Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!Aeronautical NavigationAn IntroductionWritten for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame

QuoteFor the execution of the voyage to the Indies, I did not make use of intelligence, mathematics or maps.

Christopher Columbus

Navigation Navisship Agereto direct

RoadmapTerrestrial coordinates Chart projectionsConcepts of positionPiloting & dead reckoningRadio navigation systemsOther electronic navigation systemsCelestial navigation

Terrestrial Coordinate SystemGreat Circles The largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of the earth & all like it.Equator MeridiansEquatorMeridianGreat Circle

Terrestrial Coordinate SystemSmall Circles-all other circlesParallels

Longitude/LatitudeParallels of latitude are small circles (with the exception of the equator)Meridians of longitude are great circles

Desirable qualities of a chart projection:Maintain true shape of physical features.Maintain correct proportions of features relative to one another.True scale, permitting accurate measurement of distance.Rhumb lines plot as straight lines.Great circles plot as straight lines.No chart has all of these!

Mercator vs. GnomonicGnomonic ProjectionMercator Projection

Lambert Conformal Projection (Sectional Chart)

Sectional Charts

Airways Follow Great CirclesV-12 from HAR to JST departs HAR westbound on a heading of 281, and departs JST eastbound on a heading of 096.

Navigational concepts A circle has 360 degreesA degree has 60 minutes1 of latitude is the same distance anywhere on the earth.How many miles is one minute of latitude?Ans. 1 min lat. = 1 nm = 2000 yds.

Where are we?At the ROTC Building -pointOn Juniper Road -LOP mile from Golden Dome -LOP(circle)Near MeijerAmbiguous(which one?)Imprecise(how far?)We will be there in 5 minutesAnswer to: when will we arrive there?

Line of Position (LOP)A line that defines our position in 1-DNot necessarily straightArc, circle, hyperbola, intersection of spheresNeed a second line to define a fix in 2-DNeed a third to be sure

Navigational ElementsMeasurementPointBearing Range 2 bearings2 rangesBearing & rangeResults Fix LOPLOP (arc)Fix Fix Fix

Aviation Example Over SBN GIJ 178RGIJ 4.2 DMEGSH 313/GIJ 178GSH 16.3/GIJ 4.2 GIJ 178/4.2

How do we get there?Plot a courseWhats a course? path of intended motionSteer a headingWhats a heading? the direction the aircraft is pointedMake a good trackWhats a track? the aircrafts path over the ground

Course, Heading, & TrackBig Bad Wind

Types of Navigation SystemsPilotageDead Reckoning Radio Navigation ADF VOR/DME/RNAVElectronic NavigationLoranGPSInertial Celestial

Basic VFR Navigation Techniques:PilotageSectional chartDead reckoning(DEDuced reckoning)Compass & watch

Nomenclature True & magnetic courses are given in 3 digits, e.g. 090Relative bearings are given in degrees or clock position, e.g. 10 left of the nose, or 11 oclock

0800 Fix0900 DR1000 DR1100 DR1200 DR1300 DRDead ReckoningDEN070 PHX

Types of Navigation SystemsPilotageDead Reckoning Radio Navigation ADF VOR/DME/RNAVElectronic NavigationLoranGPSInertial Celestial

The Radio Compass1946 Stinson Voyager

ADF/NDBThe ADF, or Automatic Direction Finder, is the receiver in the aircraftThe NDB, or Nondirectional Radio Beacon, is the transmitting antenna on the groundThe ADF is the receiver of the NDBs transmissions

NDBThe NDB is a ground-based radio transmitter that emits a signal in every directionBenefitsEconomicEasy to maintainNot line of sightErrorsSusceptible to interference (T-Storms)Bounces around coastlines

NDBOperates on 190-535kHzRange is 190-1750kHzTypesHH 2000+ watts; 75nm rangeH 50-1999 watts; 50nm rangeMH less than 50 watts; 25nm rangeCompass Locator less than 25 watts; 15 nm range

ADFThe ADF determines the bearing from the aircraft TO the stationNeedle ALWAYS points to the stationIndicates relative bearingBearing, measured clockwise, from the nose of the aircraft TO the stationCard only indicates angle has nothing to do with direction aircraft is pointed

ADFUsing relative bearing and magnetic heading, magnetic bearing can be foundActual heading to fly to the stationMB = MH + RB

Homing the NDBHomingFlying the aircraft on any heading required to keep the needle pointed straight ahead (0 RB)Works great without windTakes longer and not direct with wind

Tracking the NDBTracking flying on a heading that maintains a constant, desired track to/from a stationFind heading/course that takes you to the stationOnce off by 10, double the deflection and turn towards station (head of the needle)Once deflection equals correction, you are back on courseTurn 10 towards needleRepeat as necessary and become more precise with correction

Intercepting the NDBParallel courseNote deflectionDouble itTurn towards needleOnce deflection equals correction, you are on courseCorrect for wind (tracking)NOTE: very similar to tracking

Types of ADFsFixed CardAlways shows 0 at the topMoveable CardCan show magnetic heading at topBad ideaRMI Radio Magnetic IndicatorSlaved to move with aircraftGREAT to have!

Types of ADFsFixed CardMoveable CardRMI

*Materials: Beachball globe, Nav Radios, Omniheads, Mercator/Gnomonic Chart Example, Handheld Radio, 4 Sticks for GPS demonstration*Foundations of Navigation*Latitude is 90 degreesLongitude is 180 degrees*This is the Great Circle Track that Charles Lindbergh flew

Owl Shortest distance between two points is a curve (great circle)*Look at the front cover of a sectional chart to see how it unfolds curved*Owl Airways always follow great circles*Any questions on these conceptsNote that a NM is 15% longer than a SM*Draw these on the blackboard*GSH = GoshenGIJ = Gipper*End of animationPlot a course, fly a heading, and make a track* Types of Navigation: - Pilotage (Coastal) Navigation: employs the use of visual bearings and/or radar information to know landmarks to establish the ship's position and provide the information needed to safely and efficiently "drive" the ship. -Deduced ("Dead") Reckoning: a method of estimating the ship's position using the courses and speeds steered. First used when early mariners ventured out of sight of land, to enable them to get back home. *Note how we know our position at every point in time because we know how fast we are flying and in what direction and for how long. We can safely navigate between hazards (called the Rockies).

We always use BOTH dead reckoning and pilotage.* Types of Navigation:

-Radionavigation: Typically uses electromagnetic signals transmitted from ground stations to establish position. *A Great 1 person airplaneGeo Metro of the Air**AM Radio Station*Differences between fixed card and moveable card.*Examples from Gleim (p. 272) 13, 15, 16, 19, 25, 30*Diagram homing on board