _ß aM-]g oXImB© XV h° & AV: Wm∂S> e„Xmß _ß Ï`m[H$ AW© H$mAo^Ï`∫$ H$aZ _ß gß_W© H$hmdV _mbdr ^mfm H$r A_yÎ` oZoY h° &


1 VwbZmÀ_H$ bmH$mo∫$ gmohÀ` - S>m∞.o_oWbm ‡gmX oÃ[mR>r &2 _mbdm Am°a C[]mob`mß H$m Ï`mH$aU -S>m∞.‡hbmXM›X Omer &3 _mbdr gßÒH•$oV Am°a gmohÀ` - S>m∞.^JdVrbmb amO[wamohV &4 bmH$mo∫$ H$me ^yo_H$m - hnadßeam` e_m© &

*************


g_H$mbrZ [na‡ ` Am°a H$bm gßX^m~ _ßbmH$gmohÀ` H$r C[mX Vm

S>m∞. AemH$ Hw$_ma *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ bmH$gmohÀ` oH$gr Img OmoV `m dJ©, gÂ‡Xm` VWm Xe g]ßYm hwAm Zht ahVm, BgobE AmO H$ Bg ‡OmVmßoÃH$ Am°a A›VaamÓQ≠>r`gX≤ mdZm H$ Xm°a _ß Cg _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ o_bZm Òdm^modH$ h°& bmH$gmohÀ`bmH$OrdZ H$r ]hwAm`m_r Ao^Ïò∫$ h°, AV: g_mO VWm _mZd _yÎ`mß H$r‡oVÓR>m _ß BZH$m ]hwV _hÀd h°& oH$gr g_mO _ß ‡MobV ‡WmAmß, odÌdmgmß,[aÂ[amAmß VWm g_mO _ß KoQ>V hmZ dmbr odo^fi [naKQ>ZmAmß Edß Ï`dhmamß H$mgOrd Edß gab oMÃ AßoH$V ahVm h°& h_ma OrdZ Ï`dhmamß Edß gßÒH$mamß _ß AZH$Adga [a bmH$JrVmß g hr [yU©Vm AmVr h°& JmÂ` OrdZ Vm o]Zm bmH$JrVmßVWm bmH$JmWmAmß H$ AYyam hr ahVm h°& bmH$JrV Vm oH$gr ^r Xe-‡Xe H$ghO JE bmH$ odÌdmgmß H$r ]eH$r_Vr Yamha hmV h¢& OrdZ H$m H$mB© Egm‡gßJ Zht Ohmß bmH$gmohÀ` H$r gwZhbr \$gbß Z bhbhmVr hmß & ˆX` H$m‡À H$ Ò[ßXZ bmH$ H$r md yo_ H$m ZB© ¡`moV ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& bmH$OrdZ H$rH$∂S>dr Am°a _rR>r gÉmB© BZ_ß gm_Z Am OmVr h°& BßgmZ H$ gwI-XwI, hmÒ`ì-ÈXZ, ‡_ Am°a d°_ZÒ`Vm H$r amMH$ XmÒVmZ Am°a Jmßd H$r OZVm H$m XX©bmH$gmohÀ` _ß Ao^Ï`∫$ hwAm h°& bmH$JrVmß H$ gÂ]ßY _ß hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXrZ obIm h°-"^mB© g odoN>fi ]hZ H$r H$Í$U H$Wm, gm°V H$, ZZX H$ Am°a gmg H$AH$maU oZoj· dm∑`-]mUmß g od’ ]hy H$r __© H$hmZr, gmhyH$ma, O_tXmaAm°a _hmOZ H$ gVmE Jar]mß H$r H$Í$U [wH$ma, AmZ [a Hw$]m©Z hm OmZ dmbodÒ_•V dramß H$r em° © JmWm, A[hm ©_mU gVr H$m draÀd[yU© AmÀ_KmV, ZB©OdmZr H$ ‡_ H$ ‡oVKmV, o‡`V_ H$ o_bZ, odah Am°a _mV••‡_ H$ AH•$oÃ_ mdBZ JrVmß _ß a [∂S> h¢& O›_ g bH$a _aU VH$ H$ H$mb _ß Am°a gmhmJ-e`Z gbH$a aUjÃ VH$ \°$b hwE odemb ÒWmZ _ß gd©Ã BZ JrVmß H$m J_Z h°&'11111

OrdZ H$r dh AZw yoV oOgg OrdZ H$m aßJ-VaßJ Am°a gwJßY o_bVr h°bmH$gmohÀ` _ß _m°OyX h°& Bg_ß a∫$ H$m bmohV, hna–m H$r ]S>m°b JmßR> H$m [rVAm°a Zd[Ñd H$r haroV_m H$m aßJ o_bVm h°& H$m°E H$m H$mbm Am°a VmV H$m ham [ßI`hmß ZB© M_H$-X_H$ H$ gmW AmßImß H$m gwhmV h¢& _ma H$m gVaßJr COmg bmH$ H$Hß$R> _ß ObVßaJ H$m Hß$[Z a XVm h°& o_≈r H$m _Q>_°bm[Z AmßImß H$r erVbVm H$mg]] ]Z OmVm h°& ]b^– obIV h¢-"bmH$gmohÀ` H$r [aÂ[am OZ-OrdZ gOw∂S>r hwB© h¢& OZVm H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ N>od`mß Bg_ß gßoMV hmVr h¢ß& hmß "_B`m' Zr_H$r S>mb [a Òd ß ohbmam bJmVr h¢ß V] OmH$a PybVr h¢& fl`mg bJZ [a oH$gr]∂S> Ka H$r Zht, _mobZ H$ Ka OmVr h¢ oOgH$m gÂ]ßY ]mJ-]JrM g hmVm h°&_mobZ g dh [mZr H$ obE oZhmam H$aVr h° Am°a _mobZ r g] N>m∂S>H$a-YYmH$aXm°∂S> Zht OmVr oH$ _B`m AmB© hwB© h¢& T>mb, Pmb H$r Wm[mß [a `hmß OrdZoWaH$Vm h°& ]m∂T> AmB© Vm ^r JrV, gwIm∂S> h° Vm ^r JrV, oddmh h° Vm ^r JrV&IVr-IobhmZr h° Vm ^r& OrdZ gßKfm~ H$r Ao_Q> N>m[ h° Bg [a& OrdZY_r©gßH$Î[mß H$r odamgV h° bmH$gmohÀ`& Bg odamgV H$m JoV XZm hr bmH$ohV _ßh°& h_ß Ò_•oV-gÂ[fi ]Z ahZm hmJm& JV ogßh Am°a Eg V_m_ ehrX h_mar

* ^mfm A‹``Zembm, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

Ò_•oV`mß H$ AßJ h¢& "B›ht Ò_•oV`mß g C[OJm gm_m¡`dmX H$ Zme H$m gßH$Î[&'22222

gm_moOH$ ÒVa X H$m o_Q>mZ H$ obE bmH$JrVmß H$r Ah_ yo_H$m ahr h°&[dm~-À`m°hmamß, Kabw gßÒH$mamß, CÀgdmß VWm F$VwAmß _ß bmH$Hß$R> g oZH$br Òdabhna`mß H$r o_R>mg _ß bmJ OmoV X, D±$M-ZrM, A_ra-Jar] H$r _mZogH$VmH$m yb OmV h¢& bmH$gmohÀ` _ß gmd© m°o_H$Vm H$m JwU hmVm h°& dh oH$gr EH$Xe m OmoV m Y_© H$r MrO Zht hmVm h°& S>m∞. Jw· H$m _V h° oH$ "bmH$gmohÀÒZ[Xmß H$r A[Zr-A[Zr bmH$^mfmAmß _ß hmV hwE Am°a OZ[Xr` gßÒH•$oV`mßH$m A[ZmH$a r H$db A[Z OZ[Xmß VH$ gro_V Zht ahVm, daZ≤ jÃr`Vm H$rXrdmaß bmßKH$a gd©Xer` hm OmVm h°& Agb _ß, bmH$gmohÀ` CZ _mZdr`bmH$^mdmß Am°a bmH$mZw yoV`mß H$m gmohÀ` h°, Om gmd© m°o_H$ h°& ^mB©-]hZ,ZZX, ^m°Or, _mVm-[wÃr, [oV-[ÀZr, gmg-]hy, o[Vm-[wÃ, ‡o_H$m-‡_r,AmoX H$ gÂ]ßYmß Am°a ImgVm°a [a CZ_ß oZohV mdZmAmß H$m oMÃU g] OJhEH$-gm h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ha OZ[X H$ JrVmß H$ odf`, o]ß] m oMÃ, ‡VrH$ Am°ae°ob`mß r EH$ g_mZ h¢&'33333

OrdZ H$ CXmŒmm ‡aH$ Í$[ _ß - OrdZ H$ CXmŒmm ‡aH$ Í$[ _ß - OrdZ H$ CXmŒmm ‡aH$ Í$[ _ß - OrdZ H$ CXmŒmm ‡aH$ Í$[ _ß - OrdZ H$ CXmŒmm ‡aH$ Í$[ _ß - bmH$gmohÀ` OrdZ H$ oeÎ[ Am°a gm°›X ©H$m ‡ÒVwwVrH$aU h°& AmOmXr H$r b∂S>mB© H$ Xm°amZ bmH$ gmohÀ` H$r EoVhmogH$VmH$ gÂ]ßY _ß H$. EZ. [oU∏$a obIV h¢-"Am°[oZdoeH$ ÚmV H$ [ydm©Jh EdßodH•$V Í$[ H$ H$maU, CZH$ ghma od–mh H$r Agbr AmdmO H$m [hMmZm ZhtOm gH$Vm& BgH$ obE EH$_mÃ amÒVm bmH$ gßÒH•$oV H$ odo^›Z Í$[mß _ß BgEoVhmogH$ KQ>Zm H$ ]ma _ß _m°OyX _m°oIH$ [aÂ[am H$m BÒV_mb hr h°& aMZmE|AoYH$Va OZ[Xr` ]mob`mß _ß h¢& AZH$ H$maUmß g oeÓQ> H$h OmZ dmb gmohÀ`_ß 1857 H$ geÛ ÒdmYrZVm Ao^`mZ H$r ZmoQ>g Zht br JB© h° oHß$Vw bmH$_ZZ Bg OrodV aIm& bmH$ ]mob`mß _ß CgH$m Jm°ad[yU© Ò_aU h° Am°a Cg_ß earH$hmZ dmb ÒdmYrZVm gZmoZ`mß Am°a gZmZm`H$mß H$r ‡eoÒV&' ]hahmb EoVhomgH$ _hÀd H$r aMZmEß h¢, "gmYmaU OZmß ¤mam aoMV&'44444

gm_moOH$ A‹``Z H$ Ah_ ÚmV H$ Í$[ _ß -gm_moOH$ A‹``Z H$ Ah_ ÚmV H$ Í$[ _ß -gm_moOH$ A‹``Z H$ Ah_ ÚmV H$ Í$[ _ß -gm_moOH$ A‹``Z H$ Ah_ ÚmV H$ Í$[ _ß -gm_moOH$ A‹``Z H$ Ah_ ÚmV H$ Í$[ _ß - g_mO H$r `wJrZ[aÂ[amAmß, odMmaYmam, _m›`VmAmß, Í$o∂T> mß Am°a ]XbV hwE [nade H$m A‹``ZH$aZ _ß bmH$gmohÀ` ghm`H$ hm gH$Vm h°& bmH$gmohÀ` _ß C[b„Y odo^›ZVœ`mß Am°a dU©Zmß H$m C[`mJ A] g_mO Am°a ÏòH$V H$ _ZmodkmZ H$ AmßH$bZ_ß ‡`mJ hm ahm h°& g_mO Am°a bmH$gmohÀ` EH$-Xyga H$ [yaH$ h¢& g_mO H$rXem Am°a oXem H$m dmÒVodH$ kmZ bmH$JrVmß Am°a bmH$H$WmAmß _ß o_bVm h°&bmH$gmohÀ` H$ _hÀd [a [mÌMmÀ` od¤mZmß Z A[Z odMma Ï`∫$ oH$E h¢&_mZdemÛr S>m∞. d°naà EbodZ H$ AZwgma-"bmH$JrV H$db A[Z gßJrV,ÒdÍ$[ VWm d © odf`mß H$ H$maU hr Ah_ Zht h¢ daZ≤ CZH$m _hÀd Cgg H$ht]∂T>H$a h°& BZ JrVmß _ß _mZd OrdZ H$m „`m°am hr Zht h° ]oÎH$ `h dm ÒWmo[VAm°a AZw yV XÒVmdO h° Om h_ß _mZdemÛ H$r ‡m_moUH$ OmZH$mar ‡XmZH$aV h¢& _mZdemÛr H$m A[Z og’m›Vmß H$r [aI H$ obE bmH$JrVmß H$r ]oZÒ]V


H$mB© ]hVarZ Jdmh Zht o_b gH$Vm h°&'55555 E›S≠> y ‚bMa H$m _V h° oH$ oX oH$grAmX_r H$m g^r bmH$JmWmAmß H$r aMZm H$aZ H$r AZw_oV o_b OmVr h° Vm CgBg ]mV H$r o\$H$ H$aZ H$r OÍ$aV Zht oH$ Cg Xe H$ H$mZyZ H$m°Z ]ZmVm h°&66666

EdobZ _moQ©>ZJm obIVr h¢-"bmH$H$mÏ` Ïò∫$JV m gm_yohH$ Vrd mdmß H$‡H$meZ h¢& bmH$ H$odVm Am°a H$WmAmß H$m ÚmV amÓQ≠>r` OrdZ H$ A›VaV_ goZ:g•V hmVm h°& OZVm H$m ˆX` BZ JrVmß Am°a JmWmAmß _ß AmV-‡mV ahVm h°&Egm r g_` AmVm h° O] oH$ OmoV m amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$r AoVe` mdZm Z [ya XeH$m bmH$H$od H$ Í$[ _ß [naUV H$a oX`m h°&'77777

bmH$ _ZmodkmZ H$m g_PZ H$ obE bmH$gmohÀ` _XXJma og’ hmVm h°&Jm_rU g_wXm`mß _ß Pm∂S>-\y$ßH$, OmXy-Q>mZm Am°a A›` AßYodÌdmgmß m nadmOmßH$m bmH$gmohÀ` _ß XIm Om gH$Vm h°& bmH$odX≤ Xd›– gÀ`mWr© _mZV h¢ oH$"^maV df© H$m H$mB© r oMÃ maVr` ‡WmAmß, aroV-nadmOmß Am°a h_ma AmßVnaH$OrdZ H$r _Zmd°kmoZH$ JhamB© H$m BVZ Ò[ÓQ> VWm ge∫$ Tß>J g Ï`∫$ Zht H$agH$Vm, oOVZm oH$ bmH$JrV H$a gH$V h¢& bmH$JrV Vm Cg oZ_©b X[©U H$g_mZ h¢ oOg_ß OZVm OZmX©Z H$m g_J _Z, bmH$ ^md oXImB© XVm h°&bmH$OrdZ H$r A¿N>mB©, ]wamB©, g]bVm-Xw]©bVm, CR>mdQ>-oJamdQ>, ÒdÒWVm-AÒdÒWVm, gXmMma-H$XmMma, oZ^r©H$Vm-^rÒVm, _mZdVm-XmZdVm AmoX_mZogH$ AdÒWmAmß H$ Xe©Z bmH$JrVmß H$ AoVna∫$ Am°a H$hmß gÂ^d h¢?'

bmH$gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg H$ A‹``Z _ß r C[`mJr hmVm h°& bmH$gmohÀ`_ß doU©V JrV, JmWm, H$Wm Am°a _whmdamß _ß VÀH$mbrZ g_mO H$r ‡d•oŒm`mß H$moMÃU o_bVm h°& S>m∞. Jw· obIV h¢-"bmH$gmohÀ` Am°a BoVhmg H$m gÂ]ßY ]hwVoZH$Q> Am°a KoZÓR> h°& bmH$gmohÀ` _ß EH$ wJ H$ bmH$ H$r VÒdra ahVr h°, O]oH$BoVhmg _ß Ïò∑V`mß, odoeÓQ> KQ>ZmAmß, gm_moOH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ oÒWoV`mßH$ g_o›dV EH$Àd g bmH$ H$m oMÃ I∂S>m hmVm h°& H$Wm[aH$ bmH$JrVmß Am°abmH$JmWmAmß _ß OZ[X H$r CZ _hÀd[yU© EoVhmogH$ KQ>ZmAmß H$m dU©Z Am°a[mÃmß H$m oMÃU o_bVm h°, oOZH$m BoVhmg VH$ _ß CÑI Zht h°& òX oH$grOZ[X H$ bmH$ H$r gßÒH•$oV Am°a gm_moOH$ oÒWoV H$r dmÒVodH$Vm H$m [VmbJmZm hm, Vm bmH$gmohÀ` [j[mVodhrZ hmZ H$ H$maU AZwerbZ H$m _wªòdf` h°& BgobE oH$gr r wJ H$m bmH$gmohÀ` Cg wJ H$ gm_moOH$ BoVhmgH$m _m°oIH$ XÒVmdO h°&'88888

"AmO H$m wJ H•$oÃ_ h°& h_mar mfm, h_mam nadmO, h_mam oddH$, h_mamhVw, h_mar ZroV_Œmm, h_mam OrdZ, g^r H•$oÃ_ hm JE h¢& Iwbr hdm _ß MbZm,o\$aZm `m gmZm h_ma obE ^` Am°a b¡Om H$m odf` ]Z JE h¢& Bgr ‡H$magm_moOH$ Am°a H$m°Qw>oÂ]H$ Ï`dhmamß _ß Òdm^modH$ hmZ H$ obE Bg_ß Hw$N> X_Zht, O°g Òdm^modH$Vm _ß _m°V `m gd©Zme H$r AmeßH$m hm& bmH$gmohÀ` H$A‹``Z g VWm BgH$ C’ma g h_ A[Zr H•$oÃ_Vm H$m H$dM Vm∂S> gH$ßJ Am°aÒdm^modH$Vm H$h ew’ hdm _ß Mb-o\$aH$a Í$[eo∫$-gÂ[fi hm gH$ßJ&'99999

^mfm A‹``Z H$ jÃ _ß _hÀd - ^mfm A‹``Z H$ jÃ _ß _hÀd - ^mfm A‹``Z H$ jÃ _ß _hÀd - ^mfm A‹``Z H$ jÃ _ß _hÀd - ^mfm A‹``Z H$ jÃ _ß _hÀd - oh›Xr H$ odH$mg _ß OZ[Xr` ^mfm Edß]mob`mß H$m odoeÓQ> `mJXmZ ahm h°& o]Zm bmH$ ]mob`mß H$ oh›Xr e„Xmß H$remÛr` [aÂ[am [yU©Vm ‡m· Zht H$a gH$Vr Wr& e„Xmß H$r EoVhmogH$ odamgVH$ kmZ H$ obE bmH$gmohÀ` EH$ _hÀd[yU© ÚmV hmVm h°& g_mO _ß ahZ dmbrodo^›Z OmoV`mß VWm H$m_Jmamß O°g bwhma, ]T>B©, Hw$Âhma, JS>na`m, Ahra Am°a_Nw>dma AmoX oOg [mna^mofH$ e„Xmß H$m BÒV_mb H$aV h¢ CZH$ odf` _ß [yarOmZH$mar bmH$JrV VWm bmH$JmWm O°gr oZoY`mß hr X gH$Vr h¢& _whmda,bmH$mo∫$ VWm H$hmdVmß H$m IOmZm ^r bmH$ gmohÀ` _ß h¢& odo^›Z e„Xmß H$odõfU g g_mO Am°a mfm H$ A›Vg©Â]ßYmß H$m r kmZ hmVm h°& S>m∞. oJ`g©ZZ A[Zr [wÒVH$ "o]hma [rO›Q> bmB\$' _ß AZH$ OZ[Xr` Am°a Jm_rU e„XmßH$m gßJh oH$`m h°& g_` H$ gmW g_mO Am°a gßÒH•$oV ]Xb Om`m H$aVr h° boH$Z

e„Xmß H$m _hÀd H$_ Zht hmVm& AmO Eg ]hwV gma e„X Bg ‡H$ma H$ o_b OmVh¢ Om g_mO Ï`dhma _ß ‡MbZ _ß Zht h¢ boH$Z CZg EH$ g_` odef _ß g_mOH$ _mZogH$ Xem H$m [Vm MbVm hr h°& bmH$gmohÀ` H$m A‹``Z odo^›Z‡H$ma H$r emÛmß H$ A‹``Z _ß ghm`H$ og’ hmVm h°& mfm odkmZ H$ obE VmbmH$gmohÀ` EH$ AoZdm © C[H$aU H$ Í$[ _ß h°&

oH$gr jÃ odef H$r mfm H$ A‹``Z H$ obE Cg jÃ H$r bmH$ [aÂ[amAm°a bmH$gmohÀ` H$m A‹``Z ]hwV OÍ$ar hm OmVm h°& bmH$gmohÀ` H$ ¤mam hroH$gr jÃ odef H$r mfm Edß ]mbr H$r Òdm^modH$Vm, C[`moJVm Am°a gßaMZmH$m ‡_mU o_bVm h°& "bmH$ gmohÀ` bmH$ mfm _ß oZo_©V hmZ H$ H$maU CgH$r^mfm [na_moO©V b hr hm, oH$›Vw mfm H$ e„Xmß H$m Hw$N> Z Hw$N> AmYma AdÌ`hmVm h°& Bgr AmYma [a bmH$ mfm H$ AZH$ e„Xmß H$m AW© (oO›hß g‰` g_mO¤mam oZaW©H$ g_P ob`m OmVm h°) bmH$ gmohÀ` H$ _m‹`_ g Ty>ßT>m Om gH$Vmh°&"e„Xmß H$ EoVhmogH$ odH$mg, ‹doZ [nadV©Z AmoX H$m A‹``Z bmH$^mfmH$ A‹``Z H$ AmYma [a gÂ^d h° Am°a bmH$^mfm H$m dmÒVodH$ ÒdÍ$[bmH$gmohÀ` _ß C[b„Y hmVm h°&'1010101010

oZÓH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ bmH$gmohÀ` h_ma OrdZ Am°a _m°obH$gßÒH•$oV H$m AmYma VÀd ahm h°& AmO Xe _ß odH$mg Am°a CÀWmZ H$ Zm_ [a_mZdVm H$ [mfH$ VÀdmß H$ gmW Om oIbdm∂S> H$r Om ahr h° dh _mJ© AemßoV Am°aodZme H$m h° Am°a Xa-gda h ]mV h_ g_P OmEßJ& bmH$gmohÀ` H$db Jmßd`m H•$of MVZm H$m odf` Zht h° ]oÎH$ CgH$ OnaE h_ A[Zr OrdZ e°br Am°agm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ T>mßM H$m Am°a ¡`mXm CXma Am°a g_VmdmXr Í$[ X gH$V h¢&^m°oVH$ odkmZ H$r gmW©H$Vm Bgr ]mV _ß oZohV hmVr h° O] h_ AZw yoV`mß H$m^r _hÀd ‡XmZ H$aß Am°a bmH$gmohÀ` h_mar AZw yoV`mß H$m C^maZ _ß gj_ h°Am°a OrdZ _ß H$m_bVm, ‡_ Am°a [mnadmnaH$Vm H$ obE bmH$gmohÀ` H$m AßJrH$maH$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h° oOgg _mZd A[Z _yb JwUmß H$m odÒ_•V Z H$a ]°R>& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. e_m©, S>m∞. [yU©M›–, hna`mUdr gmohÀ` Am°a gßÒH•$oV, hna`mUm gmohÀ`

AH$mX_r, M S>rJT>, [•. 85 g C’•V2. BoVhmg]mY, BoVhmg oZ_m©U H$ obE, \$adar 2008 AßH$, gß. bmb

]hmXwa d_m©, Bbmhm]mX, [•. 463. Jw·, S>m∞. Z_©Xm‡gmX, ]w›Xbr bmH$ gmohÀ`, [aÂ[am Am°a BoVhmg, _.‡.

AmoXdmgr bmH$ H$bm [nafX, ^m[mb, ‡W_, 2001, [•. 394. g_H$mbrZ OZ_V, [Q>Zm, AßH$ 2, OwbmB© 2007, ‡YmZ gß[mXH$ am_Or

am`, [•. 315. The folk songs are important not only because the music,

form and the content of verse but is itself part of a peoples lifeeven more because in songs, in charms, in actually fixedand established documents, we have the most authenticand unshakable witness to ethnographic fact…In mailing uphis (ethnologists) mind he can have no better evidence thansongs. - Dr. V. Elwin, Folk Songs of Maikal Hills, Introduction,O.U.P. Bombay, 1944

6. C[m‹`m`, S>m∞. H•$ÓUXd, bmH$gmohÀ` H$r yo_H$m, [•. 271 g C’•V7. C[m‹`m`, S>m∞. H•$ÓUXd, bmH$gmohÀ` H$r yo_H$m, [•. 271-272 g

C’•V8. Jw·, S>m∞. Z_©Xm‡gmX, ]w›Xbr bmH$gmohÀ`, [aÂ[am Am°a BoVhmg, _.‡.

AmoXdmgr bmH$ H$bm [nafX, ^m[mb, ‡W_, df© 2001, [•. 449. gÀ`mWr©, Xd›–, ]bm \y$b AmYr amV, [•. 98 g C’•V10. Jw·, S>m∞. _he, bmH$gmohÀ` H$m emÛr` AZwerbZ, Zhm ‡H$meZ,

oXÑr, 2008 [•. 26-27


S>m∞. b˙_rH$m›V MßXbm *

emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ emY gmamße ñ A] AmX_r H$m gZgZrIO I]a gwZZ H$r AmXV hm JB© h°, MH$mMm¢Y _ß OrZ H$m AmoX hm J`m h° VWm Ωb°_a`w∫$ ]ZmdQ>r dÒVwAmßH$m BÒV_mb H$aZm amO_am© _ß emo_b hm J`m h°& dh oOg r H$m`© _ß gßbæ hmVm h° Cg_ß A[Zr y_ßS>br` gßÒH•$oV H$r Hw$N> PbH$ [mZ H$r H$moeeH$aVm h°, bmbmo`V ahVm h°, EZ-H$Z ‡H$maU [m hr bVm h°& `h H$mB© AMaO H$r ]mV Zht, `h Vm g_` H$r Ymam h°, g_` H$r b` h° Am°a _mßJ ^r&]mOma Am°a odkm[Z, odkmZ Am°a VH$ZrH$r, C⁄mJ Am°a gßMma-_m‹`_ g]H$ g] _mZd OrdZ [a, _mZdr` gmM [a hmdr hm JE h¢& _mZd H$ naÓV^r A] ]mOma, odkm[Z, C⁄mJ Am°a VH$ZrH$r hr V` H$a ah h¢& gMmßa _m‹`_mß Z r _ZwÓ` H$m ¡`mXm gmMZ H$ ]OmE H$db XIZ, OmZZ Am°a gwZZH$r gwodYm ‡XmZ H$r h° VWm ha gm_J´r H$m gabmVm g C[b„Y H$amZ H$r gßÒH•$oV A[Zm br h°& Eg Ao‡` AZwemgZmß H$m XI g_H$mbrZ H$odVm Z_mZd H$m _mZd hmZ H$r, _mZd H$m _mZdVm H$r gßÒH•$oV g AdJV H$amZ H$r R>mZr h°& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm [yar _O]yVr g odÌd_mZdr` gamH$amß H$maImßoH$V H$aV h¢& gmohÀ` H$ ]woZ`mXr gamH$ma ^r Vm `hr h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ gmohÀ` Am°a gßÒH•$oV ` XmZmß e„X ]hwV Ï`m[H$ h¢& XmZmßH$m gamH$ma r Ï`m[H$ _mZd OrdZ g h°, _mZd MVZm g h°& BZ XmZmß H$roÒWoV AÀ`ßV OoQ>b Am°a A[nao_V h°& gmohÀ` H$m gamH$ma òX gßÒH•$oVH$m gßaj m Am°a gßdY©Z h° Vm gßÒH•$oV H$m gamH$ma _mZd H$m _mZd ]ZmZ H$mh°, _mZd H$m _mZd hr Zht Zd _mZd ]ZmZ H$m r h° VWm CgH$r AoÒ_Vm H$‡oV ^r MVZVm H$r h°& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß Ao^Ï`∫$ gßÒH•$oV Egr h°&

gmohÀ` H$m C‘Ì` m gamH$ma H$db yI, amQ>r, gm°›X © AmoX H$m hroMoÃV Am°a gßaojV H$aZ H$m Zht; Ao[Vw gßÒH•$oV H$m gßajU r _yÎ`mYmnaVH$aZm h°& _¢ZOa [mßS>` H$hV h¢- "gßÒH•$oV Am°a CgH$ odo^fi Í$[mß H$r_ybJm_r EoVhmogH$ _r_mßgm H$m C‘Ì` H$db odMma H$ obE odMma H$aZm`m AmÀ_gßVmf H$ obE oMßVZ H$aZm Zht h°, ]oÎH$ g_mO-Ï`dÒWm Am°agm_moOH$ gß]ßYmß H$ ]woZ`mXr ]Xbmd H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ MVZm OJmZmh°&'11111 gßÒH•$oV Jm°admo›dV Am°a hÒVmßVnaV V^r hmVr h° O] Cg_ß OrdZ H$,odÌd OrdZ H$ Hw$N> VŒd _m°OyX ahV h¢& ha `wJ, ha H$mb, ha g_mO, haOrdZ H$r gßÒH•$oV MmhVr h° oH$ dh hÒVmßVnaV hmVr ah& g_H$mbrZ H$ododO›– H$r H$odVm _ß gßÒH•$oV H$r AOÚ YmamE± Am°a odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$r[naH$Î[Zm H$ gm°[mZ h_ß ‡m· hmV h¢-

"[W g [W \y$Q> h¢emImAmß g emIß

H$b g AmemAmß Z Am±Iß Imbr h¢H$oR>Z Vbmß _ß

H$m±Q>ß J∂S>Z g gmB© Am±hß ]mbr h¢Vb _ß YmamE± \y$Q>r h¢&'22222

`h V^r gß^d h° O] Cg_ß OrdZ-odH$mg H$, OrdZ-gßajU H$,OrdZ-MVZm H$ Aße _m°OyX hm& gßÒH•$oV g ^r EH$ Z`r gßÒH•$oV O›_bVr h°, gßÒH•$oV H$ AßßXa ^r H$B© gßÒH•$oV`m± _m°OyX ahVr h¢& V^r Vm dh_mZd OrdZ H$m `wJ Am°a H$mb gm[j gßÒH$mnaV H$aVr h°& Cg_ß "dgwY°dHw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$r ^mdZm oZohV hmVr h°& h_ g] "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$rgßÒH•$oV H$m OmZV h¢, "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$hZ dmb ^r Bgr YaVr Am°agßÒH•$oV H$ h¢ òX Egm H$hy± Vm AoVÌ`mo∫$ Zht hmJr& Ame` ∑`m h° `h

g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß odÌd gßÒH•$oV

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oNß>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡) ^maV

g] OmZV h¢& [yar dgwYm _ß Hw$Qw>Â] H$r H$Î[Zm H$m —Ì`, gßÒH•$oV hr XVr h°&_mZd-gßÒH•$oV, gm_moOH$ gßÒH•$oV, [mnadmnaH$ gßÒH•$oV, d°ò∫$H$gßÒH•$oV, Xer` gßÒH•$oV, bmH$ Am°a ZJar` gßÒH•$oV ` g] h_ß "dgwY°dHw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$r gßÒH•$oV H$m —Ì` oXImV h¢& Am°a g] A] odÌd gßÒH•$oVH$ AmYma^yV AßJ hm JE h°& H$od H$r H$Î[Zm ^r Bgr [na‡˙` _ß h°&Ì`m_ogßh eoe H$r H$odVm "_a ]É' _ß dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤ H$r gßÒH•$oV H$rAßV‹d©oZ d Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H$m g[Zm gmH$ma gm ‡VrV hmVm h°-

"_a ]É!Vw_ h±gV hm

Vm gmam odÌd h±gZ bJVm h°... .... .....

VwÂhmar oH$bH$mar _ß _wPdgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤ H$r ‹doZ

gwZmB© [∂S>Vr h°Bg _’_ Z hmZ XZm

_a Z›h-_wfi&'33333

Eg hr Z`r odÌd-gßÒH•$oV Am°a odÌd-_mZdr`Vm H$r [naH$Î[ZmH$od "oÃbmMZ' H$r H$odVm _ß oXImB© XVr h° VWm odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$rgßaMZm H$m [hb Òd`ß A[Z H$m H$aZ H$m gßXe ^r XVr h°-

EH$mßV lrdmÒVd g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ odÌdOZrZVm H$r[naH$Î[Zm H$m Bg Vah aImßoH$V H$aV h¢- "EH$ H$od ÒWmZr`Vm Am°aodÌdOZrZVm H$ Xm Ywdmß H$ ]rM gßVwbZ gmYZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°& oh›Xr _ßEg hwZa_ßX H$od`mß H$r H$_r Zht h° Om ÒWmZr` hwE ]J°a odÌdOZrZ ]Z hmßß&'55555

odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m g[Zm Vm g] XIV h¢, odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m odOZH$B© Í$[mß _ß XIV h¢, A[Z Am[H$m odÌd-gßÒH•$oV _ß gam]ma r [mV h¢ [aodÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m dmÒVodH$ [°_mZm ∑`m h° `h AmO ^r AÒ[ÓQ> h°& H$hth_ ^y_ßS>brH$aU, gmd©^m°o_H$aU, ]mOmarH$aU, H$Âfl`yQ>arH$aU,Am°⁄moJH$rH$aU, BßQ>aZQ> H$m Vm odÌd-gßÒH•$oV Zht _mZV& ` odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m EH$ [j `m [hby hm gH$Vm h° [a odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$r gß[yU©VmBVZ _ß hr [yar Zht hm OmVr& A^r odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$ `-` VŒd h¢ H$h


[mZm H$oR>Z h¢, oOZH$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm MmohE m oH$`m Om ahm h°& EgmBgobE ∑`mßoH$ ]mOma Am°a odkm[Z, odkmZ Am°a VH$ZrH$r, C⁄mJ Am°agßMma-_m‹`_ g]H$ g] _mZd OrdZ [a, _mZdr` gmM [a hmdr hm JEh¢& _mZd H$ naÌV ^r A] ]mOma, odkm[Z, C⁄mJ Am°a VH$ZrH$r hr V`H$a ah h¢& Vm _mZd H$ gßÒH$ma H$m°Z V` H$aVm hmJm `h AßXmOm Òd_dbJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& gMmßa _m‹`_mß Z r _ZwÓ` H$m ¡`mXm gmMZ H$ ]OmEH$db XIZ, OmZZ Am°a gwZZ H$r gwodYm ‡XmZ H$r h° VWm ha gm_J´r H$mgabVm g C[b„Y H$amZ H$r gßÒH•$oV A[Zm br h°& Eg Ao‡` AZwemgZmßH$m XI g_H$mbrZ H$odVm Z _mZd H$m _mZd hmZ H$r, _mZd H$m _mZdVmH$r gßÒH•$oV g AdJV H$amZ H$r R>mZr h°& BgH$m EH$ —Ì` A_naH$m ‡dmgr"AM©Zm [ßS>m' H$r H$odVm _ß Ao^Ï`∫$ h° Om A[Zr gßÒH•$oV H$m ^yb Zht[mVr Bg gÉmB© H$ gmW ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _ß odÌd-_mZdr` gßÒH•$oV H$VŒd _m°OyX h¢(` g] OmZV h¢ oH$ o_Ú Am°a _mgm[mQ>mo_`m H$r gßÒH•$oVo_Q> J`r _Ja ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV AmO ^r Ao_Q> h°)-

"O] AmZm Bg Ama Vm Wm∂S>r _m± H$r Iwe]y b AmZm]m±Y gH$m Vm Jbr _whÑmß H$r AmdmOß b AmZm

gßÒH•$oV BVZr bmZm oH$ AmoIar d∫$ VH$ gmW ahhm [m` Vm _w≈r ^a Xe-‡_ ^r b AmZm&'

_¢Z EH$ [j gßÒH•$oV H$m gamH$ma _mZd H$m _mZd ]ZmZ, _mZd H$mZd _mZd ]ZmZ H$m —oÓQ>JV aIV hwE CR>m`m h°& ∑`mßoH$ O] Ï`o∫$ `mOrdZ EH$ gßÒH•$oV g Xygar gßÒH•$oV _ß ‡de H$aVm h°, Xygar gßÒH•$oV H$mAmÀ_gmV≤ H$aVm h° Vm Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> [nadV©Z AdÌ` hmVm h°& AmO H$_mZd OrdZ _ß Hw$N> [nadV©Z oXImB© r X ah h¢ Am°a Zht r& [yU© [nadV©ZH$m ‡`mg h_ß g]H$m o_bH$a H$aZm MmohE& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß BgH$m EH$gmhogH$ ‡`mg h° m g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H$m ‡`mg Omar h°& ]rgdt gXr r_mZd Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$ obE A¿N> AZw d H$ Í$[ _ß Zht H$h gH$V, Bg XyofV[aÂ[am H$m EH$ oMÃ ‡^mH$a _mMd H$r H$odVm _ß XI gH$V h¢-

"]rgdt gXr Z `hr oH$`m?_mZd H$m _mZd H$m ^jU_mZd H$m oZO gßajU H$m[admZm g]H$m ]m±Q> oX`m-OrdZ gßKf© ]∂T>m `mß VH$

Cg hmW oX`m, Bg hmW ob`m,XI Z [w ` AWdm [mVH$

oOgZ _mam ]g dhr oO`m&'66666

gM_wM odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m Om Z∑em ]Zm`m Om ahm h° Cg_ß X`m,Y_©, gXmMma, gß`_, erb, emßoV H$m g_mde hmZm MmohE&

a_e [m S>` H$r H$odVm "g_` ]m∂T> H$r ZXr H$r Vah ‡de H$a ahm h°'H$r [ßo∫$`m± oOg_ß "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>wÂ]H$_≤' H$r gßÒH•$oV H$m AbJ gßX^m~ _ßÏ`∫$ oH$`m h°& [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$ H$Q>-H$Q>H$a AbJ hmV OmZ H$rgßÒH•$oV [a oMßVm Omoha H$r h° oH$ H$ht ` odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$m XwÓ[naUm_Vm Zht, gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nadV©Z [nadma H$ odKQ>Z H$m H$maU Vm Zht-

"g_` ]m∂T> H$r ZXr H$r Vah ‡de H$a ahm h°oH$gmZ H$ I∂S> IV H$r VahH$Q>-H$Q>H$a AbJ hm ah h¢

[nadma H$ gXÒ`Ka H$m ˆX`

Aama H$r Vah YgH$ ahm h°&'77777

odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$r [yU© ÒdrH•$oV H$ [hb Bg o]ßXw [a ^r odMmaH$aZm hmJm& odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$r XwhmB© XZ g [hb [nadma H$r gßÒH•$oV H$mgßaojV d BVZr ‡Jm∂T> ]ZmZm hmJm oH$ dh odKoQ>V Z hmH$a Og-H$r-Vg hÒVmßVnaV hmVr ah& Om dVZ Am°a Xe H$ AmYma [a gßÒH•$oV`m± ]±Q>aht hm V] Vm odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$ _m`Z Am°a dm`X PyR> h¢& Vm h_ß odÌd-gßÒH•$oV H$r gßaMZm g [hb AmÀ__yÎ`mßH$Z H$r B©_mZXma ÒdrH•$oV OÍ$arh°& V] Vm `h ‡ÌZ gVmZm bmoO_r h° oH$ odÌd-gßÒH•$oV oH$g H$hßJ&O]oH$ gßÒH•$oV H$m BoVhmg ]hwV Ï`m[H$ Am°a odemb h°& JO›– [mR>H$A[Z bI "ZdOmJaU od_f© H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ [j : AmYr Am]mXr AYya‡ÌZ' _ß ES>dS©> gB©X H$ odMmamß H$m C’•V H$aV hwE obIm h° oH$- "XwoZ`m _ßVah-Vah H$r ]hwaßJr gßÒH•$oV`m±, [aÂ[amE± Am°a [hMmZß h¢& CZH$ ]rM gßKf©H$ ]mdOyX EH$ AmdmOmhr H$r ‡oH$`m ^r h°& Bg AmdmOmhr H$m C›hmßZ ZH$db ÒdrH$ma H$aZ H$r OÍ$aV g_Pr Wr ]oÎH$ BgH$m odo^fi g‰`VmAmß H$]rM gßdmX H$r ‡oH$`m H$ Í$[ _ß AmYma ]ZmZ [a ]b oX`m Wm&'88888

C›hmßZ Bg oMßVm H$m ^r Omoha H$r Wr oH$- "A[Zr [aÂ[am Am°agßÒH•$oV H$ BoVhmg H$ gmW-gmW yJmb V` H$aZ H$r MwZm°Vr Z h gmMZ[a odde oH$`m oH$ dM©Òd Am°a ‡oVamY H$r gßÒH•$oV H$ ‡ÌZ oH$Z AmYmamß [agwbPm Om ßJ&'99999 (ES>dS©> gB©X H$r oMßVm) gßÒH•$oV H$ Bg ‡ÌZ H$m gwbPmmZH$m Zm`m] VarH$m H$od JmaI [mßS> H$r Bg H$odVm _ß ‡VrV hmVm h°-

"` Am±Iß h¢ VwÂhmarVH$br\$ H$m C_∂S>Vm hwAm g_w›Xa

Bg XwoZ`m H$moOVZr OÎXr hm

]Xb XZm MmohE&'10 10 10 10 10 (Am±Iß XIH$a)oZÓH$f©V: H$h gH$V h¢ oH$ gßÒH•$oV EH$ gÉmB© h° oOg PwR>bmH$a Z

OrdZ H$m R>rH$ g g_Pm Om gH$Vm Am°a Z H$bm H$m& oH$gr r gßÒH•$oV H$modÌd-emßoV H$m [`m`© hmZm MmohE, _mZd-OrdZ H$ gm[j hmZm MmohE,OrdZ H$m emÌdV _mZV hwE& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß Egr hr odÌd-gßÒH•$oVH$r, odÌd-_mZdr`Vm H$r gßH$Î[Zm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. _°ZOa [mßS>` : e„X Am°a H$_©, dmUr ‡H$meZ, 21E Xna`mJßO ZB©

oXÑr-110002, [•ÓR>-312. kmZaßOZ : [hb-37, df© 1988-89 (oh›Xr H$r g_H$mbrZH$odVm

[a H$o›–V), 101 am_ZJa, AmYmaVmb, O]b[wa-482004, [•.743. ]bXd ogßh _XmZ : AmOH$b, A‡°b 2003, AßH$ 12, [yUm™H$

702,df© 59, AmOH$b ‡H$meZ od^mJ, [oQ>`mbm hmCg, ZB©oXÑr110001, [•. 27

4. oÃbmMZ emÛr : VwÂhß gm¢[Vm hy±, [•. 425. EH$mßV lrdmÒV : H$odVm H$m AmÀ_-[j, ‡H$meZ gßÒWmZ 4715/21,

X`mZßX _mJ©, Xna`mJßO Z`r oXÑr, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2006, [•ÓR>-1616. ]r.H$.A„Xwb Obrb : AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` ododY Am`m_, dmUr

‡H$meZ, 21E Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr, ‡W_ gß. 2000 [•.35 g gm^ma7. kmZaßOZ : [hb-79, \$adar-_mM© 2005, 101 am_ZJa,

AmYmaVmb, O]b[wa -482004, [•ÓR>-1268. kmZaßOZ : [hb-79, \$adar-_mM© 2005, 101 am_ZJa,

AmYmaVmb, O]b[wa -482004, [•ÓR>-2059. kmZaßOZ : [hb-79, \$adar-_mM© 2005, 101 am_ZJa,

AmYmaVmb, O]b[wa -482004, [•ÓR>-20510. JmaI [mßS>` : OmJV ahm, gmZ dmbm, [•. 29


N>m`mdmXr H$mÏ` _ß dXZm

S>m∞. Jwbm] gmbßH$r *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ [a_mÀ_m H$r N>m`m AmÀ_m _ß [∂T>Z bJVr h° Am°a AmÀ_m H$r[a_mÀ_m _ß `hr N>m`mdmX h¢& (S>m∞. am_Hw$_ma d_m©)

N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß Z ‡U` H$r AZw^yoV H$m ododY _mZogH$AdÒWmAmß H$ _m‹`_ g oMoÃV oH$`m, oOg_ß Amem, AmHy$bVm, AmdJ,VÑrZVm, oZamem, [r∂S>m, AV•o·, Ò_•oV, odemX AmoX H$m Ao^Zd Edß_mo_©H$ oMÃU oH$`m h¢&

AdgmX, dXZm Am°a oZamem N>m`mdmX H$ ‡_wI ‡oV[mY h¢ oH$›VwC›hmßZ A[Zr dXZm H$m Aßh H$r [naoY g oZH$mbH$a Ï`m[H$ ]Zm oX`m h¢&[ßV H$ AZwgma dXZm H$m oMoÃV oH$`m -

"dXZm! H°$gm H$Í$U C“ma h¢, dXZm hr h°, AoIb ]´hm S> `h&'N>m`mdmX H$m g_` gZ≤ 1936 g 1938 H$m g_` _mZm OmVm h¢&

N>m`mdmX H$ Mma AmYma ÒVß^ _mZ OmV h¢, oOZ_ß ‡gmX, oZambm, [ßV Am°a_hmXdr d_m© goÂ_obV h¢&

dXZm H$ _Zmd°kmoZH$ AmYma H$ gß]ßY _ß H$hmß OmVm h¢ oH$ ˆX` [aAmKmV [hwßMZ g CÀ[fi ^md g H$ÓQ> Am°a [r∂S>m H$r AZw^yoV hmVr h¢& `hAZw^yoV hr dXZm h¢&

N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß H$m _mZZm h°, oH$ dXZm hr _ZwÓ` H$m _ZwÓ` H$ oZH$Q>bmVr h¢& gwI _ß Vm _ZwÓ` A[Zm H$m ^r N>m∂S>H$a ^mJ H$aZm MmhVm h¢&

"Cg gmZ g g[Z H$m XI oH$VZ wJ ]rV&'`m_m (oZhma)

OèßH$a ‡gmX Z Amßgy H$m Amaß^ odah dXZm H$r oZÂZ [ßo∫$`mß goH$`m-

"Bg H$Í$Um H$obV ˆX` _ß, A] odH$b amoJZr ]OVr∑`mß hmhmH$ma Òdam _ß dXZm Agr_ JaOVr&'N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß H$r Ïò∫$JV oZamem hr H$Í$Um Am°a odÌd ‡_

H$m Í$[ J´hU H$a bVm h¢ Ohmß H$od gma gßgma H$r dXZm H$m IwX ÒdrH$maH$aH$ odÌd OrdZ H$m gwI_` ]ZmZm MmhVm h¢& N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß ZA[Zr gwI, XwI_`r AZw yoV H$m hr _wIa oH$`m h¢, Am°a H$mÏ` _ß _ZmOJVH$r JhamB© H$m dmUr _ß gßOmZ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m h¢&

Amßgy H$mÏ` _ß ‡gmX H$r AZw^yoV Ïò∫$JV oZamem H$ JV© goZH$bH$a odÌd dXZm H$ gmW VmXmÀ_` ÒWmo[V H$aVr hwB©, _mZd OrdZH$m gwIr ]ZmZ H$ obE Ï`mHw$b hm CR>Vr h¢&

‡_ H$r bm°oH$H$ Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$ _Ywa dXZm _ß V[H$a N>m`mdmX H$mH$od EH$ Hw$eb oMßVH$ H$ Í$[ _ß Xe©Z H$r Dß$MmB©`mß H$m [m bVm h¢ Am°aXme©oZH$ H$ Í$[ _ß odÌd H$Î`mU H$m —oÓQ> _ß aIH$a _mZd OJV H$m gßXeXVm h¢&

