nbaf final environmental impact statement - chapter 2 · nbaf final environmental impact statement...
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NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-1
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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND ACTION ALTERNATIVES This chapter describes the No Action Alternative, the Proposed Action, and the six site alternatives. The No Action Alternative is described in Section 2.1, and the characteristics of the Proposed Action—the siting, construction, and operation of the NBAF—that may have impacts on the affected environment are described in Section 2.2. Section 2.3 describes the process used to identify the reasonable site alternatives evaluated in the EIS. Section 2.4 describes the alternatives considered but eliminated from detailed study. Section 2.5 provides a summary comparison of the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed construction and operation of the NBAF. Section 2.6 discusses the Preferred Alternative. 2.1 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE Under the No Action Alternative, the NBAF would not be constructed. The work currently being conducted at Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), which performs much of the research on Foreign Animal Disease (FADs) and zoonotic diseases in the United States, would continue, and BSL-4 research would continue to be performed outside of the U.S. If the No Action Alternative is selected, PIADC would continue operations and support existing research programs but not the expanded mission requirements associated with the NBAF. In other words, the No Action Alternative would not meet the purpose and need for the Proposed Action. 2.2 PROPOSED ACTION: REQUIREMENTS TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE THE NBAF The NBAF Conceptual Design and Feasibility Study (NDP 2007a) described the programmatic, technical, and non-site-specific requirements for the NBAF to determine the feasibility of the project and to prepare a preliminary conceptual design. Based on that document and other sources as noted, a description of the construction and operation of the NBAF has been developed for the purposes of analyzing the potential environmental impacts associated with those activities. 2.2.1 Construction Requirements
The study emphasized that the NBAF should be located on a site of no less than 30 acres to include a main laboratory building, a current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) laboratory (needed for small-scale vaccine and reagent production), a central receiving facility, a guard house, and a central utility plant (CUP). The approximate area needed for the NBAF is between 500,000 and 520,000 square feet. The approximate percentage of the facility by component is provided in Table 2.2.1-1.
Table 2.2.1-1 — NBAF Space Requirements Space Percent of Total Area
Office/Administration 6.9 BSL-2a 6.0 BSL-3b 73.8 BSL-4 10.9 cGMP 2.4 aBSL-2 includes laboratory and support areas. bBSL-3 includes laboratory, 3Ag, and training and support areas.
The number and size of research laboratories were determined in part by the magnitude of the research that was to be conducted in the facility. Animal species, FAD and zoonotic agents, and transmission modes of each agent were important considerations in developing many of the design requirements and safety features of the NBAF and are presented in Table 2.2.1-2. Based on 70% utilization of the design maximum, projected research demands resulted in a facility design that could house approximately 200 to 300 animals at any given time, including cattle, swine, and sheep.
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Table 2.2.1-2 — FAD and Zoonotic Agents Characteristics
Agent BMBL/APHIS Classification
Species Mode of Transmission Laboratory Animal
Foot and Mouth Disease virus BSL-3E BSL-3Ag
Cattle, sheep, swine, goats, deer, and other cloven-hoofed animals
Aerosol, contact
Classical swine fever virus BSL-3E BSL-3Ag Swine Oral, contact
Vesicular stomatitis viruses BSL-3E BSL-3Ag Horses, swine, cattle Biting flies, oral
Rift Valley fever virus BSL-3E BSL-3Ag Sheep, goats, cattle,
camels; humans Mosquitoes, aerosol; zoonotic
Nipah virus BSL-4 BSL-4 Swine; humans Oral, aerosol; zoonotic
Hendra virus BSL-4 BSL-4 Horses, flying foxes; humans
Oral, aerosol; zoonotic
African swine fever virus BSL-3E BSL-3Ag Swine Ticks
The NBAF would consist of two laboratory facilities and two outbuildings. One of the two laboratory buildings would be the primary research building containing the BSL-2, BSL-3E, BSL-3Ag, and BSL-4 laboratories with their associated support spaces. The other laboratory building would be a cGMP laboratory located adjacent to the primary research laboratory. Other outbuildings supporting the overall operation of the NBAF would include:
• Entry Guard House—Controls site access. • Central Receiving Facility—Controls all deliveries to the site for transfer to the laboratory facilities;
all external vehicle deliveries would be transferred to the NBAF internal vehicles for delivery. • Parking—General surface parking for staff and visitors.
