NA’VI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 12.831

Compiled by Mark Millerwww.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: October 10th, 2012

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer forJames Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.Frommer.

Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintainedthroughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loanwords from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the officialcorpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situatedafter it.

Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»onare the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots toshow infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or theirtransitivity is unable to be deduced. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syn-tax are marked with vim, vtrm, or vm, depending upon transitivity according to the previousnote. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic wordsare not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root willbe assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subjectonly to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several usefulappendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary+ = leniting morpheme boundary« » = infix morphemeadj. = adjectiveadp. = adpositionadv. = adverbconj. = conjunctionc.w. = compound worddem. = demonstrativeintj. = interjectioninter. = interrogativen. = nounnfp. = not for people

num. = numberofp. = only for peoplepart. = particleph. = phrasepn. = pronounprop. n. = proper nounv. = verbsvin. = stative intransitive verbvtr. = transitive verbvin. = intransitive verbvm. = modal verbvim. = intransitive modal verbvtrm. = transitive modal verb

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An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translationsin other languages available.

Sources

We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript afterthe IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in earlyMarch, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been addedas it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer hassolicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the LexicalExpansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductiveaffixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modifiedsemantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer• M = The Movie• JC = James Cameron• G = the Avatar Games• ASG = The Survival Guide• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words whichare illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up manywords, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errorsmade during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL forRichard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables alwaysuse a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is norule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [>tsun] or [>tsUn],but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI

�], [aI

�], [EU

�], and [aU

�].

Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split inaccordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers canbe difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for versionnumber, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not largechange and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.

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I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in thecreation and maintenance of this dictionary. First, thanks to Dr. Paul Frommer for his monu-mental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for origi-nally creating and maintaining this document for a long time. Thanks to Tirea Aean (CoreyScheideman) for keeping track of new vocabulary as it is introduced by Dr. Frommer. Thanksalso to Tuiq, who applied significant time and skills to automate the maintenance of this dic-tionary and its variants. Tuiq’s scripts also make the process of updating this dictionary mucheasier for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Na’viCommunity who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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P

’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. a few, several (Usedwith countable nouns in the singular form)

’akra: ["Pak.ra] PF n. soil (fertile)’aku: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr. remove, take away, take off’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] PF n. collar / choker’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] PF vtr. touch’ana: ["Pa.na] PF n. hanging vine’ango: ["Pa.No] PF adj. soft (of a sound)’are: ["Pa.RE] PF n. poncho, cape, shawl’aw: [Paw] PF num. one’awkx: [Pawk'] PF n. cliff’awlie: [Paw."li.E] PF adv. once (in the past)’awlo: ["Paw.lo] PF adv. once’awm: [Pawm] PF n. camp’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] PF vtr. avoid (c.w. from

’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)’awpo: ["Paw.po] PF pn. one individual’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] PF adv. together (c.w.

from ’aw one and teng same, equal)’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] PF vtr. bind /

bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w.from ’awsiteng together and yem put)

’awve: ["Paw.vE] PF adj. first (ordinal) (derivedfrom ’aw one)

’ä’: [PæP] PF intj. oops!’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] PF adj. complete’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. move’e’al: ["PE.Pal] PF adj. worst’efu: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. feel, sense, perceive’eko: ["P·E.k·o] PF vtr. attack’ekong: ["PE.koN] PF n. beat (rhythmic)’ekxin: [PE."k'in] PF adj. tight’ekxinum: [PE."k'in.um] PF n. tightness, loose-

ness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and um loose)’em: [P·Em] PF vtr. cook’emyu: ["PEm.ju] PF n. cook, cooker (derived

from ’em cook)’en: [PEn] PF n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-

tuition’engeng: ["PEN.EN] PF adj. level’en si: ["PEn "s·i] PF vin. make an informed guess

(derived from ’en guess)’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] PF adj. ceremonious’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] PF n. shoulder’evan: ["PE.van] PF n. boy (colloquial) (derived

from ’evengan boy)

’eve: ["PE.vE] PF n. girl (colloquial) (derivedfrom ’evenge girl)

’eveng: ["PE.vEN] PF n. child’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] PF n. boy (derived from

’eveng child)’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] PF n. girl (derived from

’eveng child)’evi: ["PE.vi] PF n. kid (affectionate form of

’eveng child)’ewan: ["PE.wan] PF adj. young’ewll: ["PE.wl

"] PF n. plant

’eylan: ["PEj.lan] PF n. friend’eyng: [P·EjN] PF v. answer, respond’eyt: [PEjt^] PF n. the symbol 8 (not the value

eight)’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. end, conclude’ia: ["P·i.·a] PF vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)’ipu: ["Pi.pu] PF adj. humorous, funny, amusing’it: [Pit^] PF n. bit, a small amount’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,PF n. son’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,PF n. daughter’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.>tsjIp^] PF n. little daughter (term

of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. remain, stay’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] PF n. spiral’ìn: [P·In] PF svin. be busy, be occupied’ìp: [PIp] PF vin. disappear, vanish, recede from

view’llngo: ["Pl

".No] PF n. hip

’o’: [PoP] PF adj. bringing fun, exciting’ok: [Pok^] PF n. remembrance’okrol: [Pok."Rol] PF n. history (ancient) (deri-

ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)’okvur: [Pok."vuR] PF n. history (non-ancient)

(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)’om: [Pom] PF adj. violet, purple, magenta’ompin: ["Pom.pin] PF n. violet, purple, magenta

(derived from ’om purple)’ong: [P·oN] PF v. unfold, blossom’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok'] PF vin. be born (c.w. from

’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)’opin: ["Po.pin] PF n. color, colour’ora: ["Po.Ra] PF n. lake’otxang: [Po"t'aN] PF n. musical instrument (ge-

neric term)’rrpxom: ["Pr

".p'om] PF n. thunder

’u: [Pu] PF n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)

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’ul: [P·ul] PF vin. increase

’uo: ["Pu.o] PF pn. something

’upe: ["Pu.pE] PF inter. what (thing) (c.w. from’u thing and pe inter. marker)

’upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] PF n. message

A

a: [a] PF,LN part. clause-level attributive marker–a–: [a] PF affix adjectival attribution and

subordination markerakrrmaw: [a."kr

".maw] PF conj. after (temporal)

allomorph of mawkrra (c.w. from krr timeand maw after)

akrrta: [a."kr".ta] PF conj. since (temporal) allo-

morph of takrra (c.w. from krr time and tafrom)

akum: [a."kum] PF conj. that (as a result) (de-rived from kum result) this form followsthe result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’

alaksi: [a."lak.si] PF adj. readyalìm: [a."lIm] PF adv. far away, at a distance (de-

rived from lìm far, be far)alo: ["a.lo] PF n. time, turn, instance, one of a

number of repeated or recurring actionsalu: ["a.lu] PF conj. that is, in other words (deri-

ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used forappositions)

alunta: [a."lun.ta] PF conj. because, from the rea-son

am’a: [am."Pa] PF n. doubtam’ake: [am."Pa.kE] PF adj. sure, confident (c.w.

from am’a doubt and ke not)am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] PF adv. without a

doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)

apxa: [a."p'a] PF adj. large nfp.asim: [a."sim] PF adv. nearby, at close range (de-

rived from sim near, be near)atan: [a."tan] JC n. lightatanvi: [a."tan.vi] PF n. ray (derived from atan

light)atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] PF n. forked lightning

(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)atxkxe: [at'."k'E] PF n. landatxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] PF n. map (c.w. from

atxkxe land and rel picture)au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternationaungia: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. sign, omenawnga: [aw."Na] PF pn. we (derived from ayo-

eng we)ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] PF pn. they (derived

from po he, she)aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] PF pn. to the others (contrac-

tion of ay+lahe–ru)aynga: [aj."Na] PF pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived

from nga you)ayoe: [aj."o.E] PF pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived

from oe I)ayoeng: [aj."wEN] PF pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-

rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)

ayu: [a."ju] PF n. things (derived from ’u thing)(never plural u)

Ä

äie: [æ."i.E] PF n. vision (spiritual)äo–: ["æ.o] PF adp. belowätxäle: [æ."t'æ.lE] PF n. request

ätxäle si: [æ."t'æ.lE "s·i] PF vin. request (withtsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxälerequest)

E

eampin: ["E.am.pin] PF n. blue, green (derivedfrom ean blue, green)

ean: ["E.an] PF adj. blue, greenekxan: [E."k'an] PF n. barricade, obstructionekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] PF adj. rougheltu: ["El.tu] PF n. brain

eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] Prr n. computer(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)

eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i] PF vin. beinteresting, intriguing (derived from eltu-rbrain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

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eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] PF vin. pay attention, quit goo-fing off (derived from eltu brain)

emrey: [Em."R·Ej] PF vin. surviveemza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] PF vtr. pass (a test), over-

come (c.w. from za’u come)eo–: ["E.o] PF adp. before, in front of (place)ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] PF adj. complexepxang: [E."p'aN] PF n. stone jar used to hold

small toxic arachnid

etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. favourable, favorable,auspicious

eyawr: [E."jawR] PF adj. correct, righteyk: [·Ejk^] JC,PF vtr. leadeyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from

eyk lead)eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] PF n. leader (typically tempora-

ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-ved from eyk lead)

F

fa–: [fa] PF adp. with, by means offahew: [fa."hEw] PF n. smellfaoi: ["fa.o.i] PF adj. smoothfay+: [faj] PF prefix these (c.w. from fì this and

ay+ plural)fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] PF n. these words (contrac-

tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] PF vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from

fäpa top and kä go)fäpa: ["fæ.pa] PF n. topfäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] PF vin. come up, ascend

(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)fe’: [fEP] PF adj. bad nfp.fe’ran: ["fEP.ran] PF n. flawed nature, something

ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. fromfe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature)

fe’ranvi: ["fEP.ran.vi] PF n. blemish, deformi-ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ranflawed nature, inherently defective)

fekem: ["fE.kEm] PF n. accident (c.w. from fe’bad and kem action)

few–: [fEw] PF adp. across, aiming for the oppo-site side of

fewi: ["f·E.w·i] PF vtr. chasefewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] PF adj. opposite, on the

opposite side (derived from few– across)(Incasual speech, fewtsok (few.�tsok)

fì–: [fI] PF prefix thisfì’u: [fI."Pu] PF pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u

thing)fìfya: [fI."fja] PF adv. this way, like this (derived

from fya’o path)fìkem: [fI."kEm] PF pn. this (action) (derived

from kem action, deed)fìpo: ["fI.po] PF pn. this one (person or thing)

(derived from po he, she)fìtrr: [fI."tr

"] PF adv. today (derived from trr day)

fìtsap: [fI.">tsap^] PF adv. each other (c.w. fromfipo this one and tsapo that one)

fìtseng(e): [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv., n. here, this pla-ce (derived from tseng place)

fìtxan: [fI."t'an] PF adv. so, to such an extent (de-rived from txan great, much)

fìtxon: [fI."t'on] PF adv., n. tonight (derivedfrom txon night)

fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] PF v. peelfkay: [fkaj] PF adj. hatefulfkew: [fkEw] PF adj. mightyfkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] PF vin. exist (derived

from kifkeyti tok be in the world)fkip–: [fkip^] PF adp. up amongfko: [fko] PF pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-

specified agent)fkxake: ["fk'·a.k·E] PF v. itchfkxen: [fk'En] PF n. vegetable (food)fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] PF n. bib necklaceflawkx: [flawk'] PF n. leatherflawm: [flawm] PF n. cheekflä: [fl·æ] PF vin. succeedflew: [flEw] PF n. throatflì: [flI] PF adj. thin; nfp.flìnutx: [flI."nut'] PF n. thickness (c.w. from flì

thin and nutx thick)fmal: [fm·al] PF vtr. sustainfmawn: [fmawn] PF n. news, something to reportfmawnta: [fmawnta] PF n. that news (contrac-

tion of fmawn–it a)fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] PF v. testfmi: [fm·i] PF vtrm. try, attempt (with the

subjunctive)fmokx: [fmok'] PF n. jealousy, envyfnan: [fn·an] PF vtr. be good atfnawe’: [fna."wEP] PF adj. cowardly

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fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] PF n. coward (derivedfrom fnawe’ cowardly)

fne–: [fnE] PF prefix kind, type (derived fromfnel kind, type)

fnel: [fnEl] PF n. kind, typefnepe: ["fnE.pE] PF inter. which kind allomorph

of pefnelfnetxum: [fnE."t'um] adj. allergic (derived

from txum poison); Example usage: Oeri luswoa fnetxum.

fngap: [fNap^] PF n. metalfngo’: [fN·oP^] PF vtr. require, demandfnu: [fn·u] PF vin. quiet, be quietfo: [fo] PF pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted

plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)fpak: [fp·ak^] PF v. hold off, suspend actionfpe’: [fp·EP] PF vtr. sendfpeio: [fpE."i.o] PF n. challenge (ceremonial)fpi+: [fpi] PF adp. for the sake of, for the benefit

offpìl: [fp·Il] PF vtr. thinkfpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] PF n. thought pattern, way of

thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)fpom: [fpom] PF n. well-being, peace, happinessfpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] PF n. health (physical)

(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)fpxäkìm: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] PF vin. enterfra’u: ["fRa.Pu] PF pn. everything (derived from

’u thing)frakrr: ["fRa.kr

"] PF adv. always, all the time (de-

rived from krr time)fralo: ["fRa.lo] PF adv. every time, every instance,

each time (derived from alo time)frapo: ["fRa.po] PF pn. everyone (derived from

po he/she)frato: ["fRa.to] PF part. superlative marker than

all (behaves like an adp.)fratrr: [fRa."tr

"] PF adv. daily, every day (derived

from trr day)fratseng: ["fRa.>tsEN] PF adv. everywhere (deri-

ved from tseng place)fratxon: [fRa."t'on] PF adv. every night (derived

from txon night)frawzo: [fRaw."zo] PF intj. all is well, everything

is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everythingand zo be well)

frìp: [fR·Ip^] PF vtr. bitefrrfen: ["f·r

".f·En] PF vtr. visit

frrtu: ["fr".tu] PF n. guest, visitor

ftang: [ft·aN] PF vim. stopftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr

"] PF n. past (c.w.

from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participleform) and krr time)

ftär: [ftæR] PF adj. left (not right)fte: [ftE] PF conj. so that, in order to (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)fteke: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. so that not, lest (c.w.

from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)

ftem: [ft·Em] PF vtr. pass by (something)ftia: [ft·i.·"a] PF vtr. studyftu–: [ftu] PF adp. from (direction)ftue: ["ftu.E] PF adj. easy, simpleftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] PF adj. passionateftxey: [ft'·Ej] PF vtr. chooseftxey: [ft'Ej] PF conj. whether, orftxì: [ft'I] PF n. tongueftxìlor: [ft'I."loR] PF adj. delicious, good tasting

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)ftxìvä’: [ft'I."væP] PF adj. bad tasting (c.w. from

ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)ftxozä: [ft'o."zæ] PF n. celebration, happy occa-

sionftxozä si: [ft'o."zæ s·i] PF vin. celebrate (derived

from ftxozä celebration)ftxulì’u: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] PF vin. orate, give speech

(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)ftxulì’uyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] PF n. orator, (public)

speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, givespeech)

fu: [fu] PF conj. orfuke: [fu."kE] PF conj. or not (c.w. from fu or

and ke not)fula: ["fu.la] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul

this (agentive) and a subordinator)furia: ["fu.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

fì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)futa: ["fu.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t

this (patientive) and a subordinator)fwa: [fwa] PF pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause

marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and asubordinator)

fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] PF vin. whistlefwel: [fwEl] PF adj. brokenfwem: [fwEm] PF adj. dull, blunt (as a point)fwew: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. look for, seek, searchfya’o: ["fja.Po] PF n. path, way, manner

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fyape: ["fja.pE] PF inter. how allomorph of pe-fya

fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t'·u] PF vin. guide (withdative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o pathand wìntxu show)

fyel: [fyEl] PF vtr. seal, make imperviousfyep: [fjEp^] PF vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, gripfyeyn: [fjEjn] PF adj. ripe, mature, adultfyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] PF n. adult person (derived

from fyeyn ripe, mature)

fyin: [fjin] PF adj. simplefyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] PF n. degree of com-

plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’angcomplex)

fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] PF ques. howcomplex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree ofcomplexity) allomorph of pefyinep’ang

fyole: ["fjo.lE] PF adj. sublime, beyond perfection

H

ha: [ha] PF adv. so, in that caseha’: [h·aP] PF vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent-

ly enhanceha’ngir: [haP."NiR] PF n. afternoonhahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] PF vin. sleepham: [ham] PF adj. previoushamalo: [ha."ma.lo] PF adv. last time (c.w. from

ham previous and alo time)hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] PF vin. laughhangvur: ["haN.vuR] PF n. joke, funny story (c.w.

from hangham laugh and vur story)hapxì: [ha."p'I] PF n. parthapxìtu: [ha."p'I.tu] PF n. member (derived

from hapxì part)hasey: [ha."sEj] PF adj. done, finishedhasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] PF vin. accomplish, bring

to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-nished)

hawl: [h·awl] PF v. preparehawng: [hawN] PF n. overabundancehawngkrr: ["hawN.kr

"] PF adv. late (c.w. from

hawng overabundance and krr time)hawntsyokx: [hawn."