"odÌd dXZm _ß V[ ‡oV[mb, OJ OrdZ H$r ¡dmbm _ß Jb&' ([ßV-JwßOZ)

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObmñYma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

[ßV H$r H$mÏ` —oÓQ>, g•oÓQ> _ß Ï`m·, _yb Aja gÀ` H$m CX≤KmQ>ZH$aVr h¢&

A[Z ^mddmXr —oÓQ>H$mU Am°a AVrVm›_wI AZwamJ H$ ]mdOwXN>m`mdmXr H$od`mß Z Z gm_moOH$ WmW© g AmßI _yßXr h¢, Z Y_© d°fÂ` H$mhr A[Z —oÓQ>[W g AmPb hmZ oX`m h¢& gm°›X`© H$ ‡oV A[Z VrdÁmH$f©U Am°a dÒVwJV gm°›X © H$ gy _ ÒVam H$r ImO H$ ]mdOyX N>m`mdmXrH$mÏ` Z Vm wJ WmW© g [yar Vah odoN>fi h¢, Z VÀH$mbrZ oMßVZ YmamAmßAm°a AmßXmbZmß H$ ‡^md g _w∫$&

_mZdVmdmXr odMmaYmam g gÂ‡∫$ Bg H$mÏ` _ß H$Î[Zm Am°a WmW©,ÏòÓQ> Am°a g_oÓQ>, AZwamJ Am°a odamJ, hf© Am°a odfmX, ‡U` Am°a [r∂S>m‡H•$oV Am°a odH•$oV AmoX H$m _oUH$mßMZ `mJ h¢&

_hmXdr d_m© oZamH$ma, gd©Ï`m[H$ o‡` H$r mdZm H$m hr H$mÏ` H$m‡mU _mZVr h¢& CZH$ JrV ^md‡YmZ h°, JrVmß _ß Ï`Wm, [r∂S>m Amem,AkmZ o‡` H$ ‡oV ‡U` oZdXZ Am°a gmYZm H$r ododY AZw^yoV`mß H$Òda _wInaV hwE h¢ gmW hr AkmV o‡`V_ H$ ‡oV ‡U` oZdXZ oH$`m h¢,oH$›Vw CZH$m ‡U` XwI‡YmZ h¢, d o‡` g o_bZ H$r H$m_Zm Zhr H$aVr,∑`mßoH$ o_bZ _ß Vm Ïò∫$Àd H$m hr Zme hm OmVm h¢ d H$hVr h¢-

o_bZ H$m _V Zm_ bm, _¢ odah _ oMa hy±&_hmXdr Òd ß gmYZm H$r AmJ _ß ObH$a gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$m AoYH$

gwIX Am°a _ßJb_` ]ZmZm MmhVr h¢ Am°a A[Z OrdZ H$r VwbZm Hw$N> BgVah H$aVr h¢-

"_¢ Zra âr XwI H$r ]Xbr'N>m`mdmXr H$mÏ` _ß AZw yoV Am°a gm°›X © H$ ÒVa [a ‡m`: _mZd Am°a

‡H•$oV H$ mdmß Am°a Í$[mß H$m VmXmÀÂ` oXIm`r XVm h¢& ‡gmX H$r AZw^yoVe°d Xe©Z _ß [naUV hmVr Mbr OmVr h¢, oZambm A¤°V Am°a ô∫$ H$ jÃ_ß gmYZm H$aV oXIm`r XV h¢, [›V H$r H$mÏ` —oÓQ> g•oÓQ> _ß Ï`m· _ybAja gÀ` H$m C”mQ>Z H$aVr h¢ Am°a _hmXdr oZamH$ma gd©Ï`m[H$ o‡` H$r^mdZm H$m hr H$mÏ` H$m ‡mU _mZVr h°&

N>m`mdmX _ß ‡_ gm°›X`© AmoX ^mdZmAmß H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a AÏ`∫$oZamH$ma o‡` H$ ‡oV ‡U` oZdXZ H$m ahÒ`dmX H$r _yb odefVm _mZVmh¢, H$od`mß H$r Ïò∫$JV oZamem H$Í$Um odÌd ‡_ H$m Í$[ J´hU H$a gmagßgma H$r dXZm H$m IwX ÒdrH$ma H$aH$ odÌd OrdZ H$m gwI_` ]ZmZmMmhVm h¢&

N>m`mdmXr H$mÏ` _ß AZw^yoV H$r ‡YmZVm h¢ Vm H$od A[Zr ‡oV^m¤mam Eg gm°›X`© Í$[ Ï`∫$ H$aVm h¢, Om g^r H$m A[Zr Ama Amg∫$ H$abVm h°&

N>m`mdmXr ZdrZVm H$ g_W©H$ W d ZdrZVm MmhV W, ‡H•$oV H$mO∂S> Z _mZH$a MVZ gŒmm ÒdrH$ma H$aV h¢&


"H$ZH$ N>m`m _ß O]oH$ gH$mO ImbVr H$obH$m S>a H$ ¤ma&'gmohÀ` OJV _ß oOVZ odamYmß Am°a _V^Xm H$m gm_Zm N>m`mdmX

H$m H$aZm [∂S>m CVZm A^r VH$ oH$gr r gmohoÀ`H$ dmX H$m Zht& gd©‡W_Amod^m©d H$m bH$a Vm H$^r odf`dÒVw H$m bH$a& N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß H$Ï`o∫$JV OrdZ, [naoÒWoV`mß AmoX H$m A‹``Z H$aZ g kmV hmVm h¢,oH$ CZH$ gmohÀ` _ß Ï`o∫$JV XwI, XX© A^md AmoX H$ gmW odÌd H$Î`mUH$r mdZ r goÂ_obV h¢ Om gmohÀ` H$r A_yÎ` oZoY _mZr Om gH$Vr h¢&

gmW hr N>m`mdmX oOg C‘Ì` H$m bH$a Mbm Cg_ß N>m`mdmXr H$od`mß H$mg\$bVm o_bVr h¢&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. `m_m (oZhma _hmXdr)2. H$m_m`Zr - ‡gmX3. JwßOZ - [ßV4. [ßV Am°a CZH$m aoÌ_]ßY - Xeamogßh ^mQ>r5. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg - S>m∞. ZJ›–

*************


S>m∞. ^maVr EH$. Mm°Yar *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ ‡Xe H$ bmH$o‡` Edß eÒdr _wª`_ßÃr _mZZr` lr oedamOogßh Or Mm°hmZ ¤mam bmH$ gdmAmß H$ JmaßQ>r AoYoZ`_ 2010 [mnaVH$a ZmJnaH$mß H$ AoYH$mamß H$m ge∫$ ]ZmH$a Ao^Zd H$m © oH$`m h¢& Am_OZ H$m mMZm^md g _w∫$ H$a ge∫$ ]Zm oX`m h¢ Edß bmH$ gdm _ß H$mVmhre„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - e„X Hw$ßOr - bmH$ gdm, AoYgyoMV, ohVJ´moh`mß, [XmoôhV, emoÒV &

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ÒdmVßÕ`mŒmma oh›Xr ZmQ>H$H$mamß _ß ^rÓ_ gmhZr H$m ZmQ>H$"_mYdr', "hmZyf' Am°a "H$]ram I∂S>m ]mOma _ß' H$ ]mX Vrgam ZmQ>H$ h°&

^rÓ_ gmhZr H$m Vrgam ZmQ>H$ "_mYdr' H$r aMZm H$m _yb AmYmagyÃ_hm^maV H$ C⁄mJ[d© _ß AmE (106 g 120 dß A‹`m`mß _ß doU©V) _mYdr-Jmb] H$r H$Wm h° Om ^maVr` o[V•gŒmm H$ od–w[ Am°a odgßJoV H$mAo^Ï`∫$ H$aVm hwAm h°& Ûr H$ ÒdÀdhaY H$r `mÃm XmZ _ß oX` OmZ gewÈ hmVr h° Am°a AmJ ^r g]Hw$N> oN>ZVm OmVm h°&

H$WmgyÃ H$ È[ _ß XI Vm F$of odÌdmo_Ã Z ÈÓQ> hmH$a JwÈXojUm_ß AmR> gm° Ì`m_dU© AÌd_Kr KmS>m H$r Agß^d _mßJ H$a, Jmb] H$m ÃÒVH$a oX`m& dh odÓUw H$r ghm`Vm g ``moV H$ [mg `mH$ ]ZH$a OmVm h°&gd©Òd XmZ H$a MwH$ "moV Jmb] H$m A[Zr ]Q>r _m‹dr X XV h°, Om Cg JwÈXojUm H$ CF$U H$a ghJr& _mYdr H$m oMa`m°dZm ahZ H$m daXmZ ‡m· h°&_mYdr Jmb] g ‡_ H$aZ bJVr h°, [a ef XojUm MwH$mZ H$ ob` CgJwÈ odÌdmo_Ã H$ [mg ^r ahZm [∂S>Vm h°& Jmb] H$ CF$U hmZ [a H$ ]mX_mYdr Òd`ßda _ß Jmb] H$m daU H$aZm MmhVra h° Jmb] JwÈ H$ Aml_ _ßah MwH$r Ûr H$m JwÈ_mVm _mZH$a [ÀZr ]ZmZ H$ ob` V°`ma Zht hmVm&odo^fi amOmAmß (A`m‹`m, Zae h`©ÌM, H$mer Zae XrdmXmg Am°a^mOZJa H$ amOm CerZJa) H$ [mg ahH$a CZH$ ob` MH´$dVr© [wÃ [°XmH$aZ Am°a CZg o]Nw>∂S>Vr OmZ dmbr _mVm AVßV: A[Z ‡_r g ^r o]Nw>∂S>OmV h° Am°a AH$br ah OmVr h° Am°a h_ß ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° - Ahmß ! Z`m©ÒVw[yO`›V ?

`h ZmQ>H$ Zm`H$ H$r \$b‡mo· H$r H$hmZr Z hmH$a Ûr H$ ‡oVCXmgrZVm Am°a AgßdXZm H$m Jham V_g bmH$ h°& O°g oH$ _mYdr H$rH$Wm Zm`H$ H$r oR>Z `mÃm H$m _m‹`_ Edß gmYZ h°& `mZr [wÈf gŒmm H$r^m¢S>r Am°a [mÌdodH$ ohßgmAmß H$ ]Om` Z°oVH$ MVZmAmß H$ N>Ã H$m ^XVmh°& Y_©, À`mJ, ]obXmZ H$r ]Xm°bV CgH$ [rN> oN>[r dmgZmAmß,oZd°©ò∫$H$, ]hZX Rß>S>r Am°a og’mßVmß [a AmYmnaV ohßgm H$m oXImVm h°&[mÃ, KQ>ZmH´$_ Hw$N> r Zht ]Xbm, og\$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$r —oÓQ> ]Xbr h¢, OmAVrV H$ ahÒ`mß H$m gm_mo`H$ gßX^m _ß [H$∂S>Z H$m ‡`mg h°&

"_mYdr' H$m [∂T>V hwE Ao^kmZ emßHw$Vb_≤ H$r eßHw$Vbm, ‡gmX H$ZmQ>H$ \$bH$ [a [wÈfmß H$r Vw¿N>VmAmß _ß oKar Yw´dÒdmo_Zr CâVr h° Vmg_H$mbrZ YamVb [a gwa›– d_m© H$ ZmQ>H$ "gVw]ßY' _ß M›–Jw· H$r_hÀdmH$mßjm H$m _m‹`_ [wÃr [´^mdVr ]ZVr h°&

[wÍ$f gŒmmÀ_H$ g_mO _|$ emofV Zmar ï _mYdr H$ gßX © _|$

* oh›Xr od^mJ, Eg.]r. _ohbm AmQ©≤>g H$m∞bO, ohÂ_VZJa, gm]aH$mßR>m (JwOamV) maV

S>m∞. a_e Jm°V_ "oh›Xr ZmQ>`H$_©' : —oÓQ> Am°a g•oÓQ>' H$ _VmZwgma -_mYdr H$r ÃmgXr` oÃH$mU _ß CâVr h°& CgH$m ^mΩ` oZòV H$m

oÃH$mU ]ZVm h°& o[Vm-``moV, VWmH$oWV ‡_r Jmb] Am°a CgH$ J © H$moH$am` [a bZ dmb [oV`mß ......... BZ g^r [wÈfmß H$ ob` _mYdr EH$MrO h°, C[H$aU h°, AmH$mßjm [yoV© H$m gmYZ h° ........... CÀgJ© Am°aAmkm[mbZ H$ ]mX ^r oOgH$m H$mB© o[Vm Zht, [yU© g_[©U H$ ]mX ^roOgH$m H$mB© ‡_r Zhr, gßVmZ CÀ[fi H$aZ H$ ]mX r CgH$m H$mB© [wÃ ZhtAm°a dh oH$gr H$r OZZr-_m± Zht &

_mYdr H$ „`mO g o[V•gŒmm _ß H$V©Ï`[mbZ, Y_©[mbZ, AmÒWm,[m[-[w `, XmZ H$ AßoV_gyÃmß H$m N>Ã Am°a H$ha IwbVm h°& ZmQ>H$ H$ ‡maß_ß Jmb] H$r F$U _wo∫$ _ß ghm`H$ hmZ dmb odÓUw _mYdr H$ ‡oV od[arV∑`mß ? "moV r _mYdr H$m "^mΩ`" H$ ghma N>m∂S> hmW PmS> bV h°& H$rZbZht hmVm oH$ H$mB© o[Vm A_a hmZ H$ H$m_Zm-`k _ß [wÃr H$r AmhwoV XgH$Vm h°& `mZr o[Vm ^r oZ]©›Y Am°a oZÒ[•h! CVZm hr Zht d hnaeMß–Am°a H$U© H$ ÒWmo[V gm_´m¡` H$m OrVZm MmhV h°, V^r Vm CZH$ H$mOõmKm gßJrV gwZZ H$m fl`mg h° .... d Aml_dmog`mß g ]ma ]ma [yN>V h°oH$ CZH$ XmZ-Xmoj ` H$ ]ma _ß ∑`m MMm©Eß hm ahr h°& Bg ‡H$ma XmZ-Xmoj ` H$ Ib _ß _hZr`, Y_©Ymar Edß gŒmmdmZ [wÈf H$ ]rM _mYdrAH$br h°& gmhZr Or Z OmZ]yPH$a Ûr [mÃmß H$m H$œ` g ]mha aIm h° Am°ah_ XIV h° oH$ _mYdr [wÈfmß g oKa JB© h°& d°g r Y_©, emÛ, g_mO EdßZ°oVH$Vm H$ d•hŒma H$WmZH$ g oÛ`mß ImnaO hr h°&`⁄o[ gŒmm H$ gm`mZH´$_ _ß ‡oV-do›XV V_m_ [wÈf _mYdr H$m O_H$aXmhZ H$aV h° Am°a Ûr H$ Ûr H$ ‡oV AgßdXZm H$ g^r oeH$ma h°& O°gJmb] [a Xmoj `-F$U H$m hR> gdma h°, `moV [a XmZdraVm H$m, amOdJ©A[Z MH´$dVr© [wÃ H$r bmbgm _ß _mYdr H$r Xh Am°a _mV•Àd H$m KmS>mß H$]Xb IarXV h°&

MyßoH$ g]g KmVH$ Am°a AßoV_ dma Vm o[Vm ``moV Z H$a oX`m -_mZm _mYdr H$m Cgr g oN>ZH$a& o[Vm hmH$a Jmb] H$m [wÃr H$ oMa H$m°_m ©H$ da Am°a MH´$dVr© g_´mQ>mß H$m YmaU H$aZ dmbr J^© H$m _yÎ` g_PmV h°&`hmß _mYdr H$r B¿N>mE±, ÒdflZ, ÒdÀd g] XmZ H$ IS>≤J g hV hm MwH$ h°&

_mYdr H$ Km∂S>>mßß H$ ]Xb o]H$Z _ß dÒVw odoZ_`dmbr Ï`m[ma [yU©AdÒWm _yV© hmVr h°& ‡gmXOr H$r Yw´dÒdmo_Zr ^r H$hV h° ............


"[wÈfmß Z oÛ`mß H$m A[Zr [e gÂ[oŒm g_PH$a CZ [a AÀ`mMmaH$m A‰`mg ]Zm ob`m h° '&

Km∂S>> _mZm [wÈf H$ ]b H$ o_WH$ h°& KmS>m [wÈf H$r EVmgrH•$VH$m_eo∫$ (H$m_ Am°a w’) H$m g]g CXJ´ gß[ _mZm OmVm h°& BZH$ Iwamß H$ZrM am¢Xr OmVr ^yo_ h° - Ûr& ` KmS> odO`m›_mX H$ ‡VrH$ ]ZH$aodÓdmo_Ã Edß ``moV H$ AhßH$ma g ^r Ow∂S> OmV h°& Jmb] ^r A[ZAmÀ_H$o›–V b˙` H$r Ama h`Xb _ß emo_b hm OmVm h°&

odÌdmo_Ã H$r _mßJ _ß r H$WmdmMH$ [wÈfoMoV H$ AßYH$ma H$m fl bVmhwAm H$hVm h° ................

"H$ht Cgm Vm Zht oH$ BZ Km∂S>mß H$r ]Xm°bV Am`m©dV© H$ g^r amO-_hmamO, AÌd_Kr KmS>m H$ ob CZH$ ‡mWr© ]ZßJ, CZH$m AoYH$ma ]∂T>Jm........& "' AWm©V Km∂S>>mß H$r Xm Am°a ohZohZmQ> AmÀ_aoV Am°a AmÀ_ÌbmfmH$m [m°Èf` gßJrV h°& ^mJV hwE Km∂S>>mß H$r C∂S>Vr hwB© AMmbH$ _mZm [wÈfH$ "^Ï`Vm H$ Ï`m_mh' H$m ‡VrH$ ]Z OmVr h°& gmhZrOr Z Bg H$merZae oXdmXmg H$ MnaÃ _ß ]Iy]r C^mam h°& _mYdr H$ ÒWmZ _ß `hr [wÈfg_mO g\$X ^Ï` KmS>mß H$ `yW H$ È[ _ß oXIVm h°& O°g ............

" _°Zß XIm, KZm OßJb h° ................... [S>mß H$r KZr N>m±d _ g EH$KmS>m oZH$bH$a AmVm h° - g\$X aßJ H$m, o\$a Xm& o\$a VrZ, o\$a Mma&

dÒVwV: Bg AÓdH$Wm H$ _m‹`_ g eo∫$ H$ _mZogH$ amJ H$m AßoH$VoH$`m J`m h°& d°g ^r Y_©J´ßWmß _ß Ûr H$r VwbZm [•œdr g H$r JB© h° `mZr[•œdr Am°a Ûr [wÈf H$r h° oOVZr [°a H$ ZrM Am Om`&

O] _mYdr V_m_ [wÈfmß H$r [ya ZmQ>H$ _ß Abm[r Y_©[amÙVm H$rZH$br Imb CY∂S>Var h° Vm ^ygm oJaZ bJVm h° - "AH$ H$V©Ï` _a o[VmH$mK AH$ H$V©Ï` _woZHw$_ma bmbH$ H$m, XmZmß H$ H$V©Ï` _a _m‹`_ g [ya hmah h¢ .......... AH$ XmZdra ]Z J`m Am°a AmXe© oeÓ` & Am°a _mYdr ?_mh H$r _mar _mYdr H$V©Ï` g oJa JB© '

Jmb] H$ ob` _mYdr "^mΩ`" h° Vm _mYdr H$ ob` Jmb] "oZòV'&daXmZ r CgH$ ob` Aoêm[ h°, oOgH$ H$maU dh Ka, ÒdÀd, Xh, _ZAm°a _mV•Àd g odbJ hm OmVr h°& amOmAmß H$ Ï`dhma H$ ]ma _ß Jmb] g[yN>Z [a _mYdr h±gVr h° - X°ohH$ AZw^d H$r oZaW©H$Vm, gßdXZhrZVm

Am°a amO‡gmX H$ dmVmdaU [a& Xw:Ir h° - Hw$N> ^r A[Zm Z hmZ H$H$maU& "_mYdr' H$m _mV•Àd hZZ H$m [j AÀ`ßV ˆX` –mdH$ h° - dhJmb] g H$hVr h° ........... "CZ Xrdmam g [rN> _am Z›hm ]mXb _w±h ImbÒVZ Ty>±T> ahm h° Am°a Vw_ H$hV hm _¢ ÒdVßÃ hy±& "' o\$a dh Xyga amOm H$ [mgOmZ g [hb Jmb] g H$hVr h° ............&

"_¢ A[Z AmZ dmb ]É H$m amZm gwZ ahr Wr'& OmJ´VmdÒWm _ß WmW©Am°a ZtX _ß Xw:ÒdflZ CgH$m [rN>m H$aV h°, oOg_ß H$^r KmS>m H$ ]rM _ßAÌd_K H$m KmS>m (gßVmZ ?) oXIVm h°& AßV _ß Jmb] ¤mam wdVr _mYdrH$r B¿N>m H$aZ [a dh H$hVr h° -

"eara g wdVr ]ZH$a r dh X` g OO© hm MwH$r h° - gßVmZ YmaUH$a ImZ H$r [r∂S>m g'&

_mYdr H$r Im_me A‰ ©Zm & "AYß H$V©Ï` [W g _mZdr` [W [a _w∂S>A[Zm (Jmb] g emXr)& [a Jmb] H$r AmÀ_H$ßo–V Y_©‡mU O∂S> [aVm gQ>H$amH$a _yo¿N©>V hm OmVr h°& AßV _ß [wÈf g_mZ H$ ‡oV Ao^kmZ [y m©hmVm h° Am°a dh AßV _ß Jmb] g H$hVr h° - _¢ VwÂhma ob H$db oZo_Œm _mÃWr& ................ Vw_Z H$db EH$ hr Ïò∫$ g ‡_ oH$`m h° Am°a dh A[ZAm[g&' Bg ‡H$ma _mYdr Jmb] H$ ÒdmW©, CXmgrZVm, AmÀ_Ìbmfm Am°aAmÀ_fo∫$ H$m [hMmZVr h° Am°a odemb [•œdr H$ ‡gma _ß A[Z ob OJhImOZ oZH$b [∂S>Vr h°& O°g grVm Am°a eßHw$Vbm Z [•œdr H$ rVa bm°Q>ZmMmhm Wm&

oZÓH$f©V: maVr` [wÈf ‡YmZ g_mZ Ï`dÒWm _ß Zmar EH$ C[H$aU,EH$ AmH$mßjm[yoV© H$r _erZ ]ZH$a hr ah OmVr h°& _mYdr H$m MnaÃ ZmarAoYH$mamß H$ ‡oV [mR>H$mß H$m ‹`mZ AmH$of©V H$aVm h°&:: AÒVw ::gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. _mYdr - "^rÓ_gmhZr'2. oh›Xr ZmQ>`H$_© : "—oÓQ> Am°a g•oÓQ>' - S>m∞. a_e Jm°V_3. "Yw´dÒdmo_Zr - lr OèßH$a ‡gmX4. Z`m oh›Xr ZmQ>H$: "gßdXZm Am°a oeÎ[' - B›Xw]mbm [marH$

*************


Dr. Ajay Bhargava * Manju Sharma **

William Dalrymple as a Travel Writer

* Professor and Head, Deptt. of English, Govt. College, Barnagar ,Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA** Guest Faculty , Govt. Girls College, Chachoda, Distt. Guna (M.P .) INDIA

Abstract - This research paper is an attempt to throw light on the personal and professional life of William Dalrymple.It also introduces Dalrymple as a travel writer who portrays the picture of real world through his fiction, nonfiction,articles, reviews and essays. He is a specialized travel writer because he concentrates on one particular area ofinterest that is India. Though he is not an Indian by birth, but his understanding of the country is second to none. Heis the chief arbiters of literary taste in India. His writings are full of poignant feelings and picturesque Indian imagery.

Introduction - William Dalrymple is a fellow traveler talkingto people on several topics. He placed with them, he tellsthem but never as a superior. He possesses alert andmethodical minds often recorded his experience andobservations in the form of writing which eventually led tothe development of the genre known today as “travel writing”.He is a travel writer and wrote travel books which serve asthe documents of religious, political, cultural and history onIndia, world and continents of those times. He is one ofBritain’s finest and most popular travel writers. He is adashing figure of a rambling adventure as well as being ahawk- eyed observer and authoritative historian of the‘intimate’ relationship between the British and Indian empires.He is a fast superstar in travel writing. He is also an astuterecorder of conversations. He is a very engaging way of writingabout things. His work show amazing ability of him to writetravel writing with an extreme sensitive depth of perceptionfor Indian social practices.

He was born in Scotland in 1965, and brought up on theshores of the Firth of forth. His father, Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple was 10th baronet and cousin of Virginia Woolf. Heis married to the artist Olivia Fraser and lives in a farmhouseon the outskirts of New Delhi with his wife, and their threechildren. He was educated at Ample Forth and TrinityCollege, Cambridge where he was first History Exhibitionerthen Senior History scholar. He started his career as a travelwriter since his childhood; he had a longing for travel. He isalso behind the ‘stones of the Raj and Indian journeys(channel 4, Nov.2005), the three part Indian journeys’, sixpart television series (BBC, Aug. 2002) and Sufi soul (channel4, Nov.2005) is the Best Documentary Series at BAFTA in2002. He has also done a six –part history series. He is oneof ten authors to have contributed to Ox Travels. “Ox Travels”is a collection of travel writing, which will act as a focus forthe Oxfam Book fest in 2011 donated by world class travelwriters. He is a regular contributor to The New York Reviewof Books, The Guardian and the Statesman. He has alsowritten many articles for Time magazine. He has been the

South Asia correspondent of The New Statesman since 2004.He is a fellow of The Royal Asiatic Society and The RoyalSociety of Literature. He is also the founder and Co-directorwith Namita Gokhale of the Jaipur Literature festival.Methodology - I have used primary and secondary sourcesto collect information regarding this paper. Other relevantcritical materials as articles, reviews, interviews and critiqueshave been examined in a bid not to just appreciate the visionof this writer but also to view in the right perspective in hisworks.A Profile of William Dalrymple’s Literary works -Dalrymple is a multi-media figure who makes use oftelevision, radio, newspapers, magazines and publicappearances to great effect. He has achieved a particularkind of literary travelling celebrity status. His works are inhybridized ways in which travel is conceived. This can beseen in his self-positioning against academic andpostcolonial “orthodoxy” instead of his individualistic views.He also wrote one anthology of acute journalism about SouthAsia. In 1998, he wrote his first travel book and throughouthis career, he wrote four books of travel. In 1999, he changedgenres and concentrated on the writing of history. He wrotetwo narrative histories in 2002 and in 2006. He has publishedmany different prestigious magazines and journals also Hisoeuvre is interesting because of the ways in which all of itscomponents function together. His shift between genres,modes and media is complex and continuing. The move fromtravel writing to narrative history, for example, is not simplychronological. He participates in the two genressimultaneously, as they run parallel to and intersect witheach other in complex ways.

His first success as a writer came with his renownedmaiden work In Xanadu (1989) which he had written in theyoung age of twenty- two. In contrast to many travel writersfollowing in the wake of earlier travelers, he does not reverseor fetishes the original text. He follows his own advice aboutwriting an interesting travel account. It can be seen asimproved versions of Polo’s Travels-the same route with more


entertaining observations. He calls his journey a ‘quest’rather than a ‘vacation’. It allows the reader to experienceand almost makes tangible some of the remotest parts ofthe globe that they are not likely to ever visit and that is itsgreatest achievement. It lends a perspective that renderstravel indispensable to life, lessons and above all to love.The structure provides many benefits to the travel writers,including a ready-made route, structure and an indication ofthe work’s subject. City of Djinns (1994) is a city basedtravel book. In this book he gives travel writing a new andrefreshing twist. Most books try to tell the story in anascending chronological order but this book breaks fromthis and does the exact opposite. It is an encyclopedia forall common Delhiwala and any Indian even slightly interestedin knowing about Delhi and ancient India. This is what wecan call “The Discovery of Delhi” partly a travelogue, partly ahistory book and overall a pleasurable book.

From the Holy Mountain (1997) is study of the demiseof Christianity in its Middle Eastern homeland. He not onlyretraces the steps of the late antiquity travelogue but alsogives us a sense of world through which these earlier travelerswere passing. He combines this with modern- day travelwriting; what things look like now, the political and socialclimate. The essays of his collection range from travel writingto interviews to cultural journalism. The Age of Kali (1998)and Nine Lives (2009) illustrates the ways in which his travel,history and journalistic writing work together to reinforce hisself-fashioning as an authority and to carry his argumentsabout past and contemporary relationship between India andBritain into the public sphere. It is about how corrupt thecountry is now and how wonderfully it was before it waswesternized. He is able to convey the diversity of culturalidentity in every page, making the chronicling of politicalcorruption, ethnic violence and social disintegration ever more.White Mughal (2002) is his first narrative history whichconfirms his status as one of the most important nonfictionwriters of his time. It represents Britain, India and their imperialrelationship as well as the individual historical figures throughthe character of James Kirkpatrick and the young, eliteMuslim woman Khair un-Nissa. His second narrative historyThe Last Mughals: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi, 1857(2006)is his masterpiece. It describes a biographical focus onBhadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Emperor.

The idea mentioned in his trilogy deals with differentideologies with different attitudes. In White Mughal, herepresents positive relationship between British and Indianwho attempt to bridge these two worlds while in The LastMughal, he represents negative relationship between Britishand India which show clash of rival fundamentalism. TheReturn of King provides a remarkable story of military andpolitical incompetence and a disregard of an ancientcivilization which still echoes today. He has a number ofhonors and awards for his published works as an author andcommentator. He awarded for his ‘outstanding contributionto travel literature’, for Religious Broadcasting, tounderstanding contemporary Islam, for Asian Literature, for

his service to literature and international relations, tobroadcasting and understanding. He won Media CitizenPuraskar by the Indian confederation of NGOS ‘foremphasizing as an author issue of global importance andconcern’. He also awarded for best work in English non-fiction in 2007 for ‘The Last Mugal.Distinctions between Dalrymple’s Early and Later works- Dalyrmple’s early works are travelogue while later worksare historical writings. He does an excellent job of combininghistorical and travel writings, comparing the cities of the pastwith their present day incarnations. He continues weaving arich, rare and real rendition. His stories intermingle with thestories of the ages, the stories of the people, and the storiesof a formidable world that survives God and his subjects. Inhis historical writings he is able to present for the first timethe Indian perspective on the Mutiny and its bloody repressionin The Last Mughal. He has given an English speaking readera new perspective on part of history. His books can be dividedinto three distinct areas: travel writing, narrative history andcollection of his journalism. His interests in religion, politicsand history merge with his foreign correspondent skills andproduce a provocative read. His books have been translatedinto more than forty languages.Differences between Dalrymple’s Fiction and Nonfictionworks - Dalrymple’s writing is classified as non-fiction whichconnotes truth for general reader. The rhetorical advantageand authenticity gained from the generalized categorizationof his writing as non-fiction is significant. His passion fortravel writing expanded to include TV documentary shows.His monographs serve as particularly resonant examples ofhis non-fiction middlebrow market. There is not a single lineof fiction he has written except a couple of novels. In theinfancy of his career he attempted to join the league of fictionwriters, but soon realized that the genre was not his cup oftea. His popularity and engagement with colonial historyand discourse, as well as the way his work spans multiplegenres, make his texts particularly interesting examples ofthe ways in which popular non-fiction functions rhetoricallyin the public sphere.Dalrymple’s Articles, Reviews, Interviews andJournalism - Dalyrmple’s participation in the public sphereis not limited to his books. As well as his regular monographpublications, he has also, over the course of his career,published a multitude of newspaper articles, reviews andcommentaries and hosted television and radiodocumentaries. In his articles and interviews he emphasizeswhat he represents as his changed approach to travel writing.He moves beyond the position of author to that of “expert”through his reviews. He uses his numerous reviews toposition himself and maintain the arguments developed inhis monographs. He employs reviews of histories asplatforms to advance his own arguments about imperialhistoriography. Thus, through his articles and reviews, incombination with his monographs, he functions as agatekeeper figure.


Conclusion - I reached to the conclusion that he is anoutstanding travel writer who is benign with the great art ofwriting. He is a born-travel writer with a healthy skepticism.He writes superlatively and he’s got entire civilization tohimself. His travel writings serve a variety of purposesbecause he not only provide valuable information about placebut also give us an insight into the history and culture of apeople. Before independent most travel writer of westerncountries wrote own magic, rope, trick, serpent, tiger andother wild animal and backward people of India and therewas good demand of these kinds of books in west. Nowtravel writer such as William Dalrymple change his subjectbut tone of his writing is same. Travel writing is consideredas a genre of literature. Through his Nine Lives travel writingcan once again build on its traditional role, linking our cultureto another, sharing wonders, telling stories that create bridgesof understanding and respect between people. He is the besttravel writer of his generation, both in his ability to evoke asense of time and place, and his skill for shedding light onhistory in an engaging and accessible way. He has tips forbudding travel writers that travel writing should have decent,simple, full notes and full of everything. As a travelogue, itgenerally makes good reading, with an excellent balancebetween keeping the pace moving and covering people andplaces in enough depth. He basically writes for a general

audience rather than an academic writing. Travel literatureis slowly but steadily turning into an area which producesbooks rich in research insight and imagination. No one canmatch Dalrymple in travel writing as now.

Refereances :-Primary Sources -1. Dalrymple,William.In Xanadu:A Quest.1990 New Delhi:

Penguin,2004.2. City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi 1993.New Delhi: Penguin,

2004.3. Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern

India.London: Bloomsbury, 2009.4. The Last Mugal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857 New

Delhi: Viking, 2006.5. White Mughal: Love & Betrayal in Eighteen-Century

India.2002, New Delhi: Penguin, 2002.6. The Age of Kali: Indian Travels& Encounters New Delhi:

Penguin2004.Secondary Sources -1. Holland, Patrick and Graham Huggan.Tourists with

Typewriters: Critical Reflections Contemporary TravelWriting, 1998.Michigan: U of MichiganP, 2000.

2. Moran, Joe. Stars Authors: Literary Celebrity inAmerica.London: Pluto, 2000.

*************


Dr. Kiran Sitole *

Caste Prejudices In R.K.Narayan’s Novels

Introduction - R.K. Narayan’s greathess as a novelist isbeyond question. He is the brightest star of the luminousconstellation of Indain –English writers. He occupies centralposition in the “Trinity” of Indian English novelists; the othertwo being Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. Through his mightycreative pen has flowed the spirit coloured by IndianConcsiousness. His works offer rare insight into thecomplexities of Indian middle-class society .

Narayan’s novel represent the cast prejudices prevelantat the time whenthey were written .The people of an oldergeneration stick to the caste even to day and those of thenew generation consider it altogether irrelevant.

This duel status of caste Is well represented it Narayan’snovels. He does not, however, champion the cause of theuntouchables in his novels like Mulk Raj Anad. He is anobserver of life. He tells us what he has actually seen, or tobe more precise, what is actually going on in the societytoday.

Narayan mention caste when a marriage is to be settled.All his major characters are Hindus. Among Hindus inter-caste marriage is strictly prohibited. While rumination overthe possibility of his marriage with the girl he had fallen inlove with, Chandran think’s “suppose though un-married, shebelonged to some other caste? A marriage would not brtolerated even between the sub sects of the same caste. IfIndia was to attain salvation, these watertight divisions. Mustgo – community, caste, sects, sub sects and still furtherdivisions he felt very indignant. He would set an Examplehimself by marrying this girl whatever her caste or sect mightbe”. this passage has three points which are noteworthy.First, it tells the significance of caste in setting a marriage.

As a rule, the bride and the bridegroom must belong tothe same caste, or the sub sect of the caste.

Secondly, it brings out narayan’s opinion that caste,community and such other social divisions have createdobstacles in the way of the nation’s progress and freedom.Thirdly, young Chandran denounces the caste and is preparedto marry a girl form like to be divided into water-tightcompartments of caste. Later on when chandran learns thathis sweetheart’s father “was of the same caste and subcaste”as he, he feels very glad and thanks the good for saving himform the complications he would have had to face face if shehad belonged to another caste or sub-caste. He knew that“his father would certainly cast him off if he tried to marryout of caste”. In the end he marries Sushila, the daughter of

* Asst. Prof. , Govt. College, Dhamnod, Distt. Dhar (M.P .) INDIA

Mr. Jayarama lyyer who belonged to the same caste andsubcaste.

The Vendor of Sweets presents the picture from anotherangle. On his return from the United States of America, maliintroduces the girl at his side, “The is Grace.We are married.”Marriage with a foreign girl brings complete confusion in themind of Jagan, Mali’s father. He avoids their company. “Hebegan to avoid people. His anxiety was lest the lawyer orthe printer or anyone else should stop him in the street toenquire about his daughter-in-law”. mali, too, is consciousof people’s opinion about him. “He seldom went out: if hedid, he waited for darkness to descend on the town”. Gracehad knowledge of the Indian caste system while she was inAmerica. She tells Jagan afterwards: “ I had heard so muchabout the caste system in this country, I was afraid to comehere, and when I first saw you all at the railway station, Ishook with fear. I thought I migh not be accepted”.Jagan, a true disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, tells her, “Well,we don’t belive in caste nowadays, you know”, “Gandhi foughtfor its abolition”. When his son married outside the caste.

There is another example of inter-caste marriage in TheGuide Marco is a man of academic interests and does notbelive in caste. His advertisement for marriage reads likethis: “Wanted: an an educated, good looking girl to marry arich bachelor of academic interests. No caste restrictions;good looks and university degree essential”.

Knowing fully well that Rosie came of a family of temple-dancers who were viewed as public women; Marco marriedher for her good looks and university degree. Though Marcowas bold enough to marry her, the marriage did not prove tobe a happy one. Was it not due to the inter-caste marriage?However, it shows that the caste- system was vanishingfrom among the educated people. Raju’s uncle in the samenovel belives in caste. He would not allow Rosie to say inRaju’s house because she did not belong to there family,clan or caste. He tells Rosie clearly: “After all , you are adancing girl. We do not admit them in our families.” Raju’smother walks out of the house because she cannot toleratewoman of another caste living in the same house.

The above description shows how caste-considerationin respected of marriages is undergoing a change. The publicopinion is yet strongly against inter-caste to be sinners andpeople hate them. The spell of Gandhi is, no doubt, workingbut the speed of changes is very slow. Caste plays animportant role in determining whom to eat with and whom


not eat with. The persons belonging to upper castes,particularly Brahamanas cannot accept food cooked bypersons born in lower castes. So far as food is concerned,every man or women is untouchable for those born in a highercaste.

The wife of Srinivas in Mr. sampath shudders at thevery thought of eating hotel food because the caste of personswho cook it is not known. Srinivas does not like these orthodoxways. “What foolish nonsense is this?” Srinivas cried. Hestood looking at her for a moment as if she were anembodiment of knotty problems. He knew what it was: rigrousupbringing, fear of pollution of touch by another caste,orthodox idiocies-all the rigorous compartmenting of humarbeings. He looked at her in despair, “look here, I don’t likeall this. You eat that stuff. What does it matter who hasprepared it, as long as it is clean and agreeable? It is cleanand the sort of thing you eat. We have all been eating it,and I assure you, we have neither felt poisoned in this lifenor lost a claim for a place in heave. You should share thesame fate with us, I think”. He pressed a plate into her handand complled her to accepted it.

The passage brings out the face that there are two kindsof attitudes towards the pollution of food by the touch of aperson belongin to another caste. The wife of Srinivasrepresents the orthodox people who beliveve that food ispolluted if it is cooked or touched by lower caste. Villagers,in generals, and village women, in particular, do have suchnotions. Then there are educated people living in cities whohave have freed themselves from the notion of pollution bytouch. Srinivas, Mr. Sampath and several others belong tothe second group.

The lower caste people know the orthodox rules aboutthe pollution of food and try to observe them by all means. InThe Dark Room Savitri refused to eat anything in Ponni’shouse. Savitri was a Brahaman woman and Ponni was ablacksmith’s wife. Ponni things that the refusal is due tocaste-feelings. She therefore, brings coconut and plantainsand requests Savitri to accept them : “Only fruits andcoconut. I knew that you wouldn’t take anything else touchedby me, so I have brought only fruits and coconut”. Anythingthat is cooked suffers pollution but fruits do not.

Jagan in The vendor of sweets is a widower. He hasbeen cooking his food with his own hands since his wife’sdeath. He continues this habit even when Mail, his son,returns from America with Grace. He does not eat with Mailand Grace. The following dialogue shows Jagan’s fellings:One day Grace said, ‘ I wish you would let me cook for you.’‘Oh, that is impossible. I’m under a vow about that.’He explained how he ate to live only on what he could cookwith his own hands.

Truly speaking, Jagan novels reveals that though manyeducated people do not care to know the caste of the personwho has cooked the food they are to eat, there are still agood number of those who would rather fast than eat what ispolluted by the touch of a man born in an inferior caste.

Caste has been a deciding factor in the choice of occupationamong Hindus. Under the impact of western civillzation caste-considerations have lost their previous hold. Educated peoplenow take up any profession of their choice. This changecame about very fast in urban settlements while the ruralpopulation remained unaffected for a long time. Even todaypeople mostly adopt the profession of their forefathers. Incities, too, many professions are still hereditary. It is aBrahmana who presides over the religious ceremonies andworks as astrologer. The Harijans are still in charge ofsweeping the streets and performing lowly duties. Barbers,of others follow the parental professions. People of othercastes are also adopting some of these professions. Forexample, shoe making was done by Harijans but now a daysthere are famous shoe companies which employ people ofall castes. Previously washer men only washed clothes. Nowthere are dry cleaners who are not necessarily washer men.This is how a change is coming in people’s attitude towardsoccupations with reference to caste.

Narayan’s Novels centre round the town of Malgudi. Asalready mentioned, in towns the caste plays a minor role inthe choice of profession. Still there are certain professionswhich are hereditary in Malgudi. Astrologers and priestscattered all over his novels are all Brahmans. All the barbers,sweepers, washer men, shoe- makers, tailors and evenpublic women are born with a profession which they do notand cannot change in their life time.

An example of how caste and profession are beingseparated from each other can be cited from The Dark Room. While looking for a job for Savitri, Mari went ot the part ofthe village inhabited by Brahmans. Their professions aredescribed in the following words:

He crossed some of the lanes and cross paths andWent into the Brahmin street…There was the big landlord

in whose house Ponni had, during certainSeasons, done odd jobs; there was the teacher with

whom Mari was familiar, having repaired thePulley over his well a number of times and soldered

a leaky pot an equal number of times; then therewas the other landlord, the Youngman with aviolent temper; and his brother-in-law in the

opposite house; and the police inspector; and theman who had married the big landlord’s second

daughter; and the village accountant.This reveals that Brahamanas are not working only as

priests and teachers, but are also landlords, policeinspectors and village accountants. Thus a change hasobviously come in the life of the community both in citiesand in villages. People are choosing professions which haveno relation with their caste and family. But for a fewprofessions like those of sweepers, barbers, washer menetc., all others have become open to all. This is true pictureof the present Hindu social order with reference to caste.Untouchability – A considerable portion of the populationamong Hindu has been regarded as untouchable. It seems


that the concept of untouchability was a scientific one inthe beginning but later on it was related to the castes. Somecastes have been called untouchable irrespective of theirpersonal merits and demerits. Their condition in the societyis pitiable. They perform the lowliest duties but receive onlyhumiliation in return. They are mostly sweepers, shoe-makers, artisans and menial servants. They are very poorand live in unhygienic conditions. It was Mahatma Gandhiwho took up their cause and fought for them. He called them‘Harijans’ (men of God) and met them on equal terms. Hisefforts for improving the lot of Harijans and abolishinguntouchability took the forms of a social movement. ThoughR.K. Narayan has no ambitions to shine as a social reformer,he has dealt with the condition of Harijans and Gandhi’sefforts in his novels.

Srinivas in Mr. Sampath relates the outline of story of afilm in the following manner: “The hero of the story was oneRam Gopal, who had devoted his life to the abolition of thecaste system and other evils of the society …He was adisciple of Gandhi’s philosophy”.

It shows how Gandhi’s efforts for the abolition of thecaste system had grappled the minds of the intellectuals.Again, when Srinivas’s wife tells him about Sampath’srelations with Shanti, she informs him that they are notcousins because ‘they are of different castes’. “What if theyare? “Srinivas asked, thinking what an evil system castewas.Jangan in The Vendor of Sweets is a staunch followerof Gandhi. He tells Grace, “ Well, we don’t believe in castethese days, you know. Gandhi fought for its abolition”.Rosie in The Guide Comes of a family of temple dancerswho were considered public women and untouchable.Marco’s advertisement for a bride with “No caste restrictions”and later on his marriage with Rosie is a rare and bold stepthat shows how caste-feelings are changing . Raju, toodeclared, “ I don’t believe in class or caste”. Waiting for theMahatma deals with untouchables at some greater length.Mahatma Gandhi, during his visit to Malgudi, beckoned adirty untouchable boy whose father swept the streets. Theuntouchable boy is very vividly described :The boy stoodaloof from the rest, on the very edge of the crowd. His facewas covered with mud, his feet were dirty, and he had stuckhis fingers into his mouth and was watching the proceedingson the verandah keenly, his eyes bulging with wonder anddesire. He had not dared to come up the steps, thoughattracted by the oranges. He was trying to edge his waythorugh.

Gandhiji prefers the huts of sweepers to the Chairman’spalacial building for his stay. As Gandhiji occupied a hut inthe sweepers’ colony, authorities did everything to transformthe place. Men, women and children of the colony madethemselves presentable. Gandhi’s decision made sweepersbetter men:The men of the colony tied round their heads theirs whitestturbans and the women wore theire best saris, dragged theirchildren to the river and rubbed them till they yelled, anddecorated theire coiffures with yellow chrysanthemumflowers. The men left off fighting, did their best to keep awayfrom the drink shops and even the few confirmed topers hadtheir drinks on the sly, and suppressed their impulse to beattheir wives or break their house-hold pots.

This passage is like a hole through which one can peepinto the lives of sweepers. It also reveals that it is affection,not rejection that can bring about some improvement in theirway of living . Gandhiji loved th untouchables in spite of theirdirty living and low status.

References :-1. Graham Greene, Introduction to Bachelor of Arts,

London : Pocket Book Edition, 1951,p.vii.2. R.K. Narayan, Swami and Friends, Mysore : Indian

Thought Publications, 1977,p. 79.3. P.S. Sundaram, R.K. Narayan, New Delhi :Arnold

Heinemann, 1973, p 27.4. H.M. Williams, Precarious Innocence: patterns in the

novels of R. K. Narayan, Perspective on R.K. Narayan,ed. Atma Ram ,Ghaziabad, Vimal Prakashan, 1981,p.3.

5. R.K. Narayan, Reluctant Guru, New Delhi : Hind PocketBooks, 1974, p. 28.

6. Narayan, R.K.,The Bachelor of Arts,p.56.7. Narayan, R.K., The Bachelor of Arts,p.57.8. Narayan,R.K.,The Vendor of Sweets,p.59.9. Narayan,R.K.,The Vendor of Sweets,p.6610. Narayan,R.K.,The Guide,p.8511. Narayan,R.K.,Mr.Sampath,p35.12. Narayan,R.K.,The Dark Room,p.136.13. Narayan,R.K.,The vendor of sweets, pp.62-63.14. Narayan,R.K.,The Dark Room,p.126.15. 10.Narayan,R.K,.The Mr.sampath,p.98.16. 11.Narayan,R.K.,The Vendor of sweets,p.66.17. 12.Narayan, R.K,.The Guide,pp.85-86.18. 13.Narayan,R.K.,TheWaiting for the mahatma,p.48.