An interagency technical working group of experts and researchers from DHS, USDA, and DHHS determined that the program missions of biodefense and agro-defense required the following research capacities within the proposed laboratory facilities:
• Nine BSL-3Ag and two BSL-4 modules to conduct three BSL-3Ag and two BSL-4 agro-countermeasure research and development programs simultaneously.
• Supporting core laboratory pathology and analytical chemistry modules that would include electron microscopic and other imaging capabilities, a gamma irradiator to inactivate samples for shipment outside of biocontainment, and two BSL-2 laboratories to perform molecular experiments that do not require biocontainment facilities.
• Supporting laboratory modules to include insectary spaces necessary to support the research. The BSL-2 insectary is for the combined functions of breeding, rearing, manipulating, and holding/incubating of arthropod vectors used in the research programs. Other insectary research spaces within BSL-3E and BSL-3Ag would be used for holding infected live insects or arthropods and for virus transmission studies to and from both infected and non-infected large animals and small animals.
• A module to train veterinarians to recognize and diagnose FADs, which is one of the primary missions of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The proposed facility needs to have a modern infrastructure to accomplish this mission, including a distance learning capability. The training module would operate independently of the research operations but within the containment
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confines, permitting the courses to operate anytime during the year and allow separate security requirements and practices of the research facility.
• A cGMP module is needed for small-scale vaccine and reagent production. For large-scale manufacturing an industry partner would be needed. The cGMP module would allow for production and testing of two vaccine candidates at any given time. Modular components (BSL-2) would include a viral production room, a vaccine sterile assembly and fill room, a vaccine lyophilization area, and a diagnostic reagent production room.
In addition to the components described, infrastructure improvements would be required depending on where the site would be located. These improvements would include new power substations; new or higher capacity water, sewer, and natural gas lines; sanitary sewer upgrades; or new access roads or service lanes. 2.2.1.1 Biosafety Design
According to the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (CDC and NIH 2007), “the fundamental principles of biosafety are containment and risk assessment. The fundamentals of containment include the microbiological practices, safety equipment, and facility safeguards that protect laboratory workers, the environment, and the public from exposure to infectious microorganisms that are handled and stored in the laboratory. Risk assessment is the process that enables the appropriate selection of microbiological practices, safety equipment, and facility safeguards that can prevent laboratory-associated infections (LAI).” The proposed NBAF would provide state-of-the-art operating procedures and biocontainment features to minimize the potential for LAIs and accidental release from the research laboratories (see Appendix B for a review of biocontainment laboratory safety). One of the primary design goals central to the flexibility of the proposed main laboratory building was the “hotel concept.” This concept was used to evaluate and determine the number of laboratories and animal rooms required to run the NBAF in a safe, cost-effective, and efficient manner. This hotel concept assumes that all rooms are designed and shared on an equal basis and that each room provides the primary biocontainment requirements to ensure isolation between each other. Primary biocontainment measures for the proposed NBAF would include, but are not limited to, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration for air exhaust and air intake systems, biosafety cabinets (BSCs), pressurized biosafety suits, and decontamination stations. Safety and biocontainment protocols would be addressed in facility-specific standard operating procedures (SOPs) that would be developed according to USDA guidelines prior to commissioning and operation of the NBAF. Another primary design goal was to provide an adequate level of redundant safety and biocontainment that would be integrated into every component of the building. All laboratory areas, animal areas, support areas, backup computer servers, and engineering systems would have 100% back-up and redundancy such as:
• Each critical zone would be designed as a sealed “box-within-a-box” with airlocks at all points of access.
• The hardened structural systems would mitigate progressive collapse to help withstand seismic and or other external threats.
• The electrical systems would have dual feeds and would be designed with fully integrated battery and diesel-electric power back-up systems for redundancy within each system. A power outage or component breakdown would instantly transfer function to a back-up system.
• BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 laboratories would have two HEPA filters installed in series.