>tsjok'] PF n. glove (c.w.

from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] PF vtr. protect, shelterhawnven: [hawn."vEn] PF n. shoe (c.w. from

hawnu protect and venu foot)hawre’: [haw."REP] PF n. hat (c.w. from hawnu

protect and re’o head)hawtsyìp: ["haw.

>tsjIp^] PF n. nap (derived from

hahaw sleep)hay: [haj] PF adj. nexthayalo: [ha."ja.lo] PF adv. next time (c.w. from

hay next and alo time)hek: [h·Ek^] PF vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-

expected

hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] PF n. snow flurry (deri-ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)

hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] PF n. snow field (derivedfrom herwì snow and txayo field)

herwì: ["hER.wI] PF n. snowherwìva: ["hER.wI.va] PF n. snowflake (derived

from herwì snow and ìlva flake)hewne: ["hEw.nE] PF adj. soft (of an object)heyn: [h·Ejn] PF vin. sithifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] PF vin. flee, escapehiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. funny, strangehì’ang: ["hI.PaN] PF n. insect (c.w. from hì’i

small and ioang animal)hì’i: ["hI.Pi] PF adj. small, little (in size)hìkrr: ["hI.kr

"] PF n. second, very short time (c.w.

from hì’i little, small and krr time)hìm: [hIm] PF adj. small (in quantity)hìmpxì: [hIm."p'I] PF n. minority, least, small

parthìmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] PF inter. how much

allomorph of pìmtxanhìmtxan: [hIm."t'an] PF n. amount (c.w. from

hìm small and txan much)hìno: [hI."no] PF adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-

cate (of things)hìtxoa: [hI."t'o.a] PF intj. excuse me (derived

from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)hoet: [ho."Et^] PF adj. vast, broad, expansivehol: [hol] PF adj. fewholpxay: [hol."p'aj] PF n. number (c.w. from

hol few and pxay many)holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] PF inter. how many

(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)hona: ["ho.na] PF adj. endearing, adorable, cutehrrap: ["hr

".ap^] PF n. danger

hu–: [hu] PF adp. with (accompaniment)

9

hufwa: [hu."fwa] PF conj. althoughhufwe: [hu."fwE] PF n. windhufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.

>tsjIp^] PF n. breeze, light

wind (derived from hufwe wind)

hultstxem: [h·ul.">tst'·Em] PF vtr. hinderhum: [h·um] PF vin. leave, depart

I

i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument

inan: [·i."n·an] PF vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gainknowledge from sensory input (stress movesto first syllable with infixation)

io–: ["i.o] PF adp. above

ioang: [i."o.aN] PF n. animal, beast

ioi: [i."o.i] PF n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel(item of)

ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] PF vin. adorn (derived from ioiadornment)

irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanksirayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] PF vin. thank, give thanks

(derived from irayo thanks)

Ì

ìì: [I:] PF filler um, erìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, followingìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry

ìlva: ["Il.va] PF n. flake, drop, chipìpxa: [I."p'a] RL,PF n. fern

K

ka–: [ka] PF adp. across, covering thoroughlykakrel: [kak."REl] PF adj. blind (derived from

rel image, picture)kalin: [ka."lin] PF adj. sweet to the tastekaltxì: [kal."t'I] PF intj. hellokaltxì si: [kal."t'I "s·i] PF vin. say hello, greet (de-

rived from kaltxì hello)kam–: [kam] PF adp. agokame: ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. see, see into, understand,

know (spiritual sense)kan: [k·an] PF vtrm. aimkan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. focus on, specialize in,

be particularly interested in (derived from ’ìnbe busy)

kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] PF vin. concentrate, focusone’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìlthink)

kangay: [ka."Naj] PF adj. valid (cognate withngay true)

kanom: ["k·a.n·om] PF vtr. acquire, getkanu: ["ka.nu] PF adj. smart, intelligent ofp.kar: [k·aR] PF vtr. teachkaryu: ["kaR.ju] PF n. teacher (derived from kar

teach)kato: ["ka.to] PF n. rhythmkavuk: [ka."vuk^] PF n. treachery

kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] PF vin. betray (derivedfrom kavuk treachery)

kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] PF adv. at all, not at all (seeke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw notone and ’it bit)

kawkrr: ["kaw.kr"] PF adv. never (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and krr time)kawng: [kawN] PF adj. bad, evilkawnglan: ["kawN.lan] PF adj. malicious, bad he-

arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lanheart)

kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] PF vtr. exploitkawtseng: ["kaw.

>tsEN] PF adv. nowhere (c.w.

from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)kawtu: ["kaw.tu] PF pn. no-one (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and tute person)kay–: [kaj] PF adp. from now (in the future)kaym: [kajm] PF n. evening (before twilight), late

afternoonkä: [k·æ] PF vin. gokä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. push (c.w. from

kä go and ’ärìp move)kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] PF v. ride out (c.w.

from kä go and makto ride)käpxì: [kæ."p'I] PF n. rear (part or section) (c.w.

from kä go and hapxì part)

10

käsatseng: [kæ."sa.>tsEN] PF adv. out there (c.w.

from kä go and tseng place)käsrìn: [kæ."sr·In] PF vtr. lend (derived from

srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] PF vin. spend time with, hang

out withke: [kE] PF adv. notke’aw: [kE."Paw] PF adj. divided, torn apart,

strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)ke’u: ["kE.Pu] PF pn., adv. not a thing, nothing at

all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)kea: ["kE.a] PF adj. no (before a noun)keftxo: [kE."ft'o] PF adj., intj. unhappy, upset,

’How sad!’kefyak: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. isn’t it?, right?

(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)

kehe: ["kE.hE] PF part., intj. nokekem: ["kE.kEm] PF pn., adv. no action or acti-

vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok'] PF adj. unhealt-

hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)kelku: ["kEl.ku] PF n. home, housekelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] PF vin. live, dwell (deri-

ved from kelku home)keltsun: [kEl.">tsun] PF adj. impossible (c.w.

from ke not and tsun be able)kem: [kEm] PF n. thing (action), deedkemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] PF n. verb (c.w. from kem

action and lì’u word)kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. infix (derived

from kemlì’u verb)kempe: ["kEm.pE] PF inter. what (action) allo-

morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,deed)

kem si: ["kEm "s·i] PF vin. do (derived fromkem action, deed)

keng: [kEN] PF adv. even, so much askenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] PF v. model, re-

present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not andnong follow)

kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] PF adj. dead (c.w. from kenot and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))

kesran: [kE."ran] PF adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w.from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation ofthis word is not entirely clear. It may haveoriginally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘notyes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-tain action was performed well or not, and

over time it became shortened to just kes-ran, its use expanding to include anythingonly mediocre in quality.)

keteng: ["kE.tEN] PF adj. different (c.w. from kenot and teng same, equal)

ketsuk–: [kE.>tsuk^] PF prefix not able to (c.w.from ke not and tsuk- able to)

ketsuktswa’: [kE.>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. unforget-table (derived from tswa’ forget)

ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] PF n. alienkew: [kEw] PF num. zerokewong: ["kE.woN] PF adj. alienkey: [kEj] PF n. facekeyawr: [kE."jawR] PF adj. incorrect, wrong, not

right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] PF n. insanitykeyrel: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from

key face and rel image)kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl

"."t'E] PF adv. of

course, needless to say (contraction ofke+zene+pivlltxe)

ki: [ki] PF conj. but rather, but insteadkifkey: [ki."fkEj] PF n. world (physical, solid)kilvan: [kil."van] PF n. riverkin: [k·in] PF vtr. needkinam: [ki."nam] PF n. legkinamtil: [ki."nam.til] PF n. knee (c.w. from ki-

nam leg and til joint)kinä: ["ki.næ] PF num. sevenkintrr: ["kin.tr

"] PF n. week (derived from kinä

seven and trr day)kintrram: ["kin.tr

"am] PF n. last week (derived

from kintrr week)kintrray: ["kin.tr

"aj] PF n. next week (derived

from kintrr week)kip–: [kip^] PF adp. amongkive: ["ki.vE] PF adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived

from kinä seven)kì’ong: [kI."PoN] PF adj. slowkìm: [k·Im] PF vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol

rumit kolìm He spun the ballkìmar: [kI."mar] PF adj. in season (of foods, vege-

table or animal)kìng: [kIN] PF n. threadkìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] PF n. servicekìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] PF vin. serve (derived

from kìte’e service)kllfro’: [kl

"."fR·oP] PF svin. be responsible

11

kllkä: [kl"."k·æ] PF vin. go down, descend (c.w.

from kllpa bottom and kä go)kllkulat: [kl

"."k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. dig up

kllkxem: [kl"."k'·Em] PF v. stand

kllpa: ["kl".pa] PF n. bottom

kllpä: [kl"."p·æ] PF vin. land, reach the ground

(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)kllpxìltu: [kl

"."p'Il.tu] PF n. territory

kllte: ["kl".tE] PF n. ground

klltseng: ["kl".>tsEN] PF n. position (derived from

tseng place)klltxay: [kl

"."t'·aj] PF vin. lie on the ground (c.w.

from kllte ground and txay lie flat)klltxeykay: [kl

".t'Ej."k·aj] PF vtr. lay (something)

on the ground (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay

kllvawm: ["kl".vawm] PF adj. brown (c.w. from

kllte ground and vawm dark)kllwo: [kl

"."w·o] PF vin. alight, land (process of)

(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)kllyem: [kl

"."j·Em] PF vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte

ground and yem put)kllza’u: [kl

"."z·a.P·u] PF vin. come down, descend

(c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)ko: [ko] PF part. solicit agreementkoak: ["ko.ak^] PF adj. old, aged (for living

things)

koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] PF n. old man (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] PF n. old woman (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] PF n. old person (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

kop: [kop^] PF adv. too, alsokoren: [ko."REn] PF n. rule, guidelinekosman: [ko."sman] PF adj. wonderful, terrific,

fantastickrr: [kr

"] PF n. time

krra: ["kr".a] PF conj. when, at the time that (de-

rived from krr time)krrnekx: [kr

"."n·Ek'] PF vin. take/consume time

(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)krrpe: ["kr

".pE] PF inter. when allomorph of pe-

hrr (c.w. from krr time)ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] PF adj. heavy (physical weight)kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-

cover (literally and metaphorically)kum: [kum] PF n. resultkuma: ["kum.a] PF conj. that (as a result) (de-

rived from kum result) this form precedesthe result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kumayawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’akum’

kurakx: [k·u."R·ak'] PF vtr. drive out

Kx

kxa: [k'a] PF n. mouthkxam: [k'am] PF n. middle, midpointkxamlä–: ["k'am.læ] PF adp. through (via the

middle of) (derived from kxam middle)kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr

"] PF n. mid-day, noon (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr

".maw] PF n. the time

immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.from kxamtrr noon and maw after)

kxamtseng: ["k'am.>tsEN] PF n. center, place in

the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tsengplace)

kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] PF n. after mid-night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight andmaw after)

kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] PF n. midnight (c.w.from kxam middle and txon night)

kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] PF intj. boom (ono-matopoeic)

kxanì: ["k'a.nI] PF adj. forbiddenkxawm: [k'awm] PF adv. perhaps, maybekxayl: [k'ajl] PF adj. highkxeltek: ["k'·El.t·Ek] PF vtr. pick up, liftkxem: [k'Em] PF vin. be verticalkxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] PF n. wall, vertical surface

(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)kxener: ["k'E.nER] PF n. smokekxetse: ["k'E.>tsE] PF n. tailkxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] PF n. error, mistakekxitx: [k'it'] PF n. deathkxll: [k'l

"] PF n. charge, running attack

kxll si: ["k'l""s·i] PF vin. charge (derived from

kxll charge)kxor: [k'oR] PF n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-

terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadlyforce (countable, but only rarely)

kxu: [k'u] PF n. harm

12

kxuke: ["k'u.kE] PF adj. safe (c.w. from kxuharm and ke not)

kxukx: [k'·uk'] PF vtr. swallowkxutu: ["k'u.tu] PF n. enemy (derived from kxu

harm)

L

lahe: ["la.hE] PF adj. other, elselam: [l·am] PF vin. seem, appearlapo: ["la.po] PF pn. other one (person or thing)

(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)laro: ["la.Ro] PF adj. cleanlatem: ["l·a.t·Em] PF vin. change (l«eyk»atem

vtr. change)latsi: [l·a.">ts·i] LA v. keep up with someonelaw: [law] PF adj. clear, certainlawk: [l·awk^] PF vtr. discourse on, talk about,

say something concerninglawr: [lawr] PF n. melodylaw si: ["law "s·i] PF vin. make clear (derived

from law clear)layompin: [la."jom.pin] PF n. black (derived

from layon black)layon: [la."jon] PF adj. blacklätxayn: [l·æ."t'·ajn] PF vtr. defeat in battle, con-

querle’aw: [lE."Paw] PF adj. onlyle’en: [lE."PEn] PF adj. speculative, intuitive (de-

rived from ’en guess) nfp.lefkrr: [lE."fkr

"] PF adj. current (derived from

fìkrr this time)lefngap: [lE."fNap^] PF adj. metallic (derived

from fngap metal)lefpom: [lE."fpom] PF adj. happy, peaceful, joy-

ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,peace) nfp.

lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok'] PF adj. healthy (de-rived from fpomtokx health)

lehawng: [lE."hawN] PF adj. excessive (derivedfrom hawng overabundance)

lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr"] PF adj. late (derived

from hawngkrr late)lehrrap: [lE."hr

".ap^] PF adj. dangerous (derived

from hrrap danger)leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] PF n. respectleioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] PF vin. to respect (deri-

ved from leioae respect)lek: [l·Ek^] PF vtr. heed, obeylekin: [lE."kin] PF adj. necessary (derived from

kin need)

lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] PF adj. lawlike (derivedfrom koren rule)

lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. insane, crazy(derived from keye’ung insanity)

lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] PF adj. concerning language,regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-guage)

lemrey: [lEm."REj] PF adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-rived from emrey survive)

lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. patient (de-rived from maweypey be patient)

len: [l·En] PF vin. happen, occurleNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] PF adj. having to do with the

Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-ople)

leno: [lE."no] PF adj. thorough, detail-orientated(of a person)

lenomum: [lE."no.mum] PF adj. curious (deri-ved from newomum be curious)

lenrra: [lE."nr".a] PF adj. proud (derived from

nrra pride)lepay: [lE."paj] PF adj. watery (derived from

pay water)lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] PF adj. cloudy (derived

from pìwopx cloud)lerìk: [lE."RIk^] PF adj. leafy (derived from rìk

leaf )leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] PF adj. imaginary (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)lertu: ["lER.tu] PF n. colleaguelesar: [lE."saR] PF adj. useful (derived from sar

use)leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] PF adj. wounded (derived

from skxir wound)lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] PF adj. original, existing at

or from the start, first in a series (derived fromsngä’i begin)

lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr".a] PF adj. full of self-pride

(derived from snonrra self-pride)leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] PF adj. enthusiastic, keen

(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)ofp.