*************


Dr. Vandana Bakshi *

Female Subjugation to The Male

Abstract - Women are an integral part of human civilization. No society or country can ever progress without an activeparticipation of women in its general development. Although the place of women in society has differed from culture toculture and from age to age, yet one fact common to all most all societies is that woman has never been consideredthe equal of man. This paper attenpts to show how since time immemorial woman has been the victim of maledomination.Keywords - inequality, dominance, perception, passivity, self assertion.

Introduction - Gender and literature are very closely relatedto each other in the sense that neither can be conceivedapart from society and culture. Gender, as differentiated fromsex, has nothing to do with biology. Unlike sex, which isgiven- a biological given, gender is a social and culturalconstruct, It is a straight jacket in which men and womendance their unequal dance. No wonder, men and women arebiologically different from each other, but they are justdifferent. The sex differences do not imply sexual inequalityand male dominance. Yet in a patriarchal social setupmasculinity is associated with superiority whereas feminityis linked with inferiority. Sex is the creation of God and sexualdifferences are essential for procreation, but gender is notGod’s creation. Women have played a vital role in the creationof society. The Bible tells the women:

“Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord.For the husband is the head of the wife, as C hrist is theHead of the Church, his body, and is himself its Saviour. Asthe Church is subject to Christ, so let wives also be subjectin everything to their husbands”(1)

The subordination of women to men is believed to beolder than civilization itself. The usage of woman was createdby man. It was what he wanted her to be and he never wantedher to be an equal, a co-sharer of all the privileges he wasenjoying. Because the image of woman was created not bywomen or by men and women jointly but by men alone andthe standard of womanhood was set for women by men,women could not have a clear perception of themselves.According to Mary Caruthers, “Traditionally women’s liveshave been imagined in relation to men’s lives as thedaughters, mothers, mistresses, wives of men. They havein consequence been imagined either in terms of a singlerole psychologically important to men (Virgin,temptress,goddess) or in terms of their single social and biologicalfunction in male society (preparing for marriage, ormarried)”(2) Literature is closely related to society. It reflects

* Asst. Prof. (English) Institute of Excellence in Higher Education, Kolar Road, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

social reality, it not only reflects but also shapes the complexways in which men and women organize themselves theirinterpersonal relationships and their perception of the socio-cultural reality. The attitude of the male author towards menand women depicted by him in his works and the attitudesof the characters, male and female to one another highlightthe gender relationships as well as the author’s attitudetowards these relationships. Literature, thus, offers the bestpossibility of exposing the politics of gender.

The depiction of women in literature has been accordingto the social status enjoyed by women, but the status ofwomen has not been the same at all times and in all thesocieties. As St. Paul says, “Let a woman learn in silencewith full submissiveness. I permit no woman to teach or tohave authority over man, she is to keep silent”(3) Therefore,it is difficult to make generalized statements which wouldbe universally valid. Yet by and large women all over theworld have always enjoyed a secondary status. The Koransays, “Men are superior to women on account of the qualitieswith which God hath gifted the one above the other, and onaccount of the outlay they make their substance for them”.4

The images of women in literature, have been of theslaves who could be easily sold or bought by men who weretheir masters. It was not inconvenient for Hardy, for example,to show Henchard selling his wife and daughter at a countryfair and that too for an insignificant price. But the descriptionslike this did not shock the victorian readers, most of whom,being male, shared with the author the patriarchal notion ofmale monopoly over women. In fact, it was difficult for mento read literary works which portrayed women as self-actualizing beings who rejected the angel in the house imageand refused to be female stereotypes. Literature could providepleasure to the readers by depicting women as passive,docile, dependent, helpless victims at the mercy of men.The inner experiences of women were rendered invisiblebecause these were considered to be trivial and not worth


considering. The roles of women were restricted by theirwomanhood and, therefore, the experiences of the mutedfemale half of the society were not reflected by literature.

Literature now portrays without any hesetation the NewWoman, who refuses to be a toy in the hands of men. Changein the socio-economic condition has changed our patriarchalattitudes to gender and contemporary change is beingreflected in literature. For a woman to indulge in creativewriting was considered a kind of abnormality, subversivefunction of imagination, a neurotic act. A woman who wantedto write was designated as devioant. In fact, creative writingwas almost a taboo to a woman who wanted to be considereda perfect woman because to write it meant insubordinationwhich was intolerable to the male dominated society.

“.........Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them,

They see and smell,And have their palates

Both for sweet and sourAs husbands have

.....And have we not affectionsDesires for sport, and frailty,

As men have?Then let them use us well,

Else let them knowThis ills we do their ills instruct us so”5

References :-1. Ephesians, 5 The Bible (William B. Eerdamans Pub.

Company 1984), pg.22.2. Caruthers Mary, Imaging women: Notes Towards a

Feminist poetry (Massachusetts Review 2004) pg. 20.3. St. Paul, Timothy, 2 (Moody Pub U.S. 2001) pg, 11-12.4. The Koran, J.M., (Dent and Sons Ltd, London) pg, 415.5. Shakespeare William, Othello (Wiley Publishing Ine

Hoboken New Jersey 2008) Act IV.

*************


Dr. Laxman Singh Gorasya *

Conjugal Relationships in Merchant of Venice andAbhijanashakuntalam : A Comparative Study

* Asst. Professor (English) Govt. Madhav Arts, Commerce & Law College, Ujjain (M.P .) INDIA

Introducation - Shakespeare’s Plays display a staggeringvariety of husband-wife relationships. There are many typesof husbands and wives in his plays. We find a meek wifeand a dictatorial husband in Julius Caesar and a dominatingwife in Macbeth who controls her husband by force. On theother hand, we see an unfaithful wife and a loyal husband inHamlet. Count Romei in his book The Counters Academic,defines, “honour feminine”, as a quality “is preserved by notfailing only in one of their proper particular virtue, which ishonestie”,1 Woman’s fidelity was very important inShakespeare’s time and that’s why he chose the theme offeminine infidelity in his many plays. He also glorified womanfidelity in his plays and the notable example of such kind is‘Merchant of Venice”.

“The glory of being the best couple of Shakespeareanplays goes to Portia and Bassanio”2. Portia in Merchant ofVenice is Shakespeare’s ideal wife. She has all the virtuesof an ideal wife. Shakespeare has created this Character topresent an example of a perfect life partner before theaudience. Her trust love and fidelity to her husband areexcellent. The Victorians viewed her as a perfect woman.”

She exemplifies an Elizabethan ideal when she submitsher all to Bassanio, “her lord, her governor, her king.”3 andwishes to partake of his problems. Through the ring episode,she educates her husband to an understanding of how thebond of love and the bond of real friendship can existharmoniously. She starts her marriage as a conventionallysubmissive wife. She guards her husband secretly. Shesubmits her all to Bassanio, her wealth, her mansion, herservants and herself. In the Venetian world money is themedium of relationship, but where as in Venice Shylock hashis ducats in a sealed bag, not intended for use even by hisown daughter, Portia without any hesitation gives all her wealthto Bassanio. Then Portia makes her union strong by a ringwhich becomes the symbolic bond of their love. For Portiathe ring symbolizes their love, but in his zeal Bassanio carriesit further,” When this ring parts from this finger, then partslife from hence : then be bold to say Bassanio’s dead”4

Portia is an extremely dedicated wife. We can see herdedication in the help she is willing to give to Antonio.Bassanio is disturbed after reading the letter which containsthe nerves of Antonio bankruptcy. But being an ideal wifePortia is eager to share her husband’s problem.

“With leave Bassanio, I am half yourself, and I mustfreely have the half of any thing.”5

Bassanio’s openness of confiding in his wife togetherwith Portia’s concern for helping his friend Antonio showswhat an ideal relationship they share.

On the other hand Kalidasa’s Abhijanasakuntalam isa play of seven acts, based on the well known conjugal lovestory of king Dushyanta and the maiden Shakuntala, as givenin the ancient Indian epic, The Mahabharata . Dushyanta,a king of the lunar race, in the course of his hunting excursion,reached the hermitage of Kanva, whose adopted daughterShakuntala, being alone in the house had to entertain theking. The king was fascinated by the matchless beauty ofthe sage’s daughter, from whom he learnt the story of herbirth and parentage which made it possible for him to marryher. Without much ceremony the king wedded her by theGandharva form of marriage on his promise to appoint herson his successor. After having stayed for sometime theking returned to the capital. In course of time, Shakuntaladelivered a son and reached to the capital but the kingdiscarded her. A heavenly voice enjoined him to receive hiswife. Thus relieved from his anxiety he welcomed his wifeand son, and Shakuntala was soon raised to the dignity ofthe chief of crowned queen.

The most important point to be noted in Dushyanta’scharacter is his extreme nobility of love. Let us first point itout in regards to his love for Shakuntala. He was youthfuland had in his favour the royal custom, which sanctionedpolygamy in the case of kings. It is true that he was not arigid monogamist, but it must be conceded to his honourthat he was not a reckless libertine. He is fully concernedwith the high principles of moral conduct and never manifestsany illicit passion. It was quite natural for him to be struckwith the fascinating youth and superb charms of Shakuntalabut as a man of honour, he wished to ascertain whether shewas married or not. He checked his first burst of love till thattime, though he was so confident of his nobility that he waspretty surely convinced of the legality of the connection. It isonly after ascertaining the real parentage of Shakuntala andfurther, that she was unmarried. He allows himself to harbourthe feelings of love. The king’s love for Shakuntala is deeplyrooted and permanent.


As for as Shakuntala is concerned, she is the daughterof the sage Visvamitra and the heavenly nymph Menaka.Shakuntala was a beautiful woman of womanly modestypeculiar to Hindu woman. When wedded with the king bythe legal form of marriage. She represents an interestingside of Hindu womanhood. Though openly discarded by theking and though for a time justly angry with him, she doesnot in the least lose her affection for her lord and does notforget her duties as a married woman towards him. She leadsan ascetic’s life during her separation, ever keeping the imageof her beloved husband in her heart.

If we compare Portia with Shakuntala, we find a greatsimilarity, between them. Both of them are dedicated to theirhusband. Their bond of love and marriage is similar. And themost important symbol which is used in both the plays isring that shows the loving relationship of Portia and Bassanio

and Shakuntala and Dushyanta. Portia guards the problemsof her husband while Shakuntala on missing the ring suffersalone but have great faith in destiny. Finally she also meetswith her destiny. Therefore in the end we can say that boththe plays are having the theme of conjugal relationships.

References :-1. Cited in C.B. Watson, Shakespeare and the

Renaissance Concept of Honour, (Princeton; PrincetonUniversity Press, 1960), P. 159.

2. Achala Sharma, Family Relationships in the Plays ofShakespeare, (Delhi; Balaji Publication, 1993), P. 56.

3. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, Act-III, Scene II, P.165

4. Ibid, P. 183-185.5. Ibid, P. 247-249.

*************


Abstract - The greatest challenge in Indian education system today is to provide skill based education to the youth.This is exacerbated by a mismatch in demand and supply for the skilled workforce. The penetration of vocationaleducation and training remains poor not only in rural areas, but also in urban regions where there is a higher installedcapacity to impart the same. This post is an attempt to make the readers understand the need of vocational education inIndia. Also, this is an attempt to summarise a few recommendations on the same.

The objective of this note is to assess and describe the need for introducing Vocational education at higher andtertiary levels and for establishing a Vocational University. The note also summarizes the present Indian and InternationalVocational Education scenario and its problems. The note also puts up recommendation for policies with the need forimplementation at State and National Level and suggests possible models to introduce Vocational Education at thehigher / tertiary levels.

Aparna Ray *

Vocationalisation of Higher Education in India CurrentScenario, Key Challenges and New directions

*Asstt. (English) Govt. P .G. College, Neemuch (M.P .) INDIA

Introduction - “Every handicraft has to be taught notmerely mechanically as is done today , butscientifically . This is to say , the child should learn thewhy and wherefore of every process.” - Gandhi’sPhilosophy of Education

Vocational Education and Training (VET) is an importantelement of the nation’s education initiative. In order forVocational Education to play its part effectively in thechanging national context and for India to enjoy the fruits ofthe demographic dividend, there is an urgent need to redefinethe critical elements of imparting vocational education andtraining to make them flexible, contemporary, relevant,inclusive and creative. The Government is well aware of theimportant role of Vocational education and has already takena number of important initiatives in this area.Current Scenario and key challenges - Skills in India arelargely acquired through two main sources: formal trainingcentres and the informal or hereditary mode of passing oncascading skill sets from one generation to the next.Nowadays, vocational courses are becoming quite popularamong youth because it is believed that taking these courseswould provide more and better employment opportunities thanthose provided by conventional academic courses. Whilethere remains a requirement for skilled professionals in theindustry, the supply for the same is hampered by:1. High dropout rate at Secondary level: VocationalEducation is presently offered at senior secondary level butthe students at this level aspire for higher education2. At present, the vocational system doesn’t put muchemphasis on the academic skills, resulting in lowerincidences of vertical mobility3. There is a lack of participation by private players in thefield of vocational education

4. Vocationalisation of education is not in line with industryneeds5. There is a lack of opportunities for continuous skill up-gradation6. There is no clear provision of certifications and degreesfor the unorganised/informal sector7. Challenges faced by ITCs and ITIs are poor qualitytrainers, lack of flexibility and outdated infrastructure Status of Vocational Training received: The World Bankreport of 2006, shows that among persons of age 15-29 onlyabout 2 per cent reported to have received formal vocationaltraining and another 8 per cent reported to have receivednon formal vocational training. The proportion of persons (15-29 years) who received formal vocational training was thehighest among the unemployed. The proportion was around3 per cent for the employed, 11 percent for the unemployedand 2 per cent for persons not in the labour force. The activityof persons receiving vocational education is as shown below-


Problem Areas in present V ocational Education andTraining System :-Through, the study of the prevalent Vocational EducationSystem in India the following problem areas have beenidentified -1. There is a high drop out rate at Secondary level. Thereare 220 million children who go to school in India. Of theseonly around 12% students reach university. A large part ofthe 18-24 years age group in India has never been able toreach college. Comparing India to countries with similarincome levels – India does not under perform in primaryeducation but has a comparative deficit in secondaryeducation.2. Vocational Education is presently offered at Grade 11,12th – however students reaching this Grade aspire for highereducation. Since the present system does not allow verticalmobility, skills obtained are lost. Enrollment in 11th & 12thGrade of vocational education is only 3% of students at uppersecondary level. About 6800 schools enroll 400,000 studentsin vocational education schemes utilizing only 40% of theavailable student capacity in these schools.3. International experience suggests that what employersmostly want are young workers with strong basic academicskills and not just vocational skills. The present system doesnot emphasize general academic skills. The relative wagesof workers with secondary education are increasing.4. Private & Industry Participation is lacking. There are noincentives for private players to enter the field of vocationaleducation.5. Present regulations are very rigid. In-Service Training isrequired but not prevalent today. There is no opportunity forcontinuous skill up-gradation.6. There is a lack of experienced and qualified teachers totrain students on vocational skills. In foreign countriesBachelors of Vocational Education (BVE) is often amandatory qualification for teachers. However, in India nospecific qualifications are being imparted for VocationalEducation teachers.7. Vocationalization at all levels has not been successful. Poor quality of training is not in line withindustryneeds.8. There is no definite path for vocational students to movefrom one level / sector to another level / sector. Mobility isnot defined and hence students do not have a clear path invocational education.9. No clear policy or system of vocational education leadingto certification / degrees presently available for theunorganized / informal sector. No Credit System has beenformulated for the same. Over 90% of employment in Indiais in the Informal sector. JSS offers 255 types of vocationalcourses to 1.5 million people, Community Polytechnics trainabout 450,000 people within communities annually and NIOSoffers 85 courses through 700 providers. None of theseprograms have been rigorously evaluated, till date.10. Expansion of vocational sector is happening without consideration for present problems.New directions - Vocationalisation should not be attemptedin an unsystematic or haphazard manner. The need of the

hour is to understand the trainees’ apprehensions andchallenges regarding Vocational Education and training(VET). Thus there is a huge opportunity for a vocationaltraining institute that can address these challenges. Thiswill favour the organisations willing to enter the vocationaleducation market as well as the students wanting to takeup vocational courses to increase their employability. Insummation, it is critical to redefine the essential elementsof VET so that it becomes more flexible, inclusive, relevantand contemporary.Recommendations regarding V ocational EducationNational Board for V ocationalEducation -1. A national level Board for vocational education shouldbe established, called as National Board for VocationalEducation. For Example, In Australia, there is a similarauthority established by the state and federal governmentcalled Australian National Training Authority (structure mayvary) which plays a major role in :-a) Developing a national TVET system and nationalstrategies with respect to vocational educationb) Ensuring close interaction between industries and TVETprovidersc) Developing effective training market for public and privateneedsd) Enhancing efficiency and productivity of TVET providersConclusion - The industrial and labour market trends clearlyindicate the necessity of strengthening of vocationaleducation in India. The introduction of vocational educationat secondary level through bivalent schools and SSC(vocational) will enable us to broaden the vocational educationbase at secondary level of education. A clear pathway forvocational students to enter higher education streams isthe way to move forward. Through this concept note we havemade an endeavour to provide some of the possible solutionsto address these issues. Framing of vocational qualificationframework, introduction of vocational degrees and settingup of a Vocational University with polytechnics, communitycolleges, CPs and other VEPs as affiliated colleges are someof the recommendations which require further deliberationat National and State level.References :-1. Abdul Kalam A P J (1998), ‘Vision for the Nation’,

University News, Vol.36 (9), March 2, 1998, AIUPubln., New Delhi;

2. Abdul Kareem S. (1999), ‘Information Technology andKnowledge’, University News, Vol.37 (42), Oct.18,1999, AIU Publn., New Delhi;

3. Aggarwal J C (1984), Landmarks in the History ofModern Indian Education, Vani Publn., New Delhi;

4. Aggarwal J C (1990), Development and Planning ofModern Education, Vikas Publn., New Delhi;

5. AIU Campus News (1992), ‘Equality in EducationalOpportunities’, University News, Vol. XXX(18), May 4,1992, AIU Publn., New Delhi;

6. AIU, (1993), Excellence Achieving Social Relevancein Higher Education, AIU Publn., New Delhi;


^maV _ß oejm H$m AoYH$ma Am°a H$oR>Z MwZm°oV`m±

S>m∞. AM©Zm amßH$m *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ "oejm' gß[yU© OrdZ [`©›V EH$ odef ‡oH´$`m h°& AV: g_mO JoVerb ahVm h° Am°a CoMV [wZoZ©_m©U H$m ‡^mderb oH$`m OmgH$Vm h¢& ^Ï` ^yVH$mb H$m h_ gßaojV aI gH$V h° Am°a ]wamB©`mß H$m C›_ybZ H$a gH$V h°& `h AkmZVm hr kmZ H$r oXem _ß EH$ Amamhr `mÃm h°&AaÒVw H$hVm h°, BgrobE "OrdZ oejm h° Am°a oejm hr OrdZ h°&' dh `h ^r H$hVm h° oH$ ›`m` H$ o]Zm odoY Zht Am°a odoY H$ o]Zm ›`m` Zht&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ A_naH$m H$ amÓQ≠>[oV Í$OdÎQ> Z H$hm Wm (oX. 26 A‡b1936 H$m) Mm°Wr ÏhmB©Q> hmCg g^m H$ g_j "h_ hmß g\$b ‡ßOmVßÃ Am°aoeewwwAmß H$ ]rM gÂ]ßYm H$ C‘Ì` H$ odf` _ß ‡_wIV: MMm© hVw EH$oÃV hwEh°, d oeew Om ‡OmVßÃ H$ Ao^fi AßJ h°& EH$ [•WH$ g_yh H$ Í$[ _ß AmOC›hß h_ AbJ Zhr aIV h° ‡OmVßÃ H$ d EH$ AQy>Q> ^mJ h° ∑`mßoH$ d‡OmVßÃ [a oZ^©a h° Am°a ‡OmVßÃ Òd`ß CZ [a AmolV h°&'1

ZmJnaH$ [°Xm Zht hmV ]ZmE OmV h¢& EH$moYH$madmXr am¡` _ßZmJnaH$Vm H$r oejm VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g AoYH$ gab hmVr h° ∑`mßoH$ Egam¡`mß H$ ZVm H$ A[Z Òd`ß H$ Om ª`mbmV hmV h¢, CZ odMmamß H$m H$m`© _ß`m gÉmB© _ß [nadoV©V H$aZ H$ VarH$mß H$m d A¿N>r Vah g OmZV h¢&Ïò∫$`mß H$m Vm _erZmß H$ [wOm~ H$r Vah hr _mZm OmVm h° `m am¡` H$ dgmYZ _mÃ hmV h¢ & d C‘Ì`mß `m b˙`mß H$m [mZ H$m gmYZ `m Ona`m _mÃhmV h°, Z oH$ Òd`ß _ß b˙` hmV h°& C›hß AmgmZr g AmXe XH$a H$m_H$adm`m Om gH$Vm h° Am°a C›hß ZVmAmß Am°a emgH$mß ¤mam A[Z AZwHy$b]Zm oX`m OmVm h°& ‡OmVßÃ _ß hr A¿N> H$m_ AÀ ßV H$oR>Z Edß [ßMrXJr[yU©hmV h°& emgH$r` od⁄mb` A] AoYH$ ÒdVßÃ Am°a gwodYmOZH$ jÃ _ß AmJE h° Am°a ]hVa [naUm_ X ah h°& oZOr jÃ H$ od⁄mb` _ß ‡oVÓR>mZA[Zr ge∫$ ]mhwE∞/^wOmE∞ AmO_m ahr h°& 87 ‡oVeV oejH$ AmOB©_mZXmar g A‹``Z gdm ‡XmZ H$a ahß h°&

EZwAb ÒQ>Q>g Am∞\$ E¡ wH$eZ na[mQ©> g›Q>a H$r 2005 g 2011 H$rH$mbAdYr _ß oZa›Va emY gdjU H$r na[mQ©> H$ AZwgma Om 16000J´m_m _ß oH$`m J`m h°, 3 bmI bmJmß [a 25000 `wdH$mß ¤mam oH$E J`gdj m H$ [naUm_ g kmV hwAm h° oH$ ]mbH$ od⁄mb` _ß C[oÒWV hmZ H$obE B¿Nw>H$ h° Om 6-14 df© H$ h° 97 ‡oVeV& [hbm ge∫$ H$X_ ]mobH$mAmH$m h°, BZ_ß g 25 ‡oVeV ]mbH$ oZOr od⁄mb`m _ß A‹``Z ‡m· H$a ah h°oOgH$m l oejm H$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2009 H$m OmVm h°&

‡OmVßÃ _ß oejm H$r ewÈAmV hr [nadma g hmVr h° Om A¿N> ZmJnaH$H$m CÀ[fi H$aZ dmb EH$ C⁄mZ H$r Vah EH$ ]JrMm (Zg©ar) hmVm h°&ghZerbVm, gh^moJVm, ÒdmW©À`mJ, BÀ`moX g [nadma _ß ]Émß H$m]M[Z g hr gß]ßoYV VW AZw^d H$adm`m OmVm h°, Oh±m ‡OmVßÃ H$mAßHw$aU hmVm h° & Ïò∫$ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß VWm gm_moOH$ g_yh H$r _mßJH$ ]rM gßVwbZ ÒWmo[V H$adm`m OmVm h°& ha Ïò∫$, gm_ßOÒ` Am°a gßVwbZH$aZm grIVm h° AV: BZ JwUmß H$r Ztd H$m od⁄mb`mß _ß _O]yV oH$`m OmZmMmohE, C›hß gm_yohH$ Í$[ XZm MmohE& [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$r gßH$rU©

* od^mJm‹`j (odoY) A‹``Zembm Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

odMmaYmam H$m Ï`m[H$ Í$[, Ï`m[H$-g_mO hVw XZm hr hmJm& Ïò∫$ Am°ag_mO H$ ]rM gßKf© H$r oÒWoV`m± Vm [°Xm h_em hmJr& gßVwbZ [mZ H$obE, [aßVw ]mbH$ Vm AmdÌ`H$ g_m`mOZ Am°a gm_ßOÒ` [nadma g hrgrIVm h°& Hw$N> [mZ H$ obE Hw$N> ImZm [∂S>Vm h° `h grI [nadma g ‡m·hmVr h°& ZmJnaH$Vm, oH$gr [mR>embm H$ odf` H$r Vah ogIm`m m [∂T>m`mOmZ dmbm odf` Zht h°& ]m°o’H$ ÒVa g BgH$m gßM`Z `m gßÏ`dhmagßMmobV Zht hmVm h¢ & Bg_ß Vm CoMV H$m°eb, —oÓQ>H$mU Am°a ohVmß H$rOÍ$aV, kmZ VWm g_P H$ Abmdm hmVr h°& BgrobE ‡OmVßÃ H$ obEoejm H$m ZmJnaH$ emÛ H$r oejm H$ g—Ì`, g_mZ Í$[ g [hMmZ ZhtH$r Om gH$Vr h°& AmO gyMZm eo∫$ H$ odÒ\$mQ> H$ \$bÒdÈ[ VH$ZrH$rkmZ H$r oXem _ß e„Xm H$r ‹doZ H$r JoV g ^r VO ghr ‡H•$oV H$m ^roZÌMm`H$ _mZm OmVm h°&

ga naMS©> obodßJÒQ>mZ Z H$hm Wm, oH$ ZmJnaH$Vm H$db OmZH$mar mgyMZm _mÃ Zht h°, h Vm AmMaU Am°a H•$À` h° Z oH$ og’mßV m kmZ _mÃh°& o]Zm A¿N>m ZmJnaH$ ]Z H$mB© Ïò∫$ g_mO odkmZ H$ odf`mß ggw[naoMV ^br ^mßoV hm gH$Vm h¢& H$db AoYH$mamß Am°a Xmo`Àdmß H$mg°’mßoVH$ kmZ hr oH$gr ]mbH$ H$m A¿N>m ZmJnaH$ Zht ]ZmVm h¢&3

2.2.2.2.2. odoYH$ gßX^© -odoYH$ gßX^© -odoYH$ gßX^© -odoYH$ gßX^© -odoYH$ gßX^© - ZE maV H$ ÒdflZ —ÓQ>mAmß Z O] maV H$m gßodYmZ]ZmZ H$r H$Î[Zm H$r Wr C›hmßZ ‡OmVmßoÃH$ OrdZ H$m gdmŒm_‡mWo_H$Vm Xr Wr& 1976 _ß gßemoYV, gßodYmZ H$r ‡ÒVmdZm Ï`∫$ ^r`hr H$aVr h¢ - AZw¿N>X 21-E VWm 51-E Z oejm H$ AoYH$ma H$m_mZdmoYH$ma H$ È[ _ß OrdZ Am°a Xh H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$ ¤mam oZÓ[moXVoH$`m Om ahm h°&

"h_ ^maV H$ bmJ, ^maV H$m gd©gß‡^wVm gß[fi, g_mOdmXr, [ßW-oZa[j, ‡OmVmßoÃH$ JUam¡` oZo_©V H$aZ H$m gßH$Î[ bH$a, Am°a g_mOH$ g_ÒV ZmJnaH$mß H$m›`m` - gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$g_mZVm - ÒVamß Am°a Adgamß H$rÒdVßÃVm - odMma H$aZ, C›hß Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZ, odÌdmg H$aZ Edß AmamYZmH$aZ H$r VWm, Ïò∫$`mß H$m Jna_m [yU© OrdZ, ^´mV•Àd, VWm Xe H$rEH$Vm, AIßS>Vm Eßd gw—∂T>Vm odÌdmg oXbmV hwE h gßodYmZ AmO oXZmßH$26 OZdar 1949 H$m AßJrH$ma H$aV h° Eßd AmÀ_mo[©V H$aV h°&4 AZw 21A VWm AZw 51 A H$ A›VJ©V oejm H$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma H$m _mZdmoYH$maH$ È[ _ß OrdZ Am°a Xh H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$ ¤mam oZÓ[moXV oH$`m Om ahm h°&


df© 1953 _ß _m‹ò_H$ oejm Am`mJ H$r na[mQ©> 1953 ([•.20) _ß `hH$hm J`m Wm ha ZmJnaH$ H$r ‡OmVmßoÃH$ ^mdZm odH$ogV H$aZm h_marZroV H$m EH$ _mÃ AßJ h°& ‡OmVßÃ _ß ZmJnaH$Vm VWm R>mg Am°a MwZm°Vr[yU©Xmo`Àd ha ZmJnaH$ H$m hmVm h° oOgH$ obE CgH$m gmdYmZr g ‡oeojVH$aZm h°& Bg_ß ]m°o’H$, gm_moOH$ Eßd Z°oVH$ JwUmß H$r AoZdm`©Vm hmJroOgg oH$, d A[Z Òd`ß H$ AZwÍ$[ odH$ogV hm gH$ß&5

h_ma Xe _ß odamYmß _ß EH$Vm h°& H$B© OmoV`m±, H$B© Y_©, H$B© g_wXm`mßg o_bH$a h_mam Xe ]Zm h°& ‡OmVmßoÃH$ oejm H$m ÒdÒW odH$mg h_marH$oR>ZmB`mß Am°a od X m Ag_mZVm g h_ß Nw>Q>H$mam Am°a _wo∫$ oXbdmEJm&H$mB© gr ^r oejm A[Z "Zm_', H$ obE gmW©H$ Zht hmJr Om gßVwbZ gHw$ebVm g Eßd CXmaVm [yd©H$ OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ JwUmßH$m odH$mg Ïò∫$`mß _ß Zht H$aVr h°& "Ïò∫$Àd H$ _mZdrH$aU/h`y_ZmBOeZ (Humanisation) H$aZ Am°a gm_moOH$H$aU/gmoe`bmBOeZ (Socialisation) H$aZ _ß AZwemgZ, ghH$mnaVm,gm_moOH$ gßdXZerbVm H$r ‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ H$r odoeÓQ> Eßd AÀ`m¡`^yo_H$m hmVr h°'&6 _m. oejm Am`mJ [•. 21 H$r _mZZr` amOrd JmßYr H$r1986 H$r oejm ZroV Z ^r [ya amÓQ≠> H$ obE EH$ O°gm g_mZ [mR>ÁH´$_oZYm©naV H$aZ Eßd bmJy H$aZ H$m oZÌM` oH$`m Wm&7

df© 1996 H$ oejm Am`mJ Z ^r `h gwPm`m Wm oH$ odemb ˆX`,ghZerbVm, [maÒ[naH$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ, o^fi OrdZ e°br H$r _Z g‡eßgm H$aZm oOZH$ bmJ A‰`ÒV hmV h°, CgH$m gÂ_mZ H$aZm O°g JwUmßH$m h_ß odH$mg H$aZm hmJm&8 g_ÒV ZroVoZXeH$ VÀd B›hr JwUmß H$mAZw‡_moUV H$aZ hVw gßodYmZ _ß g_modÓQ> oH$` JE h¢& odefV: AZw.51 VWm 51(H$) _ß _m°obH$ H$V©Ï`mß H$ ‡mdYmZ C[]ßoYV oH$E JE h¢&3.3.3.3.3. _mZdmoYH$ ma [na‡ ˙` - _mZdmoYH$ ma [na‡ ˙` - _mZdmoYH$ ma [na‡ ˙` - _mZdmoYH$ ma [na‡ ˙` - _mZdmoYH$ ma [na‡ ˙` - _mZdmoYH$mam ß H$r 1948 _ ßA›Vam©ÓQ≠>r`gmd© m°_ KmfUm _ß gß w∫$ amÓQ>≠ gßK Z h CX≤Kmf oH$`m Wm oH$"‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ H$m A[Z odMmamß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ Eßd odMma ‡H$meZ H$r_m°obH$ emo∫$ ‡m· Bg AoYH$ma _ß o]Zm hÒVj[ H$ gyMZm ImOZ, ‡m·H$aZ, gyMZm ‡XmZ H$aZ Am°a ^m°JmobH$ gr_mAmß H$ gßX^© H$ o]Zm hroH$gr r ‡H$ma g gßMma _m‹`_mß g odMmamß H$m gßMmobV Eßd ‡gmnaV H$aZH$r ÒdVßÃVm goÂ_obV h°& AWm©V `h ÒdVßÃm òX ÒdrH•$V Zht H$r JB©hmVr Vm bmH$ gßMma/OZ gßMma H$m H$mB© Adef Bg XwoZ`m _ß Zht hmVm&gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$ g^r gXÒ` Xemß Z Bg KmfUm H$m AZw_moXV oH$`m h°, VWm^maV Z ^r A[Zr CX≤KmfUm gßodYmZ H$ AZw¿N>X 19(1)H$ _ß H$r h° &OZ gßMma _m‹`_ A] EH$ amÓQ≠>r` odemb C⁄_ ]Z MwH$m h° Eßd gM hr CgemgZ H$m Mm°Wm AßJ, "I]a [mobH$m' _mZm OmZ bJm h¢& AI]mamß Z maV_ß ^r [na—Ì` [a A[Zm _O]yV AmoY[À`, o]óQ>eH$mb g hr aIm Wm&AV: aoS>`m, XyaXe©Z, C[J´h, Q>b∑g, \$∑g r Bg_ß Ow∂S> JE h¢& AmO Vmgmam odÌd hr EH$ AÀ`›V N>mQ>m ([aßVw odemb) gm [nadma ]Z J`m h°&bmH$-gßMma/OZgßMma H$m ^maV _ß [yU© ÒdVßÃVm ha H$r_V [a o_bZr hrMmohE& h_ß ^mdr ^` Am°a AmVßH$ H$ odÍ$’ gVH©$ ahZm hmJm Om BgÒdVßÃ H$m j` Eßd odZme H$aZ [a CVmÍ$ hm JE h°& ‡OmVßÃr` g_mO H$Hw$eb gßMmbZ hVw _roS>`m H$r yo_H$m Ao¤Vr` Eßd odbjU h°& Oh±m ‡gH$r ÒdVßÃVm Zht hm, dh±m ‡OmVßÃ AoÒVÀd _ß Oam ^r Zht hmVm h° &

AaÒVy Z H$hm Wm oH$ _ZwÓ`, ‡H•$oV g, g_moOH$ ‡mUr h°, `hAmdÌ`H$Vm H$m hr [naUm_ ^r Wm& "OrdZ' H$db oO›Xm ahZ H$m Zm_

Zht h° ]oÎH$ gwI[yd©H$ OrZ H$m Zm_ h°&9

]mgmß∏$V H$hVm h° - gmd©OoZH$ ohV _ß hr A[Zm ohV h° Bg AW© _ß oX h_g_P Vm, AoYH$ma, "gm_oOH$ H$Î`mU' H$r AoZdm`©Vm eV© hmVr h°&O] AoYH$mamß H$r ]mV Mb Am°a ]›W_ H$m Zm_ Z Am`, `h Vm hm hr ZhtgH$Vm h°& dh H$hVm h° am¡` H$ o]Zm h_ Or Zht gH$V h°, h_ma obE am¡ÀoZdm`© h°& gwajm, g_mZVm, ÒdVßÃVm Am°a ‡MwaVm H$ obE hr am¡`, Am°aH$mZyZ H$r C[`moJVm h°& Bg_ß g gwajm H$m VÀd gdmÉ _hÀd H$m hmVmh°&10 Wm_g ohbJ´rZ H$hVm h° oH$ _mZd MVZm ÒdVßÃVm H$m [ydm©Zw_mZH$aVr h° oOg_ß AoYH$ma A›VoZ©ohV Vm hmV hr h° Am°a AoYH$mamß H$ obEhr am¡` H$r _mßJ r hmVr h°&11 ]›W_ H$ AZwgma "òX "am¡`', O°gm OZH$`m Ao^^mdH$ (o[Vm) H$mB© oX Zht h° Vm h AoYH$ma gßj[ _ß o[V•odohZ(Bastard) hmßJ &' bmÒH$r H$hVm h° oH$ am¡` dh h° `m Cg OmZm OmVm h°`m H$hm OmVm h° `m _mZm OmVm h° Om am¡` H$ Ïò∫$`mß H$ AoYH$mamß H$remÌdVVm hVw bJmVma ‡`ÀZerb h°& CZ ÒdrH•$V AoYH$mamß _ß emÌdVVm‡XmZ H$a Om ZmJnaH$mß H$m _mZd hmZ H$ H$maU ‡m· h° &

bmÒH$r H$ AZwgma "oejm H$m AoYH$ma' _m°obH$ AoYH$ma `m"AmYma yV' AoYH$ma hmVm h¢&12 " g^r _m°obH$ AoYH$ma am¡` H$m C[hma(Gift) `m X`m H$ [naUm_ Zht h°& ` Òdß` Ò\y$V©© h°' - S>m∞. A_À`© gZ &13

AV: oejm H$r ZdrZV_ [na^mfm h h° - "_ZwÓ` AZwH$aU g grIVm h¢&oejm, ‡H•$oVH$ gßVwbZ H$aH$ ^maV, H$r AmßVnaH$ eo∫$`mß H$ oZaßVa-‡^mderb-odH$mg H$m H$hV h°& AaÒVy Z _ZwÓ` Am°a OmZda _ß X oH$`mWm _ZwÓ` H$ [mg "VH©$' h°, OmZda H$ [mg Zhr h° BgobE MmVw ©, ]wo’_ŒmmAm°a gmM _ZwÓ` H$ [mg h°&'14 _ZwÓ` JoVerbVm odH$ogV H$aZ _ß g_W© h°&od^XrH$aU Am°a gßaMZmÀ_H$Vm H$ JwU Cg_ß ghm`H$ hmV h°& OmZda _ß`h g] Zht hmVm& OmZdamß H$r ‡oVoH´$`m `m ‡À`wŒma VmÀH$mobH$ Am°aAmbmMZmÀ_H$ hmVm h°& _ZwÓ` XrK©H$mbrZ odMmaH$ hmVm h°& gßj[ _ß oejmg Ao^‡m` EH$ ‡`mg, EH$ H$moee, _ZwÓ` H$m odH$ogV H$aZ H$r h°& hoejm, `h AmMaU `m gßÏ`dhma H$m gßemYZ `m g_memYZ hmVr h°&

`h h_ß gßdXZmÀ_H$Vm H$m _mZdr` AmMaU _ß [nadoV©V H$aZ H$obE ‡mÀgmohV H$aVr h° & CÀ[r∂S>Z, Y_H$r, A[_mZ, ^` [a odO` [mZmhr hmJm& "oejm' gß[yU© OrdZ [`©›V EH$ odef ‡oH´$`m h°& AV: g_mOJoVerb ahVm h° Am°a CoMV [wZoZ©_m©U H$m ‡^mderb oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢&^Ï` ^yVH$mb H$m h_ gßaojV aI gH$V h° Am°a ]wamB©`mß H$m C›_ybZ H$agH$V h°& `h AkmZVm hr kmZ H$r oXem _ß EH$ Amamhr `mÃm h°& AaÒVwH$hVm h°, BgrobE ì"OrdZ oejm h° Am°a oejm hr OrdZ h°&'15 dh `h ^rH$hVm h° oH$ ›`m` H$ o]Zm odoY Zht Am°a odoY H$ o]Zm ›`m` Zht &

EZwAb ÒQ>Q>g Am∞\$ EOwH$eZ na[mQ©> 16 _ß 2005 g 2011 _ß bJmVmagdjU oH$E h° oOZH$r na[mQ©> Hw$N> oXZmß [yd© ‡H$moeV H$r JB© h°& BggßJR>Z _ß 3.00 bmI Ïò∫$`mß H$ [nadmamß H$m Om 16,000 Jmßdm _ß \°$b h°([ya ^maV _ß) CZH$m 25,000 `wdmAmß Z Òd`ß gdH$ ]ZH$a odembV_gdjU oH$`m EH$ AemgH$r` gßJR>Z H$ AßVJ©V ahV hwE& Bg emY H$r‡_wI odf` dÒVw "AmYma yV [R>Z Am°a gßª`mJUZ" ahr h°& ∑`mßoH$ oH$gr^r AgaXma ZroV H$m oH´$ò›dV H$aZ H$ obE g]yVmß H$ AoZdm`©AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h° `h na[mQ©> 2 _yb^yV b˙`m [a H$o›–V h° -1. odYmoW©`mß H$r od⁄mb`mß _ß oH$VZr gßª`m VWm ^Vr© (Enroll) H$rJB© Am°a d oH$g oH$Ò_ H$ od⁄mb` W ?


2. ∑`m ` g_ÒV odYmWr© [R>Z H$ AmYma^yV odf` H$m grI ah h° VWmgßª`m H$r gßJUZm [’oV H$m grI ah h° ? gdjU H$r na[mQ©> _ß J´m_rU^maV H$r dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV oZÂZmZwgma h° -(i) ^maV _ß 6-14 df© Am`w g_yh g 97% ]mbH$ h° Om od⁄mb` g OwS>JE h° Am°a [yd© H$r VwbZm _ß `h AX≤^wV naH$mS©> [hbr ]ma hmogb hwAm h°&oZò_V C[oÒWV hmZ H$m Ome AVwbZr` h°&(ii) g]g H$oR>Z 11-14 df© H$r Am`w g_yh H$r ]mobH$m H$m ÒHy$b _ßoZò_V [∂T>mB© H$ obE Vr© Am°a C[oÒWoV, Hw$N> Egr AH$Î[Zr` g\$bVmh°, Am°a dh 90% ]∂T> H$a 95% VH$ H$ oeIa H$m Ny> JB© h°& ]mobH$mAmß H$A‹``Z _ß AZH$ ]mYmEß ahr h°, C›hß ÒdVßÃ N>mS>Zm OmoI_ h° [aßVw gßodYmZH$ AZw¿N>X 21E Am°a oejm H$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2009 (2010g bmJy) _ß H´$mßoVH$mar [naUm_mß g [wÍ$ÒH•$V oH$`m h°& BZ ]mobH$mAmß Z,^maV H$r, ÒdVßÃVm H$ 62 df© [ÌMmV≤ bß]r b∂S>mB© _ß g\$bVm ‡m· H$r&(iii) ghr oejm H$r oXem _ß `h Ao_Q> C[bo„Y h° Am°a [hbm ge∫$H$X_ ]mobH$mAmß H$m h°& (First powerful Step of girl children)(iv) 25% ]mbH$ oZOr od⁄mb`mß _ß oejm J´hU H$a ah h°& oOgH$m l`^r ZB© oejm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2009 H$m OmVm h° &(v) emgH$r` od⁄mb` A] AoYH$ ÒdVßÃ Eßd gwodYm OZH$ hm JE h°Am°a ]hVa [naUm_ X ah h°& oZOr od⁄mb` ^r _eÍ$_ H$r Vah \°$bV Omah h°& oOgg h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ emgH$r` od⁄mb`mß _ß gwb‰`Vm(Accessibility) A^r ^r Zht o_b [mB© h°&(vi) 87% A‹`m[H$ bJmVma oZò_V C[oÒWoV ¤mam A‹`m[Z H$a ahh°, Eßd 10 am¡`mß _ß 90% oejH$ Am°a JwOamV _ß 96% oejH$ A‹`m[Z hVw‡oV]’ h°&(vii)N>mÃmß H$r C[oÒWoV A^r ^r ]∂T>r Zht h° A[jm AZwgma, A^r `hg_ßH$ 71% [a oR>R>H$m hwAm h¢&(viii) o[N>b Mma dfm~ _ß ÒHy$b À`mJZ/N>mS>Z dmb ]mbH$mß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>r^r h°& oOgH$ [rN> H$maU oZY©ZVm, [nadma H$r AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm H$aZm,

yI (starvation) Eßd oZÍ$Àgmhr hmZm h°& ]mobH$mE± r Bgg A‡^modVZht h°&(ix) _m‹`_ r EH$ ]∂S>r ]mYm h°, ÒHy$b H$r mfm [•WH$ h° Am°a [nadma H$r_mV•^mfm AbJ h°&(x) g]g H$∂S>dm gÀ` h° oH$ od⁄mb`mß _ß 50% g AoYH$ _ß em°Mmb` H$mA^md h¢& J´m_rU jÃmß _ß `h g_Ò`m AoYH$ h°& 25% Eg od⁄mb` h°oOZ_ß ]mobH$mAmß H$ obE em°Mmb`mß H$r [•WH$ Ï`dÒWm Zht h°& Bgrg_Ò`m H$m Xygam [hby ew’ [Òb H$r gwodYm H$m A^md h°&_‹`‡Xe H$r oÒWoV oZÂZmZwgma h° 17 -

‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb` df© oZÓH$f©2007 2011

1. N>mÃm H$r C[oÒWoV 67% 54.5 oJaVm hwAm J´m\$2. oejH$mß H$r C[oÒWoV 91.3 87.7 oJaVm hwAm J´m\$3. ]hw odoY J´S> H$ H$j 61.8 70.8 CÀgmhOZH$4. [Òb H$m ‡mdYmZ Eßd 78.5 69.1 [r∂S>m OZH$ [hby gßMmobV5. oZOr od⁄mb`mß _ß ^Vr© 13.0 19.0 CÀgmhdY©H$

_‹`‡Xe df© 2008 VH$ A‹`m[Z H$r ‡^mdmÀ[mXH$Vm _ß gwYmahwAm h° oOgH$ ]mX g grIZ H$ ÒVa _ß Am°Y _wßh oJaVr hwB© CVmdbroJamdQ> XO© H$r JB© h°& 18

4.4.4.4.4. ^maV _ ß oejm gß]ßYr gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ -^maV _ ß oejm gß]ßYr gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ -^maV _ ß oejm gß]ßYr gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ -^maV _ ß oejm gß]ßYr gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ -^maV _ ß oejm gß]ßYr gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ - df© 1935 g1976 VH$ oejm am¡`mß (States) H$m odYm`r odf` ahm h°, 1909,1919, 1935 H$ o]óQ>e emgZ AoYoZ`_mß _ß ^r oejm H$m H$›– eo∫$H$ AYrZ Zht _mZm J`m Wm& oXZmßH$ 11, Zdß]a 1976 H$m gßodYmZ _ß44 dß gßemYZ Z, Bg g_dVr© gyMr H$m odYm`r odf` Eßd eo∫$ H$m KmofVH$a oX`m& 1960 VH$ ‡mWo_H$ oejm H$ bmH$Ï`m[rH$aU H$aZ H$m EH$Egm odemb b˙` Wm, Am°a EH$ Va\$ odamYr bha AoZò_V VO JoV g]∂T>Vr JB©& 56 gmbm _ß Am]mXr Om df© 2000 _ß EH$ gm° H$am∂S> H$m [ma H$aJB© h°, [a›Vw dh ÒdflZ Am°a h b˙` AmO VH$ A‡m· h°& ]mYmEß AZH$ h¢AmoW©H$, amOZroVH$ Eßd gm_moOH$, oOZH$m C›_ybZ erK´ JoV g H$aZmhr hmJm O°gm H$r H$ab am¡` Z H$a oXIm`m h° &

_ybV: gßodYmZ H$m AZw¿N>X 4519 H$hVm h° oH$ am¡` 10 dfm H$rAdoY _ß (1950) AoZdm`© Am°a oZ:ewÎH$ ‡mWo_H$ oejm A[Z ]ÉmßH$m XZ H$m AWH$ ‡`mg H$aJm hr, O] VH$ oH$ d ]É 14 dfm H$r C_´ ‡m·Z H$a bß& hm± AZw¿N>X 45 _ß ‡ w∫$ e„X "am¡`' H$m AW© h h° Om AZw¿N>X12 _ß h°& AZw¿N>X 12 _yb AoYH$ma h° Am°a am¡`mß H$ odÍ$’ OZVm H$AoYH$ma H$m h odf` Zmo^H$ h° (›`w∑br`g) m H$›–r` b˙` h°& am¡`_ß g^r odYm`r, H$m`©[mobH$, Eßd ›`mo`H$ gßÒWmE, ÒWmZr` emgZgoÂ_obV h° Mmh gßgX hm m odYmZ _ßS>b m A›` d g] Om maV emgZH$ AYrZ h° oOg_ß gßMma (_roS>`m) _m‹`_ ^r goÂ_obV h°, ^b hr dho‡›Q> _roS>`m hm `m Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ _roS>`m ∑`mß Z h° & `h±m VH$ oH$›`m`[mobH$m ÒdVßÃ hmV hwE ^r "am¡`' H$m hr AßJ h° &

BΩbm›Q>mBZ dh gd©‡W_ Ïò∫$ Wm oOgZ BßΩbßS> _ß ]Émß H$mA›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ‡oÒWoV ‡XmZ H$aZ H$m AmßXmbZ Mbm`m Wm& Om oddmX(oS>]Q>) CgZ ‡maß oH$`m, Cg_ß 26 ogVÂ]a 1925 H$m brJ Am∞\$ Ze›g_ß D±$MmB`m± H$r hXß Ny> bZ _ß CgH$r H$moeeß g\$b hwB©& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$_hmgoMd Z oXZmßH$ 20 AJÒV 1959 _hmg^m Z (gß. am. gßJR>Z) ^rgdm©Zw_oV g Am_ gÃ _ß [wZ: KmfUm H$r Wr, ∑`mßoH$ brJ Am∞\$ Ze›g 20

Vm Xm _hm`w’mß H$r ¡dmbm _ß ^Ò_ hm J`m& Bg KmfUm Z 10 AoYH$maKmofV oH$E W ]Émß H$ obE& Om gwgßJV h° CZH$r oejm H$ gß‡j _ß doZÂZmZwgma CoÑoIV h° 21 -1. ..................................2. ..................................3. gßajU Eßd C[Mma [mZ _ß ]mbH$ g^r [naoÒWoV`mß _ß ‡W_ ÒWmZ

[a ahJm& Cg CÉV_ erf© ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr OmdJr&4. ]mbH$ H$m oZ:ewÎH$ Eßd AoZdm`© ‡mWo_H$ oejm [mZ H$m AoYH$ma

h°& `h CgH$ gdmŒm_ ohV _ß h°& oOgH$ ob` CgH$ Ao^^mdH$CŒmaXm`r hmßJ&

5. ..................................6. emarnaH$, _mZogH$ AWdm gm_moOH$ Í$[ g oeoWbmßJ ]mbH$mß H$m

odef C[Mma, oejm Eßd XI^mb ‡m· H$aZ H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hmJmA∑ga&

7. ..................................8. ..................................