• Heating and ventilation systems would be fully contained with each zone, have seamless access to back-up power, and have redundant components built into every critical system.
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• Concentric-ring security zones would ensure that nothing enters or exits the building without passing multiple points of physical and electronic screening.
The facility functions serving our national security concerns would have multiple layers of security designed into every primary use and engineering support systems. This level of safety, redundancy, and security would help to provide instant and automatic safeguards to the staff and the community it serves to support the overarching design goal of providing a safe work environment. 2.2.1.2 Construction Schedule and Activities
Construction of the proposed NBAF would start in early 2010 and take approximately 4 years to complete. The project would provide approximately 700 construction-related jobs per year. A detailed description of construction activities would be prepared once a site has been selected. However, the effects of construction activities on the various resources have been considered in this DEIS based on assumptions derived from the NBAF Conceptual Design and Feasibility Study and other sources. The details of those assumptions are presented in Chapter 3 for each site alternative. In all likelihood, the construction manager at risk or construction manager as constructor (CMc) methodology would be employed for construction operations. This is a proven process where the CMc functions as a collaborative member of the project team and would be responsible for providing expertise during the design process by checking estimates and performing constructability reviews. All work would be performed in accordance with good management practices and in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. All work would be planned and managed to ensure that standard worker safety goals are met. Construction of the proposed NBAF would be performed using approved construction industry methods. During site preparation and construction, noise levels would be consistent with standard office building construction activities. Vehicles (such as dump trucks) and heavy machinery (such as bulldozers, dump trucks, cranes, and cement mixer trucks) would be used onsite during the construction phase. These vehicles would operate primarily during daylight hours. If needed, temporary task lighting would be used. Engineering best management practices (BMPs) would be implemented at the building site as part of a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) executed under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System construction permit. These BMPs may include the use of hay bales, plywood, or synthetic sedimentation fences with appropriate supports installed to contain excavated soil and surface water discharge during construction of the proposed NBAF. During construction, good housekeeping practices would be followed. Construction materials would include inert building materials such as concrete, glass, masonry, wood, insulation, plastics, sheetrock, and metal beams and piping. These materials would be stored neatly within designated staging areas. Construction would also require the use of some chemicals such as paints, solvents, fertilizers, oil, grease, fuel, and welding gases. These chemicals would be stored in protected areas. During construction, the manufacturer’s recommendations for proper use and disposal would be followed for chemicals and materials. Whenever possible, all of a product would be used before disposing of the container. Equipment maintenance and repair would be conducted in designated areas to control oil, grease, and fuel spills. In addition, fuel storage and dispensing during construction would occur in a designated staging area at the construction site. Wastes generated by site preparation and construction activities are expected to be predominately non-hazardous. After construction of the facility, site soil and rock removed during construction would be returned and used as landscaping to the degree that it is practicable. Landscaping would use native trees, shrubs, and groundcover. Sustainable building practices would be employed where safety allows.
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2.2.2 Operation of the Proposed NBAF
The proposed NBAF would be either a government owned–government operated (GOGO) or government owned–contractor operated (GOCO) facility. A GOCO partnership allows each partner to perform duties for which it is uniquely suited: the government establishes mission areas and the private sector implements the missions using best business practices. The GOCO model has been replicated many times over the past 50 years, primarily by the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies. In the United States, GOCO arrangements are used to manage laboratories, manufacturing and production plants, and numerous repositories. Sandia National Laboratories, originally managed by AT&T, has been managed by Lockheed Martin since 1993. In addition, the DHS National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) currently under construction at Fort Detrick, which will have BSL-2, BSL-3, and BSL-4 laboratories, will be operated as a GOCO facility. A program management plan (PMP) has been prepared to insure DHS management and supervision of activities at the NBACC. If it is decided that the NBAF would be GOCO, a PMP would be prepared for the facility. When the Preferred Alternative is selected and the Record of Decision (ROD) is signed, DHS would develop site-specific SOPs for the NBAF. These SOPs would be modified as necessary for the specific requirements of the proposed NBAF at the selected site. The following sections present an overview of staffing, protocols for