13

letam: [lE."tam] PF adj. sufficient (derived fromtam suffice)

letokx: [lE."tok'] PF adj. bodily, physical (deri-ved from tokx body)

letrr: [lE."tr"] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)

letrrtrr: [lE."tr".tr"] PF adj. ordinary (derived

from trr day)letsim: [lE.">tsim] PF adj. original, unique, not de-

rived from another source (derived from tsimsource)

letsranten: [lE.">tsRan.tEn] PF adj. important(derived from tsranten matter)

letsunslu: [lE.">tsun.slu] PF adj. possible (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

letwan: [lEt."wan] PF adj. dodgy, sneaky (of aperson) (derived from tute person and wanhide)

letxi: [lE."t'i] PF adj. hurried, frenzied (derivedfrom txi hurry)

letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] PF adj. unhurried (c.w.from txi hurry and luke without)

lew: [lEw] PF n. cover, lidlewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] PF adj. disagreeable, argu-

mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäteargue)

lew si: ["lEw "s·i] PF vin. cover (derived fromlew cover)

leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] PF adj. foggy, misty (deri-ved from yapay fog)

leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr"] PF adj. early (derived from

ye’krr early)leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] PF adj. disappointing (deri-

ved from yewla disappointment)leyn: [l·Ejn] PF vtr. repeat, do againlezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] PF adj. grassy (derived

from zeswa grass)li: [li] PF adv. alreadylisre+: ["li.sRE] PF adp. by, before, up to but not

after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)litx: [lit'] PF adj. sharp (as a blade)lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] PF n. language (c.w. from lì’u

word and fya’o way)

lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] PF n. language group,language users (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)

lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n. expression, bit of lan-guage (derived from lì’fya language)

lì’u: ["lI.Pu] PF n. wordlì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n. accent, pronuncia-

tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] PF inter. what (word, utteran-

ce) allomorph of pelì’ulì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] PF n. pun, word-play (c.w.

from li’u word and uvan game)lìm: [l·Im] PF svin. far, be farlìng: [l·IN] PF vin. float in the air, hoverlok: [l·ok^] PF vtr. approachlok–: [l·ok^] PF adp. close tolom: [lom] PF adj. missing, missed (as an absent

person who is longed for)lomtu: ["lom.tu] PF n. missed person (derived

from lom missing, missed)lonu: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. release, let golopx: [l·op'] PF vin. paniclor: [loR] PF adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses

nfp.loran: ["lo.ran] PF n. elegance, grace (c.w. from

lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-ture)

lrrtok: ["lr".tok^] PF n. smile

lrrtok si: ["lr".tok^ "s·i] PF vin. smile (derived

from lrrtok smile)lu: [l·u] PF vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-

tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-session with dative of possessor)

luke–: ["lu.kE] PF adp. withoutlukpen: [luk."pEn] PF adj. without clothing, na-

ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing(plural))

lumpe: ["lum.pE] PF inter. why allomorph ofpelun

lun: [lun] PF n. reason

14

M

ma: [ma] PF part. O (vocative marker)makto: ["m·ak.t·o] PF vtr. ridemal: [mal] PF adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiringmasat: ["ma.sat] PF n. breastplate (armor)maw–: [maw] PF adp. after (time)mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calmmaweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] PF svin. be patient

(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] PF n. One who

is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-ent)

mawkrr: ["maw.kr"] PF adv. after, afterwards

(c.w. from maw after and krr time)mawkrra: [maw."kr

".a] PF conj. after (temporal)

allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr timeand maw after)

mawl: [mawl] PF n. halfmay’: [majP] PF vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,

check out, test-drivemäkxu: [m·æ."k'u] PF vtr. interrupt, throw out of

harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)me’em: [mE."PEm] PF adj. harmoniousmefo: ["mE.fo] PF pn. they, those two (derived

from me+ dual marker and po he/she)mek: [mEk^] PF adj. empty, or metaphorically:

having no valuemekre: ["mEk.RE] PF n. suppliesmelo: ["mE.lo] PF adv. twice (derived from me+

dual marker and alo time)menari: [mE."na.Ri] PF n. eyes (two) (derived

from me+ dual and nari eye)meoauniaea: [�mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. harmo-

ny, living at one with naturemesrram: [mE.sr

"."am] PF n., adv. the day befo-

re yesterday, two days ago (derived from trrday)

mesrray: [mE.sr"."aj] PF n., adv. the day after to-

morrow, two days from now (derived from trrday)

meuia: [mE."u.i.a] PF n. honormeuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] PF adj. honorable,

honorably (derived from meuia honor andnga’ contain)

meyam: [m·E."y·am] PF vtr. hug, embrace, holdin one’s arms

meyp: [mEjp^] PF adj. weakmi: [mi] PF adv. yet, still, as before

miktsang: ["mik.>tsaN] PF n. earring (c.w. from

mikyun ear and tsang piercing)mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. earmip: [mip^] PF adj. newmì+: [mI] PF adp. in, onmìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] PF n., adv. insidemìftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] PF adv. in this regard, re-

lated to this mattermìkam–: [mI."kam] PF adp. betweenmìn: [m·In] PF vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn

ne ftärpa Turn to the leftmìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner (derived from

mìn turn)mìso: [mI."so] PF adv. away (position) (derived

from mì in)mll’an: [m·l

"."P·an] PF vtr. accept

mllte: [m·l"."t·E] PF v. agree

mo: [mo] PF n. space, hollow, enclosed open areamoe: ["mo.E] PF pn. we two, us two (exclusive)

(derived from me+ dual and oe I)mok: [m·ok^] PF vtr. suggestmokri: ["mok.Ri] PF n. voicemong: [m·oN] PF vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for

protectionmowan: [mo."wan] PF adj. pleasing, enjoyable

(physically, sexually)mrr: [mr

"] PF num. five

mrrtrr: ["mr".tr"] PF n. five day work week (deri-

ved from mrr five and trr day)mrrve: ["mr

".vE] PF adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived

from mrr five)muiä: [mu."i.æ] PF adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-

edmun’i: [m·un."P·i] PF v. cutmune: ["mu.nE] PF num. twomunge: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. take, bringmungwrr–: [muN."wr

"] PF adp. except

munsna: ["mun.sna] PF n. pair (derived frommune two and sna’o set, group)

munsna–: [mun.sna] PF prefix placed before anoun to indicate a single pair of something (de-rived from munsna pair)

muntrr: ["mun.tr"] PF n. weekend (derived from

mune two and trr day)muntrram: ["mun.tr

".am] PF n. last weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)

15

muntrray: ["mun.tr".aj] PF n. next weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)

muntxa: [mun."t'a] PF adj. mated, married

muntxa si: [mun."t'a "s·i] PF vin. mate (with so-meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)

muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] PF n. husband, malespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] PF n. wife, femalespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)

muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] PF n. spouse (derivedfrom muntxa mated)

muve: ["mu.vE] PF adj. second (ordinal) (deri-ved from mune two)

muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t'·u] PF vtr. introduce,present (derived from wìntxu show)

N

na–: [na] PF adp. like, asna’rìng: ["naP.RIN] PF n. forestnaer: [na."ER] PF n. drink, something able to be

drunknafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] PF adj. such (c.w. from na as

and fì’u this)nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] PF adv. confidently (de-

rived from am’ake confident)nang: [naN] PF part. surprise, exclamation, en-

couragement (mirative)nari: ["na.Ri] PF n. eyenari si: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. watch out, be careful

(derived from nari eye)natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] PF conj. for example,

as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-nong example)

nawm: [nawm] PF adj. great, noblenawmtu: ["nawm.tu] PF n. great person (deri-

ved from nawm great)nayn: [najn] PF n. the symbol 9 (not the value

nine)näk: [n·æk^] PF vtr. drinknän: [n·æn] PF vin. decreasene–: [nE] PF adp. to, towards (direction)ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] PF adv. back (direction)nefä: [nE."fæ] PF adv. up (direction)nekll: [nE."kl

"] PF adv. down (direction)

nekx: [n·Ek'] PF vtr. burn, consumenemfa–: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. into, inside (c.w.

from ne towards and mìfa inside)nemrey: [nEm."REj] PF adv.,intj. in a fashion as if

one’s life were at stake (derived from emreysurvive)

neto: [nE."to] PF adv. away (direction) (derivedfrom ne to)

netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. luckily, happilynew: [n·Ew] PF vtrm. want

newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF svin. be curi-ous, want to know (c.w. from new want andomum know)

neympin: ["nEjm.pin] PF n. light color (derivedfrom neyn light, shade of white)

neyn: [nEjn] PF adj. light colors, shades of whiteniä: [n·i.·"æ] PF vtr. grabnikre: ["nik.RE] PF n. hairnikroi: [nik."Ro.i] PF n. hair adornment (c.w.

from nikre hair and ioi adornment)nim: [nim] PF adj. timid, shyninan: ["ni.nan] PF adv. by reading (derived

from inan read)nitram: [nit."Ram] PF adj. happy (of people)nì–: [nI] PF adverbial deriving affixnì’aw: [nI."Paw] PF adv. only (derived from ’aw

one)nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] PF adv. alone (as one per-

son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] PF adv. first (derived

from ’awve first)nì’en: [nI."PEn] PF adv. making an informed

guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’enguess)

nì’eng: [nI."PEN] PF adv. equally, on the same le-vel (derived from ’engeng level)

nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] PF adv. ceremoniously (de-rived from ’eoio ceremonious)

nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv. like a child, imma-turely (derived from ’eveng child)

nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] PF adv. back, in response, inanswer (derived from ’eyng answer)

nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. finally, at long last (de-rived from ’i’a end)

nì’it: [nI."Pit^] PF adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)

nì’o’: [nI."PoP] PF adv. in a manner which is en-joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)

16

nì’ul: [nI."Pul] PF adv. morenì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] PF adv. increasingly, more

and more (derived from ’ul increase)nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv. as

you know, as is known (casual speech[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-ve participle infix and omum know)

nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] PF adv. like us, as we do(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-eng us (inclusive))

nìfe’: [nI."fEP] PF adv. badly (derived from fe’bad)

nìfkrr: [nI."fkr"] PF adv. lately, currently (deri-

ved from fìkrr this time)nìfmokx: [nI."fmok'] PF adv. jealously, en-

viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)nìfnu: [n."fnu] PF adv. silently (derived from

fnu quiet)nìfrakrr: [nI."fra.kr

"] PF adv. as always (derived

from frakrr always)nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] PF adv. easily (derived from

ftue easy)nìftxan: [nI."ft'an] PF adv. so, to such an extent

(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)nìftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] PF adv. passionately,

with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-nate)

nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] PF adv. by whistling, ina whistling manner (derived from fwefwiwhistle)

nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] PF adv. in a manner (deri-ved from fya’o way)

nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv. like an adult,maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)

nìhawng: [nI."hawN] PF adv. too, excessively(derived from hawng overabundance)

nìhay: [nI."haj] Prr adv. next (derived from haynext)

nìhek: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. strangely, oddly (deri-ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)

nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] PF adv. widely, pervasively(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)

nìhol: [nI."hol] PF adv. few, not many (derivedfrom hol few)

nìhona: [nI."ho.na] PF adv. endearingly, sweetly(derived from hona endearing)

nìk’ärìp: [nIk."æ.rIp^] PF adv. steadily (derivedfrom ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without letting

it move’nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] PF adv. slowly (derived

from kì’ong slow)nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] PF adv. intelligently, in a

smart way (derived from kanu smart)nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] PF adv. unfortunately,

sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] PF adv. firmly, steadfastly,

faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go)lit.: ’without releasing it’

nìkmar: [nIk."mar] PF adv. in the right season,opportunely (derived from kìmar in season)

nìksman: [nIk."sman] PF adv. wonderfully (de-rived from kosman wonderful)

nìksran: [nIk."sran] PF adv. in a mediocre man-ner (derived from kesran mediocre)

nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] PF adv. carefully,firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)lit.: ’without letting it fall’

nìkxem: [nI."k'Em] PF adv. vertically (derivedfrom kxem be vertical)

nìlam: [nI."lam] PF adv. apparently (derivedfrom lam seem)

nìlaw: [nI."law] PF adv. clearly (derived fromlaw clear)

nìli: [nI."li] PF adv. in advance (derived from lialready)

nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. continuously,incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from lukewithout and ftang stop)

nìltsan: [nIl.">tsan] PF adv. well (derived fromsìltsan good)

nìlun: [nI."lun] PF adv. of course, logically,following common sense

nìmal: [nI."mal] PF adv. trustingly, without he-sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)

nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] PF adv. weakly, loosely (de-rived from meyp weak)

nìmun: [nI."mun] PF adv. againnìmwey: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. calmly, peacefully

(derived from mawey calm)nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. patiently

(derived from maweypey be patient)nìn: [n·In] PF vtr. look atnìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. like the Na’vi,

Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)nìnäk: [nI."næk^] PF adv. by drinking, in a liquid

way (derived from näk drink)

17

nìnän: [nI."næn] PF adv. less (derived from nändecrease)

nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] PF adv. decreasingly, lessand less (derived from nän decrease)

nìngay: [nI."Naj] PF adv. truly (derived fromngay true)

nìngong: [nI."NoN] PF adv. lethargically, lazily(derived from ngong lazy)

nìno: [nI."no] PF adv. in detail, expansively, tho-roughly

nìnrra: [nI."nr".a] PF adv. proudly, with pride (de-

rived from nrra pride)nìolo’: [nI."o.loP] PF adv. (together) as members

of a clan (derived from olo’ clan)nìprrte’: [nI."pr

".tEP] PF adv. pleasurably, gladly,

with pleasure (derived from prrte’ pleasurab-le)

nìpxay: [nI."p'aj] PF adv. many, manily (deri-ved from pxay many)

nìpxi: [nI."p'i] PF adv. especially, pointedly, un-ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)

nìpxim: [nI."p'im] PF adv. erectly, rightly (deri-ved from pxim erect, upright)

nìran: [nI."ran] PF adv. basically, fundamentally,in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-ter or nature)

nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv. wish (contrary tofact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti-ve) (derived from rangal wish)

nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] PF adv. in imagination,by imagination (derived from ronsrelngopimagine)

nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] PF adv. hopefully (derivedfrom sìlpey hope)

nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] PF adv. by swimming (deri-ved from slele swim)

nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] PF adv. originally, at first(derived from sngä’i begin)

nìsngum: [nI."sNum] PF adv. worryingly, fretful-ly (derived from sngum worry)

nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] PF adv. enthusiastically(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)

nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] PF adv. (together) as mem-bers of a family (derived from soaia family)

nìsteng: [nI."stEN] PF adv. similarly (derivedfrom steng similar)

nìsti: [nI."sti] PF adv. angrily (derived from stibe angry)

nìsung: [nI."suN] PF adv. besides, additionally,furthermore (derived from sung add)

nìswey: [nI."swEj] PF adv. optimally, best (deri-ved from swey best)

nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] PF adv. by chance or coin-cidence (derived from syayvi luck)

nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] PF adv. lastly (derived fromsyen last)

nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] PF adv. tightly, in an iron grip(derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’

nìtam: [nI."tam] PF adv. enough (after an adjecti-ve) (derived from tam suffice)

nìteng: [nI."tEN] PF adv. too, also, as well, likewi-se (derived from teng same, equal)

nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] PF adv. as, same way as(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-me way as (conj.))

nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr".tr"] PF adv. on a daily basis, regu-

larly (derived from trr day)nìtsim: [nI.">tsim] PF adv. originally, in an origi-

nal way, with originality (derived from tsimsource)

nìtsìsyì: [nI.">tsI.syI] PF adv. by whispering, in awhisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)

nìtsyìl: [nI.">tsjIl] PF adv. by climbing (derivedfrom tsyìl climb)

nìtut: [nI."tut^] PF adv. continually (derivedfrom tut continuation marker)

nìtxan: [nI."t'an] PF adv. much (abstract), very(derived from txan much)

nìtxay: [nI."t'aj] PF adv. horizontally (derivedfrom txay be horizontal)

nìtxi: [nI."t'i] PF adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way(derived from txi hurry)

nìtxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] PF adv. unhurriedly, lei-surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without)

nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] PF adv. by the way,incidentally (derived from vingkap occur toone, pop into one’s mind)

nìwan: [nI."wan] PF adv. secretly, in hiding, byhiding (derived from wan hide)

nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] PF adv. meaningfully, sig-nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-nificance)

nìwä: [nI."wæ] PF adv. on the contrary, conver-sely

nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] PF adv. disagreeably, be-grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)

18

nìwin: [nI."win] PF adv. fast (derived from winfast)

nìwok: [nI."wok^] PF adv. loudly (derived fromwok loud)

nìwotx: [nI."wot'] PF adv. all (of), in toto, com-pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)

nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] PF adv. in a disappointingfashion, in a way failing to meet expectations(derived from yewla disappointment)

nìyll: [nI."jl"] PF adv. communally, in a communal

manner (derived from yll communal)nìyo’: [nI."yoP^] PF adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-

rived from yo’ be perfect)nìyol: [nI."yol] PF adv. briefly, shortly (of time)

(derived from yol short (of time))nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] PF adv. safely (deri-

ved from «awn» passive participle infix andzong save)

nokx: [n·ok'] PF vtr. give birth tonong: [n·oN] PF v. follow, proceed afternrr: [nr

"] PF vin. glow, be luminous

nrra: ["nr".a] PF n. pride, feeling of pride

nuä+: ["nu.æ] PF adp. beyondnulkrr: [nul."kr

"] PF adv. longer (time) (derived

from krr time)nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] PF vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-

ved from new want)nume: ["n·u.m·E] PF v. learnnumeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] PF n. student (derived

from nume learn)numtseng: ["num.