9. ..................................10. ]mb AoYH$ma H$›deZ (gr.Ama.gr.) Z B›ht H$m EH$ ]ma [wZ:

Xmham`m J`m h°&(]) ^maV _ß ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ ]mX 52 dfm H$r H$oR>Z ‡Vrjm H$ ]mXoH$VZm XwI Edß Xw^m©Ω` ahm h° oH$ gßodYmZ ^maV _ß ]ZZ H$ ]mX ^r df©2002 VH$ ^maVr` OZVm H$m Edß ^maVr` oeewAm H$m "oejm H$ obE_m°obH$ AoYH$ma', g dßoMV ahZm [∂S>m& A] gßodYmZ _ß AZw 21 (E) Om∂S>mJ`m h°, Om ‡mU Edß am¡` g^r CZ ]mbH$m H$m 6 g 14 df© H$r C_´ H$ h°C›h oZ:ewÎH$ Edß AoZdm`© oejm ‡XmZ H$aJm oOgH$m VarH$m am¡`,odoY ¤mam AoôZoÌMV oH$`m OmdJm&

O.[r. CfirH•$ÓUZ odÍ$’ AmßY´‡Xe am¡` 22 VWm Q>r.E_.E. [mB©\$mC›S>eZ ]Zm_ H$Zm©Q>H$ am¡` 23 H$ dmXmß _ß CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z OmXe H$m erf©ÒW AoJ´_ ›`m`Xm`H$ gßÒWmZ h° CgZ amÓQ≠> H$r ]hw‡oVojV_mßJm H$m [yam H$aZ H$ obE ^maV emgZ H$m ‡mÀgmohV Eßd gmhg [yU©oZXe, ‡aUm ‡XmZ H$r h°& Bgr gßX^© _ß, gmW hr ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$mAZw. 39 ^r _hÀd[yU© h° Om am¡` H$m ZroV oZXe, H$ AßVJ©V ]mbH$ Eßd_ohbm ÒdmÒœ` AmoX H$r Ï`dÒWm ‡XmZ H$aZ H$ ‡mdYmZ ]ZmZ H$mAmXe H$aVm h°& AZw¿N>X 51 (E) (H$) AZwgma h ]mbH$ H$ Ao^^mdH$`m gßajH$ H$m _yb H$V©Ï` hmJm oH$ A[Z ]mbH$ H$m (6-14 df© H$r C_´H$) oejm H$m CoMV Adga C[b„Y H$admE&

Ohmß VH$ oH$ _roS>`m H$m gdmb h°, gßodYmZ ¤mam C›hß H$mB© [•WH$ gÒdVßÃVm H$m ‡mdYmZ Zht h° [a›Vw AZw¿N>X 19(1) _ß h ‡mdYmZ h° oH$g_ÒV ZmJnaH$m H$m - ^mfU Edß Ao^Ïò∫$ ÒdVßÃVm hmJr& ]Ó^yf m,gH$mb [[a, ]ZQ> H$mb _Z E›S> H$Â[Zr, V_g, MmU∑` AmoX AZH$mßoddmXmß H$ oZU©`mß _ CÉV_ ›`m`mb` H$ oZU©` _ß gßMma _m‹`_m H$m BgÒdVßÃVm hVw A›` Am_ ZmJnaH$mß H$ AoYH$mam H$ VwÎ` AoYH$mar _mZmJ`m h°&24

5.5.5.5.5. oZÓH$f© Eßd gwPmd -oZÓH$f© Eßd gwPmd -oZÓH$f© Eßd gwPmd -oZÓH$f© Eßd gwPmd -oZÓH$f© Eßd gwPmd -i. ]mbH$m H$ e°jUrH$ Edß JwUmÀ_H$ odH$mg H$ obE ]hVa `mOZmEß

AmaÂ^ H$r Omd&ii. ]mb oejm H$m H$m`© ]mb odefk na[mQ©>amß, _Zmd°kmoZH$mß H$m CZ

odf`m H$m oOg_ß, ]mbH$ Òd`ß ^mJrXmar H$aß& ‡mÀgmohV H$aZmhmJm&

iii. AÌbrbVm H$m C›_ybZ H$R>maVm g H$mZyZ ¤mam oH$`m Omd&vi. [`m©daU oejm, _mZdmoYH$ma oejm, `m°Z oejm, amOJma [aH$

oejm H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aß J°a emgH$r` gßJR>Z g oZoY`mß J´hU H$aßCZH$m gXw[`mJ H$aß&

v. A] oeew _m°obH$ AoYH$ma YmaH$ BH$mB© ^r h° _mZd hmZ H$ gmWgmW VWm oejH$m H$m ^r [wZ©ÌMVZm H$aZm AoYH$ma h° ]mbH$m H$g_mZ&^maV _ß 1980 H$ ]mb AoYH$ma A^r g_` Am°a yZrg\$ mOZmAm

25 H$m bmJw H$aZ H$ obE A›V©amÓQ≠>r` _mZX S> bmJw H$aZm hr hmßJ BgobEg‰`Vm-gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡emogV H$aZ _ß _mZdmoYH$mam H$r ajm H$ obEo‡›Q> d odYwV _roS>`m H$r ]mb o_Ã mOZm H$r Ï`m[H$ Edß Eh_ yo_H$m h°&

oXZmßH$ 1 A∑Qy>]a df© 1996 H$m BΩb¢S> _ lo_H$ Xb H$r g^m _ßQ>mZr „bà 26 Z H$hm Wm oH$ _wPg Am[ VrZ ‡mWo_H$VmE| emgZ H$ròX [wN>mJ Vm _a CŒma hmJm oejm, oejm Am°a oejm& maV _ß Vm ]mbH$m

H$ oZïewÎH$ Edß AoZdm`© oejm H$ AoYH$ma H$m odf` A[ma _mÃm _ß h°&‡YmZ_ßÃr _mXr Or Z KmfUm H$r h° oH$ ]mbH$m H$m od⁄mb` _ß [ Ob Am°a[∏$ emMmb` hVw gdm©oYH$ YZ amoe AmdßoQ>V H$r OmZm h°& oejm H$odMma H$ [rN> ^maV H$r OZVm AmO ^r AZo^k h°& BgobE Right ofchildren to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 (35of 2008) gßgX 27 ¤mam [mnaV hwAm VWm oXZmßH$ 1 A‡°b 2010 g‡doV©V hwAm h°& BgH$m _wª` CX≤Ì` g_mZVm, g_moOH$ ›`m`, ‡OmVßÃ d›`mo`H$ Edß _mZdr` g_mO H$ _wÎ`mß H$ ÒWm[Zm H$ b˙`mß H$m ‡m· oH$`mOm gH$&

oH$ema A[MmnaVm, XŒmH$ Edß ]mobH$m oddmh H$m ]mobH$mAmß H$_m_bm _ß oH$ema ›`m` AoYoZ`_ 2000 Om 2006 g gßemoYV hwAmCg_ß A^r ^r gßemYZ oH$E Omdß&

lr_oV _°ZH$m Jm∞Yr Z oH$ema ›`m` AoYoZ`_ df© 2014 _ß gßemYZhVw X]md ]Zm`m h°, oOg_ß oH$ema A[amYr H$m H$R>ma XßS> g XßoS>V oH$ÒmZ H$m ‡ÒVmd aIm h°& oejm H$m `h Am`m_ ^r H$_ _hÀd[yU© Zhr h°&MwZm°oV`m Vm AZH$ h°& h_ "^maV H$ bmJ' H°$g Bg MwZmVr H$m oejm H$_m‹`_ g oZamH•$V H$a `h gdmb AmO ^r bbH$ma ahm h° 2014 _ß& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Í$OdÎQ> - Mm°Wr ÏhmBQ> hmCg g^m 26 A‡°b 19362. EZwAb ÒQ>Q>g Am∞\$ E¡`wH$eZ na[mQ©> 20113. ga naMS©> obodßJÒQ>mZ 1934 [O 144(2)&4. ^maVr` gßodYmZ5. Âmm‹ò_H$ oejm Am`mJ ‡oVdXZ [•. 20(1953)6. _m‹ò_H$ oejm Am`mJ ‡oVdXZ [•. 21(1953)7. 1986 oejm ZroV, amOrd J±mYt8. oejm Am`mJ ‡oVdXZ 1996 [•.179. AaÒVw (na[o„bH$)10. œ`mar Am∞\$ boOÒbeZ [•.3 ]ßW_ (EZ.E_.oÃ[mR>r ‡m.ob., ]Â]B©)11. Wm_g ohb J´rZ - amOZroV odkmZ12. bmÒH$r - J´m_a Am∞\$ [moboQ>∑g13. S>m∞. A_©À` gZ - Jar]r H$m AW©emÛ14. AaÒVw oX bm∞O15. AaÒVw oX bm∞O16. VX°d 217. VX°d 218. VX°d 219. ^maVr` gßodYmZ ([•.57) S>m∞.[r.E_. ]jr ( yoZdg©b) 5 gßÒH$aU

200320. brJ Am∞\$ Zf›g21. gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> _hmg^m H$ goMd H$r KmfUm22. E. Am`. Ama. 1993 Eg. gr. 217823. E. Am`. Ama. 2003 Eg. gr. 35524. ‡g H$r ÒdVßÃVm AZw. 19 (1) (A)25. woZg\$ mOZm26. Q>mZr „bà H$m ^mfU oXZmßH$ 1 A∑Qy>]a 199627. Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education

Act 2009


Ymam 125 X S> ‡oH$`m gßohVm H$ AYrZ ›`mo`H$ H$m ©dmoh`mßH$m ‡m`mOZ Edß odÌbfU

Amoa\$ ImZ [Q>b *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ `h emY [Ã Bg ]mV H$m AZwgßYmZ H$aZ H$ obE CÀgwH$ Edß gßH$oÎ[V h° oH$ ^maVr` X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 H$r Ymam 125 H$r`WmW©: odoYH$ ‡H•$oV ∑`m h°, OmZm Omd, ôdÓ` _ß hmZ dmb ‡oH´$`mÀ_H$ oddmXm g ]Mm Om gH$ß, VWm ›`m` ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r H$m`©dmhr _ß VOJoVEdß goj·Vm oZo_©V H$r Om gH$ & oOgg oH$ [naÀ`∫$ [ÀZr Edß gßVmZmß `m Ao^^mdH$mß H$m ^yI g _aZ H$r g_Ò`m g erK´ C[Mma o_b gH$ &

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Ymam 125 X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 H$m A‹`m` IX _ßC[]ßoYV odYmo`H$m ¤mam oH$`m J`m h°, Om oH$ XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1898H$r Ymam 488 H$m ‡oVÒWmo[V H$aVr h° VWm `h EH$ gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$mC[MmamÀ_H$ ‡mdYmZ h° & `h C[]ßY Am[Xm Edß AmH$oÒ_H$ gßH$Q> gÏòWV _ohbm, ]Émß Edß Ao^^mdH$mß H$ gßajUmW© odefV: AoYoZò_VoH$`m J`m h° & oH$›Vw H$m`©dmoh`m±± Xmo S>H$ (Punitive) ‡H•$oV H$r ZhthmVr h° & BZ ‡mdYmZmß H$m C‘Ì` oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m Xo S>V H$aZm Zht h°oOgZ CZ Ïò∫$`mß H$ âU[mfU _ß C[jm H$r hm, VWm oOZH$ âU[mfU H$ obE dh ]m‹` h° & odYmo`H$m H$m Ame`, Bg ‡mdYmZ H$ [rN>[naÀ`∫$ [ÀZr ]Émß Edß _mVmo[Vm H$m ^yI g [ro∂S>V hmZ H$r Ï`Wm H$odÍ$’ erK´Va C[m` ‡XmZ H$aZm ahm h° Am°a EH$ gßoj· ‡oH´$`m, Xmo`ÀdH$m ‡doV©V H$admZ hVw C[b„Y H$admZm h° oOgg oH$ AmdmamJXr© g ]MmOm gH$ & Ymam 125 XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm EH$ [wÍ$f H$ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am°a _m°obH$H$V©Ï` H$m ‡^md _ß bmVr h° oOgH$ ¤mam oH$ dh A[Zr [ÀZr, ]Émß EdßAo^^mdH$mß H$m [na[mofV V] VH$ H$a O] VH$ d Òd`ß H$m âU [mfUH$aZ _ß Ag_W© ahV h¢ &

S>oZ`b bVr\$r odÍ$’ ^maV gßKS>oZ`b bVr\$r odÍ$’ ^maV gßKS>oZ`b bVr\$r odÍ$’ ^maV gßKS>oZ`b bVr\$r odÍ$’ ^maV gßKS>oZ`b bVr\$r odÍ$’ ^maV gßK11111 H$ dmX _ß _mZZr` CÉV_›`m`mb` Z VbmH$ ‡XŒm Ûr H$ AßYH$ma_` odÓ` H$ _‘ZOa wo∫$`w∫$Am°a CoMV (Just) ‡mdYmZmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm/AoZdm`©VVm [a X` H$mohbm XZ dmbr ]hg H$m oZU©` gwZmV hwE H$hm Wm oH$ "BXV' H$mb H$g_m· hm OmZ H$ ]mX ^r [oV ¤mam A[Zr [ÀZr/]Émß H$m âU [mfUoH$E OmZ H$r ]m‹`Vm Omar ahJr (_woÒb_ _ohbm-VbmH$ [a AoYH$mamßH$ gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986 H$r Ymam 3(1) H$ VWm 4 _ß `h ‡mdYmZoH$E JE h¢ & ‡mdYmZ maVr` gßodYmZ H$ AZw¿N>X 14, 15 Edß 21 H$odÍ$’ Edß CÑßKZH$mar (Offending) Zht h° &

C∫$ oZU©` (›`mo`H$ odYm`Z) H$ AmYma hVw _mZZr` gdmÉ›`m`mb` ¤mam ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV H$flQ>Z a_eM›– H$m°eb odÍ$’ drUmH$flQ>Z a_eM›– H$m°eb odÍ$’ drUmH$flQ>Z a_eM›– H$m°eb odÍ$’ drUmH$flQ>Z a_eM›– H$m°eb odÍ$’ drUmH$flQ>Z a_eM›– H$m°eb odÍ$’ drUmH$m°ebH$m°ebH$m°ebH$m°ebH$m°eb22222 H$ oZU©` [a oZ^©aVm Ï`∫$ H$r Wr Am°a Ymam 125 XßS> ‡oH´$`mgßohVm 1973 H$ oZohV C‘Ì` H$m aªmßoH$V oH$`m Wm Am°a `h odoYH$og’mßV ÒWmo[V oH$`m Wm oH$ Ymam 125 XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H$m ‡mdYmZgm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m C[MmamÀ_H$ C[]ßY h° VWm ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$AZw¿N>X 39 oOg_ß AZw¿N>X 15(3) [wZ© ÒWmmo[V oH$`m h° XßS> ‡oH´$`mgßohVm 1973 gm_m›` ‡oH´$`mÀ_H$ AoYoZ`_ h° VWm _woÒb_ _ohbm(VbmH$ [a AoYH$ma gßajU) AoYoZ`_, 1986 EH$ hr mOZm H$ [aÒ[a

gh`mJr AßJ h° VWm Bgg AmJ ]T>H$a ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV _mhÂ_X Ah_XmhÂ_X Ah_XmhÂ_X Ah_XmhÂ_X Ah_XmhÂ_X Ah_XImZ odÍ$’ emh]mZy ]J_ImZ odÍ$’ emh]mZy ]J_ImZ odÍ$’ emh]mZy ]J_ImZ odÍ$’ emh]mZy ]J_ImZ odÍ$’ emh]mZy ]J_33333 H$ dmX _ß _mZZr` CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z hodoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Wr oH$ òX VbmH$ewXm [ÀZr Òd`ß H$m [mbZ[mfUH$aZ _ß Ag_W© h° Vm B‘V H$r AdoY H$ ]rVZ H$ ]mX ^r Ymam 125^maVr` XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H$r ghm`Vm (Recourse) bZ H$r ge∫$AoYH$mnaUr (Entitled) h° ∑`mßoH$ _mZZr` C¿¿V_ ›`m`mb` Z Egm hrAo^_V ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV ]mB© Vmoham odÍ$’ Abr o\$gXAbr Mm°oW`m]mB© Vmoham odÍ$’ Abr o\$gXAbr Mm°oW`m]mB© Vmoham odÍ$’ Abr o\$gXAbr Mm°oW`m]mB© Vmoham odÍ$’ Abr o\$gXAbr Mm°oW`m]mB© Vmoham odÍ$’ Abr o\$gXAbr Mm°oW`m44444 H$dmX _ß ‡oV[moXV oH$`m Wm Am°a _mZZr` _‹`‡Xe CÉ ›`m`mb` Z r›`m`—ÓQ>mßV Z›hr ]mB© odÍ$’ ZVam_Z›hr ]mB© odÍ$’ ZVam_Z›hr ]mB© odÍ$’ ZVam_Z›hr ]mB© odÍ$’ ZVam_Z›hr ]mB© odÍ$’ ZVam_55555 _ß ^r ‡oV[moXV oH$`m h°&H$m`©dmoh`m ß H$r ‡H•$oV -H$m`©dmoh`m ß H$r ‡H•$oV -H$m`©dmoh`m ß H$r ‡H•$oV -H$m`©dmoh`m ß H$r ‡H•$oV -H$m`©dmoh`m ß H$r ‡H•$oV - Ï`dhma ‡H•$oV H$m C[Mma dh C[Mma hmVm h°oOgH$ ¤mam H$mB© Ïò∫$ C[ w∫$ C[Mma (Relief) ¤mam AoYH$ma ‡doV©VH$admVm h° O]oH$ Am[amoYH$ ‡H•$oV H$m C[Mma dh C[Mma hmVm h°, oOg_ßH$mB© Ïò∫$ H$oWV A[amY H$ obE Xo S>V oH$`m Om gH$ &

òX Am[amoYH$ H$m`©dmhr H$m A[Z AßoV_ o]›Xw VH$ [hw±MmZ hVwOmar aIm Omd Vm [naUm_ gOm H$ Í$[ _ß hm gH$Vm h° & H$m`©dmhr H$r‡H•$oV `m odefVm Bg ]mV [a oZ^©a Zht H$aVr h° oH$ ›`m`moYH$aU(Tribunal) H$r ‡H•$oV ∑`m h° oOg C[Mma ÒdrH•$V H$aZ H$ ‡moYH$ma/oddH$moYH$ma g doÓR>V oH$`m J`m h° & R>rH$ BgH$ od[naV Bg ]mV [aoZ^©a H$aVr h° oH$ hZZ oH$`m J`m AoYH$ma VWm C[`w∫$ C[Mma oOgH$mXmdm oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° dh ∑`m h° & Bg Ao^‡m` H$ obE _mZZr` CÉV_›`m`mb` ¤mam oH$E JE gß‡jU H$m gßXo^©V oH$`m OmZm AoZdm`© h° OmCgZ Eg.E.EZ. ZmamÙ am∞d odÍ$’ B©Ìdabmb ^JdmZ XmgEg.E.EZ. ZmamÙ am∞d odÍ$’ B©Ìdabmb ^JdmZ XmgEg.E.EZ. ZmamÙ am∞d odÍ$’ B©Ìdabmb ^JdmZ XmgEg.E.EZ. ZmamÙ am∞d odÍ$’ B©Ìdabmb ^JdmZ XmgEg.E.EZ. ZmamÙ am∞d odÍ$’ B©Ìdabmb ^JdmZ Xmg66666 H$oZU©` _ß ‡oV[moXV oH$`m Wm &

_mZZr` CÉV_ ›`m`mb` ¤mam Z›Xbmb o_lm odÍ$’ H$›h°`mbmbZ›Xbmb o_lm odÍ$’ H$›h°`mbmbZ›Xbmb o_lm odÍ$’ H$›h°`mbmbZ›Xbmb o_lm odÍ$’ H$›h°`mbmbZ›Xbmb o_lm odÍ$’ H$›h°`mbmbo_lmo_lmo_lmo_lmo_lm77777 H$ dmX _ß h AoôZYm©naV oH$`m Wm oH$ Ymam 488 (Om A] 125 dtYmam ]Z J`r h° ) [wamZr XßS> ‡oH$`m gßohVm 1898 H$ AYrZ C[]ßoYVC[Mma, "Ï`dhma ‡H•$oV H$m h° AV: Ymam 200 g 203 X‡g H$ ‡mdYmZbmJy Zht hmV h¢ & Ymam 488 H$ ‡`mOZ H$r H$m ©dmhr _ß \$bV: oH$gr ^r‡H$ma H$r ‡maßo^H$ OmßM H$r ‡À`mem (Contemplates) Zht H$aVm h°&

gmodÃr odÍ$’ JmodßX ogßhgmodÃr odÍ$’ JmodßX ogßhgmodÃr odÍ$’ JmodßX ogßhgmodÃr odÍ$’ JmodßX ogßhgmodÃr odÍ$’ JmodßX ogßh88888 H$ dmX _ß _mZZr` CÉV_ ›`m`mb`Z A[Z wJm›Va H$mar oZU© _ß h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Wr oH$ XßS> ‡oH$`mgßohVm 1973 H$ A‹`m` IX _ß [mnaV oH$E OmZ dmb oH$gr AmXe oOgH$¤mam oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m CgH$r [ÀZr, ]Émß `m Ao^^mdH$mß H$ âU [mfUH$aZ H$r ]m‹`Vm H$r Om ahr h°, _oOÒQ>≠Q> Cg Ïò∫$ [a oH$gr ^r

* emYmWu> (odoY) A‹``Z embm, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV


‡H$ma H$m X S> oH$gr A[amY H$mnaV H$aZ H$ ]Xb AoYamo[V Zht H$a ahmhmVm h° &

e°b Hw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU JdmZ [mR>H$e°b Hw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU JdmZ [mR>H$e°b Hw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU JdmZ [mR>H$e°b Hw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU JdmZ [mR>H$e°b Hw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU JdmZ [mR>H$99999 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr`CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z `h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r h° oH$ _oOÒQ>≠Q> H$m `hA›VoZ©ohV eo∫$ doÓR>V Wr oH$ dh [naÀ`∫$m Am°a gmYZ hrZ [oÀZ`m,C[ojV Am°a Ka g ]mha \$ßH$ oXE ]mbH$mß Am°a Aghm`-Ao^^mdH$mß H$mC[Mmam H$m ‡m· H$admE VWm h gwoZoÌMV H$aß oH$ H$mB© r [ÀZr, g›VmZ`m Ao^^mdH$ H$m oÎmar Am°a gßgmYZ odhrZ Ïò∫$ H$ Í$[ _ß g_mO H$Hy$∂S>H$Ma H$ T>a [a ]ghmam/bmMma Zht N>m∂S> oX`m Omd oOgg H$ gß[ro∂S>VA[amY H$mnaV H$aZ H$r oXem _ß bmbmo`V/ AmH$of©V hm Omd AWdmXyga bmJmß H$ hmWmß _ß CZ [a A[amY H$mnaV H$aZ H$ _m°H$ m Adga Am°aAmH$f©U W_m oXE Omd Xß.‡.gß., 1973 H$ A‹`m` Zm¢d H$ AYrZ _oOÒQ>≠Q>H$ jÃmoYH$ma H$r ‡d•oŒm H$R>maV: A[amoYH$/Xmo S>H$ ‡H•$oV H$r o]ÎHw$b^r Zht h° & _mZZr` CÉ ›`m`mb` Z ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV E∂OmO hwg°Z odÍ$’E∂OmO hwg°Z odÍ$’E∂OmO hwg°Z odÍ$’E∂OmO hwg°Z odÍ$’E∂OmO hwg°Z odÍ$’e_m [adrZe_m [adrZe_m [adrZe_m [adrZe_m [adrZ1010101010 _ `h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Wr oH$ X S> ‡oH´$`m H$ AYrZâU [mfU H$ AmdXZ [Ã gßoÒWV H$aZ [a ‡ÒWmo[V H$m`©dmhr Ï`dhma‡H•$oV H$r hmVr h° Edß ôdÓ` _ß hmJr&∑`m Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm bmJy hmJr ?∑`m Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm bmJy hmJr ?∑`m Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm bmJy hmJr ?∑`m Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm bmJy hmJr ?∑`m Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm bmJy hmJr ?

[ßT>arZmW gImam_ Ww] ([ßT>arZmW gImam_ Ww] ([ßT>arZmW gImam_ Ww] ([ßT>arZmW gImam_ Ww] ([ßT>arZmW gImam_ Ww] (Thube ) odÍ$’ Hw$_mar gwa Im) odÍ$’ Hw$_mar gwa Im) odÍ$’ Hw$_mar gwa Im) odÍ$’ Hw$_mar gwa Im) odÍ$’ Hw$_mar gwa Im[ßT>arZmW Ww][ßT>arZmW Ww][ßT>arZmW Ww][ßT>arZmW Ww][ßT>arZmW Ww]1111111111 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr` ]Â]B© CÉ ›`m`mb` Z ‡oV[moXVoH$`m Wm oH$ Ymam 125 Xß.‡.gß. 1973 H$ AYrZ H$m`©dmoh`±m [yar Vah gX‡g H$r ‡oH´$`m ¤mam AoYemogV (Governed) hmVr h° d dmÒVd _ßÏ`dhma ‡H•$oV hr hmVr h° boH$Z C›hß gßoj·rH$aU H$aH$ ‡`mJ oH$`m OmVmh° Am[amoYH$ ›`m`mb`mß H$m BgH$ [rN> ‡m`mOZ h hmVm h° oH$ gm_moOH$CÀWmZ Am°a gwodYm H$ AmYma [a erKJoV g oZamH$aU oH$`m Om gH$ &

[o∂S> mbm gweHw$_ma odÍ$’ gm[mÑr AÍ$U o]›Xw12 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr`CÉV_ ›`m`mb` ¤mam `h ‡oV[moXV oH$`m Wm oH$ "lÓR>V_ gm˙`' H$moZ`_ aU [mfU H$r H$m ©dmoh`mß [a bmJy Zht hmVm h¢, ∑`mßoH$ aU [mfUH$r H$m ©dmoh ±m, A’© ogodb ‡H•$oV H$r H$m ©dmoh`m± hmVr h° &

amOe ew∑bm (VX°d/Supra) H$ ‡H$aU _ß _mZZr` _.‡. CÉ›`m`mb` Z `h AoôZYm©naV oH$`m Wm oH$, A‹`m` IX Xß.‡.gß. 1973A[Zr Òd`ß H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m odYm`Z H$aVm h° Edß C[]ßoYV H$aVm h° &Xß.‡.gß. 1973 H$r Ymam 125 H$m gamH$ma [oÀZ`mß, ]Émß Edß Ao^^mdH$mßH$ âU [mfU H$ AmXemß g h° &

Xß.‡.gß. H$r Ymam 126 Egr ‡oH´$`m C[]ßoYV H$aVr h° Om oH$ Cgr H$‡`wo∫$H$aU g gßÏ`dhma H$aVr h° & X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973, AmXe H$[wZarjU `m [nadV©Z hVw H$mB© ^r C[]ßY Zht H$aVr h° òX EH$ ]maXß.‡.gß.1973 H$r Ymam 362 H$ AmYrZ aU[mfU H$m AmXe ›`m`mbÀßoV_ Í$[ g [mnaV H$a XVm h° & VWmo[ Ymam 362 Xß.‡.gß. H$ R>rH$od[arV X.‡.gß. 1973 H$r Ymam 127 H$ AYrZ ›`m`mb` H$m âU[mfU H$ AmXe H$m gßemoYV H$aZ H$r eo∫$ ‡XŒm H$r JB© h° & Ymam 126_ß EH$ [jr` AmXe H$m oZaÒV H$aZ H$r eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°, O]oH$Xß.‡.gß. 1973 H$r Ymam 128 H$ AYrZ eo∫$ _oOÒQ>≠Q> ¤mam [mnaV âU[mfU H$ AmXe H$ oZÓ[mXZ m Vm_rbr g gß]ßoYV h° & \$bV: h Ò[ÓQ>V:odYm`r Ame` h° oH$ A‹`m` IX Òd`_d hr aU [mfU ÒdrH•$V H$aZ H$rA[Zr ‡oH´$`m H$m odYm`Z H$aVm h° &

dmX o_Ã H$ o]Zm Ad`ÒH$ [oÀZ`mß H$ ¤mam H$m`©dmhr -dmX o_Ã H$ o]Zm Ad`ÒH$ [oÀZ`mß H$ ¤mam H$m`©dmhr -dmX o_Ã H$ o]Zm Ad`ÒH$ [oÀZ`mß H$ ¤mam H$m`©dmhr -dmX o_Ã H$ o]Zm Ad`ÒH$ [oÀZ`mß H$ ¤mam H$m`©dmhr -dmX o_Ã H$ o]Zm Ad`ÒH$ [oÀZ`mß H$ ¤mam H$m`©dmhr - ›`m`—ÓQ>mßVJwbm_ _wÒV\$m odÍ$’ Vmhmam ]J_Jwbm_ _wÒV\$m odÍ$’ Vmhmam ]J_Jwbm_ _wÒV\$m odÍ$’ Vmhmam ]J_Jwbm_ _wÒV\$m odÍ$’ Vmhmam ]J_Jwbm_ _wÒV\$m odÍ$’ Vmhmam ]J_111114 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr` Am›Y´ ‡XeCÉ ›`m`mb` Z `h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Wr oH$ 15 dfr©` oH$emar /]mobH$m o]Zm dmX o_Ã H$r ghm`Vm obE âU [mfU H$ AmdXZ H$r›`m`mb` _ß ‡ÒVwoV hVw d°YV: [yU©V: hH$Xma h°, [a›Vw odYmo`H$m H$mAme` EH$ [ÀZr Om 18 df© g H$_ C_´ H$r h°, Cg A[Z [oV H$ odÍ$’Ymam 125 Xß.‡.gß. 1973 H$ AßVJ©V H$m`©dmhr Amaß^ H$aZ H$r AZw_oVo]ÎHw$b Zht Xr OmZr MmohE H$m Wm, V] O] ‡mdYmZ oZo_©V oH$`m J`mWm Am°a `h ^r ‹`mZ XZm hmJm oH$ Ymam 125 XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973H$ AYrZ _m_bmß [a Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1908 H$ ‡mdYmZ bmJy Zhthm gH$V h¢ Edß ‡`m¡`Zr` (Applicable) Zht h° BgobE AÎ[d`ÒH$[ÀZr Òdß` hH$Xma h° oH$ âU [mfU H$ AmdXZ hVw, o]Zm AmXe 32(XXXII) Ï`dhma ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H$ AYrZ dmXo_Ã H$ _m‹`_ g‡oVoZoYÀd H$admE &Ao^dMZm _ ß gßemYZ -Ao^dMZm _ ß gßemYZ -Ao^dMZm _ ß gßemYZ -Ao^dMZm _ ß gßemYZ -Ao^dMZm _ ß gßemYZ - Ymam 125 XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 H$ AYrZâU [mfU H$ obE AmdXZ [a gßoÒWV H$m`©dmhr MyßoH$ ogodb ‡H•$oV H$rhmVr h°, AV: CZ_ß Ao^dMZmß H$r H$R>ma VH$ZrH$mß H$m [naÀ`mJ H$aV hwECgg ]MZm hmJm & ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV oJareM›– ]Zm_ gwerboJareM›– ]Zm_ gwerboJareM›– ]Zm_ gwerboJareM›– ]Zm_ gwerboJareM›– ]Zm_ gwerb1515151515 H$ oZU©`_ß _mZZr` _.‡. CÉ ›`m`mb` Z h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Wr oH$ ogodb_m_bmß H$ AßVJ©V Ao^dMZmß H$ oZ`_, Ymam 125 Xß.‡.gß. 1973 H$AßVJ©V H$m`©dmhr _ß AmH$of©V Zht hmV h¢ oH$›Vw [jH$mamß H$ ]rM oddmXH$ ghr oZamH$aU hVw Am°a odoY H$ C‘Ì`mß H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$ C‘Ì` gAo^dMZmß H$m gßemoYV H$aZm ]m‹`H$mar hmVm h°&

›`m`—ÓQ>mßV gmBZwbm]w‘rZ odÍ$’ ]rZmgmBZwbm]w‘rZ odÍ$’ ]rZmgmBZwbm]w‘rZ odÍ$’ ]rZmgmBZwbm]w‘rZ odÍ$’ ]rZmgmBZwbm]w‘rZ odÍ$’ ]rZm1616161616 H$ oZU©` _ß _mZZr`H$abm CÉ ›`m`mb` Z `h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r h° oH$ _wßoÒb_ _ohbm(VbmH$ [a AoYH$mamß H$ gßajVm AoYoZ`_ 1986) H$ AYrZ âU[mfU H$ AmdXZ _ß gßemYZ H$r AZw_oV Xß.‡.gßohVm 1973 H$ A‹`mÌX H$ AYrZ d°YV: ‡XmZ H$r Om gH$Vr h° h _mZV hwE oH$ Xß.‡.gß. _ß H$mB©odef ‡oV]ßY/‡oVfY AmdXZ _ß gßemYZ [a oZoX©ÓQ> Zht h° &EH$ [jr` H$m`©dmhr H$m ImnaO H$aZm -EH$ [jr` H$m`©dmhr H$m ImnaO H$aZm -EH$ [jr` H$m`©dmhr H$m ImnaO H$aZm -EH$ [jr` H$m`©dmhr H$m ImnaO H$aZm -EH$ [jr` H$m`©dmhr H$m ImnaO H$aZm - Ymam 126(2) Xß S> ‡oH´$`mgßohVm 1973 ›`m`mb` H$m `h eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$aVm h¢ oH$ A¿N> dmX H$maUH$m AZmdXH$ ¤mam Xem©` OmZ [a, _oOÒQ>≠Q> [yd© _ß [mnaV oH$gr ^r EH$[jr` AmXe (H$m`©dmhr H$m) ImarO H$a gH$Vm h° &

›`m`—ÓQ>mßV gy`©H$m›V odÍ$’ lr_Vr AÑm_m ‡^w (C[Zm_)gy`©H$m›V odÍ$’ lr_Vr AÑm_m ‡^w (C[Zm_)gy`©H$m›V odÍ$’ lr_Vr AÑm_m ‡^w (C[Zm_)gy`©H$m›V odÍ$’ lr_Vr AÑm_m ‡^w (C[Zm_)gy`©H$m›V odÍ$’ lr_Vr AÑm_m ‡^w (C[Zm_)AÑmdmAÑmdmAÑmdmAÑmdmAÑmdm1818181818 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr` H$Zm©Q>H$ CÉ ›`m`mb` ¤mam h ‡oV[moXVoH$`m h° oH$, EH$ [jr` AmXe Ymam 126(2) H$ AßVJ©V ImnaO oH$`m OmgH$Vm h° & A‹`m` ix Xß.‡.gß. 1973 Òd ß EH$ [jr` H$m ©dmhr H$aZ Edß CgoZaÒV H$aZ H$r eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$aZ H$m ‡mdYmZ C[]ßoYV H$aVm h°&g_Pm°Vm -g_Pm°Vm -g_Pm°Vm -g_Pm°Vm -g_Pm°Vm - EH$ _oOÒQ>≠Q> ›`m`mb`rZ aU [mfU H$ _m_b _ß [jH$mamßH$ ]rM hwE g_Pm°V H$ AmYma [a aU [mfU H$ AmdXZ H$m oZamH$aU H$agH$Vm h° & A‹`m` IX X‡g _ß `⁄o[ ‡mdYmZ Zht h° boH$Z Ï`dhma‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1908 H$ AmXe XXIII H$ AYrZ gwbh g_Pm°Vm oX C^`[j H$aZ H$m gh_V hm Vm _oOÒQ>≠Q> d°Y AmXe [mnaV H$a gH$ßJ & Egm hr_V ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV [ŸZm^Z ]Zm_ ]m_m19 _ß ‡oV[moXV oH$`m J`m h° VWmg_Pm°Vm H$m`©dmhr H$m, AmXe H$m hr ^mJ _mZm OmdJm Egm _V Ï`∫$oH$`m J`m h°&


e°be ‡YmZ odÍ$’ hmam]mVr ‡YmZe°be ‡YmZ odÍ$’ hmam]mVr ‡YmZe°be ‡YmZ odÍ$’ hmam]mVr ‡YmZe°be ‡YmZ odÍ$’ hmam]mVr ‡YmZe°be ‡YmZ odÍ$’ hmam]mVr ‡YmZ2020202020 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr` C∂S>rgmCÉ ›`m`mb` Z `h ‡oV[moXV oH$`m h° oH$ Ymam 125 (Xß.‡.gß.) H$VhV g_Pm°Vm AmXe òX [mnaV oH$`m OmVm h° Vm dh odoY odÍ$’ Zhth°&

›`m`—ÓQ>mßV e°bHw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU^JdmZ [mR>H$e°bHw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU^JdmZ [mR>H$e°bHw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU^JdmZ [mR>H$e°bHw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU^JdmZ [mR>H$e°bHw$_mar Xdr odÍ$’ H•$ÓU^JdmZ [mR>H$2121212121 H$oZU©` _ß _mZZr` CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z `h AdYmnaV oH$`m h° oH$ Ymam125 Xß.‡.gß.1973 H$ AßVJ©V ‡ÒVwV AmdXZ [Ã H$ oZamH$aU H$aVg_` _oOÒQ>≠Q> g `h A[jm H$r OmVr h° oH$ âU [mfU ‡XmZ H$aZ `mâU [mfU ‡XmZ Zhr H$aZ H$ H$maUmß H$m bI]’ H$aß Am°a aU [mfUH$m ^wJVmZ H$aZ g gß]ßoYV AmdXZ H$r oXZmßH$ g AWdm AmXe H$roXZmßH$ gß ^wJVmZ oH$`m OmE &oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - ›`m`—ÓQ>mßV e]Z_ odÍ$’ O_rbm ImZe]Z_ odÍ$’ O_rbm ImZe]Z_ odÍ$’ O_rbm ImZe]Z_ odÍ$’ O_rbm ImZe]Z_ odÍ$’ O_rbm ImZ2222222222 H$ oZU© _ß _mZZr`CÉ ›`m`b` Z `h Ao^_V ‡oV[moXV oH$`m Wm oH$ odJV 12 _hrZmßH$r âU [mfU H$r amoe H$r dgybr hVw AmdXZ [Ã ‡ÒVwV hmZ [a CgÏòVH´$_ AWm©V âU [mfU XZ _ß C[jm H$aZ [a H$db EH$ _mh H$mH$mamdmg oX`m Om gH$Jm, [a›Vw C∫$ oZU© H$ [yd© ZmJ[wa CÉ ›`m`mb`¤mam oHß$J E_[aa odÍ$’ ]w’m_ S>b JmS>oHß$J E_[aa odÍ$’ ]w’m_ S>b JmS>oHß$J E_[aa odÍ$’ ]w’m_ S>b JmS>oHß$J E_[aa odÍ$’ ]w’m_ S>b JmS>oHß$J E_[aa odÍ$’ ]w’m_ S>b JmS>2323232323 EAmB©Ama (36) 1949ZmJ[wa 269 _ß `h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r Om MwH$r h° oH$ òX AZmdXH$ ZEH$ _mh g AoYH$ H$ âU [mfU H$r amoe Adef hmZ [a ^wJVmZ ZhtoH$`m h° Vm Cg EH$ _mh g AoYH$ H$m H$amdmg r oX`m Om gH$Vm h° & MwoH$C∫$ ZmJ[wa _mZZr` CÉ ›`m`mb` H$ oZU©` H$m _mZZr` _.‡. CÉ›`m`mb` ¤mam C[am∫$ e]Z_ H$ _m_b _ odMma _ß Zhr ob`m J`m h° BgH$maU oHß$J E_[aa H$ C∫$ oZU© _ß [mnaV odoY _m›` hmJr Am°a AZmdXH$H$m EH$ _mh g AoYH$ H$mamdmg _ß Ôm Om gH$Vm h°&

›`m`—ÓQ>mßV Hw$bXr[ H$ma odÍ$’ gwa›XaogßhHw$bXr[ H$ma odÍ$’ gwa›XaogßhHw$bXr[ H$ma odÍ$’ gwa›XaogßhHw$bXr[ H$ma odÍ$’ gwa›XaogßhHw$bXr[ H$ma odÍ$’ gwa›Xaogßh2424242424 EAmB©Ama 1990Eggr 232 _ß _mZZr` CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z h odoY ‡oV[moXV H$r h° oH$òX AZmdXH$ Z H$mamdmg ^wJV ob`m h° Vm ^r CgH$r OßJ_ `m ÒWmdagß[oV `m XmZmß H$r Hw$H$r© H$aZ hVw dgwbr dmaßQ> Omar oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

Bg ‡H$ma C[am∫$ gß[yU© MaUm _ß oX` J` ›`m`—ÓQ>mVmß VWm XßS>‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 H$r Ymam 125 H$r oH$ JB© g_rjm g `h oZÓH$f©‡H$Q> hmVm h° oH$ [naÀ`∫$ [ÀZr Edß gßVmZm `m Ao^^mdH$m H$ âU[mfU H$ ob` ‡ÒVwV oH$` OmZ dmb AmdXZ H$m gßoj· ‡oH´$`m ¤mamerK´Vm g oZamH•$V oH$`m OmZ H$m ‡mdYmZ h° VWm òX AmdXH$ ¤mam‡ÒVwV AmdXZ _ß H$mB© VH$ZrH$r ÃwoQ> h° Vm Cg ogodb H$m`©dmoh`m H$r^mßoV C∫$ ÃwoQ> H$m gßemYZ H$ ¤mam R>rH$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° VWm _oOÒQ>≠Q>âU [mfU H$r amoe AmdXZ oXZmßH$ g XZ H$m AmXe H$a gH$Vm h° Am°aYmam 125 X‡g H$r H$m`©dmhr [a ogodb ‡oH´$`m gßohVm ^r bmJw hmVr h°

Am°a òX AZmdXH$ ‡H$aU _ß OmZ ]wPH$a AZw[oÒWV hmVm h° Vm CgH$odÍ$’ EH$ [jr` AmXe oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& AZmdXH$ âU [mfU H$rH$m`©dmhr A[Z H•$À` ¤mam ]mßoYV Zhr H$a gH$Vm h° Am°a òX AmdXH$Edß AZmdXH$ Mmh Vm g_PmVm ‡ÒVwV H$a gH$V h° Am°a _oOÒQ>≠Q> g_PmVH$ gß]Y _ß AmXe [mnaV H$a gH$Vm h°°&

Bg ‡H$ma òX C[am∫$ ‡oH´$`mAm H$ gß]Y _ß B©_mZXmar g H$m`©oH$`m Omdß Vm [naÀ`∫$ [ÀZr Edß gßVmZ `m Ao^^mdH$m H$m ^yI g _aZH$r `m A[Z ÒVa H$m gm_m›` OrdZ OrZ H$r g_Ò`m g erK´ C[MmaoXbm`m Om gH$Vm h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. [rQ>rgZ H´$_mßH$ 868/1986 oZU©` oXZmßH$ 28.09.2001 ([m∞M

›`m`_yoV©JU H$r [rR> H$m oZU©`)2. EAmB©Ama 1978 Eggr 18073. 1985 Eggr Ama. (3) 8444. 1979 EggrAma (2) 755. 2001 dmÎ`y_-VrZ E_ [r Eb O 1706. EAmB©Ama 1965 Eggr 18187. EAmB©Ama 1960 Eggr 8828. EAmB©Ama 1986 Eggr 9849. EAmB©Ama 2008 Eggr 300610. 1986 dmÎ`y_-Xm E_ [r S>„Î`y EZ 9111. 1999 grAma.EbO 291912. 2005 grAma Eb O 145513. 2005 grAma.Eb O 380014. 1991 grAma.Eb.Ama. E_ [r 34015. 1980 grAma.Eb O 12416. 1987 E_ [r S>„Î`yEZ dmÎ`y_-Xm [O 21417. XßS> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 IÃ[mb bm∞ [o„bH$eZ18. 2004 grAma Eb O 235119. 2000 gr Ama.Eb O 12020. 1988 grAmaEb O 138621. 1989 grAmaEbO 166122. EAmB© Ama 2008 Eggr 300623. 2007 dmÎ`y_-Xm E_ [r Eb O 11124. EAmB©Ama (36) 1949 ZmJ[wa 26925. EAmB©Ama 1989 Eggr 232

*************


^Ô>mMma oZ`›ÃU _| H$mZyZ H$r yo_H$m

S>m∞. Xdr bmb Ahra * S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m **

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX (_>. ‡.) ‰mmaV** od^mJm‹`j (AW©emÛ od^mJ) emgH$r` O.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb`, VIV[wa (N>.J.) ‰mmaV

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ A›VVmJÀdm ^maV AmH$ S> ^´ÓQ>mMma _ß Sy>] ahm h°& ^maV _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r KQ>ZmAmß H$m VmßVm bJ ahm h°& ]m\$mg© Xbmbr H$ C[amßV]¢oHß$J KmQ>mbm, MrZr KmQ>mbm, hdmbm KmQ>mbm, Mmam KmQ>mbm, Vmßgr ^yo_ KmQ>mbm, ajm gmXm KmQ>mbm, OyXd Q>[ H$m S>, Vm]yV KmQ>mbm, amÓQ≠>_ S>bIb KmQ>mbm, 2 Or Ò[∑Q≠>_ KmQ>mbm, gßgX _ß dmQ> H$ ]Xb ZmQ> d H$Zm©Q>H$ H$ a»r ]›YwAmß H$m Iwbm ´ÓQ>mMma AmoX ´ÓQ>mMma H$ Hw$N> CXmhaU h°& BVZmhr Zht, naÌdV bH$a gßgX _ß gdmb [yN>Z H$r KQ>Zm Vm h_ma amOZVmAmß H$ MmnaoÃH$ [VZ H$r [amH$mÓR>m hr H$hr OmEJr& AmB©[rEg AoYH$marOgdra ogßh H$m H$WZ Bgr ]mV H$r [woÓQ> H$aVm h°- "O`‡H$me Zmam` m Z H$hm Wm oH$ ^´ÓQ> amOZVmAmß H$m MwZmd b∂S>Z H$ obE [°gm MmohE&Zm°H$aemhr amOZVmAß H$m, CZH$ ^´ÓQ>Mma _ß gmW XH$a C[H•$V hmVm h°& Bg [yar H$dm`X _ß AJa oH$gr H$m Imo_`mOm ^wJVZm [∂S>Vm h° Vm dh h°B©_mZXma "H$aXmVm' `m "Am_ AmX_r'&....... h_mar gßgX _ß Am[amoYH$ _m_bmß H$ Amam[r 162 gmßgXmß H$r C[oÒWoV Z AoYH$mße bmJmß H$r ZOa _ßgßgX H$m "hm∞b Am∞\$ e_' ]Zm oX`m h°&' oÒWoV BVZr oJa MwH$r h° oH$ [yd© gmßgX Edß CÉm`w∫$ Hw$bXr[ Z°à Z ^r A[Zr [r∂S>m Omoha H$aV hwE H$hmoH$ "_m°OyXm Xm°a _ß C›hß oh›XwÒVmZr hmZ [a ZmO Zht, ]oÎH$ e_© AmVr h° & Xe H$ amOZroVkmß g A] H$mB© Amem hr Zht H$r Om gH$Vr&' amOZroV_ß Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma [a oQ>fl[Ur H$aV hwE gZ≤ 2004 _ß obßJXmh Z H$hm Wm oH$ "amOZVm H°$ßga H$r Vah bmBbmO ]r_mar h°........ òX H°$ßga H$m BbmOo_b ^r J`m, Vm h_ß amOZVmAmß H$ obE H$mB© Am°a Zm_ VbmeZm hmJm& `h EH$ Xw^m©Ω`[y m© gÉmB© h° oH$ H$WZr Am°a H$aZr _ß A›Va Z Am_ OZVmH$r oZJmhmß _ß ZV•Àd H$m H$X N>mQ>m hr oH$`m h°& amOZroV AmO Xe _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r OZZr hm J`r h°&'

^´ÓQ>mMma g em`X hr H$mB© od^mJ ]Mm hm& oÒWoV h h° oH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$r oH$gr KQ>Zm H$ gm_Z AmV hr O] VH$ OmßM EOßgr Cg KmQ>mb H$r VhVH$ Zht [hwßM [mVr, oH$ V^r H$mB© Z`m KmQ>mbm gm_Z Am OmVm h°& Eg _ß gdmb CR>Vm h° oH$ "∑`m g^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ AmJme _ß og_Q> MwH$ h¢&gwodYm^mJr hmV g_mO H$m ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m XmZd oZJb ahm h°&'

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - bmH$V›Ã EH$ gd©lÓR>, bmH$o‡` Edß bmH$ H$Î`mUH$marÏ`dÒWm h° & h EH$ gm_moOH$ eo∫$ VWm Z°oVH$ AdYmaUm h¢ & bmH$VßÃEH$ amOZroVH$ AmXe© VWm g_mO H$m EH$ ‡H$ma ^r h¢ oOg_ß ‡À`H$Ïò∫$ H$r gh^moJVm hmVr h¢ & g^r H$m Bg_ß g_mZ _hÀd hmVm h¢ &AmOmXr H$ [ÌMmV≤ h_maß gßodYmZ oZ_m©VmAmß Z EH$ AmXe© gßgXr` bmH$VßÃH$r H$Î[Zm H$r Wr oOg_ß bmH$VßÃ H$r _yb^mdZm H$ gmW hr g_mOdmXamÓQ>´≤r` EH$Vm, AI S>Vm, Y_©oZ©[jVm gm_moOH$ g_agVm O°g AmXem©H$r ‡mo· H$ ob` H$X_ ]∂T>m`m & hr AmXe© bÂ] g_` VH$ h_ma bmH$VßÃH$r ‡mU dm`w ah & ^maVr` bmH$VßÃ H$ B›ht bjUmß H$ H$maU ∂S>m∞ dX‡H$me d°oXH$ Z H$hm Wm oH$ ^maVr` JUVßÃ H$r ÒdÒœ` [aÂ[amAmß H$H$maU maV gß[yU© Eoe`m H$m AmXe© ]ZVm Om ahm h¢ & Egm H$m°Z gm Xeh¢ Om Zht MmhVm oH$ CZH$m bmH$VßÃ ^maV H$ VO© [a Mb& oH$›Vw oOgbmH$VßÃ [a h_ Jd© H$aV W CgH$ _yÎ` AmO oVamohV hm MwH$ h¢ & h_mam‡OmVßÃ byQ>VßÃ, YoZH$VßÃ Am°a ´ÓQ>VßÃ _ß [nadoV©V hm MwH$m h¢ & ÒdVßÃVmH$m h_Z Òd¿N>›XVm g_Pm Am°a _m°obH$ AoYH$mamß H$ Zm_ [a Iy] byQ>IgmQ> _MmB© & _m°obH$ AoYH$mamß H$ gmW-gmW H$V©Ï` Am_ OrdZ gAmPb hm MwH$ & oOZH$m Xe H$r emgZ H$r ]mJS>ma gm°[r JB© Wr dhroZ`_ H$mZyZ Am°a Ï`dÒWm ^ßJ H$aZ _ß emZ g_PZ bJ h¢, oOgH$m[naUm_ Xe AdZoV H$r Ama Om ahm h¢ & OZVm H$r hmbV X`Zr`, gmMZrÀm°a oM›VZr` h¢ & bmH$VßÃ g OZVm H$m odÌdmg CR>Vm ZOa Am ahm h¢Am°a dh Eg gmMZ bJr h° oH$ Xe _ß bmH$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm H$ ÒWmZ [a

g°oZH$ emgZ hm Om` Vm ]hVa h¢ & EH$-EH$ H$a oOg ‡H$ma g bmImßH$am∂S>mß Í$[` H$ KmQ>mb ha jÃ _ß COmJa hm ahß Cgg Am_ ZmJnaH$ H$modÌdmg hr Bg Ï`dÒWm Am°a ‡Umbr g CR> J`m h°ß & Bg g]H$ H$ _yb _ßoZohV h¢ ^´ÓQ>mMma Om oH$ emgZ H$ ha ÒVa [a Ï`m· h¢ &^´ÓQ>mMma g Ao^‡m` - ^´ÓQ>mMma g Ao^‡m` - ^´ÓQ>mMma g Ao^‡m` - ^´ÓQ>mMma g Ao^‡m` - ^´ÓQ>mMma g Ao^‡m` - ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m emo„XH$ AW© h¢ "^´ÓQ> AWdmo]J∂S>m hwAm AmMaU'& hm∞ ´ÓQ>mMma H$m gß]ßY emgH$r` gdH$mß g OwS>ß hw ß

´ÓQ>mMma g bmH$ gdH$mß g h A[jm H$r OmVr h¢ oH$ d A[Zr eo∫$, gŒmmAm°a oÒWoV H$m ‡`mJ OZVm H$r ^bmB© H$ ob` H$aß boH$Z O] d BZH$mC[`mJ ÒdohV, A[Z [nadma, ^mB© ^VrOmß, gJ gÂ]o›Y`mß H$ ob`H$aZ bJ Vm CZH$m h AmMaU ´ÓQ> AmMaU _mZm Om`Jm & ´ÓQ>mMma gVmÀ[`© h¢ oH$ oH$gr emgH$r` gdH$ ¤mam A[Z emgH$r` [X AWdmoÒWoV H$m XwÍ$[`mJ H$aV hw`ß oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m AmoW©H$ `m A›` ‡H$mabm^ bZm & h Egm Ï`dhma h¢ oOg_ß emgH$r` gdH$ AmoW©H$ bm^ bZhVw gmd©OoZH$ H$V©Ï`mß g odMobV hmVm h° AWdm oZ`_mß H$r Egr AdhbZmH$aVm h¢ VmoH$ Cg Hw$N> Img oZOr bm^ AoO©V hm gH$ & ` ^´ÓQ> AmMaUAZH$ ‡H$ma H$ hmV h¢ - O°g naÌdV bZm, ]B©_mZr, J]Z, oH$gr Ïò∫$H$m dmßoN>V H$m`© H$a XZ AWdm Z H$aZ [a Kyg AWdm A›` ‡H$ma H$mAmoW©H$ bm^ bZm `m XZm, A[Z gJ gÂ]o›Y`mß H$m JbV VarH$ gZm°H$na`m± oXbmZm, J°a H$mZyZr VarH$ g [°gm bZm, Ï`m[mnaH$ gßÒWmAmß H$mbm^ [hw±$MmZm VWm CZg A‡À`j bm^ H$_mZm, A[Z [X H$m XwÍ$[`mJAmoX ^´ÓQ> AmMaU H$r lUr _ß AmV h¢ &


*************

^maVr` bmH$V›Ã Am°a ^´ÓQmMma - ^maVr` bmH$V›Ã Am°a ^´ÓQmMma - ^maVr` bmH$V›Ã Am°a ^´ÓQmMma - ^maVr` bmH$V›Ã Am°a ^´ÓQmMma - ^maVr` bmH$V›Ã Am°a ^´ÓQmMma - maV _ß ´ÓQ>mMma H$r O∂S> A>VrV gOwS>r h¢ & ha g_` oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma hmVm ahm h¢ & boH$Z‡mMrZ Edß _‹` H$mb _ß bmH$‡emgZ H$m jÃ AÀ`›V gro_V Wm Bgob`

´ÓQ>mMma H$r H$_ JwßOmBg Wr & bmH$ H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` H$r AdYmaUm H$mMbZ hmZ H$ H$maU AmO bmH$‡emgZ H$m jÃ ]∂T> J`m h¢ oOg_ß OZVmH$ ohV g Ow∂S> ^r H$m`m H$ gÂ[mXZ H$r oOÂ_Xmar emgZ H$r hm JB© h¢ &ImgVm°a g AmoW©H$ jÃ _ß am¡` H$ H$m`m _ß d•o¤ hmZ g oZ`_ oZ`ßÃUbmB©gßg, [ao_Q> H$m wJ ‡maÂ^ hwAm Am°a ´ÓQ>mMma H$ Z Am`m_ ‡H$Q> hw ß& odo^fi ÒVamß [a amOZ°oVH$ gÀVm hmogb H$aZ H$r hm∂S> _ß Bg amJ H$mH°$ßga H$m Í$[ X oX`m & am¡` VWm H$›X´r` ÒVa H$ _ßÃr ´ÓQ> bmH$gdH$mß H$gmW o_b J & bÂ] g_` VH$ EH$ hr Xb H$ emgZ Z r ´ÓQ>mMma ]∂T>mZ_ß ghm`Vm H$r & g_mMmamß H$ AZwgma ´ÓQ>mMma H$ Xße g Am_ OZVm ]hmbhm MwH$r h°& oÒdg ]¢H$ _ß Xe H$ 66 hOma Aa] Í$[ O_m h°& Bg O_m H$mbYZ H$ _m_b _ß XwoZ`m H$ g^r Xemß _ß AÏdb h°& AmOmXr H$ ]mX g A]VH$ Ad°Y VarH$mß g bmImß H$am∂S> Í$[ H$r aH$_ odXe Or J`r& Ωbm]b\$mBZoe`b BßQ>roJ´Q>r H$ AZwgma dV©_mZ _ß C∫$ YZamoe 21 bmI H$am∂S>Í$[` hmVr h°& Bg H$mb YZ H$m dV©_mZ _ß H$›– _ß gŒmmÍ$∂T> maVr` OZVm[mQ>r© H$ gaH$ma Z Bg H$mb YZ H$m 100 oXZ _ß bmZ H$m dmXm oH$`m h°&

AmOmXr H$ ]mX ^maV _ß EH$ H$ ]mX EH$ KmQ>mb COmJa hw`ß oOZ_ßemgH$r` H$_©Mmna`mß H$ AoVna∫$ ZVmAmß, _ßoÃ`mß H$ J∂S>]∂S> KmQ>mb OZVm H$gm_Z AmE & BZ KmQ>mbmß _ß [ßOm] H$ _wª` _ßÃr ‡Vm[ogßh H°$am, Vo_bZmSy> H$_wª`_ßÃr H$Í$UmoZoY, _hmamÓQ>≠ H$ _wª`_ßÃr E. Ama. A›Vwb, C∂S>rgm H$_wª`_ßÃr ]rOy [Q>Zm`H$, OÂ_y H$Ì_ra H$ _wª`_ßÃr ]r.[r.Jwbm_ _mhÂ_X,o]hma H$ _wª`_ßÃr H•$ÓUdbÎ^ ghm` AmoX H$ KmßQ>mbß CÑIZr` h¢ &

^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU _ß H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m - ^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU _ß H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m - ^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU _ß H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m - ^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU _ß H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m - ^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU _ß H$mZyZ H$r ^yo_H$m - ^maV H$ ^´ÓQ>mMmaoZ`ßÃU hVw H$B© gßÒWmAmß H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m h°, oOg_ß H$›–r` gVH©$VmAm`mJ, H$›–r` A›dfU „`yamß, bmH$m`w∫$ Edß bmH$[mb ‡_wI h° & A^rhmb hr _ß OZ bmH$[mb H$r _m∞J CR>r h¢ oOgH$ Xmà _ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr VH$ H$mbmZ H$r ]mV H$r Om ahr h¢ & h OZbmH$[mb g_mO gdm _ßÃr Afim hOmaH$ H$B© oXZmß H$ AZgZ H$r XZ h° Om erK´ hr _yV© Í$[ bZ Om ahm h° &^maVr` X S> gßßohVm H$r Ymam 161 _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma hVw X S> H$m CÑI oH$`mJ`m h¢ & Om Ïò∫$ emgH$r` gdH$ hmV hwE m hmZ H$r Amem _ß A[Z mA›` oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ ob H$mZyZr [nalo_H$ g AoYH$ H$mB© naÌdV b ahm`m ÒdrH$ma H$aVm h° AWdm bZ H$ ob` V°`ma hm OmVm h° m bZ H$m ‡`mgH$aVm h° `m H$m`© H$m H$aZ H$ obE C[hma ÒdÍ$[ `m A[Z emgH$r` H$m`©H$m H$aZ _ß oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$ ‡oV [j[mV m C[jm m oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$r H$mB©gdm `m Hw$gdm H$m ‡`mg, H$›–r` `m A›` am¡` gaH$ma `m gßgX `modYmZ _ S>b m oH$gr bmH$ gdm H$ gßX © _ß H$aVm h¢ Vm Cg VrZ df© VH$H$ H$mamdmg `m AW©X S> `m XmZm oXE Om gH$ßJ &

AmOmXr ‡mo· H$ gmW hr maV _ß ´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU H$ ‡`mg Amaß^hm J` & ^maV gaH$ma Z OyZ 1962 _ß ^´ÓQ>mMma oZ`ßÃU hVw H$ gßWmZ_H$r A‹`jVm _ß EH$ go_oV JoR>V H$r oOg gVH©$Vm od^mJ H$ H$m`m H$rOmßM VWm gaH$mar od^mJmß _ß ´ÓQ>mMma ]ßX H$aZ H$ C[m` gwPmZ H$m H$m`©gm°[m J`m Wm &

11 \$adar 1964 H$m gßWmZ_ go_oV H$r AZwgßem H$m ‹`mZ _ßaIH$a emgH$r` gdH$mß H$ odÍ$¤ bJm` J` Amam[mß H$r OmßM H$aZ H$ob` ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam H$›–r` gVH©$Vm Am`mJ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© &H$›–r` A›dfU „`yam H$r ÒWm[Zm A‡°b 1963 _ß hwB© oOgH$m H$m`©^´ÓQ>mMma odamYr _m_bmß H$r N>mZdrZ H$aZm Wm Bg gßÒWm H$m am¡` H$rgwajm H$ gmW-gmW amÓQ>≠r` _hÀd H$ _m_bmß H$r OmßM H$m H$m_ gm°[m J`m&dV©_mZ _ß Afim hOma ¤mam gwPm`m J`m OZ bmH$[mb H$m odY`H$ gßgX_ß [mg H$amZ H$m ‡`mg Omar h¢ &

^maV _ß ´ÓQ>mMma ha jÃ _ß ]∂T>m h¢ Am_ AmX_r oZ:gßH$mM h H$h ahmh¢ oH$ H$m_ Vm [°g g hmVm h° BgH$m Ame` h h° oH$ ÓQ> AmMaU h_ma OrdZH$m A[nahm © AßJ ]Z MwH$m h¢> amOZVm,AoYH$mar, H$_©Mmar g^r oH$gr ZoH$gr Í$[ _ß ^ÓQmMma _ß ob· [m J ßß & 1950 g A] VH$ g°H$S>mß KmQ>mbßCOma hwE VWm ^ÓQmMmna`mß H$m ∑`m gOm o_br `h oH$gr H$m Zhr [Vm &

gd©Ã Ï`m[· ´ÓQmMma H$ H$maU AmO Z H$db _m°obH$ AoYH$mamß H$rJna_m ‡^modV hwB© h° ]oÎH$ h_ gm_ßVdmX H$r ÒWm[Zm Zhr H$a gH$ Am°aZm hr g_moOH$Vm bm [m` & AmO gßgX H$ Job`ma oMßVZ Am°a ‡]w¤amOZroV g aohV H$bwoeV gm°X]mOr Am°a YoQ>`m g_Pm°Vm H$ ÒWb ]ZJ h & ´ÓQmMma H$ gÂ]ßY _ß A[Z gdjU _ß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gßÒWm Q≠>mßg[agrB›Q>aZeZb Z 2011 _ß A[Zm gdjU Omar oH$`m Bg gd _ß ^maV H$mOhm∞, 2005 _ß 97 dß ÒWmZ [a aIm Wm, dht> 2011 H$ gd _ß 95d ÒWmZ[a aIm h° & E›Q>r H$afleZ J´w[ ¤mam H$afleZ [agfleZ BßS>∑g _ß r maVZ o[N>b gmbmß H$ _wH$m]b oJamdQ> XO© H$r h° & odJV dfm _ß EH$ H$ ]mXEH$ Om KmQ>mb COmJa hw d ´ÓQmMma Í$[r H$rS>∂ H$r XZ h° Om h_ma Xe H$rodH$mg Í$[r \$gb H$m ZÓQ> H$a ah h°, Bgg oZ[Q>Z oH$ ob` X S>mÀ_H$H$m`©dmhr d gßdXmZmÀ_H$ XmZm Í$[ _ gmMZm hmJm&oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- oZÓH$f©- ^´ÓQmMma amH$Z H$ ob` oZo_©V H$mZyZ VWm gßÒWm` H$maJagmo]V Zhr hB© o\$a r ´ÓQmMma amH$Z H$ ob` ‡`mg Omar aIZ Mmoh` &OZVm H$m oeojV Edß OmJÍ$H$ hmZm ^r AmdÌ`H$ h° & `h gÀ` h° oH$^´ÓQmMma H$r [yar Vah g_mo· gÂ^d Zhr h° o\$a ^r Hw$N> gr_m VH$ amH$AdÌ` bJ gH$Vr h° & Bg g_m· H$aZ H$ gmPm ‡`mg AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°&Xe H$r AW© Ï`dÒWm H$m [Q>ar [a bmZ H$ ob` `h OÍ$ar h° oH$ Amam[‡À`mam[m H$ ]Om` ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m ‡^mdr hb ImOm Om` VmoH$ YZdmZg_moOH$ gamH$am H$ gmW A[Z YZ H$m C[`mJ H$a gH$ & OZ g_m›` H$m^´ÓQmMma H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hmZm hmJm & OmJÍ$H$ Am°a gßJoR>V OZ eo∫$hr ´ÓQ am¡` Ï`dÒWm [a AßHw$e bJm gH$Vr h° & oX OZ gm_m›` OmJ•Vhm J`m Vm ›`mo`H$ ‡oH´$`m ÒdV: Vrd´ hm Om`Jr & X S>odYmZ ÒdV:ZdrZ hmZ bJJ Edß _w∆r a bmJ Om oH$ ´ÓQ h° ´ÓQmMma g H$VamZ bJJV^r ^´ÓQmMma g _w∫$ g¿Mm bmH$ VßÃ ÒWmo[V hm gH$Jm &gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, 25 OZdar 2004, [•ÓR> 82. O°Z [wIamO, gßgXr` Ï`dÒWm [wZod©Mma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm &3. _yb ‡ÌZ, OyZ AJÒV 2002 [•ÓR> 124. H´$moZH$b ogodb god©gO _mogH$ [oÃH$m OZdar 20125 . H•$oVH$m df© 6 gß`w∫$mßH$ OZdar oXgÂ]a 2013 [•ÓR> 96. A_a COmbm 10 OwbmB© 2012


Dr. Archana Shrivast ava * Sonali Surye **

Analysis Of Researchers Based On AdvancedOrganizer Model

Introduction - Models of teaching is recent, advanced andfast growing area of educational research .models ofteaching like plans, patterns or blue prints presents the stepsnecessary environment, which facilitates the teachinglearning process. There are many powerful kinds of learningand to help students to learn more effectively .This reviewdiscussed the ‘Advanced Organizer model (AOM) used bydifferent researchers to study their effectiveness in theteaching different subjects.

Almost all the studies on models of teaching have usedexperimental design. Most of these studies have been shortterm studies with a limited treatment. Some studies havenot even specified duration of treatment, number of exposure,number of demonstration, practice, feedback session etc.Many studies have conducted to compare the efficacy ofvarious models of teaching. In most of the comparativestudies, the against any of other models of teaching oragainst of traditional methods other model of teaching inrelation many criterion variables .Sources –Following sources have been scanned to write this review –1. American journal of education science.2. Elixir International Journal3. International journal of social science and inter

disciplinary research4. fourth survey of education, India5. Fifth survey of education, India.Classification –

This reviews have been classified on the basis ofteaching science subjects through advanced organizermodels (AOM) as under –1. Teaching chemistry through AOM2. Teaching Physics through AOM3. Teaching Mathematics through AOM4. Teaching Biology through AOM5. Teaching Social Science through AOM1. Teaching chemistry through AOM –Jamini (1991)Investigated the relative effectiveness AOM and CAM onconceptual learning efficient and retention of chemistryconcepts in relation to divergent thinking which indicatedthat although both AOM and CAM were effective in fostering

* Assist ant Professor , B.C.G. College Of Education, Dewas (M.P.) INDIA** Research Scholar , B.C.G. College Of Education, Dewas (M.P.) INDIA

concept learning, AOM was more beneficial to pupils withlow divergent thinking.Daniel (2008) Conducted a study to address theeffectiveness of using an advanced organizer as thesensitization technique within an undergraduate contentbased first ear chemistry laboratory activity in order to improvestudent’s conceptualizations of the role creativity plays inthe scientific process. The major findings of this study isthat using an advanced organizer pertaining to creativity,When Implemented as an introduction to a problem based,laboratory activity, can lead a statically significant percentageof students constructing more informed views.Domin (2008) Used an advance organizer pertaining to thenature science (NOS) aspect of the role creativity plays inscience, incorporated in to a problem based laboratoryactivity of an undergraduate first year chemistry curriculum.The result of this study indicate that the different versions ofthe advance organizer differ with respect to altering studentsconceptualization of creativity ; specifically only the indefiniteexplication of the intended learning outcome led to asignificant change in the percentage of students holding moreinformed views, This finding suggests that a relatively smallchange in instructional design can advance improvement inachieving NOS learning outcomes within a large scalecontent based science course.Wachange,W .Samuel; Arimba,Mugiira Antony &Mbugua,K.Zachariah (2013) Determine the effect of advanceorganizer teaching approach (AOTA) on secondary schoolstudent’s achievement in chemistry in Maara district. Theycompare it with regular teaching method (RTM) and saw theeffect of gender on achievement. The result of this studyindicate that students who are taught through RTM andgender has no effect on student’s achievement.2. Teaching Physics Through AOM – Sidhu and singh(2005) Compared the effect of concept attainment model,advance organizer model and conventional method inteaching of physics in relation to intelligence and there wasno significant effect between various teaching techniques,Intelligence and achievement motivation on scholasticachievement of student for learning of concept in physics.Vandana and Jodhav (201 1) Compared an experiment to


examine the effectiveness of AOM over traditional model inthe teaching of physics of 9th grade students. They foundthat AOM strategy is more effective than conventionalstrategy3. Teaching Mathematics Through AOM – Chitrive(1983) compared the concept attainment model to advanceorganizer model and tradition model in terms of performanceon concept knowledge. The major findings were (i) bothstrategies were superior to traditional strategies for teachingmathematical concept to XI grade students. (ii) bothstrategies are equally effective.(iii) conceptual stylepreferences of students seemed to have different effect theiracquisition of mathematical concepts when taught b Ausubekstrategy.Bharambe (1997) Conducted a study to compare theeffectiveness of the three different procedures namely,advance organizer model, analytic – synthetic method andtraditional method of teaching in the teaching of logicalgeometry to the students of secondary school front he pointsof view of school differences, area differences ,sex differenceand potentiality difference pertaining to the conceptualdissemination process discrimination and analyticalsynthetic skills .He found that AOM was more effective thanASM of teaching in every case of comparison and ASM wasfound more effective that traditional method. From the pointof view of the development of the three mental processes, itwas found that, for the development o conceptualdiscrimination ,AOM is more effective than ASM; for thesame process, the comparison between ASM and TM,ASMis more effective the TM.Githua and Nyabwa (2008) Examined how the use ofadvance organizer during instruction affect studentsachievement in commercial arithmetical. The resultsindicated that students taught using advance organizers hadsignificantly higher scores in MAT (MathematicsAchievement Test) than those taught in the conventional way.Gender did not affect achievement.Pachpande (2012) Conducted a study to check the effectof advanced organize model on achievement of student’s inmathematics teaching at school level. From this study itwas found that advanced organizer model effective thantraditional method on achievement of students in mathematicsteaching.Sanjaya(2013) Examine the effectiveness of various modelsof teaching (AOM & CAM) on achievement levels of ninthgrade students in mathematics. Following conclusions werefound achievement level of the children in mathematics taughtthrough concept attainment model is found to be superiorthan traditional method & achievement level of the childrenin mathematics taught through advance organizer model isfound to be superior than traditional method.4. Teaching Biology Through AOM – Dennis (1984)Investigated the effect of advance organizer and repetitionon achievements in a high school biology class. The findingsshowed that there was no significant interaction betweentreatments on the two depended variables, However there

was a significant gain in achievement by students in allgroups from pre-test to post-test.Lewis (1986) Compared the effectiveness of Ausubelianadvance organizer and simplified readability of sciencecontent when used together or separately in the biologylaboratory. The findings showed that either the advanceorganizer or simplified reading material was significantlybetter that no treatment but the two together were significantlybetter than either alone.Kaushik (1988) Conducted a study to study the long termeffect of advance organizers upon achievement in biology inrelation to reading ability ,intelligence and scientific attitude.The major findings were (i) Advance organizers facilitedimmediate and delayed learning in biology,(ii) A generalintroduction generally proceeding the learning metrical inthe lectures, lessons was of little value as compared to theadvanced organizer (iii) Pupils with high intelligence, readingcomprehension and scientific attitude derived the greatestadvantage from the presentation of an advance organizer,(iv)General students were also benefitted by advance organizerand (v) The achievement of the learners in biology was foundto be highly positively correlated with their intelligence,reading comprehension and scientific attitude.Bugget (1993) Compared the relative effectiveness of usingdifferent concept map presentations as advance organizerin teaching photosynthesis to community college sciencestudent. Teaching through concept map as advance organizerwas found to be superior than that of control group.Raina (1994) Compared advance organizer model andbiological inquiry model in teaching of biology. The majorfindings were(i) Advance organizer model is significantlyeffective in teaching of biology in terms of pupilsachievement.(ii) Biological science inquiry model issignificantly effective in teaching of biology in term of pupil’sachievement.(iii) Advance organizer model is significantlymore effective as compared to biological science inquirymodel in term of pupil’s scholastic achievement (iv) Biologicalscience inquiry model is significantly more effective ascompared to advance organizer model in term of pupil’sinterest in inquiry activities (v) Biological science inquirymodel is significantly more effective than advance organizermodel in term of pupil’s reaction towards model of teaching.Sahoo(2001) Conducted an experiment to compare therelative effectiveness of computer assisted instruction andinstruction with advance organizers in the teaching of lifescience in relation to cognitive style of learners. The majorfindings of the study was that there is real difference betweentwo treatments.5. Teaching Social Science through AOM –Panday,S.N. (1986) Conducted study to know effectivenessof advance organizer an inquiry training models for teachingsocial studies to class VIII students. The findings were (i)The treatment had different effects on the Pupils’sachievement,(ii) The difference in mean of gain scores inachievement due to advance organizer and conventionalteaching was significant,(iii) Difference due to ITM and


conventional teaching was significant and the difference dueto AOM and ITM was not significant,(iv) There was nosignificant difference between the AOM and ITM,AOM andconventional teaching in terms of pupils attitude towardssocial studies and (V) pupils reacted favorably towards theITM and AOM.Kaur ,Rajinder (1991) Compare the effectiveness of theBruner and Ausubel models for teaching concepts ofeconomics to students having different levels of achievementand creativity. Major findings were (i) The result revealed astatistically significant difference between students who hadbeen caught through CAM,AOM and CT with respect to thescores on attainment of concepts in economics; also AOMwas more effective than CT, whereas no statistically significantdifference was found in the effectiveness of the twoexperimental groups (ii) statistically significant difference wasfound between the three teaching approaches where AOMwas found to be more effective than CAM;CAM was moreeffective than CT and AOM was more effective than CT(iii)Neither academic achievement nor creativity affected thegain scores of subject pertaining to the attainment ofconcepts in economics (iv) The interactions between teachingapproaches and academic achievement between teachingapproaches and creativity and between academicachievement and creativity were not significant (v) theinteraction between teaching approaches , intelligence andcreativity was not significant.6. Other than above head – T anthai (1982) Conducteda study to determine the facilitation effects of a pictorialdiagrammatic advance organizer on science learningachievement .The findings were (i) Advance organizer modelhad no facilitating effect on male student who were fieldindependent (ii) There exist a relationship betweendependent, Independent cognitive style and science learningachievement.Rajoria(1987) Studied the effectiveness of AOM and thetraditional method for teaching science at VIII grade students.It was found that the AOM was significantly superior to TMin term of achievement in science of class VIII students whenthe groups were matched separately in respect of intelligenceand previous year achievement in science.Grewal and Kaur (1987) Conducted a study to comparethe outcomes of three approaches to teaching namely theCAM,AOM and TM, quantified on the basis of achievementscores. The findings reveals that there was a difference inthe efficacy of CAM,AOM and TM for learning concepts ofscience. It also reveals that CAM was more effective thanAOM and there is no difference in the efficacy of AOM andTM.Mahajan ,Jyotsna (199) Compared the effectiveness of twomodels of teaching CAM and AOM on the teaching abilitiesof student teachers and on achievement of students in variousschools. Major findings were (i) The group which was taughtby the CAM was found to be superior to the group whichwas taught by the AOM and the group which was taught byroutine method, So far as the teaching ability of the students

teacher was concerned (ii) The achievement of students whowere taught by the CAM were found to be better than thoseof the students taught by AOM and the routine method.Summary of findings – Many studies have conducted tocompare the efficacy of various models of teaching. In mostof the comparative studies, the effectiveness of advanceorganizer model against other models of teaching and againstthat of traditional methods of teaching in relation to manycriterion variables such as intelligence (Rajoria1987,Koushik1988; Sidhu and Singh 2000: scientific attitude(Koushik 1988; creativity (Daniel 2008; Domin 2008;In many experimental studies the effectiveness of two modelswere compared and the design comprised of two experimentalgroup only.

One thing evident from all these researches is thatapproach of models of teaching has been found to be superiorto the traditional methods. A few have tried to move to twomodels & comparing their effects with that of traditionalmethod. However most of the researches have accepted thatmodels of teaching could prove to have a promising effecton the academic achievement of the students taught troughthem.Conclusion – On the basis of the above literature it may besaid that the conventional method of teaching different subjectat various levels was fond to be less effective than variousinnovative teaching patterns like Programmed instructions,Instructional strategies and models of teaching in term ofachievement of students. The thorough rewiew of the reportedstudies of related literature showed that that though veryimportant work has been done in instructional theory, leadingto models of teaching including advanced organizer model.Ausubel’s advanced organizer model focuses on meaningfullearning. According to this theory , to learn meaningfully,individuals must relate new knowledge to relevant conceptsthey already know. New knowledge must interact with thelearner’s knowledge structure. It is found in these studiesadvanced organizer model is a effective way of teaching inmany aspects.

References :–1. Bharambe,I.T(1997) : A comparative study of teaching

geometry by using advance organizer model, analytic– synthetic method and traditional method. Ph.DDissertation, University of Poona.

2. Baggett,J.L.(1993) : A comparison between the use ofdifferent concept maps of advanced organizers tosupplement a unit on photosynthesis in a communitycollege biology course, Dissertation AbstractInternational ,54(8),2969 A.

3. Chitrive U.G.(1983):The effectiveness of ausubel andBruner strategies for acquisition of concepts inmathematics, Ph.D. Dissertation ,Nagpur University.

4. Dennis F.H.(1984):The effects if advance organizer andrepetition on achievement in a high school biology class,Ph.D. Dissertation Abstract international Vol45,No.7,p2056 ,1985


5. Daniel S.D (2008): Using an advance organizer tofacilitate change in students conceptualization of therole of creativity in science .Chem.Edu.Res.Pract.Vol9pp291-300.

6. Domin(2008): Using an advance organizer to facilitatechange in students conceptualization of the role ofcreativity in science .Chem.Edu.Res.Pract.Vol9 pp291-300.

7. Githua,B.N and Nyabwa,R.A.(2008): Effects of advanceorganize strategy during instruction on secondaryschool students’ Mathematics achievement in Kenya’sNakuru dist. International Journal of science &mathematics Edu.6(3) 439-457.

8. Grewal S.S & Kaur R.P (1987) : A comparison betweenBruner and Ausubel model of learning of concepts inscience, Perspectives of Edu.3(3),118-185.

9. Jamini ,N (1991) : Effect of teaching strategies onconceptual learning efficiency and retention in relationto divergent thinking Ph.D. Dissertation University ofDelhi.

10- Koushik,N.K(1988) : The long term effect of advanceorganizers upon achievement in biology in relation toreading ability ,Intelligence and scientific attitude ,Ph.Din Dissertation ,Devi Ahillya Vishwavidyalaya.

11. Lewis,E.H. (1986) : A comparison of the effect of anadvance organizer and simplified readability if sciencematerial on science achievement in the biology lab.D.EDDissertation temple Unive ,Dissertation AbstractInternational Vol47 No.9.p3388-1987

12. Mahajan .J(1992) : A comparative study of theeffectiveness of two models of teavhing ,Viz Bruner,sconcept attainment model and Ausubel advanceorganizer model on the teaching ability of studentsteachers and on achievement of students in variousschool, Ph.d Dissertation Shreemati Nathibai damodarthackersy Women University.

13. Pachpande,N.G (2012) : Study of effect of advanced

organizer model on achievement of students in mathematicsteaching at school level, India streams research journalV.II issue VI.

14. Panday,S.N (1986) : Effectiveness of advance organizerand Inquiry training models for teaching social studiesto class VIII students, Ph.D Education Bhu.

15. Rajoriya R.(1987) : Comparison of advance organizermodel with traditional method for teaching science toclass VIII students with different residential background.Department of education. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,Indore.

16. Sahoo (2001) : An experimentation on the relativeeffectiveness of computer assisted instructional andinstruction with advance organizers in the teaching oflife science in relation to cognitive style of learners.

17. Sanjane(2013) : Effectiveness of concept attainmentmodel and advance organizer model in mathematicsachievement among ninth grade students in Roop nagardistrict of Punjab.

18. Siddhu R.K.singh.P(2005) : Comparative study ofconcept attainment model, advance organizer modeland conventional method in teaching of physics inrelation to =intelligence and achievement motivation ofclass IX students, Journal of All India Association forEducation research Vol17;pp89-92.

19. Teamthai,P.P.(1982) : The effect of advance organizeron science learning achievement of eight grade Thaidemonstration school students with average academicability ,Ph.D Dissertation, Indian University Dissertationabstract International,Vol.42 No.12,p5098,1982.

20. Vandana & Jadhav V(2011) Effect of advance organizermodel on Pupil,s achievement in physics – A study,Indian Streams Research Journal Vol.No.10.

21. Wachange,W.Samuel,Mugiira Antony Arimba,MbuguaK.Zacharia (2013) : Effect of advance organizer teachingapproach on secondary school student’s achievementin chemistry in Maara District , Kenya.

*************


Sudhir Rajpal * Dilip Singh ** B. John ***

A Co-Relational Study Of Positive Mental Health BetweenNational Level Male And Female Basketball Players

Of Chhattisgarh State

Abstract - The main aim of the present study is find out the relationship of positive mental health between male andfemale Basketballer of Chhattisgarh state .To conduct the study 36 male and 36 female Basketballer were selected assample . The sample for the present study was randomly selected and they are represent Chhattisgarh state team invarious national level competition . To measure Positive Mental Health of the selected subjects three dimensional PMH(namely Self acceptance, Ego strength and Philosophy of life) Inventory prepared by Agashe and Helode (2007) wasused it consist of 36 questions and the questionnaire is highly reliable and valid . To find out the relationship Pearsoncorrelation cofficient was used .Key words – Positive Mental Health, Self acceptance, Ego strength, Philosophy of life.

Introduction - Mental health has been accepted as anenduring state of psychological well being and/or state ofsound mind in sound body that makes an individual usefulfor himself and effective for his fellow being within theframework of given socio-cultural environment of which heis a valuable member .

There are two models of mental health i.e. negative andpositive are prevalling since long ago . While negative aspectdeals with mental disorders, the positive approach dealswith psychological well being .

WHO expert committee report 1951 emphasised theconcept of positive mental health and said that “ just hasphysical health means more than the absence of disturbingsymptoms, Mental Health also have a positive aspect . Wherephysical health implies energy, stamina, and adequatestrength or resources for the requirements of the work, Mentalhealth indicates strength of purpose, co-ordination of effort,steady pursuit of well chosen goals and a high degree ofmental organisation and integration . Hence the present studywas planned explore the relationship of Positive mental healthbetween the male and female Basketballer .Hypothesis - Significant relatioship will be observed betweenmale and female Basketballer respect to their Positive mentalhealth .Methodology - To test the above mention hypothesisfollowing procedure was adopted :Sample - To conduct the study, 36 male and 36 femalenational level Basketballer were selected as sample .Thesample for the present study was randomly selected .Tools - To measure Positive Mental Health of the selectedsubjects three dimensional PMH (namely Self acceptance,

* H.O.D Deptt. (Physical Edu.) & NIS Basketball Coach, Dr . C.V. Raman University ,Kota, Bilaspur (C.G) INDIA** Deptt. Coach S port s & Youth W alefare (BCCI level I coach), Bilaspur (C.G) INDIA

*** Asst. Professor (Physical Edu.) Dr . C.V. Raman University , Kot a, Bilaspur ,(C.G) INDIA

Ego strength and Philosophy of life) Inventory prepared byAgashe and Helode (2007) was used it consist of 36questions and the questionnaire is highly reliable and valid .To find out the relationship Pearson correlation cofficient wasused .Table No. 1 : Correlation between national level maleand female Basketballer of Chhattisgarh state (N = 72)

Variable Pearson Cofficient Level Of SignificantOf Correlation

PMH -.1129 0.05

Result - The value of R = - .1129 a negative Correlation, therelationship of PMH between male and female player is notsignificant at p < 0.05 .Cunclusion - On the basis of result, it was conclded thatthe relationship of PMH between male and female player isnot significant, it means hypothesis is rejected .

References :-1. Agashe, C.D. Helode, R.D. Positive Mental Health

Inventory, 2007, Psychoscan, Wardha.2. Brossnahan, J. Steffen. L.M. Patterson, J. & Boostorm,

A(2004). The relationship between physical activity andmental health among Hispanic white adolescents. ArchPediator Adolesc-Mes 158(8) : 813-823.

3. Morris, J. (2004a). “One town for my body, another formy mind” : Services for people with physical impairmentsand mental health support needs. York; JosephRowntree Foundation.


S>m∞. amOrd e_m© * S>m∞. Ama.[r.ghmna`m **

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ [`m©daU gßajU H$ gmW-gmW [•œdr H$ AoÒVÀd H$m ]Zm` aIZ H$ ob` ‡H•$oV Edß _mZd H$ _‹` XmÒVr H$m gß]ßY hmZm AmdÌ`H$h°& ‡H•$oV g ‡_ [yU© Ï`dhma g hr gßajU H$r _mZogH$Vm H$m O›_ hmVm h¢, [`m©daU gßajU _mZd g_mO Edß ‡H•$oV H$ ]rM H$ gß]ßYm H$m AZwHw$bV_]ZmZ H$ ob` AmdÌ`H$ h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$r AZwHy$bVm H$ b˙` H$m ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$ oddH$ [yU© C[`mJ VWm ZdrZrH$aU ¤mam [`m©daU H$mgßaojV Edß odH$ogV H$aH$ ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& [`m©daU gßajU ‡mH•$oV gßgmYZmß H$m Egm oddH$ [yU© ‡`mJ oOg_ß ZdrZrH$aU ]mßoYV Z hm,CZH$m AoYH$V_ C[`mJ hm, gmW hr Xyga H$maH$ Hw$‡^modV Z hm&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ [`m©daU "e„X [na Edß "AmdaU' e„Xm g o_bH$a ]Zm h°&Mmamß Ama H$ "AmdaU' H$m [`m©daU H$hm Om gH$Vm h° Mmamß Ama H$ AmdaUH$ rVa Om Hw$N> r goÂ_obV ahVm h°, [`m©daU H$ AßVJ©V AmVm h°& oOZodf`m H$r ghm`Vm g Bg "AmdaU' H$ A‹``Z H$m ‡`ÀZ gß^d hmgH$Vm h°, d g^r [`m©daU odkmZ H$ AßVJ©V AmV h°&

[`m©daU H$m Zm_ AmV hr y[Q>b H$ ]•hX≤ [jmß-Ob, _•Xm, _Í$ÒWb,[hm∂S>, AmoX H$r H$Î[Zm _Z _ß Am OmVr h°& [`m©daU H$ BZ ‡H$mam H$r Am°a^r AoYH$ gQ>rH$ Ao^Ï`o∫$, m°oVH$ ‡^mdmß-Z_r, Vm[, [XmWm H$ JR>ZBÀ`moX H$r odo^fiVmAmß VWm O°dr` ‡^mdmß H$ Í$[ _ß H$r Om gH$Vr h°&_•Xm VWm M≈mZmß H$ g_mZ hr Xyga Ord ^r [`m©daU H$ hr AßJ h°& Bg‡H$ma ‡H•$oV _ß Om Hw$N> ^r h_ß [nabojV hmVm h° dm`w, Ob, _•Xm, [mX[VWm ‡mUr- g^r goÂ_obV Í$[ _ß [`m©daU H$r aMZm H$aV h°&

[`m©daU EH$ Ï`m[H$ e„X h°& [`m©daU H$m VmÀ[`© g_yM ^m°oVH$Edß O°odH$ odÌd g h°, oOg_ß OrdYmar ahV h°, ]∂T>V h°, [Z[V h° Am°aA[Zr Òdm^modH$ ‡H•$oV`mß H$m odH$mg H$aV h°&

[na^mofV Í$[ _ß [`m©daU e„X Ordmß H$r AZwoH´$`mAmß H$m ‡^modVH$aZ dmbr g_ÒV "^m°oVH$' (Physical) VWm "Ordr`' (Biotic)

[naoÒWoV`mß H$m mJ h°& Xyga e„Xmß _ß, Bg h_ "Ord _ß S>b' (Biosphere)

^r H$h gH$V h°, Om "Ob_ßS>b' (Hydrophere) "ÒWb_ßS>b' (Lithosphere)

VWm "dm`w_ßS>b' (Atmosphere) H$ OrdZ`w∫$ ^mJmß H$m `mJ hmVm h°&jÃ -jÃ -jÃ -jÃ -jÃ - gm_m›`V: [`m©daU H$m Ao^‡m` _mÃ ^m°oVH$ `m ‡H•$oV ‡XŒmH$maH$, O°g- yo_, Ob, Obdm w, dZÒ[oV, IoZO, _•Xm Am°a Ord O›VwAmßg bJm ob`m OmVm h°, boH$Z [`m©daU EH$ Ï`m[H$ e„X h°, oOg_ß m°oVH$,gmßÒH•$oVH$ VWm AmoW©H$ g^r ‡^mderb H$maH$ goÂ_obV h¢ Bg ‡H$ma[`m©daU H$m Xm ]•hX≤ dJm _ß od^∫$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°- 1. ‡mH•$oVH$[`m©daU 2. gmßÒH•$oVH$ [`m©daU AWdm ^m°oVH$ [`m©daU Edß A^m°oVH$`m _mZdr` [`m©da m& H$^r-H$^r Bg O°odH$ Am°a AO°odH$ [`m©daU _ß^r od^∫$ oH$`m OmVm h°, oH$›Vw ^m°Jm°obH$ [`m©daU g Ame` ^m°oVH$Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ XmZmß H$ goÂ_obV ÒdÍ$[ g h°&

[`m©daU odkmZ EH$ A[jmH•$V Z`m odf` h°& BgH$ ‡oV OZÍ$oMEßd CÀgwH$Vm XmZmß hr oXZ-‡oVoXZ ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h°& odf` H$r Ï`m[H$Vm