>tsEN] PF n. school (c.w. from

nume learn and tseng place)numtsengvi: ["num.

>tsEN.vi] PF n. classroom, di-

vision of a school (derived from numtsengschool)

numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] PF n. class (for instruc-tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-ting)

numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] PF n. classmate,member of a class (derived from numultxaclass (for instruction))

nutx: [nut'] PF adj. thick

Ng

nga: [Na] PF pn. younga’: [NaP] PF vtr. containngam: [Nam] PF n. echongampam: ["Nam.pam] PF n. rhyme (c.w. from

ngam echo and pam sound)ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] PF vin. rhyme (de-

rived from ngampam rhyme)ngatsyìp: ["Na.>tsjIp^] PF pn. little you, you little

(derived from nga you)ngawng: [NawN] PF n. wormngay: [Naj] PF adj. truengaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] PF intj. sorry, my apologi-

es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)

ngäng: [NæN] PF n. stomachngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. difficult, hardngenga: [NE."Na] PF pn. you (honorific (honouri-

fic) form) (derived from nga you)ngep: [NEp^] PF n. navel

ngeyn: [NEjn] PF adj. tiredngian: [Ni."an] PF,SW adv. howeverngim: [Nim] PF adj. long (physical length)ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] PF n. length (derived

from ngim long and pup short)ngong: [NoN] PF adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient

energy, lazyngop: [N·op^] PF vtr. createngopyu: ["Nop.ju] PF n. creator (derived from

ngop create)ngrr: [Nr

"] PF n. root

ngrrpongu: [Nr".po.Nu] PF n. grassroots move-

ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)ngul: [Nul] PF adj. grey, drabngulpin: ["Nul.pin] PF n. grey (derived from

ngul grey, drab)nguway: ["Nu.waj] PF n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-

rived from way song)

19

O

oe: ["o.E] PF pn. I, meoeng: ["wEN] PF pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-

sive), you and I (derived from oe I)oetsyìp: ["wE.

>tsjIp^] PF pn. little me, little I (de-

rived from oe I)oeyk: [o."Ejk^] PF n. causeoeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] PF v. explain (why) (ii)

(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)ohakx: [o."hak'] PF adj. hungryohe: ["o.hE] PF pn. I (deferential or ceremonial

form)

oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’

olo’: [o."loP] PF n. clan

olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)

omum: [·o."m·um] PF vtr. know (stress movesto first syllable with infixation)

ontsang: ["on.>tsaN] PF n. nose ring (c.w. fromontu nose and tsang piercing)

ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose

P

pa’o: ["pa.Po] PF n. sidepak: [pak^] PF part. disparagementpam: [pam] PF n. soundpamrel: [pam."REl] PF n. writing (c.w. from

pam sound and rel image)pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] PF n. spelling (deri-

ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] PF vin. write (derived

from pamrel writing)pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] PF n. letter (phonetic

symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)pamtseo: ["pam.

>tsE.o] PF n. music (c.w. from

pam sound and tseo art)pamtseo si: ["pam.

>tsE.o "s·i] PF vin. play music

(with fa for instrument played) (derived frompamtseo music)

pamtseotu: ["pam.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. musician (de-

rived from pamtseo music)pan: [pan] PF n. third, one thirdpate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrivepawm: [p·awm] PF v. askpay: [paj] PF n. water, liquidpay+: [paj] PF prefix plural inter. marker

(from pe+ and ay+)payfya: ["paj.fja] PF n. stream (c.w. from pay

water and fya’o way)payìva: ["paj.I.va] PF n. drop of water (derived

from pay water and ìlva drop)paynga’: ["paj.NaP] PF adj. moist, humid, damp

(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)payoang: [paj."o.aN] PF n. fish (c.w. from pay

water and ioang animal)pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] PF vin. arrive

pängkxo: [p·æN."k'·o] PF vin. chat, converse, ha-ve a conversation

pängkxoyu: [pæN."k'o.ju] PF n. chatter, conver-ser (derived from pängkxo chat)

pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn]PF n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatterand lekoren lawlike)

pänu: ["pæ.nu] PF n. promisepänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] PF vtr. promise (a thing

to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise andtìng give)

–pe+: [pE] PF affix inter. markerpe’un: ["p·E.P·un] PF vtr. decidepefnel: [pE."fnEl] PF inter. which kind allo-

morph of fnepepefya: [pE."fja] PF inter. how allomorph of fy-

apepefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] PF ques. how

complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree ofcomplexity) allomorph of fyinep’angpe

pehem: [pE."hEm] PF inter. what (action) allo-morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,deed)

pehrr: [pE."hr"] PF inter. when allomorph of krr-

pe (c.w. from krr time)pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] PF ques. how tight,

loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness,looseness)

pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter. what (word, utteran-ce) allomorph of lì’upe

pelun: [pE."lun] PF inter. why allomorph oflumpe

peng: [p·EN] PF vtr. tell

20

peseng: [pE."sEN] PF inter. where allomorph oftsengpe

peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] PF ques. what width,how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-morph of slosneppe)

pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] PF inter. what tem-perature? (derived from somwew tempera-ture)

pesu: [pE."su] PF inter. who allomorph of tupepeu: [pE."u] PF inter. what (thing) allomorph of

’upepewn: [pEwn] PF n. neckpey: [p·Ej] PF vin. wait, wait forpiak: [pi."ak^] PF adj. open, clear (for cloudless

skies)piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] PF vin. open (derived from

piak open)pil: [pil] PF n. facial stripepizayu: ["pi.za.ju] PF n. ancestorpìmtxan: [pIm."t'an] PF inter. how much allo-

morph of hìmtxampepìwopx: [pI."wop'] PF n. cloudpìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop'.

>tsjIp] PF n. nebula (de-

rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’pllngay: [p·l

"."Naj] PF vin. admit

plltxe: [p·l"."t'·E] PF v. speak

po: [po] PF pn. he, shepoan: [po."an] PF pn. he (no plural form: use

(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)

poe: [po."E] PF pn. she (no plural form: use(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)

polpxay: [pol."p'aj] PF inter. how many (c.w.from holpxay number and pe how)

pom: [p·om] PF vtr. kisspongu: ["po.Nu] PF n. group of people, party (de-

rived from po he/she) ofp.prrku: ["pr

".ku] PF n. womb (c.w. from prrnen

baby and kelku home)prrkxentrrkrr: [pr

".k'En.tr

".kr

"] Skxawng n. day ti-

me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’viidiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxenersmoke, trr day and krr time)

prrnen: ["pr".nEn] PF n. infant, baby

prrnesyul: ["pr".nE.sjul] PF n. bud (c.w. from

prrnen baby and syulang flower)prrte’: ["pr

".tEP] PF adj. pleasurable (of an activi-

ty)prrwll: ["pr

".wl

"] Prr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen

baby and ’ewll plant)pukap: ["pu.kap^] PF num. sixpum: [pum] PF pn. one (place-holder pronoun

referring to a previously mentioned nounor pronoun)

pup: [pup^] PF adj. short (physical length)puve: ["pu.vE] PF adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived

from pukap six)

Px

pxan: [p'an] PF adj. worthypxasìk: ["p'a.sIk^] PF intj. screw that!, no way!

(vulgar)pxasul: ["p'a.sul] PF adj. fresh, appealing as foodpxaw–: [p'aw] PF adp. aroundpxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] PF n. perimeter, circumfe-

rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around andpa’o side)

pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] PF n. armband (c.w.from pxaw around and pxun arm)

pxay: [p'aj] PF adj. many (used with singularor plural noun forms)

pxel–: [p'El] PF adp. like, aspxelo: ["p'E.lo] PF adv. thrice, three times (deri-

ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)pxen: [p'En] PF n. functional clothing (item of)

pxesrram: [p'E.sr"."am] PF n., adv. three days ago

(derived from trr day)pxesrray: [p'E.sr

"."aj] PF n., adv. three days from

now (derived from trr day)pxey: [p'Ej] PF num. threepxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] PF adj. third (ordinal) (deri-

ved from pxey three)pxi: [p'i] PF adj. sharp (as a point)pxim: [p'im] PF adj. erect, uprightpximaw–: [p'i."maw] PF adp. right after (c.w.

from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] PF adv. right now (c.w. from

set now and pxi sharp)pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] PF adp. right before (c.w. from

sre before (time) and pxi sharp)pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] PF adv. just a mo-

ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am

21

past)pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] PF adv. in just a se-

cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment anday future marker)

pxiye’rìn: [p'i."jEP.RIn] PF adv. immediately (notas soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soonand pxi sharp)

pxìm: [p'Im] PF adv. often

pxìmun’i: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] PF vtr. divide, cut intoparts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)

pxor: [p'·oR] PF vin. explodepxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] PF n. ejective consonant

(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)pxun: [p'un] PF n. armpxuntil: ["p'un.til] PF n. elbow (c.w. from pxun

arm and til joint)

R

ral: [Ral] PF n. meaningralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] PF adj. meaningful, instructi-

ve, something from which a lesson can be lear-ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain)

ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] PF vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.from ral meaning and peng tell)

ram: [Ram] PF n. mountainramtsyìp: ["Ram.

>tsjIp^] PF n. hill (derived from

ram mountain)ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] PF n. wellran: [ran] PF n. intrinsic character or nature, es-

sence, constititution; basic nature of somethingresulting from the totality of its properties; of-ten best translated as “personality"

rangal: ["R·a.N·al] PF vin. wishraspu’: [Ra."spuP] PF n. leggings (used in war)rawke: ["Raw.kE] PF intj. alarm cry, call to defen-

serawm: [Rawm] PF n. lightning (general term)rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] PF n. thunder and

lightning (derived from rawm lightning and’rrpxom thunder)

rawn: [r·awn] PF vtr. replace, substituterä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. do not (for negative impe-

ratives, commands only)re’o: ["RE.Po] PF n. headrel: [REl] PF n. image, picturereltseo: ["REl.>tsE.o] PF n. visual art (c.w. from

rel image and tseo art)reltseotu: ["REl.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. artist (derived

from reltseo art)reng: [REN] PF adj. shallow (physically) nfp.renten: ["REn.tEn] PF n. goggles, (made from in-

sect wings, carved from wood, etc)renu: ["RE.nu] PF n. patternrewon: ["RE.won] PF n. morningrey: [R·Ej] PF vin. live

rey’eng: [REj."PEN] PF n. the Balance of Life (de-rived from rey live)

reyfya: ["rEj.fja] PF n. way of living, culture (c.w.from rey live and fya’o path, way)

reykol: [REj."kol] PF vtr. play music, make to sing(poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»causitive infix)

reypay: ["REj.paj] PF n. blood (c.w. from rey liveand pay water)

rikx: [R·ik'] PF vin. move, shift positionrim: [Rim] PF adj. yellowrimpin: ["Rim.pin] PF n. yellow (derived from

rim yellow)rina’: [Ri."naP] PF n. seed (derived from atoki-

rina’ seeds of the great tree)rì’ìr: ["rIP.Ir] PF n. reflectionrì’ìr si: ["rIP.Ir s·i] PF vin. reflect, imitate (deri-

ved from rì’ìr reflection)rìk: [RIk^] PF n. leafrìkean: ["RI.kE.an] PF adj. leaf green (c.w. from

rìk leaf and ean green)rìn: [rIn] PF n. woodro+: [Ro] PF adp. at (locative)ro’a: ["r·o.P·a] PF vin. be impressive, inspire awe

or respectrofa–: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. beside, alongsiderol: [R·ol] PF v. singrolun: [Ro."lun] PF intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] PF n. mindronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] PF n. something imagined

(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] PF vtr. imagi-

ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, relpicture, ngop create, casual pronunciation["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )

rou: ["r·o.·u] PF vin. be, or get drunk (exampleuse: rou fa pxir)

rum: [Rum] PF n. ball

22

run: [R·un] PF vtr. find, discover

rurur: [ru."rur] PF n. water that is aeriated whi-le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually

sloping stream (countable)rusey: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n. alive, living, living

thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

rutxe: [Ru."t'E] PF intj. please

S

sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] PF n. mother (fromsa’atenuk C)

sa’nu: ["saP.nu] PF n. mum, mommy (affectiona-te form of sa’nok mother)

sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.>tsjIp^] PF n. little mommy(used for young girls) (derived from sa’numommy)

sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] PF n. parent or set of parents(derived from sa’nok mother and sempulfather)

saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening crysalew: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. proceed, gosan: [san] PF adv. saying, quotesang: [saN] PF adj. warmsar: [s·aR] PF vtr. usesat: [sat^] PF pn. that (lenited form of tsat)sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,

urghsayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] PF adj. handsome, good looking

ofp. (male)sä–: [sæ] PF prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from

sänume teaching and säspxin disease)sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] PF n. something humorous

(derived from ’ipu humorous)sä’o: ["sæ.Po] PF n. tool, utensilsäflä: [sæ."flæ] PF n. success (an instance of suc-

ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP^] PF n. requirement, demand

(derived from fngo’ require)säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] PF n. idea (derived from fpìl

think)säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. speech, oration

(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] PF n. handle (derived from

fyep hold in the hand)säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] PF n. something acqui-

red, an acquisition, a possession (derived fromkanom acquire)

sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] PF n. defeat, an instan-ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat)

sämok: [sæ."mok^] PF n. suggestion (derivedfrom mok suggest)

sämyam: [sæm."yam] PF n. hug, embrace (deri-ved from meyam hug)

sänrr: [sæ.nr"] PF n. glow, an instance of glowing

(derived from nrr glow)sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. teaching, instruction

(derived from nume learn)sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] PF n. lesson (derived

from sänume teaching)säomum: [sæ."o.mum] PF n. (piece of) informa-

tion (derived from omum know)säplltxe: [sæ.p·l

"."t'·E] PF n. statement

säplltxevi: [sæ.p·l"."t'·E.vi] PF n. comment (deri-

ved from säplltxe statement)säpom: [sæ."pom] PF n. kiss (derived from

pom kiss)särawn: [sæ."rawn] PF n. replacement, substitu-

te, something that replaces something else (de-rived from rawn replace)

säro’a: [sæ."ro.Pa] PF n. feat, accomplishment,great deed

säro’a si: [sæ."ro.Pa s·i] PF vin. do great deeds(derived from säro’a great deed)

säspxin: [sæ."sp'in] PF n. disease, sickness, ill-ness (derived from spxin sick)

säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp'in.>tsjIp^] PF n. minor ail-

ment (derived from säspxin illness)säsrätx: [sæ."sræt'] PF n. annoyance (derived

from srätx annoy)säsrìn: [sæ."srIn] PF n. lent or borrowed thing

(derived from srìn temporarily transfer fromone to another)

sästarsìm: [sæ."star.sIm] PF n. collection (puttogether intentionally by a person) (derivedfrom starsìm gather, collect)

säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] PF n. hobby, pleasure-yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy(positive sense))

säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] PF n. trap (derived fromsyep trap)

23

sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] PF n. connection, relationship(derived from tare connect, relate to)

sätaron: [sæ."ta.ron] PF n. hunt (derived fromtaron hunt)

sätsìsyì: [sæ.">tsI.syI] PF n. whisper (derived

from tsìsyì whisper)sätswayon: [sæ."

>tswaj.on] PF n. flight (an in-

stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)sätsyìl: [sæ."

>tsjIl] PF n. climbing event, a climb

(derived from tsyìl climb)säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. point of contention,

source of argument, thing disputed (derivedfrom wäte argue)

säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t'u] PF n. a showing, an ex-hibition (derived from wìntxu show)

säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,PF n. face lead, rein(derived from za’ärìp pull)

se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] PF n. an individual tall, thin wa-terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or offof a floating mountain (countable)

sekrr: ["sE.kr"] PF n. present (c.w. from set now

and krr time)sempu: ["sEm.pu] PF n. daddy (affectionate

form of sempul father)sempul: ["sEm.pul] PF n. fatherset: [sEt^] PF adv. nowsevin: [sE."vin] PF adj. pretty ofp. (female)seykxel: [sEj."k'El] PF adj. strong (emotionally,

spiritually, not physical), confidentseyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lipseysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl.">tsan] PF intj. well do-

ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-plished well)

si: [s·i] PF auxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound verb do, make deriving affix

sim: [s·im] PF svin. near, be nearsì: [sI] PF conj. and (connects two things, can

be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)sìk: [sIk^] PF adv. unquotesìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] PF vin. hope (with tsnì for thing

hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.from sìltsan good and pey wait)

sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. clever, smart(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)

sìltsan: [sIl.">tsan] PF adj. good (of its kind), welldone

sìn–: [sIn] PF adp. on, ontoska’a: [sk·a."P·a] PF vtr. destroy

skepek: ["skE.pEk^] PF adj. formalskien: ["ski.En] PF adj. right (not left)sko+: [sko] PF adp. as, in the capacity of, in the

role ofskxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] PF adj., adv. probable, pro-

bablyskxawng: [sk'awN] PF n. moron, idiotskxir: [sk'iR] PF n. woundskxir si: ["sk'iR "s·i] PF vin. wound (derived

from skxir wound)skxirtsyìp: ["sk'iR.>tsjIp^] PF n. cut, bruise, minor

wound (derived from skxir wound)skxom: [sk'om] PF n. chance, opportunitysla’tsu: ["sl·aP.>ts·u] PF vtr. describeslan: [slan] PF vtr. support (emotional, social or

personal support) ofp.slantire: [slan.ti."RE] PF n. inspiration (c.w. from

slan support and tirea spirit)slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] PF vin. inspire (deri-

ved from slantire inspiration)slä: [slæ] PF conj. butslär: [slær] PF n. caveslele: ["sl·E.l·E] PF vin. swimsleyku: [slEj."k·u] PF vtr. produce (derived from

slu become and «eyk» causative infix)sloa: ["slo.a] PF adj. widesloan: [sl·o."·an] PF vtr. pourslosnep: [slo."snEp^] PF n. width (derived from

snep narrow)slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] PF ques. what width,

how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-morph of peslosnep)

slu: [sl·u] PF vin. become (noun predicate withne in ambiguous constructions)

smar: [smaR] PF n. prey, hunted thingsmon: [sm·on] PF vin. be familiar, be known

(with dative)sna–: [sna] PF prefix group marker for nouns

(abbrev. of sna’o) Note: sna- indicates natu-rally occurring groups or sets. Use sästarsìmto indicate a collection intentionally put to-gether by a person.

sna’o: ["sna.Po] PF n. set, group, pile, clump,stand nfp.

snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] PF n. philosophy (c.w.from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’

24

snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] PF n. course (asa collection of classes) (derived from numul-txa class (for instruction))

snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] PF n. alphabet(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-bol))

snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] PF n. constellation (c.w.from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’aclump of stars’

snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.>tsjIp] PF n. starcluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan-hì(tsyip) star)

snatxärem: [sna."t'æ.rEm] PF n. skeleton (c.w.from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’setof bones’

snaytu: ["snaj.tu] PF n. loser (derived fromsnaytx lose)

snaytx: [sn·ajt'] PF vtr. losesnep: [snEp^] PF adj. narrowsneyä: [snE."jæ] PF pn. his own, her own, its own

(derived from sno his self, her self, its self )sngap: [sN·ap^] PF vtr. stingsngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vim. begin, startsngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

"] PF n. beginning, starting

time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.PI.

>tsEN] PF n. beginning,

starting position, initial location (c.w. fromsngä’i start and tseng place)

sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] PF n. beginner (derivedfrom sngä’i begin)

sngel: [sNEl] PF n. garbage, trash, rubbishsngeltseng: ["sNEl.>tsEN] PF n. rubbish place, gar-

bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)

sngum: [sNum] PF n. worrysno: [sno] PF pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex-

ive, genitive form sneyä)snomo: ["sno.mo] PF n. private space that one can

retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self andmo space)

snonrra: [sno."nr".a] PF n. self-pride (negative

connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self andnrra pride)

snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refersto a ’dim’ person)

so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] PF vtr. be enthusiastic about,show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:Being enthusiastic is always transitive inNa’vi -PF)

soaia: [so."a.i.a] PF n. family (irregular genitiveform soaiä)

sok: [sok^] PF adj. recentsom: [som] PF adj. hotsomwew: [som."wEw] PF n. temperature (deri-

ved from som hot and wew cold)somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] PF inter. what tem-

perature? (more common) (derived fromsomwew temperature)

sop: [s·op^] PF vin. travelsopyu: ["sop.ju] PF n. traveller (derived from

sop travel)spaw: [sp·aw] PF vtr. believespä: [sp·æ] PF v. jumpspe’e: [sp·E."P·E] PF vtr. capturespe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] PF n. captive (derived

from spe’e capture)speng: [sp·EN] PF v. restorespono: ["spo.no] PF n. islandspule: ["sp·u.l·E] PF vtr. propelspulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] PF n. telephone (deri-

ved from spule propel and mokri voice)spuwin: ["spu.win] PF adj. old, former nfp.spxam: [sp'am] PF n. mushroom, fungusspxin: [sp'in] PF adj. sicksrak(e): ["sRak(E)] PF part. inter. marker for yes

or no questionssran: [sRan] PF part., intj. yes (colloquial)srane: ["sRa.nE] PF part., intj. yessraw: [sRaw] PF adj. painfulsrätx: [sr·æt'] PF vtr. annoy, bothersre+: [sRE] PF adp. before (time)sre’: [sREP] PF n. toothsrefey: [sRE."f·Ej] PF vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from

sre+ before and pey wait)srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr

"] PF n. the time before

noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-day)

srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] PF n. before mid-night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxonmidnight)

srekrr: [sRE."kr"] PF adv. before, already, ahead of

time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)srer: [srEr] PF vin. appear, materialize, come into

viewsrese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] PF v. prophetize, prophesi-

ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’asee)

25

sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr"."PoN] PF n. before dawn (c.w.

from sre before and trr’ong dawn)sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF n. dusk, evening

before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-on’ong night-fall)

srew: [sR·Ew] PF vin. dancesrìn: [sr·In] PF vtr. transfer from one to another

(rarely used without prefix)sru’: [sr·uP] PF vtr. crush, tramplesrung: [sRuN] PF n. help, assistancesrung si: ["sRuN "s·i] PF vin. help (derived from

srung help)srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] PF n. assistant, helper

(derived from srung help)srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.>tsjIp^] PF n. helpful hint, tip

(derived from srung help)starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. gather, collectstawm: [st·awm] PF vtr. hearstä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] PF vtr. catchsteftxaw: [st·E."ft'·aw] PF vtr. examine, checksteng: [stEN] PF adj. similarsteyki: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr. anger, make someone an-

gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)

sti: [st·i] PF vin. anger (intransitive), be angrysto: [st·o] PF v. refuse (to do something)stum: [stum] PF adv. almoststxeli: ["st'E.li] PF n. giftstxenu: ["st'E.nu] PF n. offer (c.w. from stxeli

gift and lonu release)stxenutìng: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] PF vtr. offer (derived

from stxenu offer, n.)stxong: [st'oN] PF adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-

nownsulìn: ["s·u.l·In] PF svin. be busy (positive sense),

be engrossed in something one finds especiallypleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn bebusy)

sung: [s·uN] PF vtr. addsunu: ["s·u.n·u] PF vin. be pleasing or likeable,

bring enjoyment

sutx: [s·ut'] PF vtr. track, followswaw: [swaw] PF n. momentswawtsyìp: ["swaw.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little moment,

second (derived from swaw moment)swey: [swEj] PF adj. bestsweylu: ["swEj.lu] PF v. should (derived from

swey best and lu is)swirä: [swi."Ræ] PF n. creatureswizaw: [swi."zaw] PF n. arrowswoa: ["swo.a] PF n. intoxicating beverage, or

“spirits”swok: [swok^] PF adj. sacredswotu: ["swo.tu] PF n. sacred placesyanan: ["sja.nan] PF n. a single drop or series of

smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially alonga stream or series of pools (countable)

syaw: [sj·aw] PF vin. callsyay: [sjaj] PF n. fatesyayvi: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. luck, chance (derived

from syay fate)syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] PF adj. bittersyeha: ["sjE.ha] PF n. breathsyeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] PF vin. breathe (derived

from syeha breath)syen: [sjEn] PF adj. last, finalsyep: [sj·Ep^] PF vtr. trapsyeprel: [sjEp."REl] PF n. camera (c.w. from syep

trap and rel image)syo: [sjo] PF adj. light (physical weight),

lightweightsyon: [sjon] PF n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-

teristic, point, aspect, facet, propertysyulang: ["sju.laN] PF n. flowersyura: [sju."ra] PF n. energy (physical or spiritu-

al)syuratan: [sju."ra.tan] PF,JC n. bioluminescence

(c.w. from syura energy and atan light)syuve: ["sju.vE] PF n. food (collective noun, can-

not be pluralised)

26

T

ta–: [ta] PF adp. from (locative), from (temporalsense with other time words)

ta’em: [ta."PEm] PF adv. from aboveta’leng: ["taP.lEN] PF n. skinta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] PF adj. skin blue

(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] PF adp. from up among (c.w.

from ta from and fkip– up among)tafral: [ta."fRal] PF adv. therefore, because of thattakip–: [ta."kip^] PF adp. from among (c.w. from

ta from and kip– among)takrra: [ta."kr

".a] PF conj. since (temporal) allo-

morph of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and tafrom)

takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. striketalun–: [ta."lun] PF adp. because of, due totalun(a): [ta."lun(a)] PF conj. because, from the

reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)tam: [t·am] PF vin., intj. that will suffice, that

will do, OKtam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,

there theretangek: ["ta.NEk^] PF n. trunk (of a tree)tanhì: [tan."hI] PF n. star, bioluminescent freckletare: ["t·a.R·E] PF vtr. connect, relate to, have a re-

lationship withtaron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,PF vtr. hunttaronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,PF n. hunter (c.w. from

taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.>tsjIp^] PF n. little hun-

ter (derived from taronyu hunter)tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. lose track, lose aware-

ness of somethingtatlam: [tat."lam] PF adv. apparently (derived

from lam seem)taw: [taw] PF n. skytaweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] PF conj. because, based

on the causetawng: [t·awN] PF vin. duck, divetawsyuratan: [taw.sju."ra.tan] PF,LN n. au-

rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan(bio)luminescence)

täftxu: [t·æ."ft'·u] PF vtr. weavetäftxuyu: [tæ."ft'u.ju] PF n. weaver (derived

from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)tätxaw: [t·æ."t'·aw] PF vin. returnte: [tE] JC part. used in full names

tel: [t·El] PF vtr. receivetelem: [tE."lEm] PF n. cordtem: [t·Em] PF vin. shoottemrey: [tEm."REj] PF n. survival (derived from

emrey survive)teng: [tEN] PF adj. same, equaltengfya: ["tEN.fja] PF conj. as, same way as (situ-

ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equaland fya’o path)

tengkrr: [tEN."kr"] PF conj. while, same time as

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)teri–: [tE."Ri] PF adp. about, concerningterkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] PF vin. dieteswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] PF vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.

from tìng give)tete: ["tE.tE] PF adj. dull (as a blade)tewng: [tEwN] PF n. loinclothtewti: ["tEw.ti] PF intj. wow, expression of surpri-

se and pleasureteya: [tE."ja] PF adj. fullteya si: [tE."ja "s·i] PF vin. fill (with dative of

thing filled) (derived from teya full)teynga: ["tEjN.a] PF n. that answer (contraction

of tì’eyng a)teyngla: ["tEjN.la] PF n. that answer (agentive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] PF n. that answer (patientive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)teyr: [tEjR] PF adj. whiteteyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] PF n. white (derived from

teyr white)til: [til] PF n. joint, hingetinan: ["ti.nan] PF n. reading (derived from in-

an read)tirea: [ti."RE.a] PF n. spirittireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.�fja.Po] PF n. spirit path (c.w.

from tirea spirit and fya’o path)tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.�o.aN] PF n. spirit animal

(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.�k'·o] PF v. commu-

ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] PF n. camping (derived

from ’awm camp)tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] PF vin. camp (derived

from ’awm camp)tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] PF n. individuality (nega-

tive connotation), selfishness (derived from

27

’awpo one individual)tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] PF n. feeling (derived from

’efu feel)tì’em: [tI."PEm] PF n. the art of cooking (derived

from ’em cook)tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] PF n. friendship (derived

from ’eylan friend)tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] PF n. answer, response (deri-

ved from ’eyng answer)tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] PF n. ending, conclusion (deri-

ved from ’i’a end)tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] PF adv. until the end

(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] PF n. humor (derived from

’ipu humorous)tì’o’: [tI."PoP] PF n. fun, excitement (derived

from ’o’ exciting)tì’ong: [tI."PoN] PF n. blooming, unfolding (deri-

ved from ’ong bloom)tìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] PF,JC n. leadership (deri-

ved from eyktan leader)tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] PF n. state, condition,

situation (derived from fkeytok exist)tìflä: [tI."flæ] PF n. success (in general) (derived

from flä succeed)tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] PF n. test (derived from

fmetok test)tìfmi: [tI."fmi] PF n. attempt (derived from fmi

attempt)tìfnu: [tI."fnu] PF n. quiet, silence (derived from

fnu quiet)tìftang: [tI."ftaN] PF n. stopping, the glottal stop

(derived from ftang stop)tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] PF vin. stop (derived

from tìftang stopping)tìftia: [tI.fti".a] PF n. study (derived from ftia

study)tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. science,

the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-tia study and kifkey world)

tìftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] PF n. passion (derivedfrom ftxavang passionate)

tìftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] PF n. choice (derived from ftx-ey choose)

tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. speech-making,public speaking (derived from fxtulì’u orate,give speech)

tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] PF n. guidance(derived from fyawìntxu guide)

tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] PF n. ripeness, maturity, fullfruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)

tìhawl: [tI."hawl] PF n. preparations, plan (deri-ved from hawl prepare)

tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] PF n. protection (derivedfrom hawnu protect, shelter)

tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] PF vin. protect (de-rived from tìhawnu protection)

tìhona: [tI."ho.na] PF n. cuteness, adorableness(derived from hona endearing)

tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] PF n. free time, the absence of bu-siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)

tìkan: [tI."kan] PF n. aim, goal, purpose, target(derived from kan aim)

tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] PF n. work (derivedfrom kem action, deed)

tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] PF vin. work(derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n. project, pie-ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] PF n. intelligence (derivedfrom kanu smart)

tìkawng: [tI."kawN] PF n. evil (derived fromkawng bad)

tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] PF n. example (derivedfrom kenong model)

tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] PF n. difference (c.w. fromke not and teng same)

tìkin: [tI."kin] PF n. need (derived from kinneed)

tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] PF n. teaching (the act) (de-rived from kar teach)

tìkxey: [tI."k'Ej] PF n. incorrectness, mistakeness(derived from kxeyey mistake)

tìkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] PF vin. mess up, foul, dowrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

tìlam: [tI."lam] PF n. appearance (derived fromlam seem)

tìlen: [tI."lEn] Prr n. event, happening (derivedfrom len happen)

tìlor: [tI."loR] PF n. beauty (derived from lorbeautiful)

tìm: [tIm] PF adj. lowtìmal: [tI."mal] PF n. trustworthiness (derived

from mal trustworthy)tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] PF n. harmony (general

sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)tìmeyp: [tI."Ejp] PF n. weakness (derived from

meyp weak)

28

tìmll’an: [tI.ml"."Pan] PF n. acceptance (derived

from mll’an accept)tìmok: [tI."mok^] PF n. suggestion (derived

from mok suggest)tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] PF n. mating, marriage

(derived from muntxa mated)tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] PF n. patience (deri-

ved from maweypey be patient)tìn: [tIn] PF n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-

ved from ’ìn be busy)tìng: [t·IN] PF vtr. givetìngay: [tI."Naj] PF n. truth (derived from ngay

true)tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. difficulty, problem

(derived from ngäzìk difficult)tìng lawr: [t·IN lawr] PF vin. sing wordlessly, gi-

ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawrmelody)

tìng mikyun: ["t·Im "mik.jun] PF vin. listen (de-rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)

tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] PF vin. look (derivedfrom tìng give and nari eye)

tìngong: [tI."NoN] PF n. lethargy, laziness (deri-ved from ngong lazy)

tìngop: [tI."Nop^] PF n. creation (derived fromngop create)

tìng tseng: ["t·IN ">tsEN] PF vin. back down, gi-

ve ground (derived from tìng give and tsengground)

tìno: [tI."no] PF n. thoroughness, attention to de-tail

tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] PF n. curiosity (derivedfrom newomum be curious)

tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] PF n. explanation (de-rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)

tìohakx: [tI.o."hak'] PF n. hunger (derived fromohakx hungry)

tìomum: [tI."o.mum] PF n. knowledge (derivedfrom omum know)

tìpawm: [tI."pawm] PF n. question (derivedfrom pawm ask)

tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] PF n. arrival (derivedfrom pähem arrive)

tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k'o] PF n. conversation, di-scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)

tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k'o.>tsjIp^] PF n. little

conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-versation)

tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] PF n. decision (derivedfrom pe’un decide)

tìprrte’: [tI."pr".tEP] PF n. pleasure (derived

from prrte’ pleasurable)tìran: [t·I."R·an] PF vin. walktìrawn: [tI."rawn] PF n. replacement, the act of

replacing (derived from rawn replace)tìrey: [tI."REj] PF n. life (derived from rey live)tìrol: [tI."Rol] PF n. song (vocal) (derived from

rol sing)tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] PF n. imagination (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] PF n. destruction (derived

from ska’a destroy)tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.>tsu] PF n. description (derived

from sla’tsu describe)tìslan: [tI."slan] PF n. support (emotional, social

or personal support) (derived from slan sup-port) ofp.

tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] PF n. loss (derived fromsnaytx lose)

tìso’ha: [tI."oP.ha] PF n. enthusiasm, having agood attitude (derived from so’ha be entusi-astic about)

tìsom: [tI."som] PF n. heat (derived from somhot)

tìsop: [tI."sop^] PF n. journey (derived from soptravel)

tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] PF n. capture (derived fromspe’e capture)

tìspxin: [tI."sp'in] PF n. the state of being ill, sick-ness (derived from spxin sick)

tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] PF n. pain (derived from srawpainful)

tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] PF vtr. hurt (so-meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw painand s«eyk»i make (causative))

tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] PF vin. hurt, be painful(derived from tìsraw pain)

tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] PF n. prophecy (derivedfrom srese’a prophetize)

tìsti: [tI."sti] PF n. anger (derived from sti beangry)

tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script(P.S.) (derived from sung add)

tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] PF n. hunting (derived fromtaron hunt)

tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] PF n. death (in abstractsense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in-

29

evitable."tìtslam: [tI.">tslam] PF n. understanding, intelli-

gence (derived from tslam understand)tìtstew: [tI.">tstEw] PF n. courage, braverytìtstewnga’: [tI.">tstEw.NaP] PF adj. courageous,

brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

tìtstunwi: [tI.">tstun.wi] PF n. kindness (derivedfrom tstunwi kind)

tìtsunslu: [tI.">tsun.slu] PF n. possibility (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

tìtsyär: [tI.">tsjær] PF n. rejection (derived fromtsyär reject)

tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] PF n. hunting (derivedfrom taron hunt)

tìtxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] PF n. greed (derivedfrom txanew greedy)

tìtxen: [tI."t'En] PF n. awakeness, the state of wa-king (derived from txen awake)

tìtxen si: [tI."t'En s·i] PF vin. to wake, to waken,wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)

tìtxula: [tI."t'u.la] PF n. construction, construc-ted thing (derived from txula build)

tìtxur: [tI."t'uR] PF n. strength, power (derivedfrom txur strong)

tìvawm: [tI."vawm] PF n. darkness (derivedfrom vawm dark)

tìväng: [tI."væN] PF n. thirst (derived fromväng thirsty)

tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] PF n. hatred (derived fromve’kì hate)

tìwan: [tI."wan] PF n. obfuscation, cover up (de-rived from wan hide)

tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] PF n. dispute, argument (de-rived from wäte argue)

tìwew: [tI."wEw] PF n. coldness, cold (derivedfrom wew cold)

tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] PF n. fighting (derivedfrom wem fight)

tìyawn: [tI."jawn] PF n. love (derived fromyawne beloved)

tìyawr: [tI."jawR] PF n. correctness (derivedfrom eyawr correct)

tìyo’: [tI."yoP^] PF n. perfection (derived fromyo’ be perfect)

tìyora’: [tI.jo"RaP] PF n. victory, a win (derivedfrom yora’ win)

tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] PF n. eating (the act) (de-rived from yom eat)

to: [to] PF part. comparative marker than (be-haves like an adp.)

tok: [t·ok^] PF vtr. be at, occupy a spacetokx: [tok'] PF n. bodytolel: [to."lEl] PF intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-

derstand! (synonym: tslolam)toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] PF vtr. shoottompa: ["tom.pa] PF n. raintompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] PF n. drizzle (de-

rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] PF n. sleet (derived

from tompa rain and herwì snow)tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] PF n. raindrop (derived

from tompa rain and ìlva drop)tor: [toR] PF adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived

from toruk last shadow)toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-

der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and maktoride)

trr: [tr"] PF n. day

trr’awve: [tr"."Paw.vE] PF n. Sunday (c.w. from

trr day and ’awve first)trr’ong: [tr

"."PoN] PF n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from

trr day and ’ong unfold)trr’ongmaw: [tr

"."PoN.maw] PF n. dawn after

sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-ter)

trram: [tr"."am] PF adv. yesterday (derived from

trr day and ham previous)trray: [tr

"."aj] PF adv. tomorrow (derived from

trr day and hay next)trrkive: [tr

"."ki.vE] PF n. Saturday (c.w. from trr

day and kive seventh)trrmrrve: [tr

"."mr

".vE] PF n. Thursday (c.w. from

trr day and mrrve fifth)trrmuve: [tr

"."mu.vE] PF n. Monday (c.w. from

trr day and muve second)trrpeve: [tr

"."pE.vE] PF inter. which day (derived

from trr day and –pe interrogative markerand –ve ordinal number marker)

trrpuve: [tr"."pu.vE] PF n. Friday (c.w. from trr

day and puve sixth)trrpxeyve: [tr

"."p'Ej.vE] PF n. Tuesday (c.w. from

trr day and pxeyve third)trrtsìve: [tr

".">tsI.vE] PF n. Wednesday (c.w. from

trr day and tsìve fourth)trrtxon: [tr

".t'on] PF n. the day and night cycle of

Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)tukru: [tuk."Ru] PF n. spear

30

tul: [t·ul] PF vin. runtumpin: ["tum.pin] PF n. red, orange (derived

from tun red, orange)tun: [tun] PF adj. red, orangetung: [t·uN] PF v. allowtungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] PF vtr. drop (ii) (c.w.

from tung allow and zup fall)tup: [tup^] PF conj. instead of, rather thantupe: ["tu.pE] PF inter. who allomorph of pesu

tut: [tut^] PF part. continuation markertuté: [tu."tE] PF n. female (person) (derived from

tute person)tutan: [tu."tan] PF n. male (person) (derived

from tute person)tute: ["tu.tE] PF n. persontuteo: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. somebody, someone (de-

rived from tute person)tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] PF v. lean

Ts

tsa–: [>tsa] PF prefix thattsa’u: [">tsa.Pu] PF dem. that (thing) (c.w. from

tsa that and ’u thing)tsafya: [>tsa."fja] PF adv. that way, like that (c.w.

from tsa- that and fya’o way)tsa-hey: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning

or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’tsaheyl si: [>tsa."hEjl "s·i] PF vin. bond with,

establish a neural connection (derived fromtsaheylu bond)

tsaheylu: [>tsa."hEj.lu] JC,PF n. bond (neural con-nection)

tsakem: [">tsa.kEm] or [>tsa."kEm] PF dem. that

(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-tion)

tsakrr: [>tsa."kr"] PF dem. then, at that time (deri-

ved from tsa- that and krr time)tsakrrvay: [>tsa."kr

".vaj] PF adv. until then, in the

meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay upto)

tsal: [>tsal] PF pn. that, it (transitive subject)tsalsungay: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv. nevertheless,

even sotsam: [>tsam] PF n. wartsamopin: [">tsa.mo.pin] PF n. warpaint (c.w.

from tsam war and ’opin color)tsampongu: [">tsam.po.Nu] PF n. war party (c.w.

from tsam war and pongu party)tsamsiyu: [">tsam.si.ju] PF n. warrior (derived

from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)tsang: [>tsaN] PF n. a piercingtsap’alute: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE] PF n. apologytsap’alute si: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] PF vin. apologi-

se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-gy)

tsapo: [">tsa.po] PF pn. that one (for people only)(c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)

tsaria: [">tsa.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromtsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)

tsat: [>tsat^] PF pn. that, it (as object)tsata: [">tsa.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)tsatseng: [>tsa.">tsEN] or ["

>tsa.

>tsEN] PF dem., n.

there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tsengplace)

tsatu: [">tsa.tu] PF dem. that person (c.w. fromtsa that and tute person)

tsaw: [>tsaw] PF dem., pn. that, it (as intransitivesubject)

tsawa: [">tsa.wa] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromtsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)

tsawke: [">tsaw.kE] PF n. suntsawl: [>tsawl] PF adj. big (in size), tall ofp.tsawlhì’: [>tsawl."hIP] PF n. size (c.w. from tsawl

big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))tsawl slu: [">tsawl "sl·u] PF vin. grow (c.w. from

tsawl big and slu become)tsawlultxa: [>tsawl.ul."t'a] PF n. large gathering,

conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me-eting)

tsay+: [>tsaj] PF prefix those (c.w. from tsa– thatand ay+ plural)

tsä’: [>ts·æP] PF v. squirttse: [>tsE] PF part. well (conversation starter)tse’a: [>ts·E."P·a] PF vtr. see (physical sense)tseltsul: [">tsEl.>tsul] PF n. whitewater rapids

(countable, but only rarely)tseng(e): [">tsEN(E)] PF n. placetsengo: [">tsE.No] PF pn. somewhere (derived

from tseng place)tsengpe: [">tsEN.pE] PF inter. where allomorph

of pesengtseo: [">tsE.o] PF n. arttsewtx: [>tsEwt'] PF adj. dirty

31

tsim: [>tsim] PF n. sourcetsìk: [>tsIk] PF adv. suddenly, without warningtsìng: [>tsIN] PF num. fourtsìsyì: [">ts·I.sy·I] PF vin. whispertsìve: [">tsI.vE] PF adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived

from tsìng four)tskalep: [">tska.lEp^] PF n. crossbowtsko: [>tsko] PF n. bow (weapon)tsko swizaw: [">tsko swi."zaw] PF n. bow and ar-

row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)tskxaytsyìp: [">tsk'aj.>tsjIp^] PF n. hail (derived

from tskxepay ice)tskxe: [>tsk'E] PF n. rock, stonetskxekeng: [">tsk'E.kEN] PF n. training, exercisetskxekeng si: [">tsk'E.kEN "s·i] PF vin. exercise,

train (derived from tskxekeng training)tskxepay: [">tsk'E.paj] PF n. ice (derived from

tskxe stone and pay water)tslam: [>tsl·am] PF vtr. understandtsleng: [>tslEN] PF adj. falsetslolam: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. get it, I understand

(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfective aspect infix)

tsmìm: [>tsmIm] PF n. track, trace (of animal orperson)

tsmuk: [>tsmuk^] PF n. siblingtsmukan: [">tsmu.kan] PF n. brother (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsmuke: [">tsmu.kE] PF n. sister (derived from

tsmuk sibling)tsmuktu: [">tsmuk.tu] PF n. sibling (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsngal: [>tsNal] PF n. cuptsngan: [>tsNan] PF n. meattsngawpay: [">tsNaw.paj] PF n. tears (c.w. from

tsngawvìk cry and pay water)tsngawpayvi: [">tsNaw.paj.vi] PF n. teardrop

(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water,with partitive marker)

tsngawvìk: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. cry, weeptsnì: [>tsnI] PF sbd. that (function word) (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)tsong: [>tsoN] PF n. valleytsongtsyìp: [">tsoN.>tsjIp] PF n. dimple (derived

from tsong valley)tsopì: [">tso.pI] PF n. lungtspang: [>tsp·aN] PF vtr. kill

tsranten: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin. matter, be of im-portance

tsray: [>tsRaj] PF n. villagetsre’i: [">tsR·E.P·i] PF vtr. throwtstal: [>tstal] PF n. knifetstew: [>tstEw] PF adj. brave ofp.tstu: [>tstu] PF adj. closed, shut, overcast (for

cloudy skies)tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, thoughtful,

consideratetstu si: [">tstu "s·i] PF vin. close (derived from

tstu closed)tstxo: [>tst'o] PF n. nametstxolì’u: [">tst'o.lI.Pu] PF n. noun (c.w. from

tstxo name and lì’u word)tsu’o: [">tsu.Po] PF n. abilitytsuk–: [>tsuk] PF prefix able to (c.w. from tsun

able and fko one)tsuksìm: [">tsuk.sIm] PF n. chintsuktswa’: [>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. forgettable (de-

rived from tswa’ forget)tsukyom: [>tsuk."jom] PF adj. edible (derived

from yom eat)tsulfä: [>tsul."fæ] PF n. masterytsulfä si: [>tsul."fæ "s·i] PF vin. master (derived

from tsulfä mastery)tsulfätu: [>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. master of an art,

craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfämastery)

tsun: [>ts·un] PF vim. can, be abletsunslu: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. may, be possible

(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)tsurokx: [>ts·u."R·ok'] PF v. resttswa’: [>tsw·aP] PF vtr. forgettswayon: [">tsw·aj.·on] PF vin. flytswin: [>tswin] PF n. queue, braidtswintsyìp: [">tswin.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little queue (de-

rived from tswin queue)tsyafe: [">tsja.fE] PF adj. mild, moderate, comfor-

tabletsyal: [>tsjal] PF n. wingtsyär: [>tsj·ær] PF vtr. rejecttsyìl: [>tsjIl] PF vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire bo-

dy up)tsyo: [>tsjo] PF n. flourtsyokx: [>tsjok'] PF n. handtsyosyu: [">tsjo.sju] PF n. food made from flour

(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

32

Tx

txa’: [t'aP] PF adj. hardtxal: [t'al] PF n. back (of the body)txampay: [t'am."paj] PF n. sea, ocean (c.w. from

txan much and pay water)txampxì: [t'am."p'I] PF n. majority, most, large

part (derived from txan much)txan: [t'an] PF adj. muchtxanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] PF adj. bright, vivid (c.w.

from txan much and atan light)txanew: ["t'a.nEw] PF adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-

an much and new want)txanfwerwì: [t'an."fwER.wI] PF n. blizzard (de-

rived from txan much and hufwe+herwìwind+snow)

txankrr: [t'aN."kr"] PF adv. for a long time (c.w.

from txan much and krr time)txanro’a: [t'an."r·o.P·a] PF vin. be famous (c.w.

from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-spect)

txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] PF n. rainstorm, he-avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tomparain)

txantsan: ["t'an.>tsan] PF adj. excellenttxantslusam: ["t'an.>tslu.sam] PF adj. wise (c.w.