[`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r yo_H$m

* od^mJm‹`j (BoVhmg ) emgH$r` O.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb`, VIV[wa, oObm-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV**od^mJm‹`j (AW©emÛ ) emgH$r` O.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb`, VIV[wa, oObm-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV

hr BgH$m ‡_wI H$maU h°& ‹doZ-‡XyfU (ema) g ^m°oVH$ emÛ Ow∂S>mhwAm h° Vm Ob-‡XyfU H$m gß]ßY Ob- odkmZ, OZÒdmÒœ` Eßd AmamΩ``mßoÃH$r g h°& _•Xm H$ ‡XyfU H$m gß]Y _•Xm-odkmZ, H•$of-odkmZ Eßd

yJ ©-emÛ g h° Vm Am°foY-odkmZ Eßd odf emÛ g ‡XyfH$mß H$m Òd^mdOw∂S>m hwAm h°& dZÒ[oV emÛ Eßd Ord emÛ H$r ghm`Vm g [`m©daU H$r[naoÒWoVH$r H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& [`m©daU g hmZ dmbrbm^-hmoZ, "B©H$m_moH©$J' [`m©daU-]OQ> Eßd Am∞oS>Q>, AW©emÛ EßddmoU¡` g Ow∂S> h° Vm OZgßª`m- d•o’ H$r JoV H$r "S>_mJ´m\$r' H$ AßVJ©VaIr Om gH$Vr h°& AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` _ßM [a O] [`m©daU H$ ‡XyfU Eßd gßajUH$r MMm© hmVr h° Vm amOZroVemÛ H$ og’mßV Cg gßMmobV H$aV h°& ‡XyfH$mßAm°a odf°b-[XmW© H$ gß]ßY _ß ]Z amÓQ≠>r` Eßd AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` H$mZyZ odoYemÛH$ AßVJ©V AmV h°& _mZd-_mÃ H$m Òd^md Eßd Ï`dhma Bg A‹``Z H$mEH$ _hÀd[yU© AßJ h°& AV: g_mOemÛ H$m `mJXmZ ^r Bg_ß H$_ ZhtH$hm Om gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ [`m©daU H$m jÃ EH$AÀ`ßV Ï`m[H$ jÃ h°&_hÀd - _hÀd - _hÀd - _hÀd - _hÀd - [`m©daU OrdZ-ÒVmÃ h° Om AZmoXH$mb g [•œdr [a _mZd EßdgÂ[yU© Ord OJV H$m Z H$db ‡l` XVm ahm h°, Ao[Vw Cg odH$mg H$‡maßo^H$ H$mb g dV©_mZ VH$ AmoÒVÀd _ß ]ZmE aIZ H$m AmYma ahm h°&^odÓ` H$m OrdZ ^r Bgr [a oZ^©a H$aVm h°& dm`w, Ob, _•Xm, Ord OßVwVWm dZÒ[oV [`m©daUr` _yb KQ>H$ h°, oOZH$r [maÒ[naH$ oH$`m-‡oVoH$`mg gÂ[yU© Ord_ßS>b [naMmobV hmVm h°& Ord_ßS>b _ß OrdZ H$m C’d,odH$mg Eßd odbw· hmZm Bg Vœ` [a oZ^©a H$aVm h° oH$ ‡H•$oV AWdm‡mH•$oVH$ dmVmdaU H$ gmW CgH$m oH$VZm g_›d` Eßd gm_ßOÒ` h°& H$mB© r Ord gd©Wm EH$b(solitary) `m odJobV (Isolated) OrdZÏ`VrV Zht H$aVm h°& [•œdr [a ododY Ord BVZr AoYH$ gßª`m _ß h° oH$oH$gr r ÒWmZ [a oZdmg H$aZ dmb oH$gr r Ord H$m, Xyga AZH$ OrdmßH$ gmW ghdmogV hmZm EH$ AoZdm`©Vm hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$ ghdmgmßH$m Ord H$ AoÒVÀd H$ ‡H$ma H$r oXem [a JÂ^ra ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& Bg—oÓQ> g ^m°oVH$ [`m©daU H$m ^r ]hwV _hÀd hmVm h°, ∑`mßoH$ Ord H$rAoYH$mße D$Om© A[Z [`m©daU H$r ^m°oVH$ oÒœoV`mß H$ ‡oV AZwHy$obVhmZ _ß hr Ï`` hmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma [`m©daU VWm Ord EH$ Xyga g Ow∂S> hmV


h¢& [`m©daU g [•WH$ oH$gr Ord H$r H$Î[Zm r AgÂ^d h°& g_ÒV ‡mUr^mOZ H$ obE ‡À`j `m [amj Í$[ _ß ha [mX[mß [a oZ^©a H$aV h°& AZH$[mX[ ^r ‡moU`mß [a oZ^©a H$aV h¢& CXmhaUmW©, d [mXd oO›hß [amJU(pollnation) H$ obE H$rQ>mß (insects) H$r AmdÌH$Vm hmVr h°& `⁄o[ Hw$N>ha [mX[ gy`© g ‡m· D$Om© VWm _•Xm _ß ‡mU [mfH$ VÀdmß H$ ghma Hw$N>g_` ÒdVßÃ Í$[ _ß OrodV ah gH$V h° [a O°g hr ]rOmßHw$a H$r d•o’ AmaÂ^hmVr h°, CZ_ß ‡oVÒ[Ym©À_H$ gß]ßY ‡H$Q> hmZ bJV h°& Bg ‡H$ma ‡À`H$Ord H$ [`m©daU _ß A›` Ord ^r AmdÌ`H$ VWm A[nadV©Zr` AßJ H$Í$[ _ß C[oÒWV ahV h¢& H$mB© ^r Ord A›` ghdmgr Ordmß H$r C[jm H$aOrodV Zht ah gH$Vm h°& AV: [`m©da m [a _mZd H$ ‡^md H$m A‹``ZH$aVm h°, ∑`m|oH$ [na^mofV Í$[ _ß [`m©daU Ordmß H$r oH´$`mAmß H$m ‡^modVH$aZ dmbr g_ÒV O°odH$ Am°a AO°odH$ [naoÒWoV`mß H$m `mJ hmVm h°&

gM Vm h h°, OrdZ H$m AoÒVÀd _ybV: [`m©daU [a oZ ©a h°& _ZwÓÈdß g_ÒV OrdYmar [`m©daU g hr A[Z OrdZ H$ obE C[`mJr dÒVwEß‡m· H$aV h¢& gwoZ`moOV [`m©daU H$ A^md _ß AZH$ ‡oVHy$b Edß hmoZH$ma‡^md [nabojV hmZ bJ h° Am°a AmO odÌd H$ AZH$ Xe [`m©daU‡XyfU H$r M[Q> _ß Am MwH$ h°& AV: gßgmYZmß H$ AoZ`ßoÃV XmhZ, odH$mgH$r ‡oVÒ[Ym© g hQ>H$a g_o›dV C[m` Ty>ß∂T>Z Am°a gß[yU© OmoV H$m AoÒVÀd]MmZ H$r —oÓQ> g [`m©daU gßajU AmdÌ`H$ h°&OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - ‡H•$oV ÒdV: [`m©daUr` KQ>H$mßH$m oZoÌMV AZw[mV gX°d ]ZmE aIZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h°, oH$›Vw _mZd H$r‡H•$oV odamYr JoVodoY`mß g BgH$r _yb gßaMZm _ß A^yV[yd© [nad©Z Amah h°& \$bÒdÍ$[, [`m©daU H$r o]J∂S>Vr oÒWoV H$m XIH$a gÂ[yU© _mZdg_mO BgH$ ‡oV oMßVZ-_ZZ H$a ahm h°&

odkmZ H$r ghm`Vm g _mZd ‡H•$oV [a odO` [mZ H$ A[Z ‡`ÀZmß_ß oOVZm g\$b hmVm Om ahm h°, [`m©daU-‡XyfU H$m gßH$Q> CVZm hrJhamVm Om ahm h° Eßd h_mam odÓ` AgwojV hmVm Om ahm h° & [`m©daU H$‡oV "oMßVm Eßd oMVßZ' _ß d•o’ hmVr Om ahr h°, oH$›Vw [`m©daU H$m ÒdÍ$[o]J∂S>Vm hr Om ahm h°& [`m©daU-‡XyfU H$ obE odH$ogV Eßd odH$mgerbXe, XmZmß Z gwI-gwodYm Eßd odbmg H$ ‡mH•$oVH$ ÚmÃ XmhZ _ß A[ZmAmßoeH$ mJXmZ oX`m h°& odH$mgerb Xe A[Z dZ H$mQ> ah h°, [ew Mamah h¢, B©YZ Obm ah h°, Mm±db H$r IVr H$a ah h¢ Am°a [`m©daU H$m XyofVH$a ah h¢, Xygar Ama odH$ogV Xemß _ß C⁄mJ g odf°br J°gmß H$m nagmd hmahm h° [Q≠>mb Eßd S>rOb g MbZ dmb dmhZ YwAm± N>m∂S> ah h°& o\´$Om Am°admVmZwHy$bZ `Ãmß g grE\$gr (∑bmam‚bmam H$m]©Z) H$m nagmd hm ahm h°Am°a [`m©daU ‡XyofV hmVm Om ahm h°& ‡oV`moJVm H$r AßYr Xm°∂S> _ß g^r[j `h ^yb OmV h oH$ BZ g] _mZdr` oH´$`mAmß H$m _mZd-ÒdmÒœ` [a∑`m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° ? dV©_mZ [r∂T>r Vm XwÓ‡^md ^mJ ahr h°, oH$›Vw AmZdmbr [r∂T>r ^r Hw$‡^md g ]MJr Zht Am°a BgH$ ‡oV g^r H$m goÂo_obVCŒmaXmo`Àd hmJm&

[`m©daU ‡XyofV hmZ H$m g]g ]∂S>m H$aU h° OZgßª`m _ß hmZ dmbrAgro_V `m AoZ`ßoÃV d•o’& ^yo_, Ob, dm`w, OßJb g^r gro_V h°&OZgßª`m ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h° Am°a BgH$r d•o’ H$r VwbZm _ß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZKQ>V ‡VrV hm ah h¢& gßgmYZ H$ ‡oV g_J´ —oÓQ>H$mU A[ZmZm AÀ`ßVAmdÌ`H$ h°& CXmhaU H$ ob`, dZmß H$r H$r_V AmO r ghr gßX^m _ß ZhtbJmB© OmVr& _yÎ` H$ —oÓQ>H$mU g dZm[O Eßd bH$∂S>r Vm _mÃ EH$ ‡oVeVh° O]oH$ dZmß H$r [`m©daU gß]Yr gdmAmß H$m oZ›`mZd ‡oVeV H$hm Om

gH$Vm h°& BZH$ AßVJ©V AmV h¢-^yo_ Am°a Ob H$m gßajU, dm`w ‡XyfUH$m oZ ßÃU, dmZÒ[oVH$ Edß O°odH$r` ododYVm H$m Aml` H$r C[b„YVmEdß _ZmaßOZ-ÒWbmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r [yoV©& BZ gdmAmß H$m _yÎ` AmoW©H$gßX^m~ _ß AmßH$m Om` Vm ghO hr Ò[ÓQ> hm gH$Vm h° oH$ oH$g ‡H$ma h_AmO ^r EH$ Í$[` H$ bmbM _ß oZ›`mZ] Í$[` Im ah h°ß & ew’ hdm H$rH$r_V h_ß V^r [Vm MbVr h° O] h_ AÒ[Vmb _ß Am∑grOZ ogob›S>a H$m_yÎ` MwH$mV h°&

AmO h_ma [`m©daU H$r oÒWoV H$m "X`Zr`' H$hm Om gH$Vm h° o_≈rH$r Cd©aH$Vm g_m· hmVr Om ahr h°, Ob H$r OrdZ XZ H$r eo∫$ g_m· hmahr h° d OrdZ bZ H$r eo∫$ ]∂T> ahr h°, hdm H$m Ò\y$oV© ‡XmZ H$aZ dmbrVmOJr H$m AÂbr` dfm© Am°a H$m]©Z-`m°oJH$mß H$ CÀgO©Z Z Hw$‡^modVH$a oX`m h°& dZ H$Q>V Om ah h°& AmOmZ H$r gwajm-N>Var _ß N>X hmV Om ahh° Edß AßVnaj VH$ _| Qy>Q> Am°a Iam] `mZmß H$m H$WmH$oWV "H$Mam' EH$oÃVhmVm Om ahm h° Egm H$mB© ÒWmZ Zht ]Mm h° Ohmß h_ A[Z H$m gwaojV H$hgH$ß& dmÒVodH$Vm `h h° oH$ _mZd _oÒVÓH$ hr ‡XyofV hm J`m h°& ‡H•$oVÍ$[r –m°[Xr H$m _mZd _oÒVÓH$ Í$[r Xw mYZ odZme Í$[r "Mraha m' H$aVmOm ahm h°& Bgg [bm`Z r gß d Zht h° oH$›Vw rÓ_ ]ZH$a Mw[Mm[ ghZH$aV ahZ g "_hm^maV' Q>bZ dmbm Zht& AmdÌ`H$Vm h° _mZd-_oÒVÓH$H$m ‡XyofV H$aZ g ]MmZ H$r& H$m°oQ>Î` ¤mam aoMV AW©emÛ _ß [`m©daUH$m°oQ>Î` ¤mam aoMV AW©emÛ _ß [`m©daUH$m°oQ>Î` ¤mam aoMV AW©emÛ _ß [`m©daUH$m°oQ>Î` ¤mam aoMV AW©emÛ _ß [`m©daUH$m°oQ>Î` ¤mam aoMV AW©emÛ _ß [`m©daUH$m OmJÍ$H$Vm CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° Bg aMZm _ß VÀH$mbrZH$m OmJÍ$H$Vm CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° Bg aMZm _ß VÀH$mbrZH$m OmJÍ$H$Vm CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° Bg aMZm _ß VÀH$mbrZH$m OmJÍ$H$Vm CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° Bg aMZm _ß VÀH$mbrZH$m OmJÍ$H$Vm CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° Bg aMZm _ß VÀH$mbrZg_mO Ï`dÒWm _ß [`m©daU H$m Òd¿N> aIZ H$ ob` ‡^mdr oZ`_g_mO Ï`dÒWm _ß [`m©daU H$m Òd¿N> aIZ H$ ob` ‡^mdr oZ`_g_mO Ï`dÒWm _ß [`m©daU H$m Òd¿N> aIZ H$ ob` ‡^mdr oZ`_g_mO Ï`dÒWm _ß [`m©daU H$m Òd¿N> aIZ H$ ob` ‡^mdr oZ`_g_mO Ï`dÒWm _ß [`m©daU H$m Òd¿N> aIZ H$ ob` ‡^mdr oZ`_d [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ OZ _mZg H$m CÑI o_bVm h° Omd [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ OZ _mZg H$m CÑI o_bVm h° Omd [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ OZ _mZg H$m CÑI o_bVm h° Omd [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ OZ _mZg H$m CÑI o_bVm h° Omd [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ OZ _mZg H$m CÑI o_bVm h° OmoZÂZ ‡gßJ g Ò[ÓQ> h° - "Ïò∫$ oOgZ eha H$ AßXa o]Ñr, Hw$Œmm,oZÂZ ‡gßJ g Ò[ÓQ> h° - "Ïò∫$ oOgZ eha H$ AßXa o]Ñr, Hw$Œmm,oZÂZ ‡gßJ g Ò[ÓQ> h° - "Ïò∫$ oOgZ eha H$ AßXa o]Ñr, Hw$Œmm,oZÂZ ‡gßJ g Ò[ÓQ> h° - "Ïò∫$ oOgZ eha H$ AßXa o]Ñr, Hw$Œmm,oZÂZ ‡gßJ g Ò[ÓQ> h° - "Ïò∫$ oOgZ eha H$ AßXa o]Ñr, Hw$Œmm,Zdbm Am°a gmß[ O°g Ord H$ bmW (Hß$H$mb) \$ßH$m Vm Cg VrZZdbm Am°a gmß[ O°g Ord H$ bmW (Hß$H$mb) \$ßH$m Vm Cg VrZZdbm Am°a gmß[ O°g Ord H$ bmW (Hß$H$mb) \$ßH$m Vm Cg VrZZdbm Am°a gmß[ O°g Ord H$ bmW (Hß$H$mb) \$ßH$m Vm Cg VrZZdbm Am°a gmß[ O°g Ord H$ bmW (Hß$H$mb) \$ßH$m Vm Cg VrZ[mZm H$m X S> oX`m J`m Wm; JYm, Dß$Q>, IÉa Am°a Za Hß$H$mb[mZm H$m X S> oX`m J`m Wm; JYm, Dß$Q>, IÉa Am°a Za Hß$H$mb[mZm H$m X S> oX`m J`m Wm; JYm, Dß$Q>, IÉa Am°a Za Hß$H$mb[mZm H$m X S> oX`m J`m Wm; JYm, Dß$Q>, IÉa Am°a Za Hß$H$mb[mZm H$m X S> oX`m J`m Wm; JYm, Dß$Q>, IÉa Am°a Za Hß$H$mb\$ßH$Z dmb H$m [Mmg [mZm H$m Ow_m©Zm oX`m J`m Wm&' (H$m°oQ>Î`,\$ßH$Z dmb H$m [Mmg [mZm H$m Ow_m©Zm oX`m J`m Wm&' (H$m°oQ>Î`,\$ßH$Z dmb H$m [Mmg [mZm H$m Ow_m©Zm oX`m J`m Wm&' (H$m°oQ>Î`,\$ßH$Z dmb H$m [Mmg [mZm H$m Ow_m©Zm oX`m J`m Wm&' (H$m°oQ>Î`,\$ßH$Z dmb H$m [Mmg [mZm H$m Ow_m©Zm oX`m J`m Wm&' (H$m°oQ>Î`,AW©emÛ, 2 - 145 )'AW©emÛ, 2 - 145 )'AW©emÛ, 2 - 145 )'AW©emÛ, 2 - 145 )'AW©emÛ, 2 - 145 )'

‡XyfU H$r g_Ò`m g b∂S>Z H$r aUZroV ]ZmZ H$ ob` gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠>gßK H$ VÀdmdYmZ _ß AZH$ gÂ_bZ hwE h°& 1972 _ß ÒQ>m∞H$hm_ _ß, 1985_ß od`Zm _ß, 1987 _ß _m∞oQ≠>`b _ß Am°a 1992 _ß na`moS>OZam, ]´mOrb _ß&hmb hr _ß gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$r "[m`bQ> EZmobogg Am∞\$ Ωbm]b BH$mogÒQ>_'`moZ "[O' [na`mOZm H$ ob` , gß. am. [`m©daU H$m`©H´$_, "odÌd ]¢H$'Am°a odÌd gßgmYZ gßÒWmZ H$ gh`mJ g, odkmZ H$r odo^fi emImAmß H$175 d°kmoZH$mß Z ghÛmoX AoYdeZ 2000-2001 _ß ‡ÒVwoV H$ obÈH$ na[mQ©> V°`ma H$r h°& Bg na[mQ©> _ß [`m©daU odZme H$ ob` Òd`ß _mZdH$m oOÂ_Xma _mZV hwE, ^yo_, dZ, ObÛmVmß VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ gÂ[Xm H$r]hX o]J∂S>Vr hmbV [a Jhar oMßVm Ï`∫$ H$r J`r h°& og\$mnae H$r J`rh° oH$ odZmeH$mar ‡oH´$`mAmß [a Vwa›V amH$ bJmr` Om`& Bg na[mQ©> H$m_yb Xe©Z h°, "h_ß YaVr H$m H$db gm¢X`© ]mY `m Z°oVH$ H$maUmß g hrgßaojV Zht H$aZm h°, YaVr h_mar, g^r Ord Ymna`mß H$r Aml`, ^mOZAm°a ajm-H$dM N>Var h°& Bgob` Bg ham am, OrdßV ]Zm` aIZm h_mamAmdÌ`H$ Xmo`Àd h°&' amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a emgZ Z Bg gß]ßY _ß ìHw$N>" oH$`mh°, oH$›Vw A^r "]hwV Hw$N>' H$aZm ]mH$r h¢, Ïò∫$JV ÒVa [a r Bg gß]ßY_ß ‡`ÀZ ‡maß^ H$aZm h°& H$^r Zht g Xa ^br& oeojV ZmJnaH$ g BggßX^© _ß aMZmÀ_H$ `mJXmZ H$r A[jm H$r Om gH$Vr h°& AV: oejm H$m‡gma Edß Aoejm H$r g_mo· AmdÌ`H$ h°& CgH$ ^r [yd© OZgßª`m d•o’H$r amH$Wm_ ‡mWo_H$Vm H$ ÒVa [a oZVm›V AmdÌ`H$ h° VmoH$ C[b„Y


gmYZmß Edß oH$` J` ‡`ÀZmß H$m AoYH$V_ bm^ o_b gH$& Bg oXem _ßoOVZr AoYH$ "C[bo„Y' hmJr, [`m©daU CVZm hr ghO Edß AoYH$ hmgH$Jm&

odÌd dZ-oXdg, odÌd Ob-oXdg, odÌd [`m©daU-oXdg AmoXoXdgmß H$ Am`mOZ ÒdÒW [`m©daU ]ZmZ H$ ‡oV emgH$r` oMßVm H$maImßoH$V H$aV h°& Bg oMßVm g ghr _wo∫$ V^r gß^d h° O] Am_ OZVm _ß‡XyfU Am°a CgH$ XwÓ[naUm_mß H$ gß]ßY _ß [yU© OmJÍ$H$Vm [°Xm hm OmÀm°a h__ß g ‡À`H$ [`m©daU ‡XyfU amH$Z _ßß A[Zr goH´$` oOÂ_XmaroZ^m`& H$db emgH$r` ‡`mgmß H$ âmg Zht ]°R>m Om gH$Vm, ∑`mßoH$‡Xyf m H$m H$maH$ Am°a oeH$ma h_ _ß g ‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ h°&[`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - [`m©daU H$m oZ_m©U h_ma MmamßVa\$ od⁄_mZ OrodV Edß AOrodV dÒVwAmß H$ ¤mam hmVm h°& BZ KQ>H$mß _ß[maÒ[naH$ gÂ]ßY Edß gßVwbZ hmVm h° Om oH$ EH$ Òd¿N> Edß gßVwobV[`m©daU H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ _ß _hÀd[y m© yo_H$m oZ^mV h°& [•œdr hr gm°a_ S>bH$m EH$_mÃ Egm J´h h° Ohmß H$m [`m©daU OrdZ H$m gßOm` hw` h°& Bgr[`m©daU _ß g_ÒV [m°Y, OrdYmar Edß _mZd Ìdmg bV h° Am°a A[ZrO°odH$ oH´$`mAmß H$ ¤mam A[Zm OrdZ [yU© H$aV h°& ‡H•$oV H$m oZ_m©U_wª`V: [ßM VÀdmß g o_bH$a hwAm h°, VÀd h° -Ob, dm w, AmH$me, [•œdrEdß Aoæ& ` g_ÒV VÀd o_bH$a [`m©daU H$m _yb^yV Tß>mMm oZo_©V H$aVh°& [`m©daUr` KQ>H$mß H$m Am[gr Vmb_b hr [•œdr [a OrdZ H$rAmYmaoebm H$m _O]yV oH$` hwE h°&

[`m©daU ‡H•$oV H$r ghO JoV h°, [a›Vw _mZd H$r CÉ_hÀdmH$mßjmAmß, CZH$r oZa›Va ]∂T>Vr hwB© OZgßª`m, [mnadmnaH$ OÍ$aVmß,Am°⁄mJrH$aU, ZJarH$aU Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$ A›YmYw›Y XmhZ Z‡H•$oV Edß CgH$ KQ>H$mß H$ _‹` ÒWmo[V gm_ßOÒ` _ß hÒVj[ oH$`m Am°a‡XyfU H$m O›_ oX`m& dV©_mZ _ß d° d w∫$ Edß odbmgr OrdZ e°br Z BZ[naoÒWoV`mß H$m Am°a ^r JÂ^ra ]Zm oX`m h°& oOgH$ H$maU ‡XyfU H$rod^mofH$m Am°a AoYH$ IVaZmH$ hmVr Om ahr h°& oOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[_mZd H$m ZB©-ZB© ]r_mna`mß, gßH´$m_H$ amJmß, _mZogH$ VZmd, Òd¿N> Ob,dm`w Edß Òd¿N> dmVmdaU, AmoX H$ ob` gßKf© H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°&

[`m©daU hr ‡mH•$oV gßgmYZmß, D$Om©, dm`w, Ob, _•Xm, IoZO VÀdmßEdß OrdZ H$ A›` AmdÌ`H$ KQ>H$mß H$m ÛmV h°& [`m©daU ¯mg Cg d∫$g hr ‡maÂ^ hm J`m Wm O] _ZwÓ` Z g‰`Vm H$ wJ _ß A[Zm [hbm H$X_,AmJ H$r ImO H$ Í$[ _ß aIm Wm O°g-O°g _mZdr` g‰`Vm odH$ogV hmVrJB© ‡H•$oV Edß [`m©daU H$m A[KQ>Z r CVZr hr VOr g hmZ bJm& AmO_mZd g‰`Vm H$r Cg CMmßB© [a ]°R>m h° oH$ CgZ MmßX H$m Ny> ob`m h°, [a›Vwg‰`Vm Edß AmYwoZH$Vm H$r Bg A›Yr Xm°∂S> _ß dh BVZm ‡XyfU [°Xm H$aMwH$m h° oH$ oX [`m©daU gßajU H$r Va\$ g_` ahV ‹`mZ Z oX`m J`m Vmgm°a_ S>b H$r EH$_mÃ OrdZXm`r oÒWoV`mß H$r AmYma [•œdr ^r A›`J´hmß H$r ^mßoV oZOr©d hm OmEJr& dV©_mZ _ß _mZd H$ ob` [`m©daU _mÃVrZ ‡_wI oH´$`mAmß H$m gmYZ h°& ` oH´$`mEß h°, ‡W_-_mZd _ZmaßOZ,o¤Vr` ‡mH•$oVH$ gÂ[Xm, H•$of, dZmß, IoZOmß Edß _mZd H$ ‡`mJ _ß AmZdmb gßgmYZmß H$m A›Ym Yw›Y XmhZ VWm V•Vr` - _mZdr` g‰`Vm H$odH$mg g C[Om ‡XyfU Í$[r dh H$Mam h°, oOg [`m©daU A[Z _ß oH$grZ oH$gr Í$[ _ß g_mohV H$a ahm h°&

‡mMrZ H$mb _ß ‡XyfU BVZm H$_ Wm oH$ ‡H•$oV Òd ß CgH$m Xya H$aZ_ß gj_ Wr, [a›Vw dV©_mZ _ß ‡XyfU H$r _mÃm odo^fi [mnaoÒWoVH$ KQ>H$mß

_ß BVZr AoYH$ hm JB© h° oH$ ‡H•$oV CgH$m ]mP CR>mZ _ß Òd`ß H$m Ag_W©_hgyg H$a ahr h°& oOgH$m ‡_wI H$maU h° OZgßª`m H$m bJmVma Vrd´ JoVg ]∂T>Zm, AoZ`moOV Tß>J g C⁄mJmß H$m odH$mg Edß ZJamß H$m oZ_m©U,‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$m A›YmYw›Y XmhZ, dmhZmß H$r gßª`m _ß ]Vhmemd•o’ VWm dZmß H$r A›YmYw›Y H$Q>mB©, BÀ`moX H$ H$maU ‡H•$oV BgH$m XyaH$aZ _ß Ag_W© h° Am°a A[Zm gßVwbZ H$m`_ aI [mZ _ß r Ag_W© hm ahrh°& BgobE [`m©daUr` g_Ò`mEß Om _mZd oZo_©V h° H$m oZXmZ ^r _mZdH$m g_` ahV H$aZm [S>Jm, ∑`mßoH$ dV©_mZ _ß Òd¿N> Edß gw›Xa [`m©daUH$r AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$Vm h° VmoH$ h_mar dV©_mZ Edß ^mdr [ro∂T>`mß gwI_ÒrdZ H$r H$Î[Zm H$a gH$ß&

[`m©daU H$r Om g_Ò`mEß dV©_mZ _ß oXImB© [∂S> ahr h° CgH$ Xm ‡_wIH$maU h°, [hbm H$maU h° AÀòYH$ odH$mg H$ H$m`m H$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md,Xygam Jar]r, Hw$[mfU Edß ]∂T>Vr hwB© OZgßª`m H$ obE gßgmYZmß H$r H$_rH$ H$maU ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$m OÍ$aV g ¡`mXm XmhZ hmZm& dV©_mZ _ß[`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm ∑`mß _hgyg hm ahr h°, ∑`mßoH$ g^r [∂S>[m°Ymß d Ord O›VwAmß H$m AoÒVÀd ]Zm ah, ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ XrK© H$mbVH$ _mZd H$ H$m_ Am gH$ß, odH$mgr` H$m`© g^r _mZd VH$ [`m©daU H$mjaU [hwßMmE o]Zm XrKm©doY hm, dV©_mZ Edß mdr _mZd Edß Ord O›VwAmßd [m°Ymß H$r [ro∂T>`mß H$m Òd¿N> Edß g_•’ dmVmdaU g _mZd H$r ajm H$r OmgH$& [•œdr H$ AoÒVÀd Edß Cg [a OrdZ H$r g_ÒV ^m°oVH$ XemAmß H$moMa ÒWm`r ]ZmE aIZ H$ ob` [`m©daU gßajU AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h°&[`m©daU gßajU _ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ^yo_H$m - oH$gr ^r XeH$m gßodYmZ CgH$r AmÀ_m _mZm OmVm h°& Xe _ß ZmJnaH$mß H$r A[Z Xe H$gßodYmZ _ß AQy>Q> AmÒWm Edß odÌdmg hmVm h° `hr H$maU h° oH$ [`m©daUgßajU H$ ob OZ_mZg Edß am¡`mß H$ AoYH$mamß H$m h_ma Xe H$ gßodYmZ_ß doU©V oH$`m J`m h°&

[`m©daU gßajU H$ obE ^maVr` gßodYmZ _ß am¡`mß Edß ZmJnaH$mßH$m Hw$N> AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E JE h° oOZH$m BÒV_mb H$aH$ dh [`m©daUgßßajU _ß AmZ dmbr ]mYmAmß H$m Xya H$a gH$Jm& gZ≤ 1976 _ß gßodYmZ H$42dß gßodYmZ gßemYZ H$ ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m oH$ "am¡` [`m©daU H$gßajU Edß gßd’©Z H$m ‡`mg H$aJm Am°a gmW hr dZmß Edß d›` OrdO›VwAmß H$r gwajm H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aJm& gßodYmZ H$ AZwgma ^maV H$‡À`H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m h H$V©Ï` hmJm oH$ dh ‡mH•$oVH$ [`m©daU H$r gwajmEdß CgH$m gßd’©Z H$a& BgH$ AßVJ©V g_ÒV dZmß, Prbmß, ZoX`mß Edß d›Òrdmß H$ OrdZ H$r gwajm r oZohV h°& gmW hr ‡À H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m h rH$V©Ï` hmJm oH$ dh g^r OrodV ‡moU`mß H$ ‡oV X`m H$m md aIß&î^maVH$ gßodYmZ _ß [`m©daU H$r gwajm Edß gßajU H$ gÂ]ßY _ß df© 1976 _ßgßodYmZ H$ 42dß AZw¿N>X _ß am¡` Edß ZmJnaH$mß H$m am¡` H$ ZroV oZXeH$VÀdmß H$ AßVJ©V AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E JE h°& `h AoYH$ma gßodYmZ H$odo^fi AZw¿N>Xmß _ß oZÂZ ‡H$ma doU©V h° :-

AZw¿N>X 47- AZw¿N>X 47- AZw¿N>X 47- AZw¿N>X 47- AZw¿N>X 47- ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$ AZw¿N>X 47H$ AßVJ©V Ò[ÓQ>oH$`m J`m h° oH$ "am¡` [m°oÓQ>H$Vm Edß ZmJnaH$mß H$ OrdZ ÒVa H$m Dß$MmCR>mZ VWm gmd©OoZH$ ÒdmÒœ` _ß gwYma H$m A[Z ‡mWo_H$ H$V©Ï`mß _ß_mZJm&

AZw¿N>X 48 (H$)- AZw¿N>X 48 (H$)- AZw¿N>X 48 (H$)- AZw¿N>X 48 (H$)- AZw¿N>X 48 (H$)- "am¡` [`m©daU H$r ajm H$aZ Cg_ß gwYmabmZ H$m ‡`mg H$aJm Am°a Xe H$ dZmß Edß d›` OrdZ-O›VwAmß H$ OrdZH$r ajm H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aJm&"" Bg_ß am¡`mß [a [`m©daU H$m [naÓH•$V Edß


g_•’ H$aZ H$m Xmo`Àd gm¢[m J`m h°&AZw¿N>X 48 "H$'(N>) - AZw¿N>X 48 "H$'(N>) - AZw¿N>X 48 "H$'(N>) - AZw¿N>X 48 "H$'(N>) - AZw¿N>X 48 "H$'(N>) - h_ma gßodYmZ _ß am¡`mß H$m ZroV H$

oZX©eH$ og’mßVmß H$ A›VJ©V aIm J`m h°& oOgH$ ‡mdYmZ H$ AZwgma,am¡` H$ C‘Ì` Edß ‡`mOZ oZYm©naV hmV h¢& `⁄o[ BZ ‡mdYmZmß H$m›`m`mb` ¤mam bmJy Zht H$am`m Om gH$Vm, oH$›Vw am¡` gaH$ma H$m `hH$Œm©Ï` h° oH$ g_ÒV odYm`r Am°a ‡emgoZH$ oH´$`mH$bm[mß H$ H$m`m©›d`ZH$m hr BgH$m AmYma _mZm OmE&

AZw¿N>X 51"H$' -" AZw¿N>X 51"H$' -" AZw¿N>X 51"H$' -" AZw¿N>X 51"H$' -" AZw¿N>X 51"H$' -" ^maV H$ ‡À`H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m h H$Œm©Ï` hmJmoH$ dZmß, Prbmß ,ZoX`mß Am°a d›` OrdZ gohV ‡mH•$oVH$ [m`m©daU H$rajm H$aß Am°a Cg_ß gwYma H$aß VWm Ordmß H$ ‡oV ‡_ ^md aIß&'

AZw¿N>X 51"H$' (N>)-AZw¿N>X 51"H$' (N>)-AZw¿N>X 51"H$' (N>)-AZw¿N>X 51"H$' (N>)-AZw¿N>X 51"H$' (N>)-BgH$ A›VJ©V _m°obH$ H$V©Ï`mß H$m erf© _ßaIm J`m h°, Om gßodYmZ _ß gd©‡W_ gZ≤ 1977 _ß Om∂S>m J`m oH$›Vw `h‡mdYmZ ^r ›`m`mb` ¤mam bmJy Zht H$amE Om gH$V h¢& OZ_mZg _ß[`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm [°Xm H$aZ H$ C‘Ì` g _m°obH$ H$Œm©Ï`mß H$moejm H$ EH$ AßJ H$ Í$[ _ß ob`m OmZm MmohE&

Bg AZw¿N>X H$ _m‹`_ g Xe H$ ‡À`H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m `h _yb^yVXmo`Àd gm¢[m J`m h° oH$ dh g_ÒV O°d ododYVm H$ ‡oV X`m ^md aIVhwE ‡mH•$oVH$ [`m©daU H$r gwajm Eßd gßd’©Z H$ obE ‡`ÀZerb ah&[`m©daU gßJV odH$mg hr ghr odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m h°& gaH$ma Z [`m©daUgßajU H$r oXem _ß AYma yV g\$bVm ‡m· hwB© h°& gaH$ma ¤mam AoYoZ`_mßH$m oZ_m©U Eßd C›hß bmJy H$aZ H$ obE Xe _ß bJ^J 200 H$›–r` Eßdam¡` ÒVar` H$mZyZ [yd©dV≤ h¢ Om oH$gr-Z-oH$gr Í$[ _ [`m©daU H$rgwajm Eßd gßajm g Ow∂S> hwE h¢& maV gaH$ma ¤mam oZo_©V [`m©daU gßajUH$ obE ZroV AoYoZ`_ oOg_ß g ‡_wI h° -l d›` OrdZ (gwajm)AoYoZ`_ -1977l Ob (‡XyfU oZdmaU Am°a oZ`ÃßU)AoYoZ`_ 1974 ,# gßeoYV

Ob ‡XyfU oZdmaU VWm oZ`›ÃU AoYoZ`_-1988l dm w (‡XyfU oZdmaU Am°a oZ`›ÃU)AoYoZ`_ 1981, # gßemoYV

dm`w ‡XyfU ,oZdmaU Ama oZ`›ÃU AoYoZ`_-1988l dZ gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1980 ,# amÓQ≠>r` dZÒ[oV AoYoZ`_-

1988l [`m©daU (gwajm)AoYoZ`_ 1986 # ^maVr` gßemoYV dZ ZroV

-1998l amÓQ≠>r` [`m©daU ‡moYH$aU AoYoZ`_-1995

BgH$ AoVna∫$ [`m©daU gßajU hVw amÓQ≠>r` Eßd am¡` ÒVar` ZroV`mßH$m oZYm©aU H$aZm [`m©daU H$r gwajm Eßd gwYma hVw `mOZmAmß H$moH´$`m›d`Z Ob,dm w,_•Xm Eßd ‹doZ ‡XyfU H$m AZwldU H$aZm, ‡mH•$oVH$gßgmYZmß H$m CoMV XmhZ Eßd CZH$m gßajU [`m©daU H$r —oÓQ>H$mU ggßdXZerb Eßd ‡XyofV jÃmß H$m gwYmaZ H$ obE mOZmAm H$m oH$`m›d`Z,IVaZmH$ amgmòZH$ ]ZmZ dmb H$maImZmß _ß gwajm Eßd XwK©Q>ZmAmß g]Mmd H$ CoMV gmYZmß H$m ‡`mJ Am°⁄m°oJH$ H$maImZmß g oZÓH$mogVA[oeÓQ> [XmWm~ H$m oZÒVmaU Eßd ‡]ßYZ [`m©daUr` —oÓQ>H$mU g H$aZm,amÓQ≠>r` Eßd am¡` ÒVa [a [`m©daUr` oÒWoV H$m AmßH$bZ H$a na[mQ©> V°`maH$aZm, Am°⁄m°oJH$ BH$mB`mß g oZH$b A[oeÓQ> [XmWm~ H$m [wZ: BÒV_mbH$a ‡XyfU H$m H$_ H$aZm Eßd odH$mg H$ obE amÓQ≠>r` Eßd am¡` ÒVar``mOZmAmß H$m _yÎ`mHß$Z [`m©daUr` —oÓQ>H$mU H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIH$a H$aZ gh_ß [`m©da m H$ gßajU _ß _hÀd[yU© g\$bVm ‡m· hm gH$Vr h°& BgH$ o]Zm

OZ_mZg H$r ^mJrXmar g [`m©daU gßajU H$mZyZmß H$m d•hV≤ ÒVa [aoH´$`mo›dV Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&[`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU gßajU _ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yo_H$m - [`m©daU H$ gßajU H$obE gßodYmZ _ß ‡mdYmZmß, AoYoZ`_mß Eßd H$mZyZ oZ_m©U H$ Abmdm Omg]g _hÀd[yU© Vœ` h°, dh h° [`m©daU gßajU H$ ‡oV bmJmß _ß OmJÍ$H$Vm[°Xm H$aZm bmJmß H$m [`m©daUr` ‡XyfUmß g hm ah hmoZH$maH$ ‡^mdmß H$rgÂ[yU© Eßd odÒV•V OmZH$mar XZm& [`m©daU gßajU H$ obE OmJÍ$H$VmH$a Cg Ao^`mZ H$ Í$[ _ß oH´$`mo›dV H$aZm hmJm, oOgH$ odo^fi [jhmZ MmohE, O°g-go_Zma, gßJmÓR>r, ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_, ‡Xe©Zr,‡oV`moJVmAmß H$m Am`mOZ, oejU gßÒWmAmß J°a gaH$mar gßÒWmAmß Eßdg_mO gdr gßJR>Zmß ¤mam [`m©daU OmJÍ$H$Vm H$ odo^fi H$m`©H´$_ H$mAm`mOZ, [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmddÌ`H$Vm Eßd [`m©da m OmJÍ$H$VmH$ gßX^© _ß ‡Mma-‡gma gm_J´mr H$m oZ_m©U Eßd odVaU BgH$ Abmdm‡XyfU H$ hmoZH$maH$ ‡^mdmß, [`m©daU gßajU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [a bKwd•ŒmoMÃ ZmQ>H$ Ed o\$Î_mß H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm& ehamß Eßd ZJamß _ß _wª` ÒWbmß[a ]∂S>r-]∂S>r hmoS©>ßΩg bJmZm gm_mMma-[Ãmß _ [`m©daUr` bImß H$m‡H$meZ, XyaXe©Z Eßd AmH$medmUr H$ _m‹`_ g [`m©daU OmJÍ$H$VmEßd gßajU g gß]oYV odf` [a kmZd’©H$ Eßd amMH$ OmZH$mar H$m ‡gmaUH$aZm ` g_ÒV H$m`© oZoÌMV Í$[ g [`m©daU gßajU _ß A[Zr Ah_≤^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$a gH$V h¢ Am°a ^mdr [r∂T>r H$m EH$ gw›Xa Òd¿N>dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$a gH$V h¢&Am_ AmX_r - Am_ AmX_r - Am_ AmX_r - Am_ AmX_r - Am_ AmX_r - [`m©daU H$m gßXyofV H$aZ dmb H$maH$ H$m°Z h° `h ‡ÌZCVZm OÍ$ar Zht h° oOVZm OÍ$ar h° oH$ Am_ AmX_r H°$g [`m©daU gßajU_ß A[Zm gh`mJ X gH$Vm h°, ∑`m|oH$ [`m©daU gßajU H$ obE gaH$mar‡`mgmß H$ ]mdOyX ^r Am_ AmX_r H$r gh^moJVm AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$ h°V^r ghr _m`Z _ß h_ [`m©daU gßajU H$ obE MbmE Om ah Ao^`mZ H$mg\$b _mZJß& [`m©daU gßajU g gß]oYV Hw$N> Vœ` dmoU©V h° oOZH$m[mbZ ‡À`H$ Ïò∫$ H$m H$aZm MmohE& Egm H$aH$ h_ A[Z [`m©daU H$m‡XyfU g hmZ dmbr Agr_ joV g ]Mm gH$ßJ Edß ôdÓ` H$r [r∂T>r H$obE gwXßa Eßd Òd¿N> [`m©daU H$m gßaojV aI gH$Jß& [`m©daU gßajU _ßAm_AmX_r H$m oZÂZoboIV Vœ`mß [a ‹`mZ XZm MmohE oOggß dh[`m©daU H$ ‡oV A[Zr ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$a gH$ßJ gmW hr [`m©daU[`m©daU[`m©daU[`m©daU[`m©daUgßajU _ß `mJXmZ ^r X gH$ -gßajU _ß `mJXmZ ^r X gH$ -gßajU _ß `mJXmZ ^r X gH$ -gßajU _ß `mJXmZ ^r X gH$ -gßajU _ß `mJXmZ ^r X gH$ -l Ob ÚmV H$m ‡XyfU g ]MmEß [rZ H$ obE ew’ Ob H$m ‡`mJ H$aß&l Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg Edß ZJarH$aU H$ obE dZm H$m odZme amHß$&l D$Om© H$ obE [Q≠>mob`_ [XmWm Edß bH$S>r H$ odH$Î[ Vbme, O°g-

D$Om©, [dZ D$Om©, Vm[ D$Om©, Ob D$Om© Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ J°g BÀ`moXOm gÒV Edß [`m©daU —oÓQ>H$mU g XrK©H$mobH$ h°&

l Imbr ÒWmZmß _H$mZmß g∂S>H$m| H$ oH$Zmam [a AoYH$ g AoYH$ d•jmam[UH$aß&

l A[Z Ka, _whÎbmß ZJa Jmßd Edß eha H$m dmVmdaU Òd¿N> Edß gw›XaaIß&

l ‹doZ ‡XyfU Z H$aß Cg dmVm©bm[ H$m _m‹`_ ahZ Xß&l bmCS>Ò[rH$a d hm∞Z© H$m AoYH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm [a hr ‡`mJ H$aß&l dmhZm| H$r oZò_V M°oHß$J Edß CoMV aIaImd H$a dm`w ‡XwfU H$m

H$_ H$aß&l C⁄mJmß H$m ‡XwfU aohV gß`›Ãmß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$ obE ‡mÀgmohV H$aß&


l OZgßª`m d•o’ _ H$_r H$aß ∑`m|oH$ OZgßª`m d•o’ H$m h_ma ‡mH•$oVH$gßgmYZmß Edß [`m©daU [a grYm ‡^md [S>Vm h¢&

l ehar H$aU [a amH$$ _ß gh`mJ H$aß &l g_ÒV Ord O›VwAm H$r gßwajm Edß gßajm _ß gh`mJ X &l amgmòZH$ ImXmß Edß amgmòZH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$ [XmWm Edß \$gbmßß Hß$

H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$ ‡`mJ g ]Mß&l O°odH$ ImX Edß O°odH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$mß H$m ‡`mJ H$aß &l Kamßß H$m Hy$∂S>m H$aH$Q> Edß JßXJr [mZr _|$ Z o_bmEß&l OmZdam Edß H$[S>m H$m ZXr _| Z YmEß &l dZm H$r ajm H$a &l bmßJm _ß [`m©daU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm \°$bmEß Edß ‡XwfU g hmZ dmb

[`m©daU Hß$ ‡^mdm H$ ‡oV gMV ah &Bg ‡H$ma EH$ Am_ AmX_r [`m©daU gßajaU _ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m

H$m oZdm©h H$a gH$Vm h°& [`m©daU gßajU H$ obE [`m©daU AoYoZ`_"1986 H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& Bg AoYoZ`_ ‡mdYmZmß H$ CÑßKZ hmZ H$roÒWoV _ß X ∂S> H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h°& ‡W_ ]ma CÑKßZ [a [mßM df© H$rgOm AWdm EH$ bmI Í$[`m H$m Ow_m©Zm AWdm XmZm| hr oH$`m Om gH$Vmh°& Bg AoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©V H$ß– am¡` gaH$ma H$m [`m©daU gwajm hVwoH$gr ^r Eg C⁄mJ `m BH$mB© H$m oOgH$r JoVodoY [`m©daU gwajm H$obE IVam ]Z JB© hm H$m ]›X H$aZ, oZò_V H$aZ AWdm ‡oV]o›YVH$aZ H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h°& BgH$ AßVJ©V Cg C⁄mJ H$r o]Obr,[mZr Edß A›` gdmAmß H$m VÀH$mb ‡^md g ]ßX oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& BgAoYoZ`_ H$ AßVJ©V g_m›` ZmJnaH$ H$m ^r `h AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h°oH$ dh AoYoZ`_ H$ ‡mdYmZmß H$ AßVJ©V CÑKßZ H$aZ dmb H$r oeH$m`V_mZZr` ›`m`mb` _ß H$a gH$Vm h°&

[`m©daU Edß dZ _ßÃmb`, maV gaH$ma ¤mam [`m©daUr` OmJÍ$H$VmCÀ[fi H$aZ H$ C‘Ì` g [`m©daU, dZ VWm d›` Ordmß H$ [naajU H$ obEbmJmß H$m emo_b H$aZ hVw EH$ Ao^`mZ H$ Í$[ _ß "[`m©daU dmohZr' H$mJR>Z oH$`m J`m h°& amÓQ≠> ÒVa [a [`m©daUr` OmJÍ$H$Vm CÀ[fi H$aZ H$C‘Ì` g ^maV gaH$ma H$ [`m©daU Edß dZ _ßÃmb` ¤mam df© 1980 g

ìamÓQ≠>r` [`m©daU OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ Zm_H$ mOZm H$m gßMmbZ oH$`mOm ahm h°&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - [`m©daU H$ gßajU H$m ]woZ`mXr b˙` ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$_mZdr` C[`mJ H$ ‡]ßYZ g h° VmoH$ dV©_mZ [r∂T>r H$ obE XrK©H$mbrZbm^ ‡m· hm gH$ß Edß ^mdr [r∂T>r H$r AmH$mßjmAmß H$m [yam oH$`m Om gH$&Bg_ß gaH$mar ^mJrXmar, H$mZyZ H$ Abmdm _mZd H$r ^mJrXmar Edß[`m©daU OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU© mJXmZ hmJm V^r [`m©daUgßajU oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°, ∑`mßoH$ [`m©daU ‡XyofV ^r oH$`m J`m h°_mZd ¤mam BgH$m g_mYmZ Edß gßajU ^r _mZd hr H$a gH$Vm h°& _mZdH$m ‡H•$oV H$ gmW VmaVÂ` ]ZmH$a MbZm hmJm V^r [•œdr [a OrdZ H$rAdYmaUmEß ghr Í$[ _ß \$br^yV hm gH$ßJr&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Keller,E.A. : company, A Bell and Howel company,

Columbus, 19822. Brew, D.A.: Environmental Impact Analysis, U.S.

Geological Survey Circular, 695,19743. Detwayler, T.R.: Man"s Impact on Environment, Mc

Graw Hill Newyourk 19894. Dassman, R.F. : Conservation, Counter Culture and

Separate Human Ecology, 19375. Kant"E. : Physiche Geographile, Rinks Edition, 1803.5. Kuma, V.K. : Kanpur City: A Study in Environmental

Pollution, Tara Book Agency, Varansi, 19826. Nicholson, M. : The Environmental Revolution, Penguin

Harmondsworth, 19727. Rao,B.P.and :[`m©daU Am°a [mnaoÒWoVH$r,dgw›Yam

‡H$meZ,JmaI[wa, 20068. Shrivastava, V.K.,Saxena, N.M.:[`m©daU A‹``Z, gmohÀ`,

^dZ, AmJam, 20069. Thomas W.L.: Man]s Role in the Changing Face of the

Earth, The University of Chicago Press, 1974

*************


S>m∞. E_. M›–eIa *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡H•$oV H$ hm± Ûr-[wÍ$f XmZmß ]am]a h¢& A›Va h° Vm H$dbodMmamß H$m, Ohm± _mV•gŒmmÀ_H$ [nadma h° dhm± _m± H$m ]∂S>m _hÀd h° O]oH$,[wÍ$f ‡YmZ g_mO Ûr [wÍ$f H$ ]rM ^X H$a A[Z AoÒVÀd H$m H$_ H$aahm h°&

lr_Vr Hw$›Vr A[Zr H$odVm "]rO Am°a YaVr' _ß obIVr h¢&"]rO Òd eo∫$ g Jo_©V hm

YaVr g ]mbm, Aa _¢ Z hmVmVm Vw_ ]ßOa hr H$hbmVr, YaVr ]mbr,

a AkmZr Z hmVr _¢Vm AH$b Vw_ ∑`m H$aV, AYa _ß bQ>H$ Ï`W© hr hm OmVr, VwÂhmar

eo∫$&'g•oÓQ> H$m gßMmbH$ Ûr-[wÍ$f H$ gß`mJ g hr hmVm h°& g•oÓQ> g•OZ _ß

Ûr-[wÍ$f H$m H$ht H$mB© X Zht h°& [a›Vw [wÍ$f ‡YmZ g_mO _ß _mZd H$rgmM _ß ]Xbmd bmZm OÍ$ar h°&

"]ma-]ma ^ýU hÀ`m g KQ>Vm Ûr [wÍ$f AZw[mV g_mO H$ obòM›VZr` odf` h°& "g•OZ' H$odVm _ß lr_Vr Hw$›Vr H$hVt h¢&

"O›_ bZ H$ [hb ∑`mß _ma ah hm

Cg oZarh Zmar H$m∑`mß o]Jm∂S>> ahm hm ?‡H•$oV gßVwbZ H$m&'

Zmar H$ ‡oV A›V_©Z d°gm ]ZmZm hmJm gmM _ß ]Xbmd bmZm hmJm&V^r Zmar H$ ‡oV [wÍ$f H$r gÉr gm>M m gÉr l’m _mZr Om Jr& g_mO_ß KQ>Vm obßJmZw[mV EH$ oXZ odH$amb Í$[ YmaUm H$a g_mO H$m g_ybZÓQ> H$a XJm& Zmar ge∫$rH$aU H$ AZH$ oZohVmW© h¢& dÒVwV: Zmarge∫$rH$aU H$m ‡ÌZ ]hwAm`m_r AoYH$mamß H$m ‡ÌZ h°& bmH$VmßoÃH$ _mZH$mßH$ AZwÍ$[ h _ohbmAmß H$ _yb bmH$VmßoÃH$ AoYH$mamß H$m r ‡ÌZ h°& gmWhr, `h _mÃ odoYH$ gwajm Zht, ‡XŒm AoYH$mamß H$r ‡mo· H$ obE AdgamßH$r C[b„YVm H$m ‡ÌZ h°-gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$,d°ò∫$H$, gm_yohH$, d°oÌdH$ g^r jÃmß _ß g^r ÒVamß [a& dV©_mZ ^maV _ßJV Hw$N> dfm~ _ß AZH$ _ßMmß g `h ‡ÌZ BgobE CR>m h° oH$ odJV [m±MXeH$mß Xe _ß bmH$VßÃ H$r AZH$mZH$ C[bo„Y`mß H$ ]mdOyX AmYr OZAm]mXr H$m Om XOm© o_bZm MmohE Wm, dh Cgg dßoMV h°& g_mO _ß AmOXhO ‡Wm Z Z OmZ oH$VZr _ohbmAmß H$ Ka ]]m©X H$a oX`, oH$VZm ZAmÀ_hÀ`mE± H$a br, oH$VZm H$m [oV Edß gmg-ggwa Z ]hwAmß H$m Obm H$a_ma S>mbm h°& [hb H$›`m H$m dÛmoX gohV Hw$N> gm_mZ X oX`m OmVm Wm

^maV gaH$ma H$r _ohbm geo∫$H$aU ZroV _ß [nadV©Z -AmdÌ`H$Vm, H$oR>ZmB`m± Edß gwPmd

* AoVoW od¤mZ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`,IoZ`m±, oObmñ oed[xar (_.‡) ^maV

VmoH$ CgH$m OrdZ gwodYm [yd©H$ MbVm ah, ∑`mßoH$ H$›`m r Ka _ß mB`mßH$ g_mZ ^mJrXma h°& [a›Vw AmO ` ÒdÍ$[ hr ]Xb J`m h°, XhO bm^rPyR>r H$g_ß Im Om`ßJ [a XhO H$r _mßJ OÍ$a H$aßJ Bg g_yb ZÓQ> H$aZmhmJm V^r _ohbmAmß _ß geo∫$H$aU Am [m`Jm&

AmO h_ _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r ]mV Vm H$aV h¢, boH$Z odo^fiAoYoZ`_, AoYH$ma, `mOZm`ß hmZ H$ ]mdOyX _ohbmAmß H$r Xem Am°aCZH$r oÒWoV dhr ]Zr hwB© h°& AmO ^r ^yýU hÀ`mE± hm ahr h¢& _ohbmAmß H$gmW J¢Ja[, Kaby ohßgm, O°gr KQ>Zm`ß _ohbm "geo∫$H$aU' [a ‡ÌZoM›h bJm ahr h°& _ohbmAmß H$m AmajU Am°a bmH$VßÃ _ß Ï`m[H$Vm C›hßg_mZVm VWm geo∫$H$aU H$m Í$[ X gH$Vr h°&

AmO H$ g_` _ß oJaVm hwAm obßJmZw[mV ^r EH$ oM›Vm OZH$ ‡ÌZh° AJa Bg [a gaH$ma ¤mam H$mB© R>mg H$X_ Zht CR>m`m J`m Vm AmZ dmbôdÓ` _ß ^`m_` H$r oÒWoV CÀ[fi hm gH$Vr h°&

Am±H$∂S>mß H$ AZwgma Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ]mb obßJmZw[mV _ß 1961 g hrH´$o_H$ Í$[ g oJamdQ> XO© H$r Om ahr h°& 1961 _ß Ohm± 1000 b∂S>H$mß H$[rN> 976 b∂S>oH$`m± Wt, dht H$_r AmV hwE 2011 _ß 1000 b∂S>H$mß [a914 b∂S>oH$`m± hr ah JB© h°& AJa Bg Q>≠ßS> H$m Zht amH$m J`m Vm AJb 10df© _ß [ya Xe H$r oÒWoV hna`mUm d [ßOm] O°gr hm OmEJr, b∂S>oH$`mß H$mAZw[mV 900 g ^r H$_ hm Om`Jm& H$db H$ab, [mßoS>Mar Edß Vo_bZmSw>VrZ am¡` Eg h¢ Ohm± oÛ`mß H$m AZw[mV AoYH$ h¢ Bg ]∂T>V Ag›VwbZ H$mH$maU J^© _ß [b ah ]É H$m H$›`m OmZH$a J^©[mV H$amZm ‡_wI H$maUh°& g]g ¡`mXm H$Qw> gÀ` Om gm_Z Am`m h° oOgH$r OmZH$mar A^r VH$em`X Am_ AmX_r H$m Zht Wr dm h oH$ Bg OK›` A[amY H$r ewÍ$AmVOrdZ ajH$ H$h OmZ dmb S>m∞∑Q>amß ¤mam hr H$r JB© Wr& `h 70 H$ XeH$H$r ]mV h° O] Xe _ß OZgßßª`m H$m amH$Z H$ C[m` Ty>ßT> Om ah W V] `hgwPmd "AoIb ^maVr` Am wod©kmZ oMoH$Àgmb`î EÂg (ZB© oXÑr) H$S>m∞∑Q>amß Z oX`m oH$ AJa O›_ g [hb hr J^© _ß hr obßJ H$r OmßM H$a brOmE Vm oO›hß ]Q>r H$r Mmh Zht h° dm J^© H$m oJam gH$V h¢, Bg Vah]Vhmem OZgßª`m H$r d•o’ [a H$m]y [m`m Om gH$Jm& boH$Z em`X V]dm BgH$ XyaJm_r [naUm_mß g Í$]Í$ Zht W Am°a Bgr gmM H$ MbV maV _ßo[N>b 20 gmbmß _ß H$_ g H$_ gdm H$am∂S> ]oÉ`mß H$r ^yÚ hÀ`m H$r JB©&

`h gÀ` h° oH$ EH$ Ama Ohm± h_ma Xe H$r CÉ Edß _‹` dJ© H$rgwoeojV H$am∂S>mß _ohbmE± A[Z AoYH$mamß Edß CZH$r gwajm H$ obE gmeb_roS>`m H$ _m‹`_ g odMma od_e© H$aVr, odamY Xem©Vr Edß H$S>∂ VdaA[ZmVr, b∂S>Vr ZOa AmVr h¢, dht Xygar Ama ^maV H$r H$am∂S>mß Jar] EdßoZÂZ dJ© H$r _ohbmE± A[Z AoYH$ma Am°a gwajm H$r ]mV H$aZm Vm Xya


A[Z emarnaH$, _mZogH$, gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ emfU H$ odÍ$’ A[ZrMwfl[r Vm∂S>Z _ß [yar Vah Ag_W© ah H$a OrdZ OrZ H$ obE odde h¢& h_maXe _ß Zm]mobJ b∂S>oH$`mß H$m ^r A[Z AoÒVÀd H$r _hŒmm Edß A[ZÒdmo^_mZ [yU© OrdZ OrZ H$ AoYH$ma H$m aßM_mÃ r kmZ Zht h°& Jar]rEdß _mVm-o[Vm H$ fl`ma g dßoMV, C‘Ì` aohV, oXemhrZ OrdZ OrZ H$obE Xyga H$ Kamß _ß H$m_ H$aZ H$ obE OmVr h¢ oO›hß [J-[J [a A[_mZghZ H$ obE _O]ya hmZm [∂S>Vm h°& A›`m` H$m ghZ H$aZm C›hß A[ZOrdZ H$r oZòV Edß Xw m©Ω` hr g_P OmVm h°& O]oH$ gÀ` BgH$ od[arVh°& emfH$ dJ© gX°d hr A[Z YZ ]mhwÎ` Edß emgH$r` gŒmm _ß A[Zm_hÀd[yU© XIb aIZ H$ H$maU AmoW©H$ Í$[ g od[fi Edß oZÂZ gm_moOH$ÒVa H$r b∂S>oH$`mß H$m emfU H$aZ g Zht MyH$V& `h obIZ _ß _wP H$mB©gßH$mM Zht h° oH$ YZmT>Á [wÍ$fmß H$ gmW-gmW YZmT>Á Edß CÉ [Xmß [aAmgrZ _ohbmEß ^r A[Z Kamß _ß Pm∂Sy> [mßN>m ]V©Z _mßOZ Am ahr N>mQ>r C_´H$r Zm]mobJ b∂S>oH$`mß g H$mÎhy H$ ]°b H$r Vah H$m_ H$admZ g ZhtohMoH$MmVr h¢&

_ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m Ame` _ohbmAmß H$m r [wÍ$f H$ ]am]a hH$o_b& _ohbm geo∫$H$aU [a odMma 1985 _ß _ohbm A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ_bZH$ g_` Am`m& ∑`mßoH$ h_ma Xe _ß _ohbm-[wÍ$f _ß H$m\$r ^X h°& _ohbmH$m [wÍ$fmß H$ g_mZ _hÀd XZ H$ obE df© 2001 _ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aUdf© H$ Í$[ _ß _Zm`m J`m, Bg_ß _ohbmAmß H$r j_Vm, H$m°eb, Òdmo^_mZOmJ•V H$aZm, ]›YwAm _OXyar, emfU A›`m`, ]mb-oddmh, MyÎhm Mm°H$m,IV IobhmZ Edß odo^fi Í$o∂T>dmXr [aÂ[amAmß g ]mha oZH$mbZm VmoH$Zmar _ß [wÍ$fmß H$r Vah _O]yVr Am gH$ Am°a H$oR>Z g H$oR>Z jÃmß _ß A[ZmCÀgmh oXIm gH$& ⁄o[ gaH$ma ¤mam maVr` gßodYmZ _ß Agr_ AoYH$maXH$a r Aghm` ]Zr hwB© h°& H$mZyZmß H$m oH$VZm [mbZ hmVm h° Vm g_mOhr OmZVm, Ohm± Zmar H$r [yOm hmVr h° dht [wÍ$f dJ© H$m A[Zr gmM]XbZr hmJr& Zmar emfU Edß Zmar ge∫$rH$aU H$r ¡dbßV g_Ò`m EdßCZH$r gwajm H$ ‡ÌZ H$m lr_Vr ‡^m [mßS> "[waZ_' Z A[Z "JrV' H$m_H$aZ oZH$br Ka g' _ß ]∂S> hr ge∫$ Tß>J g ‡Xoe©V oH$`m h°-

"H$m_ H$aZ oZH$br Ka g oH$›Vw ∑`m B›gmZ Zht[ÀWa H$r Vm ]Zr Zht h°, ∑`m Cg_ß H$mB© OmZ ZhtCgH$r _O]yar h° o\$a ^r VwPH$m ` AoYH$ma Zht

[ew H$ O°gm oH$gr ^r H$maU H$a gH$ Ï`dhma ZhtJmbr Am°a A[e„X gXm Vw_ Cg gwZmV OmAmJ

o\$a ^r Vm H$mZ _ß Am±gy ]hm gH$ Xm Mma ZhtCgH$r [ra âr oggH$r H$r Oam VwÂhß [hMmZ ZhtH$m_ H$aZ oZH$br Ka g oH$›Vw ∑`m B›gmZ ZhtPm∂Sy> [mßN>m H$aVr Ka H$m, ]V©Z ^r dm gm\$ H$a

o\$gb H$ hmW g fl`mbm Qy>Q>m Egr ^yb H$m _m\$ H$aßCgH$m ^r gXr©, Imßgr `m ¡da H$r [r∂S>m hm gH$Vr

ÒdmÒœ` bm^ CgH$m H$aZ X Xdm oXbm B›gmZ ]Zß[mg [∂S>mg H$ bmJ ^bm ∑`mß XV o]ÎHw$b ‹`mZ Zht

H$m_ H$aZ oZH$br Ka g oH$›Vw ∑`m B›gmZ ZhtOm r AÀ`mMma H$a Cg gOm oXbmZ ]Z oZ`_

A[Z _Z H$r H$aV Om`ßJ ` Vm∂S>m OmE ^´_oH$gr hmb Z ]ªeß Om`ßßJ ` C›hß `mX ah

Eg H´$ya, oZX©`r, OZ [a oZUm©`H$ hm R>mg H$X_¡dbßV ‡ÌZ gwajm BZH$r \$a AmßI H$mZ Zht

H$m_ H$aZ oZH$br Ka g oH$›Vw ∑`m B›gmZ Zhtî_ohbm ge∫$rH$aU _ß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -_ohbm ge∫$rH$aU _ß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -_ohbm ge∫$rH$aU _ß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -_ohbm ge∫$rH$aU _ß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -_ohbm ge∫$rH$aU _ß [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -1. AmO ^r g_mO [wÍ$f ‡YmZ h°& g_mO _ß [wÍ$fmß H$m ¡`mXm _hÀd

oX`m OmVm h°&2. _ohbm H$m AmO r A]bm Edß H$_Oma g_Pm OmVm h°& AV: _ohbmAmß

H$m OmJ•V H$aZm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°&3. g_mO _ß _ohbm AmO r gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$ Edß e°joUH$

jÃ _ß o[N>∂S>r hwB© h°&4. g_mO _ß AmO r _ohbm`ß Kaby ohßgm, XhO ‡Wm m°Z CÀ[r∂S >Z Edß

^ýU hÀ`m O°gr g_Ò`mAmß g OyP ahr h¢&5. _ohbm [wÍ$f H$m KQ>Vm obßJmZw[mV&6. _ohbm gß]ßYr H$mZyZmß H$r OmZH$mar H$m A^md&H$oR>ZmB`m± -H$oR>ZmB`m± -H$oR>ZmB`m± -H$oR>ZmB`m± -H$oR>ZmB`m± -1. _ohbm`ß AmO ^r A[Z hH$ H$r b∂S>mB© b∂S>Z _ß A[Z H$m Ag_W©

[mVr h¢&2. A[Zr Am°a A[Z [nadma H$r AoÒ_Vm H$ ImoVa H$mZyZ H$m ghmam

Zht bVr&3. AmoW©H$ VßJr H$m A^md&4. Jdmh g]yV H$ A^md _ß Xmfr H$m X S> Z o_bZm&5. H$mZyZ H$m bMrbm[Z&6. _ohbm gß]ßYr H$mZyZmß Edß AoYH$mamß H$m kmZ Z hmZm&7. J´m_rU AßMb _ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md&gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -1. H$mZyZ _ß ]Xbmd H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm&2. ›`m` oXbmZ _ß odbÂ] Z oH$`m OmE&3. Ûr-[wÍ$f H$ KQ>V obßJmZw[mV H$m gßVwbZ ]ZmZm&4. ^ýU hÀ`m H$ oIbm\$ gªV H$mZyZ ]Zm`m OmE&5. B›Q>aZQ>, Ûr AmßXmbZ, Ûr od_e© O°g o]›XwAmß H$r OmZH$mar Xr

OmE VmoH$ CZH$r ]wo’, `mΩ`Vm Hw$ebVm _ß d•o’ hm gH$&6. _ohbmAmß H$r gwajm [a odef ‹`mZ oX`m OmE&7. J´m_rU AßMb _ß ]mb-oddmh [a oZ`ßÃU&8. _ohbmAmß H$ jÃ _ß H$m_ H$aZ dmbr gßÒWm ß, EZ.Or.Am. H$m J´m_rU

jÃ _ß odef ‹`mZ XZm MmohE VmoH$ d A›YodÌdmg Am°a Í$o∂T>dmXr[aÂ[amAmß g ]mha oZH$b gH$ß&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. A›Ya _ß H$›Xrb-lr_Vr H$›Vr oeÎ[m`Z ]wH$ ZB© oXÑr2. Zmar ge∫$rH$aU (od_e© Edß `WmW©) Amem H$m°oeH$ [mB›Q>a

[o„beg© O`[wa (amO.)3. ZdrZ emY gßgma OZdar-_mM© 20144. Zmar AoÒ_Vm-oXgÂ]a 2013-\$adar 2014 ]∂S>mXam (JwOamV)

*************


bmH$g^m 2014 (JR>Z) _ß ^maV nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r yn_H$m dMwZm°nV`mß VWm ^maVr` _nhbmAmß H$r ]∂T>Vr ^mJrXmar

Hw$. $gwaIm `mXd *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ndÌd H$ g]g ]S>∂ bmH$VßÃ ^maV _ß emßnV[yU© Edß nZÓ[jVarH$ g am¡` ndYmZ_ S>bmß, gßgX, C[amÓQ≠>[nV VWm amÓQ≠>[nV [X H$nbE nZdm©MZ gÂ[fi H$amZ _ß ^maV nZdm©MZ Am`mJ ndJV 6 XÌmH$mß gCÑnIV yn_H$m nZ^mVm Mbm Am ahm h°& maVr` gßndYmZ 324 _ß nZdm©MZAm`mJ H$ JR>Z H$m ‡mdYmZ h°&^maVr` gßndYmZ _ß nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-^maVr` gßndYmZ _ß nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-^maVr` gßndYmZ _ß nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-^maVr` gßndYmZ _ß nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-^maVr` gßndYmZ _ß nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$m JR>Z - VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-11111AZw¿N >XAZw¿N >XAZw¿N >XAZw¿N >XAZw¿N >X nZnhV Vœ`nZnhV Vœ`nZnhV Vœ`nZnhV Vœ`nZnhV Vœ`AZw¿N>X 324 nZdm©MZmß H$ AYrjU, nZXÌmZ Am°a nZ`ßÃU H$m

nZdm©MZ Am`mJ _ß nZnhV hmZm&AZw¿N>X 324(1) nZdm©MZ hVw Zm_mdbr V°`ma H$aZm Am°a nZdm©MZ H$

gßMmbZ H$m AYrjU, nZXÌmZ Am°a nZ ßÃU Am`mJ _ß nZnhV h°&

AZw¿N>X 324(2) nZdm©MZ Am`mJ ]hwgXÒ`r` hmJm, nOg_ß Am`w∫$ gnhV A›` nZdm©MZ Am`w∫$ hmV h¢&

ÛmV - ^maV H$m gßndYmZÛmV - ^maV H$m gßndYmZÛmV - ^maV H$m gßndYmZÛmV - ^maV H$m gßndYmZÛmV - ^maV H$m gßndYmZdf© 2014 H$ 16dt bmH$g^m H$ MwZmd _ß nZdm©MZ H$ g_j H$B©

MwZm°nV`mß AmB©, nOZg ndn^fi VarH$mß g nZ[Q>m J`m& MwZmd nH$gr ^rbmH$VßÃ H$ nbE EH$ gdm©nYH$ gÌm∫$ VÀd h° VWm O] VH$ MwZmd ÒdVßÃAm°a nZÓ[j VarH$ g hmV ahV h¢, V] VH$ amÓQ≠> _ß B©_mZXma OZ‡nVnZnYÀdH$r ]wnZ`mXr AmdÌ`H$Vm [yU© hmVr ahVr h°&emY [Ã H$ C‘Ì` -emY [Ã H$ C‘Ì` -emY [Ã H$ C‘Ì` -emY [Ã H$ C‘Ì` -emY [Ã H$ C‘Ì` - emY[Ã _| nZÂZ C‘Ì` AmYmnaV h° -1. ^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß ^yn_H$m H$r g_rjm H$aZm&2. ^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r MwZm°nV`mß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&3. n[N>b [m∞M maVr` bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m A‹``Z

H$aZm&4. n[N>b [m∞M maVr` bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß _nhbmAmß H$r mJrXmar kmV

H$aZm&emY ndnY -emY ndnY -emY ndnY -emY ndnY -emY ndnY -‡ÒVwV emY [Ã _ß emYH$Vm© ¤mam maV _ß bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ‡Umbr d nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r nÒWnV H$m A‹``Z nH$`m h°& VWm A‹``ZhVw emYH$Vm© Z n¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mß H$m gßJ´hU nH$`m h°& n¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$mß H$mgmaUrH•$V Edß dJr©H•$V H$a A‹``Z H$m`© gß[yU© nH$`m J`m h°&^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß AnYH$ma -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß AnYH$ma -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß AnYH$ma -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß AnYH$ma -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© Edß AnYH$ma -gßd°YmnZH$ gßÒWmhmZ H$ H$maU nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ H$m`© gßndYmZ _ß hr nZYm©naV nH$` J`h¢ Om AJ´nbnIV h° -1. gßgX Edß am¡` ndYmZ_ S>bmß H$ gm_m›` nZdm©MZ g [hb VWm

‡À`H$ OZJUZm H$ ]mX _VXmVm gynM`mß H$m gßÌmmnYV H$aV hw`C›hß V°`ma H$aZm&

2. ‡À`H$ _VXmVm H$m \$mQ>m`w∫$ _VXmVm [hMmZ-[Ã Omar H$aZm&

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ),gamOZr Zm`Sy>, emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oedmOr ZJa, ^m[mb(_.‡.) ‰mmaV

3. nZdm©MZ jÃmß H$m [nagr_Z H$aZm&4. nZÓ[j Edß ÒdVßÃ VarH$ g MwZmd H$amZ H$ nbE gß[yU© MwZmd _ÌmrZar

H$m [`©djU H$aZm&5. ÒdVßÃ, nZÓ[j MwZmd gß[fi H$amZ H$ nbE gm_m›` MwZmd AnYH$mna`mß

H$ AnVna∫$ [`©djH$ VWm gy˙_ AdbmH$ZH$Vm© V°ZmV H$aZm&6. MwZmd Ï`dÒWmAmß g gß]ßnYV nddmXmß H$m nZ[Q>mam H$aZ H$ nbE

AnYH$mna`mß, H$r nZ`wn∫$ H$aZm&7. ]∂S> [°_mZ [a YmßYbr, ]yWmß [a H$„Om H$aZ m nH$gr dJ© H$m _VXmZ

H$aZ g amH$Z H$r nÌmH$m`V ghr [m` OmZ [a AmßnÌmH$ `m [yU© Í$[g nH$gr jÃ H$ _VXmZ H$m a‘ H$aZm&

8. amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m _m›`Vm XZm VWm MwZmd nM›h AmdßnQ>V H$aZm&9. bmH$g^m Edß am¡` ndYmZ g^mAmß H$ nZdm©MZ hVw CÂ_rXdma ¤mam

nH$` OmZ dmb IM© H$r gr_m nZYm©naV H$aZm&^maVr` MwZmd ‡Umbr H$r H$nV[` MwZm°nV`mß -^maVr` MwZmd ‡Umbr H$r H$nV[` MwZm°nV`mß -^maVr` MwZmd ‡Umbr H$r H$nV[` MwZm°nV`mß -^maVr` MwZmd ‡Umbr H$r H$nV[` MwZm°nV`mß -^maVr` MwZmd ‡Umbr H$r H$nV[` MwZm°nV`mß - ^maVr` nZdm©MZAm`mJ H$m 16dt bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß nZÂZnbnIV MwZm°nV`mß H$m gm_ZmH$aZm [∂S>m Wm -1.1.1.1.1. _VXmZ H$m H$_ ‡nVÌmV - _VXmZ H$m H$_ ‡nVÌmV - _VXmZ H$m H$_ ‡nVÌmV - _VXmZ H$m H$_ ‡nVÌmV - _VXmZ H$m H$_ ‡nVÌmV - _VXmZ H$m Am°gV 55-65 ‡nVÌmVn[N>b MwZmdmß _ß hmZ g 16dt bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß g]g ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr _VXmZ‡nVÌmV _ß d•n” H$aZ H$r Wr& MwZm°nV H$m [naUm_ A¿N>m Wm& h 2014_ß 66.6 ‡nVÌmV _VXmZ hwAm Om A^r VH$ _ß gdm©nYH$ Wm&2.2.2.2.2. amOZrnVH$ Xbmß Edß amOZrnVkmß [a g OZVm H$ ndÌdmg _ßamOZrnVH$ Xbmß Edß amOZrnVkmß [a g OZVm H$ ndÌdmg _ßamOZrnVH$ Xbmß Edß amOZrnVkmß [a g OZVm H$ ndÌdmg _ßamOZrnVH$ Xbmß Edß amOZrnVkmß [a g OZVm H$ ndÌdmg _ßamOZrnVH$ Xbmß Edß amOZrnVkmß [a g OZVm H$ ndÌdmg _ßH$_r - H$_r - H$_r - H$_r - H$_r - EgmnÌm ÌmZ \$m∞a S>_mH´$nQ>H$ na\$mÂg© VWm ZÌmZb Bb∑ÌmZ dmM¤mam gZ≤ 2004 Am°a CgH$ ]mX nZdm©MZmß _ß ndO`r gmßgXm ndYm`H$m H$rgß[nŒm`mß VWm CZH$ ndÍ$” ›`m`b`mß _ß bßn]V A[amnYH$ _m_bmß H$m OmndÌbfU ‡ÒVwV nH$`m h°& nOg_ß 8790 gmßgXm ndYm`H$m _ß g 25 ‡nVÌmVH$ ndÍ$” ›`m`b`mß _ß A[amnYH$ dmX bßn]V h°& A[amYr hmZ H$ gmWCZH$ [mg CVZr hr AnYH$ gß[nŒm ^r hmVr h°&3.3.3.3.3. amOZrnV H$m A[amnYH$aU VWm A[amnY`mß H$m amOZrnVH$aU-amOZrnV H$m A[amnYH$aU VWm A[amnY`mß H$m amOZrnVH$aU-amOZrnV H$m A[amnYH$aU VWm A[amnY`mß H$m amOZrnVH$aU-amOZrnV H$m A[amnYH$aU VWm A[amnY`mß H$m amOZrnVH$aU-amOZrnV H$m A[amnYH$aU VWm A[amnY`mß H$m amOZrnVH$aU-^maVr` amOZrnV H$m nd–w[ `w∫$ Mham `h ]VmVm h° nH$ A[amnY`mß H$MwZmd Z b∂S>Z [a H$mB© amH$ Z hmZ H$m H$maU hÀ`m, A[haU, AmJOZr,gmd©OnZH$ YZ H$ XwÈ[`mJ, ]bmÀH$ma O°g OK›` A[amYmß _ß gßnb·bmJ ^r H$db Bg AmYma [a MwZmd b∂S>Z Am°a OrVZ _ß g\$b hm OmV h¢nH$ _m_bm ›`m`mb` _ß bßn]V h°& ^maVr` ›`m`‡Umbr H$r Yr_r ‡nH´$`mH$ H$maU d 20-30 gmb VH$ _m_bm nZ[Q>mZ g ]M OmV h¢& Bgg nZ[Q>Z^r ^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r EH$ MwZm°Vr h°&4.4.4.4.4. IMr©br MwZmd ‡Umbr - IMr©br MwZmd ‡Umbr - IMr©br MwZmd ‡Umbr - IMr©br MwZmd ‡Umbr - IMr©br MwZmd ‡Umbr - ^maV H$r nZdm©MZ ‡Umbr H$m gdm©nYH$IMr©bm _mZm OmVm h°& bmH$g^m H$ CÂ_rXdmamß H$m 2 g 10 H$am∂S> VH$ H$mIMm© CR>mZm [∂S>Vm h°& MwZmd _ß H$mbYZ H$ C[`mJ H$m amH$Zm r maVr`


nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gm_Z MwZm°Vr h°&5.5.5.5.5. amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m nX` OmZ dmb M›X _ ß A[maXnÌm©Vm -amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m nX` OmZ dmb M›X _ ß A[maXnÌm©Vm -amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m nX` OmZ dmb M›X _ ß A[maXnÌm©Vm -amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m nX` OmZ dmb M›X _ ß A[maXnÌm©Vm -amOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m nX` OmZ dmb M›X _ ß A[maXnÌm©Vm -gmnÌm ÌmZ Am∞\$ S>_mH$nQ>H$ na\$mÂg© (E.S>r.Ama) H$ EH$ ndÌbfU H$ AZwgmaamOZrnVH$ Xbmß H$m kmV ÛmVmß g ‡m· hmZ dmb M›X H$m 87 ‡nVÌmVC⁄mJ[nV`mß Edß Ï`dgmn``mß g AmVm h° Om Ò[ÓQ> H$aV h° amOZrnV`mß EdßÏ`dgmn``mß H$ ]rM gm∞R>-Jm∞R> h°& Bgg XÌm H$r amOZrnVH$ Ï`dÒWm [a EdßA›` ZrnV`mß [a Am°⁄mnJH$ OJV H$m ‡^md nXImB© XVm h°& AV: nZdm©MZAm`mJ H$m Bg A[maXnÌm©Vm _ß ]XbZm ^r EH$ MwZm°nV h°&6.6.6.6.6. _VXmVm gynM`mß _ ß ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r ham\$ar - _VXmVm gynM`mß _ ß ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r ham\$ar - _VXmVm gynM`mß _ ß ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r ham\$ar - _VXmVm gynM`mß _ ß ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r ham\$ar - _VXmVm gynM`mß _ ß ]∂S> [°_mZ H$r ham\$ar - am¡`mß _ß gŒmmÍ$∂T>amOZrnVH$ Xb H$r eha [a nObm nZdm©MZ AnYH$mar H$ ÒVa [a _VXmVmgynM`mß _ß ]∂S> [°_mZ [a ham-\$ar hmVr h°& nOg amH$Zm ^r EH$ MwZm°nV h°&nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gwYmadmXr H$X_ - nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gwYmadmXr H$X_ - nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gwYmadmXr H$X_ - nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gwYmadmXr H$X_ - nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$ gwYmadmXr H$X_ - C[am∫$ MwZm°nV`mß g nZ[Q>ZhVw ^maV nZdm©MZ Am`mJ Z ndn^fi H$X_ CR>mE h°, nZÌm∫$ ‡^md 16dtbmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß —nÓQ>V hwAm h° -(((((i))))) g^r CÂ_rXdmam ß H$m ZH$maZ H$m _w‘m -g^r CÂ_rXdmam ß H$m ZH$maZ H$m _w‘m -g^r CÂ_rXdmam ß H$m ZH$maZ H$m _w‘m -g^r CÂ_rXdmam ß H$m ZH$maZ H$m _w‘m -g^r CÂ_rXdmam ß H$m ZH$maZ H$m _w‘m -^maVr` nZdm©MZ ‡Umbr _ß `h Zd‡`mJ Wm Om g_mOgdr Afim hOmaAm°a CZH$ g_W©H$mß H$ ‡`mg H$m [naUm_ Wm& BgH$ AßVJ©V ìH$mB© r [gßXZhtí H$m r ndH$Î[ OZVm H$m ‡m· hwAm& Bgg amOZrnV g A[amnYH$aUH$m H$_ nH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&(((((ii ))))) CÂ_rXdmamß H$m A[Zr gß·nŒm H$m bIm-OmI H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU-CÂ_rXdmamß H$m A[Zr gß·nŒm H$m bIm-OmI H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU-CÂ_rXdmamß H$m A[Zr gß·nŒm H$m bIm-OmI H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU-CÂ_rXdmamß H$m A[Zr gß·nŒm H$m bIm-OmI H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU-CÂ_rXdmamß H$m A[Zr gß·nŒm H$m bIm-OmI H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU-Bgg nZdm©MZ ‡Umbr _ß H$mb YZ H$ C[`mJ H$m amH$m Om gH$Vm h°&7.7.7.7.7. _VXmZ H$ ‡nVÌmV _ ß d•n” -_VXmZ H$ ‡nVÌmV _ ß d•n” -_VXmZ H$ ‡nVÌmV _ ß d•n” -_VXmZ H$ ‡nVÌmV _ ß d•n” -_VXmZ H$ ‡nVÌmV _ ß d•n” -^maVr` nZdm©MZ _ß g]g ]∂S>mgH$mamÀ_H$ n]›Xw hr Wm nH$ 2014 _ß hwE bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß Hw$b _VXmZ66.38 ‡nVÌmV hwAm Om bmH$VßÃ H$r g\$bVm H$m [naMm`H$ h°& Edß OZVm_ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m [naUm_ Wm&n[N>b [mßM bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m ndÌbfU-n[N>b [mßM bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m ndÌbfU-n[N>b [mßM bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m ndÌbfU-n[N>b [mßM bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m ndÌbfU-n[N>b [mßM bmH$g^m nZdm©MZ _ß _VXmZ H$r nÒWnV H$m ndÌbfU-

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2cmH$g^m oZdm©MZ _|$ _VXmZ H$r oÒWoVcmH$g^m oZdm©MZ _|$ _VXmZ H$r oÒWoVcmH$g^m oZdm©MZ _|$ _VXmZ H$r oÒWoVcmH$g^m oZdm©MZ _|$ _VXmZ H$r oÒWoVcmH$g^m oZdm©MZ _|$ _VXmZ H$r oÒWoV

df©df©df©df©df© Hw$b _VXmZHw$b _VXmZHw$b _VXmZHw$b _VXmZHw$b _VXmZ1998 61.971999 59.992004 57.652009 58.192014 66.378

ÛmV - nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ‡H$mnÌmV na[mQ©>ZmQ> - AmH$∂S> ‡nVÌmV _ß XÌmm©` J` h¢&

C[am∫$ VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ df© 2004 _ß g]g H$_57µÌ5 ‡nVÌmV _VXmZ hwAm h°, O]nH$ CgH$ ]mX df© 2009 _ß 58µ19‡nVÌmV ahm Am°a CgH$r VwbZm _ß df© 2014 _ß g]g AnYH$ 66.38‡nVÌmV _VXmZ hwAm h° Om `h Vœ` Ò[ÓQ> H$aVm h¢ nH$ ^maV _ß OZVm _ßemgZ H$r ZrnV`mß d H$m`m H$ ‡nV OmJÈH$Vm ]∂T> ahr h°^maV H$ am¡`m ß _ß bmH$ g^m 2014 H$ _VXmZ _ß _nhbmAmß H$r^maV H$ am¡`m ß _ß bmH$ g^m 2014 H$ _VXmZ _ß _nhbmAmß H$r^maV H$ am¡`m ß _ß bmH$ g^m 2014 H$ _VXmZ _ß _nhbmAmß H$r^maV H$ am¡`m ß _ß bmH$ g^m 2014 H$ _VXmZ _ß _nhbmAmß H$r^maV H$ am¡`m ß _ß bmH$ g^m 2014 H$ _VXmZ _ß _nhbmAmß H$r^mJrXmar -^mJrXmar -^mJrXmar -^mJrXmar -^mJrXmar -^maV _ß Hw$b 8 am¡` H$›–ÌmmngV ‡XÌm Eg h¢ Ohm∞ _nhbmAmßZ AnYH$ _VXmZ nH$`m h°, BgH$m nddaU nZÂZ VmnbH$m _ß ‡ÒVwV h° -

VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-3VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-3_ohbm _VXmVmAm| H$r gßª`m [wÍ$fm| g AoYH$_ohbm _VXmVmAm| H$r gßª`m [wÍ$fm| g AoYH$_ohbm _VXmVmAm| H$r gßª`m [wÍ$fm| g AoYH$_ohbm _VXmVmAm| H$r gßª`m [wÍ$fm| g AoYH$_ohbm _VXmVmAm| H$r gßª`m [wÍ$fm| g AoYH$

H´$ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µH ´ $ µ am¡`m H$ Zm_am¡`m H$ Zm_am¡`m H$ Zm_am¡`m H$ Zm_am¡`m H$ Zm_ [wÍ$f _VXmVm[wÍ$f _VXmVm[wÍ$f _VXmVm[wÍ$f _VXmVm[wÍ$f _VXmVm _nhbm _VXmVm_nhbm _VXmVm_nhbm _VXmVm_nhbm _VXmVm_nhbm _VXmVm1. H$ab$ 48.1 51.92. _oU[wa 49.0 51.03. o_Oma_ 49.1 50.94. _Kmb` 49.6 50.45. X_Z-¤r[ 49.5 50.56. AÍ$UmMb ‡Xe 49.5 50.17. JmAm 49.9 50.18. [mo S>Mar 48.0 52.0

ÛmV - ‡nV`mnJVm X[©U nh›Xr _mngH$ZmQ> - AmH$∂S> ‡nVÌmV _ß XÌmm©` J` h¢&

C[am∫$ VmnbH$m H$_mßH$ 3 g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ [ya 8 am¡`mß _ß _nhbm _VXmVmH$m ‡nVÌmV [wÍ$fmß H$r VwbZm _ß ¡`mXm h°& `h AßVa gdm©nYH$ [mn S>Mar dH$ab _ß Wm& `hmß _nhbmE| nÌmnjV d A[Z AnYH$mamß H$ ‡nV OmJÍ$H$ ^r h°^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -^maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r g_Ò`mE∞ -l ^maV OZgßª`m H$r —nÓQ> g ]hwV ]∂S>m XÌm h°, AV: [yU©V: nZÓ[j

nZdm©MZ gß^d Zht hm [mVm&l ^maV _ß _nhbmAmß _ß OmJÍ$H$Vm [wÍ$fmß H$r VwbZm _ß H$_ h°&l ^maVr` g_mO [wÍ$f ‡YmZ h° AV: _nhbm ß AnÌmnjV hmZ H$ H$maU

^r amOZrnVH$ AnYH$mamß H$ ‡`mJ _ß [rN> h¢&nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^mdr MwZm°nV`mß d CZH$ nb` gwPmd -nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^mdr MwZm°nV`mß d CZH$ nb` gwPmd -nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^mdr MwZm°nV`mß d CZH$ nb` gwPmd -nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^mdr MwZm°nV`mß d CZH$ nb` gwPmd -nZdm©MZ Am`mJ H$r ^mdr MwZm°nV`mß d CZH$ nb` gwPmd -^mdr MwZm°nV`m± -^mdr MwZm°nV`m± -^mdr MwZm°nV`m± -^mdr MwZm°nV`m± -^mdr MwZm°nV`m± -l df© 2014 H$ bmH$g^m MwZmd _ß Hw$b 66µ38 ‡nVeV _VXmZ hwAm

h°, AWm©V bJ^J 34 ‡nVÌmV OZVm A^r bmH$VßÃ _ß mJrXma ZhtnZ^m ahr h¢, Bg Om∂S>Zm h°&

l df© 2014 _ß [wÍ$f _VXmZ 52.38 ‡nVÌmV d _nhbm _VXmZ 47µ61‡nVÌmV ahm h°, Bg AßVa H$m [mQ>Zm ^r EH$ ^mdr MwZm°Vr h°&

gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -l ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H$m —nÓQ>JV aIV hw ‡]ßYH$r`, ndŒmr`, ^m°nVH$ VWm

gm_Jr gßgmYZmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hVw A^r g Am`mOZm ]ZmZm MmnhE&l d°kmnZH$ ‡nÓR>mZmß, ‡m°⁄mnJH$r` gßÒWmZmß Edß ‡]ßYH$r` ndÌmfkmß

H$r An^Zd d g•OZmÀ_H$ ]m°n”H$VmAmß H$r gdmEß bZ [a ndMmaH$aZm MmnhE&

l _VXmVmAmß H$r gßª`m _ß hmZ dmbr ^mar d•n” H$ ‡]ßYZ hVw EH$gß^mndV ndH$Î[ AmZbmB©Z _VXmZ h°&

nZÓH$f© -nZÓH$f© -nZÓH$f© -nZÓH$f© -nZÓH$f© - ndÌd H$ g]g ]∂S> bmH$VßÃ Ohm∞ (df© 2014 H$ nZdm©MZ) _ßHw$b 81.46 H$am∂S> [ßOrH•$V _VXmVm W& Hw$b gm_m›` ^yb-MyH$m H$ gmWBVZ emßnV[yU© Tß>J g MwZmd H$m gß[fi H$admZm, maVr` nZdm©MZ Am`mJH$r ]∂S>r C[bn„Y h°, Egm ndÌd _ß H$ht ^r Xygam CXmhaU Zht n_bVm&gma maV H$ nbE EH$ gmW nZdm©MZ H$m n]Zm IyZ Iam] H$ gß[fi H$amZm,ndÌd H$ AmR>dß AmÌM`© g H$_ Zht h°, Bg ]Zm` aIZ H$ nb` AmdÌ`H$h°, nH$ mdr MwZm°nV`mß d g_Ò`mAmß g nZ[Q>Z hVw dV©_mZ g hr Am`mOZm[a ndMma ewÍ$ H$a nX`m OmE&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. "^maV H$m gßndYmZ' g›Q≠>b bm∞ EO›gr, 30-S>r1, _mVrbmb ZhÍ$

am∂S>, Bbmhm]mX2. ‡nV`mnJVm X[©U nh›Xr _mngH$ (OyZ 2014) 430dmß AßH$, [O Zßµ 183. ‡nV`mnJVm X[©Unh›Xr _mngH$ (A‡b 2014) 428dmß AßH$, [O Zßµ 90


S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma *

emY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñemY gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV emY _ß Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ H$maU hmZ dmb Vm[_mZ _ß d•o’ g h_ma D$[a gßH$Q> H$ ]mXb _ßS>am ah h°& [`m©daUodX,d°kmoZH$, odefk VWm Am_ ZmJnaH$ J_r© H$m bH$a H$m\$r oMo›VV h°& Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z g h_ß H$B© g_Ò`mAmß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°& Y´wdmß H$r ]\©$o[KbZ g g_w– Ob ÒVa ]∂T>Jm Am°a H$B© g_w–VQ>r` jÃ Ob_æ hm Om`Jß, _m°g_ VWm Obdm`w H$m MH´$ Qy>Q> Om`Jm oOgg Im⁄mfi H$r g_Ò`m]∂T>Jr & oh_mb` jÃmß H$r ]\©$ o[KbZ g ogßMmB©, [Òb Edß Ob od⁄wV CÀ[mXZ H$r g_Ò`m odH$amb Í$[ bß bJr, AZH$ Ord O›Vw Edß dZÒ[oV`m±odbw· hm Om`Jr& ‡XyfU, Vm[_mZ _ß d•o’, AÂbr` dfm© VWm AoZò_V _m°g_ MH´$ H$ H$ma m H$B© [aÂ[amJV amJmß _ß d•o’ Edß Z` amJ CÀ[Ã hmOm`J& BgH$ Abmdm [ya odÌd _ß D$Om© gßH$Q> [°Xm hm Om`Jm& Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m ^`ßH$a —Ì` h_ma gm_Z dV©_mZ _ß C[oÒWV hm ahm h°& AmOAmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$ h_ Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m gßajU Edß gÂ]Y©Z H$ _m‹`_ g Ïò∫$JV Edß gm_yohH$ Vm°a [a ‡`mg H$a&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ AmO _mZd AoV ^m°oVH$dmXr VWm Ïò∫$JV ÒdmWm H$rBVZr oZH•$ÓQ> [amH$mÓR>mAmß [a [h∞wM J`m h° oH$ dh Òd`ß A[Zr OmoV VWmA›` ‡moU`mß H$m emfU H$aZ H$ ]mX ‡H•$oV H$m emfU H$aZ [a CVmÍ$ h°&‡H•$oV H$ AZwoMV XmhZ VWm emfU H$ MbV [`m©daU ‡XyfU O°grg_Ò`mE± odH$amb Í$[ YmaU H$aVr Om ahr h°, H$B© odefkm|, d°kmoZH$ Edß[`m©daUodXmß H$r am` h° oH$ AJa ‡XyfU Bgr Vah ]∂T>Vm ahm Vm dh oXZXya Zht O] [•œdr g_` g [yd© hr OrdZ odhrZ hm OmEJr&

gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$ _hmgoMd ]mZ H$r _yZ Z odÌd g_wXm` H$m AmJmhH$aV hwE H$hm oH$- " Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ H$maU [yar XwoZ`m odZme H$ H$Jma[a Om [hw±Mr h°, _hmgoMd Z gMV H$aV hwE H$hm oH$ A] ^r g_` h° MVOmE± H$ht Egm Z hm oH$ dm[gr H$ gma amÒV hr ]›X hm OmE&'CX≤ Ì` -CX≤Ì` -CX≤Ì` -CX≤Ì` -CX≤Ì` -1. Ωbm]b dmo_©J H$ H$maU Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&2. Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m [`m©daU Edß g_mO [a [∂S>Z dmb ‡^md H$m

A‹``Z H$aZm&3. Ωbm]b [nadV©Z H$ ob` CŒmaXm`r H$maUmß H$m odõfU H$aZm&4. Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$ ob` CŒmaXm`r H$maUmß H$m odõfU H$aZm&5. Obdm`w [nadV©Z g hmZ dmb [`m©daUr` Ag›VwbZ H$m Xya H$aZ

H$ VarH$mß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - emY ‡odoY - `h emY [Ã o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m [a AmYmnaV h°& BgH$A›VJ©V gaH$mar Edß J°a gaH$mar gßÒWmAmß ¤mam V°`ma oH$` J` emYAmbI, [Ã-[oÃH$mAmß Edß Ïò∫$JV AZwgßYmZ, ‡H$moeV ‡bI,AZwgßYmZH$Vm©Amß H$ ‡oVdXZ AmoX H$m goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°&]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m - gÂ[yU© odÌd ]∂T>V hw` Vm[_mZ VWmAm°gV J_r© H$r Vo[e g Ob ahm h° [`m©daUodX≤, d°kmoZH$ VWm Am_ZmJnaH$ Bg ]∂T>Vr J_r© H$m bH$a oMo›VV h°&_mH©$´ bm`Zmg Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ - _mH©$´ bm`Zmg Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ - _mH©$´ bm`Zmg Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ - _mH©$´ bm`Zmg Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ - _mH©$´ bm`Zmg Z A[Zr [wÒVH$ - "og∑g oS>J´rOAda \$`yMa Am∞Z Ehm∞Q>a flbQ> _ß' H$Î[Zm H$r h° oH$ òX [•œdr H$m Vm[_mZ 20 C ]∂T> Om` VmAmH©$oQ>H$ g_w– odbw· hm Om`Jm & C[-CÓUH$oQ>]ßYr` jÃ _ß ^ß`H$a