from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)txantstew: ["t'an.>tstEw] PF n. hero (c.w. from

txan much and tstew brave)txantur: ["t'an.tuR] PF adj. powerful (c.w. from

txan much and txur strong)txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] PF adj. personally me-

aningful, significant (c.w. from txan muchand wawe significance)

txasom: ["t'a.som] PF adj. very hot (derivedfrom txan much and som hot)

txawew: ["t'a.wEw] PF adj. very cold (derivedfrom txan much and wew cold)

txay: [t'aj] PF vin. be horizontal, lie flattxayo: ["t'a.jo] PF n. field, open terrain, plaintxärem: ["t'æ.REm] PF n. bonetxe’lan: [t'EP."lan] PF n. hearttxele: ["t'E.lE] PF n. matter (subject)txen: [t'En] PF adj. awaketxep: [t'Ep^] PF n. firetxepìva: ["t'E.pI.va] PF n. ash, cinder (derived

from txep fire and ìlva flake)txeptseng: ["t'Ep.>tsEN] PF n. place where a fire

is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire

and tseng place)txeptsyìp: ["t'Ep.>tsjIp^] PF n. dear or cute little

fire (derived from txep fire)txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] PF n. spark (derived from txep

fire)txew: [t'Ew] PF n. edge, brink, limit, border, endtxewk: [t'Ewk^] PF n. club (weapon)txewm: [t'Ewm] PF adj. scary, frighteningtxewnga’: ["t'Ew.NaP] PF adj. having a limit, not

without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limitand nga’ contain)

txey: [t'·Ej] PF v. halttxi: [t'i] PF n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzytxin: [t'in] PF adj. main, primarytxintìn: ["t'in.tIn] PF n. occupation, primary role

in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-ty that keeps one busy)

txìm: [t'Im] PF n. butt, rear end, asstxìng: [t'·IN] PF vtr. leave, abandontxo: [t'o] PF conj. iftxoa: ["t'o.a] PF n. forgivenesstxokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] PF conj. if not, or else,

otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if notone path)

txon: [t'on] PF n. nighttxon’ong: [t'on."PoN] PF,Prr n. night-fall, sun-

set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

txon’ongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] PF n. twilight,the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-on’ong sunset and maw after)

txonam: [t'o."nam] PF adv. last night (derivedfrom txon night and ham previous)

txonay: [t'o."naj] PF adv. tomorrow night (deri-ved from txon night and hay next)

txonkrr: ["t'on.kr"] PF adv. at night (c.w. from

txon night and krr time)txopu: ["t'o.pu] PF n. feartxopu si: ["t'o.pu "s·i] PF vin. be afraid (derived

from txopu fear)txukx: [t'uk'] PF adj. deep (physically)txula: ["t'·u.l·a] PF vtr. build, constructtxum: [t'um] PF n. poisontxumnga’: ["t'um.NaP] PF adj. poisonous (deri-

ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)txur: [t'uR] PF adj. strong (physically)

33

U

uk: [uk^] PF n. shadow (derived from toruk lastshadow)

ukxo: [u."k'o] PF adj. dryulte: ["ul.tE] PF conj. and (clausal conjunction)ultxa: [ul."t'a] PF n. meetingultxarun: [ul."t'a.R·un] PF vtr. encounter, meet

by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting andrun find)

ultxa si: [ul."t'a "s·i] PF vin. meet with someoneintentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-txa meeting)

ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] PF n. meeting participant(derived from ultxa meeting)

um: [um] PF adj. loose

unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dreamuniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,PF n. ava-

tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyudreamwalker and tokx body)

uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] PF n. dreamwalker(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)

uo–: ["u.o] PF adp. behinduran: ["u.Ran] PF n. boatutral: ["ut.Ral] PF n. treeutraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.>tsjIp^] PF n. bush (derived

from utral tree)uvan: [u."van] PF n. game, uvan letokx sportuvan si: [u."van "s·i] PF vin. play (a game) (deri-

ved from uvan game)

V

var: [v·aR] PF vim. to persist in a state, to conti-nue to perform an action

vawm: [vawm] PF adj. darkvawmpin: ["vawm.pin] PF n. dark color (deri-

ved from vawm dark)vay–: [vaj] PF adp. up tovaykrr: [vaj."kr

"] PF conj. until (c.w. from vay–

up to and krr time)vä’: [væP] PF adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-

meväng: [væN] PF adj. thirstyve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] PF vtr. hateve’o: ["vEP.o] PF n. order (as opposed to disorder

or chaos), organizationvefya: ["vE.fja] PF n. system, process, procedure,

approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand fya’o way, manner)

velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] PF vin. give up, surrender, con-cede defeat

velke: ["vEl.ke] PF adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani-zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi-zation and luke without)

venga’: ["vE.NaP] PF adj. organized, “on top ofthings" (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand nga’ contain)

venu: ["vE.nu] PF n. footvenzek: ["vEn.zEk^] PF n. toe (c.w. from venu

foot and zekwä finger)vewng: [v·EwN] PF vtr. look after, take care of, be

responsible for

vey: [vEj] PF n. food made from animal origin,flesh

vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] PF vtr. put in order, orga-nize (derived from vezo be in order)

vezo: [vE."z·o] PF vin. be in order, be organized(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it shouldbe)

vin: [v·in] PF vtr. request, ask forvingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] PF vtr. occur to one, pop

into one’s mind, strike onevirä: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. spread, proliferatevitra: [vit."Ra] PF n. soulvll: [vl

"] PF vin., vtr. indicate, point at

vol: [vol] PF num. eightvolve: ["vol.vE] PF adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived

from vol eight)vospxì: [vo."sp'I] PF n. month (derived from

vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)vospxìam: [vo.sp'I."am] PF n. last month (deri-

ved from vospxì month)vospxìay: [vo.sp'I."aj] PF n. next month (deri-

ved from vospxì month)vrrìn: ["v·r

".·In] PF svin. be busy (negative sen-

se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activi-ty that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìnbe busy)

vrrtep: ["vr".tEp^] PF n. demon

vul: [vul] PF n. branch (of a tree)vur: [vuR] PF n. storyvurvi: ["vuR.vi] PF n. summary, synopsis (deri-

ved from vur story)

34

W

walak: ["wa.lak^] PF adj. energetic, activewan: [w·an] PF vtr. hidewawe: [wa."wE] PF n. meaning, importance, sig-

nificanceway: [waj] PF n. song (ancient, ceremonial)way a plltxe: [waj a pl

".t'E] PF ph. spoken poem

(as a melodic recital) (derived from way sing(ceremonial register))

way a rol: [waj a Rol] PF ph. sung poem (deri-ved from way sing (ceremonial register))

wayä ayli’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] PF ph. words of apoem or lyrics of a song (derived from waysing (ceremonial register))

way si: ["waj "s·i] PF vin. sing (derived fromway song)

waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] PF n. song cord (c.w.from way song and telem cord)

wä+: [wæ] PF adp. against (as in: fight against)wäte: [wæ."t·E] PF vtr. argue, disputewätu: ["wæ.tu] PF n. opponent (derived from

wä- against)wätx: [w·æt'] PF vtr. be bad at

wem: [w·Em] PF vin. fightwempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. squad, milita-

ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight andpongu group)

wew: [wEw] PF adj. coldweyn: [w·Ejn] PF v. draw, illustratewin: [win] PF adj. fastwin säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] PF vin. hurry (c.w. from

win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))win si: ["win "s·i] PF vin. rush something, make

something fast (derived from win fast)wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or

frustration, ’damn!’wìntxu: [w·In."t'·u] PF v. showwo: [w·o] PF vtr. reach forwok: [wok^] PF adj. loudwotx: [wot'] PF n. totality, wholewrrpa: ["wr

".pa] PF n., adv. outside

wum: [wum] PF adv. approximately, roughlywur: [wuR] PF adj. cool, chillywutso: ["wu.

>tso] PF n. dinner, served meal

Y

ya: [ja] PF n. airyafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] PF n. weather (derived

from fkeytok exist)yapay: ["ja.paj] PF n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from

ya air and pay water)yawne: ["jaw.nE] PF adj. belovedyawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] PF n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)yawntu: ["jawn.tu] PF n. loved one (derived

from yawne beloved)yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] PF n. broken heart,

broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne belovedand yewla disappointment)

yawo: [ja."w·o] PF vin. take off, launch (c.w.from ya air and wo reach for)

yayayr: [ja."jajR] PF n. confusionyaymak: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. foolish, ignorantyayo: ["ja.jo] PF n. bird (c.w. from ya air and

ioang animal)yän: [j·æn] PF vtr. fasten, tie downye: [jE] PF adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full

ye’krr: ["jEP.kr"] PF adv. early (derived from

ye’rìn soon and krr time)ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] PF adv. soonyehakx: ["jE.hak'] PF adj. satisfied from hunger,

full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)yem: [j·Em] PF vtr. put, placeyemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] PF n. dipping, immersion

(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-ter)

yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] PF vin. dip intoliquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)

yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok'] PF vtr. put on (clot-hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-kx body)

yeväng: ["jE.væN] PF adj. satisfied from thirst bydrink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived fromye satisfied and väng thirsty)

yewla: ["jEw.la] PF n. disappointment, emotionallet-down, failed expectation

yey: [jEj] PF adj. straightyìm: [j·Im] PF vtr. bindyll: [jl

"] PF adj. communal

35

ylltxep: ["jl".t'Ep^] PF n. communal fire or fire pit

(c.w. from yll communal and txep fire)yo: [jo] PF n. surfaceyo’: [j·oP^] PF svin. be perfect, flawlessyol: [jol] PF adj. short (of time)yom: [j·om] PF vtr. eatyomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] PF vin. feed (with dative ob-

ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)

yora’: [jo·."R·aP] PF vtr. winyora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] PF n. winner (derived from

yora’ win)yrrap: ["jr

".ap^] PF n. storm (derived from ya air

and hrrap danger)yuey: ["ju.Ej] PF adj. beautiful (inner beauty)

ofp.yur: [j·uR] PF vtr. wash

Z

za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. pull (derivedfrom ’ärìp move)

za’u: ["z·a.P·u] PF vin. comezam: [zam] PF num. sixty fourzamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. bring (derived

from munge bring)zapxì: [za."p'I] PF n. front (part or section) (deri-

ved from hapxì part)zare’: [za."rEP] PF n. forehead, brow (c.w. from

zapxì front and re’o head)zasrìn: [za."sr·In] PF vtr. borrow (derived from

srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)zawng: [z·awN] PF vin. screamzekwä: ["zEk.wæ] PF n. fingerzene: ["z·E.n·E] PF vim. mustzenke: ["z·EN.kE] PF vim. must not (ii) (c.w.

from zene must and ke not)zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] PF v. rememberzeswa: ["zE.swa] PF n. grasszeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] PF n. blade of grass (deri-

ved from zeswa grass)zet: [z·Et^] PF vtr. treat (emotionally), display an

attitude towards

zey: [zEj] PF adj. special, distinctzeyko: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. heal, fix (derived from

zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] PF n. newcomer, some-

one who has just arrived on the scenezìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr

"] PF n. season (derived from

zìsìt year and krr time)zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] PF n. yearzìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] PF n. next year (derived from

zìsìt year)zo: [z·o] PF svin. be well, be intact, be as it should

be, work correctly or as nature intendedzong: [z·oN] PF v. save, defendzongtseng: ["zoN.>tsEN] PF n. safe place, refuge

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)zoplo: [zop."lo] PF n. offence, insultzoslu: ["zo.sl·u] PF vin. heal, become well, get fix-

ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)zup: [z·up^] PF vin. fallzusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr

"] PF n. future (c.w. from

z«us»a’u coming and krr time)

36

A The Number System

The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in theirsingular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underliningindicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial numberreference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced agrammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states thatin referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “Youtwo are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 390 1 2 3 4

0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 635 6 7

0 mrrvol puvol kivol1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

Ordinal NumbersNumber + -ve

0 – 8 volve1 ’awve 9 volawve2 muve 10 vomuve3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve4 tsìve 12 vosìve5 mrrve 13 vomrrve6 puve 14 vofuve7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096

1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

37

Example Numberzamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxontrr’ong dawn

trr’ongmaw after dawnrewon morning

srekamtrr before noonkxamtrr noon

kxamtrrmaw after noonha’ngir early afternoonkaym late afternoon

sreton’ong before nightfalltxon’ong nightfall

txon’ongmaw after nightfalltxon night

srekamtxon before midnightkxamtxon midnight

kxamtxomaw after midnighttxon night

sresrr’ong before dawntrr’ong dawn

Days of the Terrestrial WeekSunday trr’awveMonday trrmuveTuesday trrpxeyve

Wednesday trrtsìveThursday trrmrrve

Friday trrpuveSaturday trrkive

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] PF n. English language (loa-ned from Eng. English)

’Rrta: ["Pr".ta] PF,Prr prop.n. Earth (loaned

from Eng. Earth)

Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] PF prop.n. Europe (loanedfrom Greek Europe)

hametsì: [ha.mE.>tsI] PF n. leavened bread (loa-

ned from Hebrew chametz)

Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:l"i] M n. moron, toruk mak-

toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-mally allowable under Na’vi phonotacticrules)

kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] PF n. gunship (loaned fromEng. gunship)

matsa: [ma.>tsa] PF n. matsa, crackers (loaned

from Hebrew matsa)nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] PF adv. French, in French

(loaned from Eng. French)nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] PF adv. German,

Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)nìTsyungwen: [nI.">tsjuN.wEn] PF adv. Zhong-

wen (loaned from Mandarin ChineseZhongwen)

Pari: [pa.Ri] PF prop.n. Paris (loaned fromFrench Paris)

päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] PF n. basketball (loa-ned from Eng. basketball)

pätsì: ["pæ.>tsI] PF n. badge (loaned from Eng.

badge)

38

pìlok: [pI."lok^] PF n. blog (loaned from Eng.blog)

puk: [puk^] PF n. book (loaned from Eng. book)puktsyìp: ["puk.>tsjIp^] PF n. pamphlet, booklet

(derived from puk book)pxir: [p'iR] PF n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-

er)skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] PF n. Skype (loaned from

English Skype)Sweriye: [swERijE] PF prop.n. Swedentawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] PF n. sky-ship (loaned from

Eng. ship)Toitslan: ["to.i.>tslan] PF prop.n. Germany (loa-

ned from German Deutschland)

Toitsye: ["to.i.>tsjE] PF adj. German (language)(loaned from German Deutsch)

toktor: ["tok.toR] PF n. doctor (loaned fromEng. doctor)

tsyänel: [>tsjæ.nEl] PF n. TV channel (loanedfrom Eng. channel)

tsyìräfì: [>tsjI.Ræ.fI] PF n. giraffe (loaned fromEng. giraffe)

wou: ["w·o.·u] PF svin. be amazing, fascinating(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)

Yeysu: [jEj.su] PF prop.n. Jesus (loaned fromItalian Jesu)

Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] PF prop.n. U.S.A. (loanedfrom Eng. U.S.A.)

39

D Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’viAmhul: [am."hul] PF prop.n. female Na’viAteyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo

(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itanson)

Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’viayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] PF prop.n.

the Floating Mountains (c.w. from rammountain and lìng hover)

ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra souland ramunong well)

Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] PF prop.n. male Na’viEntu: ["En.tu] PF prop.n. male Na’viEytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of

the OmatikayaEywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-

rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL

Eywa’eveng: [�Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,PF prop.n.Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)

Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway toHeaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi

Ìstaw: [I."staw] PF prop.n. male Na’viKamun: ["ka.mun] PF prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-

tionate form Kamtsyìp)Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Hometree (c.w.

from kelku home and utral tree)Lì’ona: [lI.Po.na] G,PF prop.n. a clanLoak: ["lo.ak^] PF prop.n. male Na’viMo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-

tikaya (also pronounced Moat)Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of

Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’itedaughter)

Na’vi: ["naP.vi] PF prop.n. the People, indige-nous Pandoran sentient race

Newey: [nE."wEj] PF prop.n. female Na’viNeytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the

OmatikayaNinat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the

OmatikayaOmatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue

Flute ClanOtranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. namePeyral: [pEj."Ral] PF prop.n. female of the Oma-

tikayaRalu: ["Ra.lu] PF prop.n. male Na’viRini: ["Ri.ni] PF prop.n. female Na’viRongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clanSeze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s bansheeSilwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sisterSorewn: [so."REwn] PF prop.n. female Na’viSwotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] PF prop.n. sacred river

(derived from swotu sacred place)Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] PF prop.n. Sky-person,

human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)Tsahìk: [">tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high

priestess, interpreterTsenu: [">tsE.nu] PF prop.n. female Na’viTskaha: [">tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clanTsu’tey: [>tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-

tikayaTsumongwi: [>tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original

name for the OmatikayaTuke: ["tu.kE] PF prop.n. female Na’viTxewì: ["t'E.wI] PF prop.n. male Na’viTxilte: ["t'il.tE] PF prop.n. female Na’viUniltaron: [�u.nil."ta.Ron] PF prop.n. Dream

Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,PF

prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral treeand mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)

Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] PF prop.n. male Na’vi

40

E Flora and Fauna

Flora

’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] PF n. leaf pitcher plant(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)

’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] PF n. pitcher plant’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl

"] PF n. thorny paw, cactus

(derived from ’ewll plant)anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] PF n. fibonacci, blue spiral

plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr

"] PF n. delta tree (c.w. from

apxa large and ngrr root)atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-

at treeawaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] PF n. banshee of paradiseeanean: ["E.an."E.an] PF n. cheadle, herbaceous

plant (c.w. from ean blue)eyaye: [E."ja.jE] PF n. warbonnetfkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl

"] PF n. itch plant (c.w.

from fkxake itch and ’ewll plant)flefle: ["flE.flE] PF n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic

plantfngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl

"] PF n. metal-

following plant (c.w. from fngap metal andsutx follow)

fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl"] PF n. mantis orchid (c.w.

from fwäkì mantis and ’ewll plant)hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl

"] PF n. puffer plant

kllpxiwll: [kl"."p'i.wl

"] PF n. lionberry (c.w. from

kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] PF n. cillaphant (derived

from kxayl high)loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] PF n. helicoradian, beautiful

spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-ral)

mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner, twisted lily (deri-ved from mìn turn)

mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] PF n. roosterhead plantpa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl

"] PF n. direhorse pitcher plant

(c.w. from pa’li direhorse and ’ewll plant)pamtseowll: ["pam.

>tsE.o.wl

"] PF n. cat ear, mu-

sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewllplant)

paywll: ["paj.wl"] PF n. water plant, dapophet

(c.w. from pay water and ’ewll plant)penghrrap: [pEN."hr

".ap^] PF n. binary sunshine,

fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrapdanger)

pxayzekwä: [p'aj."zEk.wæ] PF n. spiny whips(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)

pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] PF n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.from pxi sharp and utral tree)

pxiwll: ["p'i.wl"] PF n. hermit bud plant (c.w.

from pxi sharp and ’ewll plant)pxorna’: ["p'oR.naP] PF n. episoth, exploding seed

(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)pxorna’lor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] PF n. sari, beautiful

exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-ploding seed and lor beautiful)

rawp: [Rawp^] PF n. bladder polyprumut: ["Rum.ut^] PF n. ball tree (c.w. from rum

ball and utral tree)seze: ["sE.zE] PF,ZS n. blue flowersmaoe: [sma."o.E] PF n. phalanxia, heavily thor-

ned plantsngukx: [sNuk'] PF n. grub plantsomtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] PF n. popsicle, hot beauty

(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] PF n. hyneman, person

trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] PF n. sky tree (c.w. from taw

sky and utral tree)tawtsngal: ["taw.

>tsNal] PF n. panopyra, sky cup

(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl

"] PF n. spartan, pro-

tection plant (c.w. from tìhawnu protectionand ’ewll plant)

tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl"] PF n. geode, rain plant

(c.w. from tompa rain and ’ewll plant)torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] PF n. octoshroom,

great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from torukgreat leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)

tsawlapxangrr: [">tsawl.a.p'a.Nr"] PF n. unidelta

tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl bigand ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)

tstxa’a: [">tst'a.Pa] PF n. canalydtsyorina’wll: [>tsjo.Ri."naP.wl

"] PF n. cycad, flour

seed plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewllplant)

txll’u: ["t'l".Pu] PF n. hookagourd

txumpaywll: ["t'um.paj.wl"] PF n. scorpion

thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txumpoison and paywll water plant)

41

txumtsä’wll: [t'um.">tsæP.wl

"] PF n. Baja tickler,

poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirtand ’ewll plant)

väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl"] PF n. Centipede, bad-smell

plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahewsmell)

värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] PF n. vein pod (c.w.from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)

Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Tree ofSouls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] PF n. small ani-mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eatand hì’ang insect)

yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] PF n. chalice plant (c.w.from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna

’angtsìk: ["PaN.>tsIk^] PF n. hammerheadeltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] PF n. brainworm

(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)fkio: ["fki.o] PF n. tetrapteronfpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] PF n. medusafwampop: ["fwam.pop^] PF n. tapirusfwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] PF n. mantisikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. bansheeikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not

PF)kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-

nous arachnidkenten: ["kEn.tEn] PF n. fan lizardlonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa

nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,PF n. viperwolf Canifer-ratus costatus, striped armored wolf

pa’li: ["paP.li] PF n. direhorsepalulukan: [�pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-

loquial [pa."lu.kan])riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbatsyaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] PF n. prolemuristalioang: ["tal.�i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived

from ioang animal)teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larvatoruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-

dowyerik: ["jE.Rik^] PF n. hexapedezize’: [zi."zEP] PF n. hellfire wasp

42

F Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phraseencapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. Forthis reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken fromDr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] PF ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak'] PF ph. be hungry’ivong nìk’ong: [] PF ph. slow is fine’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] PF ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] PF ph. How are things in your part of the world?ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t'æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì

smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release it’s prey”, it’s a foregone conclusionetrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] PF ph. good luckEywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] PF,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with youfìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] PF ph. this is Ìstawfnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] PF ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking

a nap. Let her rest.ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] PF ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] PF ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against

someone’s or something’s naturefyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] PF ph. what are you called, what is your namehayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] PF ph. next time from mehayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] PF ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)irayo: [i."Ra.jo] PF intj. thanks, thank youkaltxì: [kal."t'I] PF intj. hello (casual)kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] PF ph. say hello, Ìstawka wotx: [ka wot'] PF ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] PF ph. no need (for thanks)kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] PF ph. isn’t that so? right? no?ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] PF ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when

something that should have turned out well didn’t)ke pxan: [kE p'an] PF ph. I’m not worthyke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] PF ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matterke tslolam: [] PF ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understandke zene win säpivi: [] PF ph. take your time, don’t rushkìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] PF intj. good-bye, see you again soonkrro krro: ["kr

".o "kr

".o] PF ph. at times, on occasion

kunsìpìri txana tìmeyp lu tsyal a mìn.: [] PF ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.>tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl

"."t'E] LN,PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:

the tail and ears also speak; body language is importantma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] PF ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to

you) my sister, Neweymakto zong: ["mak.to zoN] PF ph. take care, travel safely

43

ne kllte: ["nE "kl".tE] PF ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)

nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] PF ph. tell me a bit more about yourselfnga läpivawk nìno ko: [] PF ph. tell me all about yourselfnga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. who do you normally spend time with?ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] PF ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] PF ph. don’t worry, may your heart be

calmngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] PF ph. How are you? are you well?ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. what is your primary role in society?ngaru oeyä lertut: [] PF ph. allow me to introduce my colleaguengaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru >

tsul."fæ] PF ph. to your the masteryngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] PF ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] PF ph. I love you, you are beloved to menga z(ol)a’u ftu peseng: [] PF ph. where are you from?ngenga lu tupe: [] PF ph. who are you?ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k'E.

>tsE l·u "wE.Ru] PF,JC ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,

you’re going down!nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] PF ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the

leaders are the most beautifulnìprrte’: [nI."pr

".tEP] PF adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure

oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: [] PF ph. I was born in atown near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree

oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] PF ph. I give thanks to you, thank youoel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] PF ph. I see you, hello (familiar)oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] PF ph. I am 24 years oldoeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] PF ph. an honor to me, it was an honoroeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] PF ph. my name is Txewìoeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] PF ph. fills me with satisfaction, joyoeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] PF ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to meoe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] PF ph. I practice my hobby, which is archeryoeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] PF ph. my central role in society is to catch fishpefya nga fpìl: [] PF ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] PF ph. yours, I should thank yourutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] PF ph. please talk a little bit about yourselfrutxe liveyn: [] PF ph. could you repeat that please?rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] PF ph. Your attention, please, everyone!säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] PF ph. strong and happy!, congratulationssmon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr

".tEP^] PF ph. nice to know you

srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] PF ph. are you good at Na’vi?srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] PF ph. do you know my friends Entu and

Kamun?srefereiey nìprrte’: [] PF ph. looking forward to itsre fwa sngap zize’: [] PF ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)stum ke: [stum kE] PF ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a

totally botched situation, chaostì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] PF ph. in my opiniontì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr

".æ] PF ph. forever, until the end of time

44

tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] PF ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] PF ph. what do you do in your free time?tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] PF ph. I was completely swamped at worktìkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re wrongtìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] PF ph. to my knowledgetìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re righttokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] PF ph. face to face, in persontsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] PF ph. what does X mean?tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, that was kind of you to saytsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] PF ph. may I interrupt a moment?tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] PF ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that

further?txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP

>tsa."kr

"nI."yol] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you

can’t be flawless, at least be brief"txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] PF ph. good night, peaceful nightX-(ì)ri peral: [] PF ph. what does X mean?X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] PF ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?Yewla!: ["jEw.la] PF conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] PF ph. share an interest in commonzola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr

".tEP] PF ph. come pleasurably, welcome

45

G The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing andpronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet’ tìFtang k KeK s Säa A kx Kxekx t TeT

aw AW l LeL tx TxeTxay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsää Ä m MeM u Ue E n NeN v Vä

ew EW ng NgeNg w Wäey EY o O y Yäf Fä p PeP z Zäh Hä px PxePxi I r ReRì Ì rr ’Rr

46

H Inflections

Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.PAST), derived from am +ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.

aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.FUT.), derived from ay + ol:Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.

am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.PAST.), derived from am

+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.FUT.), derived from ay

+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.asy: [a.sj] PF future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.D.): Oel tsp«asy»ang

palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.ats: [a.>ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position

2 (INFR.): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)awn: [aw.n] PF passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P.PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.

I am a hunted person.ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the

yerik.äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ.): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).

Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.

äp: [æ.p] PF reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL.): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD.): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).er: [E.R] PF imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.eyk: [Ej.k] PF causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS.): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused

him to die.ilv: [il.v] PF present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.PER.SUBJ.): Oe new

tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.imv: [im.v] PF past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.SUBJ.): Oeyä swizaw nìngay

timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.irv: [iR.v] PF present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.IMPF.SUBJ.): Oe

new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ.): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You

want this thing: for me to fight.iyev: [i.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.

I will see you.ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.IMM.FUT.), deri-

ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC.PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.IMM.FUT.),

derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [I.sj] PF immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.D.):Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.

ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.I will hunt the yerik soon.

ìyev: [I.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.I will see you.

ol: [o.l] PF perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finishedaction).

us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A.PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am ahunting person.

uy: [u.j] PF honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON.): Na’viyä,l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] PF genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)(GEN.): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.

–it: [it^] PF patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.

–ìl: [Il] PF agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel(allomorph of l) (ERG.): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.

–ìri: [IRi] PF topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.

–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si

intriguing–ri: [Ri] PF topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet

ngaru tìng. I give food to you.–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat

kame. I see you.–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.–ur: [uR] PF dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-

morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.–y: [j] PF genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN.): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.

Your toruk is good.–ya: [ja] PF,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN.): Oel

yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:may look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect ofthe meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated theycan modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speechthat aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

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–a–: [a] PF (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aeantswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.

–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.ay+: [aj] PF (pro.) plural for nouns (PL.): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.–e: [E] PF feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.fay+: [faj] PF (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.fì–: [fI] PF (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] PF (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?

What’s the condition of the river today?fne–: [fnE] PF (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?fra–: [fRa] PF (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.kaw–: [kaw] PF not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.–lo: [lo] PF multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU.): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.–o: [o] PF (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone

for years.pay+: [paj] PF (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?pxe+: [p'E] PF (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three

children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronounwhich often undergoes ellision)

sna–: [sna] PF prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.otherwise: snanantang a pack of viperwolves

tsa–: [>tsa] PF (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang.tsay+: [>tsaj] PF (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.–tswo: [>tswo] PF (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform

the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatlyimpressed all the warriors.

–tsyìp: [>tsjIp^] PF (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.Come here, little daughter.

–ve: [vE] PF (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first ruleof living together.

–vi: [vi] PF partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technicalspeak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they changethe part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.

le–: [lE] PF adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.–nga’: [NaP^] PF adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for

adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriateadjective or relative clause)

sä–: [sæ] PF instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I

home make in Hometree.)

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tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.tì– –us–: [tI us] PF (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching

is interesting.–tu: [tu] PF (pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an

artist.–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in theextant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spu-rious inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. Noneof these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensusis that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise notknow what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their useis highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-ni

Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan namear’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plantBeyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-

or of the Tipanichan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]

ASG n. stone jarchey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from

P’ah s’ivil chey rack)Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-

briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradleseveryone

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to allof us

Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personalname)

feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-ket

Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the TipaniGro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of cavesHukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the TipaniIkalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipaniiveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-

by slingk’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepKaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains

of GoliathKoo Tsura: [ko: >

tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-lage

Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of theTipani

Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai

lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatoryanimal

Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiLungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the

Tipanim’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]

ASG n. shieldMalimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

mimalmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stoneMarali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipanimas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]

ASG mother loomMaweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male

Na’viMekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

paniMendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

panimeresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or

[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,bola, lit. nothing to see

mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] PND n. cookingpot

mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitMukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-

kamina’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-

se lead, lit. face pullNaalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the TipaniNera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the

Tawkaminikt’chey: [niktP>tshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.

small bit of food, packed lunchnivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-

rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewyacradles everyone)

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Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiOloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of

the TipaniOmati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkamiomati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue

fluteOnantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miOtamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the TipaniP’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-

nal belongings rackpxtxawng: [p't'awN] JC n. douchebagRai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the AnuraiRaltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the

TipaniSänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-

pani (derived from sänume teaching)Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-

kamishah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from

Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable underNa’vi phonotactic rules)

su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran

sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hul"Eh] ASG slee-

ping outside of the groupsumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plateSwawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipanit’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-

dulum drumTa’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,

rocky place on PandoraTan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the

Lì’ona

Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.from taw sky and kame see)

Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani villageTipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clantìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from

takuk strike)tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-

tern, from food hereTsa’law: [>tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miTsaro: [>tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTsmuke: [>tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani villagetxei: [t'E.i] G n. plainu’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendantU’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG

prop.n. a clanUkamtsu: [u.kam.

>tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

paniulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariP

>tsEj

makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of thetree look to each other for strength, or manybranches together are strong

ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-si] ASG n. leaf plate

Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-lage

Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipaniutral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.

push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utumauti push fruit)

utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,push fruit

Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G

prop.n. Vaderas HollowVayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

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J The Changelog

Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 12.831 - Added nìfnu and sätaron

• 12.83 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, October 2, 2012.

• 12.821 - Corrected lok as transitive and IPA for zìma’uyu

• 12.82 - Added fnetxum from the AvatarMeet Na’vi class. Also added tìtxen si (thanks toPlumps). Removed le- prefix from main section.

• 12.811 - Corrected IPA for tsyär.

• 12.81 - Added swoa, rou, pamrelvi and snapamrelvi from the Na’vi class at AvatarMeet2012.

• 12.8 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 19, 2012.

• 12.721 - Corrected typos in entries for ’ekxin, ’ekxinum and lefkrr. Created autonomousentry for reykol and removed it from the definition of rol.

• 12.72 - Added talun- as adp. per March 28, 2012 naviteri.org post. Thanks to Blue Elf forstaying on this one! :)

• 12.71 - Added missed words (thanks again, Plumps!), corrected typo for Lì’ona.

• 12.7 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 5, 2012. Added missed words tì-meyp and zìsìtay per Plumps.

• 12.622 - Corrected IPA for ftxuli’uyu. Thanks to Temsko.

• 12.621 - Tweaked definition of ’awstengyem with additional information from Paul

• 12.62 - Added tsawlultxa from PF talk. Thanks to kì’eyawn

• 12.601 - Corrected stress for vospxìay and vospxìam. Thanks to Wm Annis

• 12.6 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, June 19, 2012.

• 12.513 - Corrected pronunciation of Kelutral in proper names. Thanks to plumps

• 12.512 - Corrected typo for nìk’ärìp (thanks to Blue Elf). Tweaked definitions for kìm andmìn. Added example phrase.

• 12.511 - Corrected typo for klltxeykay. Thanks to Temsko for spotting it.

• 12.51 - Refined definitions for mìn and kìm, added tìterkup and maweypeyyu

• 12.501 - April 10, 2012: Eana Eltu lexicon and dictionary maintenance system moved toLearnNavi’s main server at kelutral.learnnavi.org. Eternal thanks to Tuiq for his exper-tise and time creating and supporting the automation for this project. Please award himkarma on the forum!

• 12.5 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, March 28, 2012 and March 31, 2012

• 12.412 - Corrected yet more transitivity markings. Thanks to Blue Elf for reminding me.

• 12.411 - Corrected several .vin markings to svin.

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