Obdm w [nadV©Z- ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$r g_Ò`m Edß oZXmZ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, [Wna`m, _wßJbr (N>.J.) ^maV

gyIm [∂S>Jr, by H$ W[∂S> PbZ [S>ßJ VWm OßJbmß _| AmJ bJ Om`Jr,OßJb bJ^J g_m· hm Om`J& OßJb gm\$ hmZ _ß Am°⁄mJrH$aU EdßeharH$aUm H$m r ‡_wI mJXmZ ahVm h°& Mmamß Ama aoJÒVmZ hm Om Jm&Mmamß Ama \$o∑Q≠>`mß g oZH$bZ dmb Yy∞E _ß H$m]©Z H$r _mÃm AoYH$ hmZ EdßdZmß H$ gm\$ hmZ g YaVr H$m Vm[_mZ ]∂T> Om`Jm& h_ß ew‹X dm`w o_bZm^r _woÌH$b hm Om`Jr&

30 C g 40 C Vm[_mZ ]∂T>Z g ]\©$ o[KbH$a g_w– _ß odbrZ hmOm`Jr oOgg [` `mΩ` Ob Edß H•$of `mΩ` Ob H$r H$_r hm Om`Jr&g_w–VQ>r` jÃmß H$ Ob _æ hmZ g bmJmß H$ ]gZ Edß H•$of mΩ` yo_ H$rH$_r hm Om`Jr& H•$of^yo_ H$ H$_ hmZ g Im⁄mfi g_Ò`m odH$amb Í$[ bbJr& Vm[_mZ _ß 50 C g 60 C VH$ d•o’ g odÌd H$ AoYH$mße _mZd EdßOrdO›Vw odbw· hmZ H$ H$Jma [a Om [hw∞MJ&]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$ H$maU - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$ H$maU - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$ H$maU - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$ H$maU - ]∂T>V Vm[_mZ H$ H$maU - h ‡ÌZ ha oH$gr _Z _ß CR>Vm h° oH$ Vm[_mZ_ß d•o’ H$m ∑`m H$maU h°? odH$mg ‡oH´$`m H$ Xm°a _ß Am°⁄m°JrH$aU ]∂T>moOgg OßJbmß H$m g\$m`m oH$`m J`m Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$m AÀòYH$XmhZ hmZ bJm & ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZmß H$ AÀòYH$ XmhZ g [`m©daUAgßVwbZ ]∂T>m Am°a Ωbm]b dmo_©J O°gr g_Ò`mAmß Z Obdm`w H$m ÒdÍ$[hr ]Xb oX`m& Obdm`w [nadV©Z g \$gb MH´$ [nadoV©V hm J`m Am°aIm⁄mfi O°gr g_Ò`m`ß h_ma gm_Z C[oÒWV hm ahr h°& odH$mg ‡oH´$`m _ßg]g ¡`mXm `mJXmZ D$Om© H$m _mZm OmVm h°& OrdÌ_ Bß©YZ, bH$∂S>r,H$m`bm, [Q≠>mb, S>rOb, o_≈r H$m Vb AmoX D$Om© H$ ‡_wI ÛmV h°& BZH$mObmZ g D$Om© Vm ‡m· hmVr h° boH$Z gmW hr ]∂S>r _mÃm _ß H$m]©Z H$U,H$m]©ZS>mB©Am∞∑gmBS>, H$m]©Z _mZm Am∞∑gmBS> O°gr JrZ hmCg J°g CÀgoO©VhmVr h°& d°kmoZH$mß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ Am°⁄moJH$ H´$mo›V AmZ H$ ]mX g A]VH$ bJ^J 0.5 o_ob`Z Q>Z H$m]©Z H$m C[`mJ oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& AmZdmb 40 dfm _ß Bgg AoYH$ H$m]©Z H$m C[`mJ H$a ob`m Om`Jm& [•œdrH$r J_r© ]∂T>mZ _ Ohm± H$m]©Z S>mB©Am∑gmBS> O°gr J´rZ hmCg J°gmß H$m`mJXmZ 40 ‡oVeV H$ bJ^J h°& dhr H$mb H$m]©Z H$Umß H$m `mJXmZ12 ‡oVeV h°&


odÌd ÒVa [a 217 Xemß H$m 1980 g 2009 VH$ A‹``Z H$aZ H$C[am›V [m`m oH$ g^r Xemß H$m H$m]Z© S>m∞B©Am∑gmBS> CÀgO©Z H$aZ _`mJXmZ h° boH$Z BZ_ß g Xg Xe Eg h Om H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∞∑gmBS> CÀgO©ZH$r _mÃm _ß g]g AmJ h°&

$ MrZ 2008 Edß 2009 _ß ‡W_ ÒWmZ [a ahm Om H$m]©Z S>mB©Am∑gmBS>CÀg©OZ H$aVm h°& o¤Vr` ÒWmZ [a y.Eg.E gß`w∫$ am¡` A_naH$m& maVH$r oÒWoV 2008 _ß Mm°W ÒWmZ [a Wr 2009 _ß ^maV Vrga ÒWmZ [a AmJ`m h°& Bgg Ò[ÓQ> h oH$ ^maV _ß ^r H$m]©Z S>mB©Am∑gmBS> CÀgO©Z H$r_mÃm 2008 H$r VwbZm _ß 2009 ]∂T>r h°& ef Xemß H$m VmobH$m _ß Ò[ÓQ>CÑI oH$`m J`m h°&

AmO C⁄mJmß VWm Kaby C[H$aUmß H$ ob` VOr g D$Om© H$r OÍ$aV]∂T> ahr h°& AmO odÌd H$ AoYH$mße Xe D$Om© H$r OÍ$aVmßß H$m [yam H$aZ H$ob` H$m`bm, [Q≠>mob`_ VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ J°gmß [a hr oZ^©a h°&[`m©daU H$r gwajm H$ ob` odo^fi gÂ_bZm ß H$m Am`mOZ -[`m©daU H$r gwajm H$ ob` odo^fi gÂ_bZm ß H$m Am`mOZ -[`m©daU H$r gwajm H$ ob` odo^fi gÂ_bZm ß H$m Am`mOZ -[`m©daU H$r gwajm H$ ob` odo^fi gÂ_bZm ß H$m Am`mOZ -[`m©daU H$r gwajm H$ ob` odo^fi gÂ_bZm ß H$m Am`mOZ -1972- gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK Z - ÒQ>m∞H$ hm_ _ß [`m©daU gwajm g gÂ]o›YV-BgH$ ]mX hr [`m©daU odÌdÏ`m[r ]Zm&1. OyZ 1992 na`m-S>r OZna`m (]´mOrb) _ß gÂ_bZ&2. OyZ 1997- [•œdr gÂ_bZ&3. 11 OyZ 2004 "ÒQ>m∞H$ hm_' _ß 12 IVaZmH$ O°d H$rQ>ZmÌH$m Edß

Am°⁄moJH$ ‡XyfU [a amH$ H$m oZU©`&4. ∑`mQ>m ‡mQ>mH$m∞b-Ωbm]b dmo_©J [a oZ`ßÃU Om[mZ _ß ∑`mQ>m _ß

11 oXgÂ]a 1997 H$m hÒVmßVnaV- "∑`mQ>mgßoY' Bg gßoY _ß H$m]©ZCÀg©OZ H$aZ dmbr 6 ‡_wI J°gm-H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑gmBS>, _rWZ,ZmBQ≠>gAm∞∑gmBS>, hmBS≠>m\$bmam H$m]©Z, [a\$bmam H$m]©Z VWm gÎ\$ah∑gm\$bmamBS> H$ CÀgO©Z H$m H$_ H$aZ gÂ]›Yr 16 \$adar 2005g ‡^mdr hm J`m&

6. 28 ZdÂ]a -9 oXgÂ]a 2005 _m∞oQ≠>`b (H$ZmS>m) _ß gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠>gßK H$m 11 dm± Obdm w [nadV©Z gÂ_bZ & Bg gÂ_bZ _ß odH$ogVXemß ¤mam 2012 VH$ A[Z `hm∞ J´rZ hmD$g J°gmß _ß 25- 40\$rgXr H$Q>m°Vr H$aZ, EH$ [`m©daU H$mf ]ZmZ VWm odH$ogVVH$ZrH$r hÒVmßVaU [a gh_oV ]Zr&

7. 3-14 oXgÂ]a 2007 J´rZ hmCg J°gmß g Vm[_mZ _ß d•o’ VWmObdm`w [nadV©Z [a JÂ^ra oM›Vm g oZ[Q>Z H$ C[m`mß H$m ‡`mg &

8. 7-18 oXgÂ]a 2009- ]mbr amS>_°[- 2007 H$m[ZhJZ8(S>Z_mH©$) _ß Obdm`w [nadV©Z [a A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ_bZ& Obdm`w[nadV©Z H$r MwZm°Vr h_ma gm_Z EH$ OoQ>b g_Ò`m H$ Í$[ _ß C[oÒWVh°& Bg [a h_ g^r A[Z-A[Z ÒVa g ‡`mgaV h°& Obdm w [nadV©ZH$r MwZm°Vr g oZ[Q>Z H$ ob` maV _ß 8 o_eZ ]Zm` J` h°&

` o_eZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ -` o_eZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ -` o_eZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ -` o_eZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ -` o_eZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ -1. amÓQ≠>r` gm°a D$Om© o_eZ-^maV _ß gm°a o]Obr gÒVr ]ZmZ [a Oma

oX`m J`m& ∑`mßoH$ `hm± df© â _ß 250-300 oXZ Yy[ oIbVr h°&2. D$Om© j_Vm ]∂T>mZ g gÂ]‹X o_eZ-Kamß _ß 13 \$rgXr D$Om© [°Xm

H$r OmEJr&

4. Ob gßajU o_eZ-dfm© H$ [mZr H$m gßajU H$a VWm OÍ$ar VH$ZrH$rH$ odH$mg [a ]b oX`m Om`Jm& aZ dmQ>a hmdoÒßQ>J, EH$oÃV AmoXH$ ¤mam Ob gßajU H$m ‡`mg&

5. oh_mb` H$ obE o_eZ-ZoX`mß H$r ImoVa Ωboeàmß H$m o[KbZ g]MmZm&

6. J´rZ hmCg o_eZ-dZmß H$ odH$mg [a Oma oX`m Om`Jm& amÓQ≠>r`dZ ZroV`m± 33 ‡oVeV y-^mJ H$m dZm¿N>moXV hmZ H$m b˙` EdßO°d ododYVm H$m ]∂T>mdm XZm&

7. oQ>H$mD$ H•$of o_eZ-Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m g]g ¡`mXm Hw$‡^mdH•$of [a hr OZgßª`m H$m AÀòYH$ ma oZ^©a h°& Bgg bJ^J 60‡oVeV bmJmß H$m amOJma o_bm h°&BgobE o_eZ _ß oQ>H$mD$ H•$of [aOma oX`m J`m h°&

8. kmZ H$m aUZroV o_eZ-Obdm w [nadV©Z H$ ‡^mdmß [a CZH$ IVamßH$m AmßH$bZ oH$`m OmEJm& BgH$r gyMZm Am_ bmJmß VH$ [h∞wMmZ H$ob` VßÃ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmEJr&

oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZ:g›Xh oXZ ‡oVoXZ J_© hmVr Om ahr YaVr IVa _ß h° Am°aBgr H$maU _mZd g‰`Vm H$ ob` JÂ^ra IVam [°Xm hm J`m h°& Obdm`w[nadV©Z H$m bmJmß , O›VwAmß [ew-[oj`mß H$ AoÒVÒd [a [∂S>Z dmbXwÓ‡^md H$r AZXIr Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h°& Obdm`w [nadV©Z gÂ]›YrA›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` [Zb (AmB©.[r.gr.gr.) H$r na[mQ©> H$m Am∞H$bZ h° oH$ Bg

gXr _ß YaVr H$r J_r©

11

4

VOr g [nadV©Z hmßJß, Ωboeà o[KbZ g ]m∂T>,

Vy\$mZ Edß eha Sy>]Jß& H$B© oO›XoJ`mß V]mh hmJr& CŒmar Jmbm’© _ß Ohmß]m∂T> AmEJr dht XojUr Jmbm’© _ gyI H$m ‡H$m[ hmJm& òX g_` haVBg g_Ò`m [a H$m]y Zht [m`m J`m Vm Obdm w [nadV©Z H$m IVam ]hw m_rhmH$a h_ma gm_Z Am`Jm Obdm`w [nadV©Z gÂ]›Yr oeIa gÂ_bZmß H$Am`mOZ H$ gmW gmW h_ Bg _w‘ H$m gwbPmZ H$m ‡`mg JÂ^raVm gH$aZm hmJm& gaH$ma H$m H•$of dZ VWm Ob gÂ]›Yr H$m`m _ß CoMV gm_ßOÒòÒWmo[V H$aZm hmJm oOgg ^m°oVH$dmXr `wJ _ß odbmgo‡` dÒVwAmß H$‡oV ]∂T>V AmH$f©U Am°a [∂S> [m°Ymß Eßd Ordmß H$ ‡oV KQ>V ^mdZmÀ_H$bJmd H$ ]rM gßVwbZ ÒWmo[V H$aZm hmJm &


1. Kma[S>∂ AoôOV-Ωbm]b dmo_©J, amO›– ‡H$meZ, oXÑr &2. S>m∞. Cfm o_lm-[`m©daU oejm, ›`y H°$bme ‡H$meZ Bbmhm]mX,

‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2008 &3. www.globalwaarming-odbr`_ `Q>_Z- Ωbm]Z dmo_©J &4. Ahuja D.R 1989 Environment Protection Agency

Washing ton DC.

5. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U &6. X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã &

*************


S>m∞. oXbr[ ogßh _ S>bmB© *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _mZd g‰`Vm H$ ‡manÂ^H$ H$mb _ß _Zrfr, Y_m©À_m, Edßnd¤mZ, nÌmjH$ g^r ‡H•$nV H$ AnYH$ [mg W BZ nd¤mZmß Z _ZwÓ`mß H$mC[Xemß H$ ¤mam g_Pm`m nH$, ‡H•$nV _ß ‡m· gßgmYZmß H$m ]wn¤_mZr Edßn_VÏ`n`V g C[`mJ H$amß, gßajU H$amß VWm gßgmYZmß H$m ‡XynfV _VH$am & h C[XÌm AnYH$ ]wn¤_mZ W nH$, B›hmßZ A[Z d°kmnZH$ AdbmH$ZmßH$m Ymn_©H$ MMm©Amß H$ ¤mam g_Pm`m& dh g_PV W nH$, _mZd ‡H•$nV H$‡nV H$_Oma h°,Y_© hr BZH$m [nanÒWnVH$r` VßÃ H$r nÒWaVm H$m ZÓQ> H$aZg ]Mm Om gH$Vm h° `h nÒWnV EH$ bÂ]r AdnY VH$ R>rH$ MbVr aht,[a›Vw d°kmnZH$, VH$ZrnH$ kmZ H$ ndH$mg H$ gmW _ZwÓ` Òd ß H$ bm^ H$mBVZm _hÀd XZ bJm nH$, Ymn_©H$ ^mdZmE|, C[XÌm CgH$ nbE Vw¿N> hmJ`& [`m©daU H$m AnYH$ XmhZ Edß ‡XyfU _ß BVZr d•n¤ hwB© nH$, gßOrdmßH$r CŒmaOrndVm Edß AnÒVÀd AnYH$ gßH$Q>_` hm J`m&

‡À H$ Ï`n∫$, ndYmWr©, gm_mnOH$ H$m ©H´$VmAmß, d°kmnZH$ Edß AZH$gßJR>Zmß Z A[Z ÒVa [a [`m©daU AdZ`Z Edß ‡XyfU H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$mgwbPmZ H$m ‡`mg nH$`m Om ahm h°&emK jÃ H$m nZÈ[U -emK jÃ H$m nZÈ[U -emK jÃ H$m nZÈ[U -emK jÃ H$m nZÈ[U -emK jÃ H$m nZÈ[U - nh_mMb ‡XÌm ndÌdnd⁄mb` g bJ^J EH$nH$bm_rQ>a H$r [nanY _ß AmZ dmb Hw$b 05 e°njnUH$ gßÒWmAmß _ß A‹``ZVN>mÃ Edß N>mÃmEß h° O]nH$ ‡mWn_H$ ÒHy$b H$r e°njnUH$ gßÒWmE gnÂ_nbVZht h° Om nZÂZnbnIV h°&1µ EMµ [rµ `ynZd©ngQ>r _m∂S>b ÒHy$b, g_ahrb2µ emgH$r` n_n∂S>b, hmB©, hmà g°H$ S>ar ÒHy$b, g_ahrb3µ emgH$r` n_n∂S>b, hmB©, hmà g°H$ S>ar ÒHy$b Mm°∂S>m _°XmZ4µ ]°Mba Am∞\$ Qy>ar¡_ EH$∂S>_r ndÌdnd⁄mb` H°$Â[g, g_ahrb5µ g_ÒV ÒZmVH$mŒma nd^mJ, EM.[r. ndÌdnd⁄mb, g_ahrbemY A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© -emY A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© -emY A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© -emY A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© -emY A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© -e°jnUH$ gßÒWmAmß _ß A‹``ZaV ndYmWr© A‹``Z H$r BH$mB© h°&A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -1µ [`m©daU gßajU _ß ndYmnW©`mß H$ `mJXmZ H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&2µ [`m©daU gßajU _ß ndYmnW©`mß ¤mam nH$` J` H$m`m _ß AmZ dmbr

]mYmAmß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&3µ [`m©daU gßajU _ß ndYmnW©`mß ¤mam gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß ZH$mamÀ_H$

H$m`m H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&emY ‡ndnY -emY ‡ndnY -emY ‡ndnY -emY ‡ndnY -emY ‡ndnY -AZw[mnV ÒVnaV nZXÌm©Z (proportionate stratified sampling) ndnYH$m C[`mJ nH$`m J`m&

[`m©daU gßajU _| od⁄moW© m| H$r gh^moJVm

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJmb) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObmñaVbm_ (_.‡) ^maV

VmnbH$m H´$µ 1VmnbH$m H´$µ 1VmnbH$m H´$µ 1VmnbH$m H´$µ 1VmnbH$m H´$µ 1: ndYmnW©`m ß H$m M`Z ndYmnW©`m ß H$m M`Z ndYmnW©`m ß H$m M`Z ndYmnW©`m ß H$m M`Z ndYmnW©`m ß H$m M`Z H´$. e°jnUH$ ÒVa gßÒWm H$r ndYmnW©`mß H$r M`ZrV

gßª`m gßª`m ndYmWr© 1 n_n∂S>b ÒHy$b 02 450 04 2 hmB©ÒHy$b 02 3Ì2 07 3 hmà g°.ÒHy$b 02 354 10 4 ÒZmVH$ 01 330 13 5 ÒZmVH$mŒma 01 200 12

`mJ 08 1Ì9Ì 46e°jnUH$ ÒVa H$ Hw$b 08 gßÒWmAmßß _ßß Hw$b 1696 ndYmnW© mß H$r gßª`m H$AZwgma AZw[mnVH$ ‡nVÌmV H´$_Ìm: n_n∂S>bÒHy$b 1 ‡nVÌmV, hmB© ÒHy$b02 ‡nVÌmV, hmà gH$ ∂S>ar ÒHy$b 03 ‡nVÌmV, ÒZmVH$ 04 ‡nVÌmV Am°aÒZmVH$mŒma 05 ‡nVÌmV C∫$ ndnY g Hw$b 46 ndYmnW©`mß H$m M`Z nH$`mJ`m &ndÌbfUndÌbfUndÌbfUndÌbfUndÌbfU- VmnbH$m H´$µ 2 : [`m©daU gßajaU _ß `mJXmZVmnbH$m H´$µ 2 : [`m©daU gßajaU _ß `mJXmZVmnbH$m H´$µ 2 : [`m©daU gßajaU _ß `mJXmZVmnbH$m H´$µ 2 : [`m©daU gßajaU _ß `mJXmZVmnbH$m H´$µ 2 : [`m©daU gßajaU _ß `mJXmZ

H$µ `mJXmZ gßª`m ‡nVÌmV1 hm± 30 Ì7µ502 Zht 16 32µ50

`mJ 46 100C∫$ VmnbH$m H$m ndÌbfU H$aZ g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° nH$, 67.50 ‡nVÌmV

ndYmnW©`mß Z [`m©daU gßajU _ß mJXmZ nX`m h° & BZH$ AZwgma d•j H$mH$mQ>Z g ]MmZ, AnYH$ g AnYH$ d•jmam[U, [m°nbnWZ C[`mJ [a,[mZr H$m gXw[`mJ, IVmß _ß O°ndH$ ImX H$m C[`mJ, dmhZ H$m H$_ g H$_C[`mJ AmnX [a ndÌmf ]b nX`m h°& O]nH$, 32.50 ‡nVÌmV ndYmnW©`mßZ Odm] XZ _ß Í$nM Zht nXImB© VWm OmZ]wPH$a CÎQ> grY Odm] X ahW AWm©V [`m©daU gßajU H$ gß]ßY _ß OmJÍ$H$ Zht h°&

VmnbH$m H´$µ 3 : hm± Vm `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$maVmnbH$m H´$µ 3 : hm± Vm `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$maVmnbH$m H´$µ 3 : hm± Vm `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$maVmnbH$m H´$µ 3 : hm± Vm `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$maVmnbH$m H´$µ 3 : hm± Vm `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$ma H´$µ `mJXmZ H$ ‡H$ma gßª`m ‡nVÌmV 1 d•j H$m H$mQ>Z g ]MmZm 10 33.30 2 AnYH$ g AnYH$ d•jmam[U 09 30.00 3 [mZr H$m gXw[`mJ 04 13.33 4 O°ndH$ ImX H$m C[`mJ 03 10.00 5 dmhZ H$m H$_ g H$_ C[`mJ 02 6.60 6 Hw$∂S>mXmZ H$m C[`mJ 01 3.30 7 [m°nbnWZ C[`mJ ‡nV]ßY 01 3.30

`mJ 30 100.00


C∫$ VmnbH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$, 33.30 ‡nVÌmV d•j H$m H$mQ>Z g ]MmZm, 30‡nVÌmV ndYmnW©`mß Z AnYH$ g AnYH$ d•jmam[U H$aH$ CZH$r gwajm rH$aZm, 13.33 ‡nVÌmV [mZr H$mgXw[`mJ Edß aZ dmQ>a hmad°nÒQß>J bJmH$a[mZr ]∂S>-]∂S> Q°>ßH$m _ß O_m H$aZm, 10 ‡nVÌmV O°ndH$ ImX H$m C[`mJIVmß _ß H$aZm Edß H$rQ>ZmÌmH$ XdmB`mß [a ‡nV]ßY bJmZm VmnH$ IVInbhmZ Xwa[`mJ g ]Mm Om gH$, 6.60 ‡nVÌmV dmhZ H$m H$_ g H$_C[`mJ H$aZm VWm BgH$ ÒWmZ [a ]mBngH$b H$m ‡`mJ H$aZm nOggÏ`n∫$ ndÌmf [a ÒdmÒœ` H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md ^r [∂S>Jm, Hy$S>mXmZ H$mC[`mJ Edß [m°nbnWZ C[`mJ [a ‡nV]ßY H$m H´$_Ìm: 3.33, 3.33 ‡nVÌmVh° Om ]hwV H$_ h°&nZÓH$f©-nZÓH$f©-nZÓH$f©-nZÓH$f©-nZÓH$f©-l [`m©daU gßajU _ß 67.50 ‡nVÌmV ndYmnW©`mß Z `mJXmZ nX`m h°

nOgH$ AZwgma d•j H$m H$mQ>Z g ]MmZm, AnYH$ g AnYH$ d•jmam[UH$aZm, [mZr H$m gXw[`mJ, O°ndH$ ImX H$m C[`mJ, dmhZ H$m H$_g H$_ C[`mJ Hy$∂S>mXmZ H$m C[`mJ [m°obnWZ C[`mJ [a ‡nV]ßYAmnX —nÓQ>H$mU Ï`∫$ nH$` nH$`&

l 32 ‡nVÌmV ndYmnW©`mß Z Odm] XZ g Í$nM Zht nXImB© VWmAÍ$nM[yU© CÎQ>-grY Odm] X ah W AWm©V [`m©daU gßajU H$‡nV OmJÍ$H$ Zht h°&

l dmhZ H$ ÒWmZ [a gmBnH$b H$m ‡`mJ H$aZ g Ï`n∫$ ndÌmf H$ÒdmÒœ` [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>Jm&

l nH$Q>ZmÌmH$ XdmB©`mß Edß `yna`m ImX H$ ÒWmZ [a O°ndH$ ImX H$m‡`mJ H$a VmnH$ IV-InbhmZ _ß Cd©aH$ en∫$ ]Zr ah°&

gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -gwPmd -l e°jnUH$ gßÒWmAmß _ß aZ dmQ>a hmad°nÒQß>J ngÒQ>_ bJmH$a [mZr ]S>

-2 Q°>ßH$m _ß EH$nÃV H$aH$ CgH$m gXw[`mJ H$aZm MmnhE& Egm hr‡`mJ H$ nbE g_mO H$ ZmJnaH$m H$m H$aH$ ]VbmZm MmnhEß&

l e°jnUH$ gßÒWmAmß _ß g_`-g_` [a nÌmjH$mß d d°kmnZH$mß ¤mam[`m©daU gßajU [a gn_Zma Edß ‡XÌm©Zr H$m Am`mOZ H$aV ahZmMmnhEß&

l ndÌd [`m©daU nXdg Edß A›` nXdgmß [a d•jmam[U H$admZm MmnhEßVWm BgH$ gÂ[yU© XI^mb H$r nOÂ_Xmar gß]ßnYV ndYmnW©`mß H$m XrOmZr MmnhE&

l e°°°jnUH$ gßÒWmAmß H$ ndYmWr© ¤mam [`m©daU gßajU hVw g_`-g_` [a g_mO OmJÍ$H$Vm a°nb`m Am`mnOV H$aV ahZm MmnhEß&

l gm°a D$Om© H$m AnYH$ g AnYH$ C[`mJ H$ nbE ‡mÀgmhZ Edß ]T>mdmnX`m OmZm MmnhEß&

l dm`w, Ob Edß ‹dZr ‡XyfU AmnX g hmZ dmnb ^`ßH$a ]r_mar EdßZwH$gmZ H$ ‡nV OZOmJ´nV \°$bmV ahZm MmnhEß&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. g_mOÌmmÛ 2004 (‡mµ Eµ Ebµ Jw·m Edß S>m∞µ S>rµ S>rµ e_m©) gmnhÀ`

^dZ [nÑH$ÌmZ AmJam &2. Ò[∑Q≠>_ yJmb 2003 (amOrd Ahra IPS) Ò[∑Q≠>_ ]w∑g ‡m.ob.gr.

3-332 E, OZH$[war ZB© oXÎbr &3. [`m©daU A‹``Z VWm [`m©daU ‡]ßYZ 2013 (S>m∞. oedmZßX

Jm°V_) am_ ‡gmX E S> gßg ]mb odhma, h_roX`m am∂S>, ^m[mb &4. Environmental planning and management 2005 (D.B.N.

Murthy) Deep and Deep Publications PVT LTD F-159Rajouri Garden New Delhi - 110027

*************


_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma

S>m∞. A^` _wßJr *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Ohm± EH$ Va\$ _ohbmAmß H$ AoYH$ma, g_mZVm Am°a ›`m`H$r b∂S>mB© _ßß [wÍ$fmß H$m ^mJrXma ]ZmZ H$r H$moee hm ahr h°& dht ^maVr`[wÍ$fmß _ßß Í$∂T>rdmXr gmM H$m ]∂T>Zm ]hwV oMßVmOZH$ Vœ` h°& ^maV _ßß ÛrH$m Xdr H$m XOm© oX`m OmVm h°, VWm Cg Ka _ßß b˙_r H$hm OmVm h° & `hmßVH$ oH$ AmO ^r o]Zm Ûr H$ H$mB© ^r gm_moOH$ `m Ymo_©H$ H$m`© [yU© Zht_mZm OmVm & òX h_ [wamU J´›Wmß H$r ]mV H$a Vm Zmam` m H$ [hb b˙_r,oed H$ gmW [md©Vr, am_ H$ gmW grVm H$m ogßhmgZ [a g_mZ AoYH$mag ]°R>m`m J`m h° &

g_` AmJ ]∂T>m H$B© amÓQ≠> gm_´m¡`dmXr eo∫$`mß g ÒdVßÃ hwE & H$B©amÓQ≠>m Z A[Z odH$mg H$ obE d°ÌdrH$aU Am°a y_ S>brH$aU H$m A[Zm`m&oeojV bmJmß Z A[Zr oÒWoV _O]wV ]Zm br Am°a m°oVH$ gwI gwodYmAmßH$ obE h_Z _ohbmAmß H$r ]ob M∂T>mH$a C›hß Ka H$r Mma oXdmar _ßß ahZ H$m_O]wa H$a oX`m &

AmO 21 dt gXr _ßß ‡À`H$ amÓQ≠> g‰` hmZ H$m Xmdm H$a ahm h°AoYH$Va amÓQ≠> bJ^J gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ VWm amOZ°oVH$ —oÓQ> g ÒdVßÃhm MwH$ h° & oHß$Vw Ûr H$m emfU AmO ^r Omar h° & Z H$db Omar h° Ao[VwbJmVma ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h° & h_ Am°a h_mam g_mO AmYwoZH$Vm H$r Am°a ]∂T>ahm h°, Bgr AmYwoZH$Vm H$r AßYr Xm°∂S> _| _ohbmAmß H$r B¡OV Vma - VmahmVr Om ahr h° & ^maV _ß _ohbmAmß H$r oÒWoV H$r ]mV H$r OmE Vm odo^fiA‹``Zmß g [Vm Mbm h° oH$ bmJ A] b∂S>oH$`mß H$m AmJ ]∂T>mZm MmhV h°,AmO ÒHy$b, H$mbOmß _ß b∂S>oH$`mß H$r gßª`m [hb H$r A[jm ]∂T>r h° &

oHß$Vw A[amY ^r Cg AZw[mV _ßß Am°a ¡`mXm ]∂T> ah h° & Am°a Vm Am°a_ohbmAmß H$ gmW hm ah XwÓH$_© _ß 94 ‡oVeV CZH$ gJ gß]ßYr, o_Ã,[∂S>mgr hr hmV h°& odÌd H$r Jar] 7 Aa] OZgßª`m _ßß AmYr Am]mXr_ohbmAmß H$r h°& hm± ha VrZ _ßß g EH$ _ohbm ohßgm H$m oeH$ma hmVr h°& Hw$bo_bm H$a ohßgm H$m oeH$ma hmZ dmbr _ohbmAmß H$r gßª`m 2 Aa] gAoYH$ h°& Bg gßX © _ßß gß w∫$ amÓQ≠> OZgßª`m H$mf Am°a B›Q>aZeZb g›Q>a\$m_© nagM© Am∞Z dw_Z ¤mam hmb hr _ßß Omar EH$ gd H$ _wVmo]H$ Xg _ßß gN>: [wÍ$fmß Z _mZm H$r d A[Zm X]X]m H$m`_ aIZ H$ ob` A[Zr [ÀZr m[mQ©>Za H$ gmW ohßgm H$aV h¢& CŒma ‡Xe, [ßOm], amOÒWmZ, hna`mUm,CS>rgm, _‹` ‡Xe Am°a _hmamÓQ≠> H$ ehar Am°a J´m_rU jÃmß H$ 9200[wÍ$fmß VWm 3200 _ohbmAmß [a hwE gd H$ AZwgma 52 ‡oVeV _ohbmAmßZ _mZm oH$ CZH$ gmW H$^r Z H$^r ohßgm hwB© h°& ‡À`H$ VrZ _ßß g EH$ [wÍ$fA[Zr [ÀZr H$m CgH$r B¿N>m H$ H$[∂S> [hZZ H$r BOmOV Zht XVm&O]oH$ VrZ _ßß g Xm [wÍ$fmß Z _mZm oH$ _hÀd[yU© \°$gbmß _ßß CZH$r am` [ÀZrg AoYH$ _hÀd aIVr h°& gd _ßß [ßOm] _ß Eg `wdH$ o_b Om ]wOwJ© [wÍ$fmßH$r VwbZm _ßß A[Z ]Vm©d _ßß _ohbmAmß H$ ‡oV AoYH$ H$R>ma W&

A] g]g ]∂S>m ‡ÌZ `h h° oH$ O] _ohbm [wÍ$f H$ gmW Hß$Y g H$Ymßo_bmH$a g_mO oZ_m©U H$m H$m`© H$a gH$Vr h° Vm o\$a dh oH$gr ^r hdgH$m oeH$ma ∑`m hm ? AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m Xm°am _ohbmAmß H$r AoÒ_Vm H$obE IVam h°& òX h_ A[Z gßÒH$ma Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$m [rN> N>m∂Sß>J Vm AmJ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

H$^r Zht ]∂T> [mEßJ&Egm oÒWoV _ß dh Aghm` Am°a X`Zr` ∑`mß ZOa AmVr h° ? BgobE

AmdÌ`H$Vm h° _ohbmAmß H$m ge∫$ ]ZmZ H$r, CgH$ geo∫$H$aU H$roXem _ßß R>mg H$moee, H$aZ H$r AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ _ohbmAmß H$ _mZdAoYH$mamß H$m H$R>maVm g [mbZ H$adm`m Om` &_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma -_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma -_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma -_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma -_ohbm geo∫$H$aU Edß _mZd AoYH$ma -10 oXgÂ]a 1948 H$mA›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a _mZdmoYH$mamß H$r KmfUm H$r JB© & Ûr [wÍ$f XmZmß H$obE 30 g AoYH$ ‡H$ma H$ AoYH$mamß H$r oddMZm H$r JB© & AWm©V 66df© [yd© [wÍ$fmß H$ gmW gmW _ohbmAmß H$m ^r Hw$N> AoYH$ma oX` J` W,o\$a ^r BZH$m emfU Omar h° & B›hß oX` J` AoYH$ma Ï`dhmnaH$ Í$[ goZpÓH´$` ahß & ∑`mßoH$ BZ AoYH$mamß H$m H$mZyZ H$m —oÓQ> g ge∫$ Í$[ gbmJw Z oH$`m OmZm h° &

UNO H$ gßodYmZ _ß ß_mZdmoYH$mamß H$r MMm© VWm Ûr [wÍ$fm H$mg_mZ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r ]mV H$hr JB© h° &

gZ 1948 H$ KmfUm [Ã H$ AZw¿N>X 2, 16(1) , 26(1) _ßß_ohbmAmß H$ ‡oV AoYH$ma ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r H$moee H$r JB© h° &

UNO H$r _hmg^m _ß ß1975 H$m A›V©amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm df© KmofVoH$`m VmoH$ _ohbmAm H$ odH$mg VW CÀWmZ H$ ‡oV MVZm OmJ´V hm gH$&1975 g 1995 VH$ odÌd _ohbm gÂ_ßbZ H$m`©H´$_ H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r &VmoH$ _ohbmE| A[Z AoYH$mamß H$ ‡oV gOJ Am°a OmJ´V hm gH$ & oH$›VwBZH$m [mbZ oH$VZm hwAm h° `h XIZ Am°a g_PZ H$r ]mV h° & C›hß òXge∫$ ]ZmZm h° & Vm _ohbmAmß H$m A[Zr AmÀ_eo∫$ H$m [hMmZZm hmJm&H$db H$mZwZ ]Zm oX` OmZ g Am°a H$mJO [a obI XZ _mÃ g _ohbmEge∫$ Zhr hmJr& OÍ$ar h°, g_mO _ß Zmar H$m CZH$ AoYH$mamß H$ obE[wÍ$f ‡YmZ g_mO CZH$m ‡m· H$amZ _ßß d°gr gßÒWmAmß H$m oZ_m©U H$aß&_ohbmAmß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$m Vwa›V g_mYmZ H$aß H$h gH$V h° oH$ _ohbmE|V^r ge∫$ hm gH$Jr O] C›h AmÀ_ oZ^©a ]ZmH$a OrZ H$m Adga oX`mOmEJm Am°a O] _ohbmE| A[Z Òd`ß H$ _Z g ÒdVßÃ hmJr& mZr _ohbAmßH$m geo∫$H$aU H$m°Z H$aJm? ∑`m H$mB© Ama AmH$a H$aJm? Zht `h H$m_Òd`ß Zmar eo∫$ H$m hr H$aZm hmJm& o[N>b oXZmß odÌd H$ 94 Xemß H$H$ar] 1000 _mZdmoYH$ma H$m`©H$Vm©, Bg ]mV [a gh_V W oH$ [wÍ$f Am°a_ohbmAmß H$m A] o[V• gŒmm H$m IÀ_ H$a Eg [wÍ$fÀd H$m A[ZmZm hmJm,Om _ohbm Am°a [wÍ$f H$m gmW MbZ Am°a C›hß EH$-Xyga H$m [yaH$ ]ZmZ _ßß_XX H$a&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. `mOZm2. Hw$Í$jÃ3. Zmar geo∫$H$aU od_e© d `WmW©4. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U5. odo^fi g_mMma [Ã [oÃH$mE6. odo^fi BßQ>aZQ> d]gmBQ>


1.1.1.1.1. erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$erf©H$ ----- Title

2.2.2.2.2. emY gmamßeemY gmamßeemY gmamßeemY gmamßeemY gmamße ñ ñ ñ ñ ñ Abstract

3.3.3.3.3. e„X Hwß$Ore„X Hwß$Ore„X Hwß$Ore„X Hwß$Ore„X Hwß$Or ----- Key words

4.4.4.4.4. ‡ÒVmdZm‡ÒVmdZm‡ÒVmdZm‡ÒVmdZm‡ÒVmdZm ----- Introduction

5.5.5.5.5. C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì`C‘Ì` ----- Object

6.6.6.6.6. emY [oaH$Î[ZmemY [oaH$Î[ZmemY [oaH$Î[ZmemY [oaH$Î[ZmemY [oaH$Î[Zm ----- Research Hypothesis

7.7.7.7.7. emY ‡odoY Edß jÃemY ‡odoY Edß jÃemY ‡odoY Edß jÃemY ‡odoY Edß jÃemY ‡odoY Edß jÃ ----- Research Methods & Area

8.8.8.8.8. emY C[H$aUemY C[H$aUemY C[H$aUemY C[H$aUemY C[H$aU ----- Research T ools

9.9.9.9.9. gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$ ----- Statistics T echnics

10.10.10.10.10. emY Ï`mª`memY Ï`mª`memY Ï`mª`memY Ï`mª`memY Ï`mª`m ----- Description

11.11.11.11.11. oZÓH$f©oZÓH$f©oZÓH$f©oZÓH$f©oZÓH$f© ----- Conclusion

12.12.12.12.12. gwPmdgwPmdgwPmdgwPmdgwPmd ----- Suggestion

13.13.13.13.13. gßX^© J´ßW gyMrgßX^© J´ßW gyMrgßX^© J´ßW gyMrgßX^© J´ßW gyMrgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ----- References

a. A›Vam©Ô>≠r` [wÒVH$A›Vam©Ô>≠r` [wÒVH$A›Vam©Ô>≠r` [wÒVH$A›Vam©Ô>≠r` [wÒVH$A›Vam©Ô>≠r` [wÒVH$ ----- Kotler , Philip : Marketing Management, 2007 P . 196

b. amÔ>≠r` [wÒVH$amÔ>≠r` [wÒVH$amÔ>≠r` [wÒVH$amÔ>≠r` [wÒVH$amÔ>≠r` [wÒVH$ ----- Hw$_ma, od. ï OZmßoH$H$r` 2006, [•> 42Hw$_ma, od. ï OZmßoH$H$r` 2006, [•> 42Hw$_ma, od. ï OZmßoH$H$r` 2006, [•> 42Hw$_ma, od. ï OZmßoH$H$r` 2006, [•> 42Hw$_ma, od. ï OZmßoH$H$r` 2006, [•> 42

c. A›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY OZ©bA›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY OZ©bA›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY OZ©bA›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY OZ©bA›Vam©Ô>≠r` emY OZ©b ----- ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ISSN 2320-8767

OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2014, [•> H´$. 81OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2014, [•> H´$. 81OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2014, [•> H´$. 81OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2014, [•> H´$. 81OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2014, [•> H´$. 81

d. amÔ>≠r` emY OZ©bamÔ>≠r` emY OZ©bamÔ>≠r` emY OZ©bamÔ>≠r` emY OZ©bamÔ>≠r` emY OZ©b ----- ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ZdrZ emY gßgma, ISSN 2320-8767

OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2013, [•> H´$. 222OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2013, [•> H´$. 222OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2013, [•> H´$. 222OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2013, [•> H´$. 222OwbmB© g ogVÂ]a 2013, [•> H´$. 222

e. A‡H$moeV emY Jß´WA‡H$moeV emY Jß´WA‡H$moeV emY Jß´WA‡H$moeV emY Jß´WA‡H$moeV emY Jß´W ----- e_m© b˙_rZmamÙ ï _›Xgm°a oOb H$m OZmßoH$H$rè_m© b˙_rZmamÙ ï _›Xgm°a oOb H$m OZmßoH$H$rè_m© b˙_rZmamÙ ï _›Xgm°a oOb H$m OZmßoH$H$rè_m© b˙_rZmamÙ ï _›Xgm°a oOb H$m OZmßoH$H$rè_m© b˙_rZmamÙ ï _›Xgm°a oOb H$m OZmßoH$H$r`

A‹``Z1971 g 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. emY ‡]›YA‹``Z1971 g 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. emY ‡]›YA‹``Z1971 g 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. emY ‡]›YA‹``Z1971 g 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. emY ‡]›YA‹``Z1971 g 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. emY ‡]›Y

odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` CÇm°Z 1995, [•> H´$.132odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` CÇm°Z 1995, [•> H´$.132odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` CÇm°Z 1995, [•> H´$.132odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` CÇm°Z 1995, [•> H´$.132odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` CÇm°Z 1995, [•> H´$.132

f. [oÕmH$mE|>[oÕmH$mE|>[oÕmH$mE|>[oÕmH$mE|>[oÕmH$mE|> ----- aMZm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb \$adar 2014 [•. H´$.84aMZm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb \$adar 2014 [•. H´$.84aMZm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb \$adar 2014 [•. H´$.84aMZm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb \$adar 2014 [•. H´$.84aMZm, oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m[mb \$adar 2014 [•. H´$.84

g. g_mMma [Õmg_mMma [Õmg_mMma [Õmg_mMma [Õmg_mMma [Õm ----- X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, aVbm_ gßÒH$aU, 5 ogV. 2014, [•. H´$. 6X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, aVbm_ gßÒH$aU, 5 ogV. 2014, [•. H´$. 6X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, aVbm_ gßÒH$aU, 5 ogV. 2014, [•. H´$. 6X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, aVbm_ gßÒH$aU, 5 ogV. 2014, [•. H´$. 6X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, aVbm_ gßÒH$aU, 5 ogV. 2014, [•. H´$. 6

h. d]gmB©Q >d ]gmB©Q >d ]gmB©Q >d ]gmB©Q >d ]gmB©Q > ----- www.nssresearchjournal.com

i. A›À›À›À›À›` ----- Ïò∫$JV gd© Edß od^mJm|$ g ‡m· OmZH$moa`mßÏò∫$JV gd© Edß od^mJm|$ g ‡m· OmZH$moa`mßÏò∫$JV gd© Edß od^mJm|$ g ‡m· OmZH$moa`mßÏò∫$JV gd© Edß od^mJm|$ g ‡m· OmZH$moa`mßÏò∫$JV gd© Edß od^mJm|$ g ‡m· OmZH$moa`mß

14.14.14.14.14. e„X gr_me„X gr_me„X gr_me„X gr_me„X gr_m ----- Word Limit - 2000

15.15.15.15.15. Ïò∫$JV OmZH$marÏò∫$JV OmZH$marÏò∫$JV OmZH$marÏò∫$JV OmZH$marÏò∫$JV OmZH$mar ----- Zm_,Zm_,Zm_,Zm_,Zm_,

[X,[X,[X,[X,[X,

_hmod⁄mb` H$m Zm_,_hmod⁄mb` H$m Zm_,_hmod⁄mb` H$m Zm_,_hmod⁄mb` H$m Zm_,_hmod⁄mb` H$m Zm_,

oZdmg H$m [Vm,oZdmg H$m [Vm,oZdmg H$m [Vm,oZdmg H$m [Vm,oZdmg H$m [Vm,

_m]mBb Zß. d_m]mBb Zß. d_m]mBb Zß. d_m]mBb Zß. d_m]mBb Zß. d

B©_b ES>≠ g AmoX &B©_b ES>≠ g AmoX &B©_b ES>≠ g AmoX &B©_b ES>≠ g AmoX &B©_b ES>≠ g AmoX &

emY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoYemY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoYemY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoYemY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoYemY [Õm V°`ma H$r odoYMethod of Prep aring of Research Paper


MEMBERSHIP CUM AUTHOR'S BIO-DATA FORM(Photocopy of this form may be used)

Name (Author / Member) : Mr/Mrs/Ms/Prof/Dr : ....................................................................................................

Name of Co-Author(s) : .................................................................................................................................

Designation : ......................................................... Subject : ........................................................................

Name of College/University/Institution : .........................................................................................................

Home / Official Address : ................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................

State : .....................................................Pin : .......................................... Country : .....................................

Tel. No. (Res. /Office) : .......................................................................Mobile : ...................................................

E-mail Address : ..................................................................................................................................................

Sign. ..........................................

1. MEMBERSHIP will be valid for individual, University/College Institute Library-One Year SUBSCRIPTIONRATES For printing/publication of one research paper.

* Institutions Rs. 1,250/- per annum (without publication of paper)

* Membership for Author Rs. 750/- for 1 Year. (Annual Membership)* Membership for Co-Author Rs. 750/- for 1 Year. (Annual Membership)

* Publication of paper each after membership Rs. 850/- (2000 Words)

2. For Remittances can pay printing amount through DD/Cheque in favor of 'NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR'payable at Neemuch (M.P) and send it by Registered Post. Fill information regarding Demand Draft.

D.D. No. : .........................Amount .................. Name of Bank .............................................Date : ...............

OR

You can cash deposit / Online fund transfer on NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR Current A/c.

Bank Detail :-

NAVEEN SHODH SANSARCurrent A/c. No.:- 32768184328Bank Name :- State Bank Of India

Branch :- Neemuch (M.P)

IFSC code:- SBIN0030055

Editor - Ashish Sharma

Add:- "Shri Shyam Bhawan"

795, Vikas Nagar Extension 14/2, Neemuch

(M.P) - 458441 Mob:- 09617239102

Email ID :- [email protected] :- www.nssresearchjournal.com

RNI No.- MPHIN28519/12/1/2012-TCISSN 2320 - 876, E-ISSN 2394 - 3793

Impact Factor - 0.547(An International Multidisciplinary Refereed Journal)

Note- Copyright form & Author's Guide line are availble on our web-siteAll disputes are subject to exclusive jurisdiction of NEEMUCH Court Only (M.P .)

naveen shodh sansar (an international refereed …nssresearchjournal.com/nss oct. to dec. 2014...

Documents