laboratory research and sample transportation, and a description of operations at the NBAF. In addition, site-specific protocols would be developed, in coordination with local emergency response agencies that would address all potential local emergencies including those that could occur at the NBAF. DHS would have site-specific standard operating procedures and response plans in place prior to the initiation of research activities at the proposed the NBAF. Prior to conducting research with highly infectious agents, a laboratory facility and staff undergo many pre-operational testing and training activities. One of the first pre-operational test and training events to occur is the commissioning of a laboratory. The commissioning process for building construction projects is a quality control process to document, test, and verify that building systems meet the facility owner’s functional, operational, and performance requirements. This process is essential in the construction of today’s biocontainment laboratories due to the requirements for life safety and reliable environmental control and monitoring. To take full advantage of the commissioning process, the research and maintenance staff would actively participate with the commissioning team to learn how the variety of engineering systems and controls maintain the integrity of the biocontainment laboratory. The research and maintenance staff would draw upon this information to establish the SOPs for each staffing group. Once the construction of the facility and commissioning is complete, the maintenance staff would establish the operations and maintenance SOPs based on the data compiled from the construction documents, commissioning process, regulatory agencies, and their own experience with simulated system failure scenarios. These scenarios would occur during the commissioning process to help prepare the maintenance and research staff to respond in a timely and effective manner should the failure occur during normal operation of the facility. One example of biocontainment laboratory operation and maintenance procedures that would be required is daily inspections of essential containment and life support systems that must be completed and documented before laboratory work is initiated to ensure that the laboratory is operating according to established parameters. Preparation of the operation and maintenance SOPs with the appropriate training typically occurs over a 3- to 6-month period after construction is completed. Practical and effective protocols for emergency situations must be established. These protocols must include plans for medical emergencies, facility malfunctions, fires, animals escaping within the laboratory, and other potential emergencies. Training in emergency response procedures must be provided to emergency response personnel and other responsible staff according to institutional policies. Many of the training and testing requirements are to maintain certification and licensure to operate a laboratory, which generally take up to a year beyond the construction phase to complete. The BMBL is the primary guidance source to ensure a safe and effective testing and training program for successful state-of-the-art biocontainment laboratory facilities.
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The use of hazardous biological agents or toxins that are regarded as select agents under Possession, Use, and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; Interim Final Rule (9 CFR 121) is regulated by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is responsible for the management of the Select Agent Program. Research protocols involving the use of select agents require registration of the NBAF and inspection of its laboratories by the CDC or APHIS. CDC or APHIS would inspect the laboratories at least once over a 3-year period. This inspection is not required prior to approval of the application. 2.2.2.1 Operating Staff
Once operational, the proposed NBAF would employ approximately 250 to 350 people. In addition to the scientific and administrative staff of the laboratory, the proposed NBAF would employ technicians, veterinary staff, building engineers, and security personnel. All laboratory staff would receive thorough pre-operational training, as well as ongoing training, in the handling of hazardous infectious agents, understanding biocontainment functions of standard and special practices for each biosafety level, and understanding biocontainment equipment and laboratory characteristics. Laboratory staff would be supervised by trained and experienced scientists. The NBAF safety and biosafety staff would review and approve of proposed protocols and SOPs for the laboratory prior to use. Laboratory staff working in the proposed NBAF would use the standards and procedures recommended for all institutions engaged in biological research. 2.2.2.2 Waste and Materials Management
The solid and liquid wastes generated in the BSL-2, BSL-3, BSL-3E, BSL-3Ag, and BSL-4 laboratories would be considered biohazardous and treated by sterilization, chemical disinfection, and/or incineration. The efficiency in sterilizing and disinfecting waste would be verified by the use of heat and biological indicators. Materials and equipment that require removal from biocontainment areas also would be decontaminated prior to removal. Decontamination is required for any substance exposed to a BSL-3E, BSL-3Ag, or BSL-4 agent. For a decontamination system to be effective, it must conform to the following design criteria:
• Ease of transport and loading into treatment equipment • Worker protection and reduction of biohazard aerosol generation • Decontamination based on proven consistent technologies • Validated and repeatable • Volume reduction for final disposal • Compliant with local, state, and federal environmental requirements • Cost-effective (capital and operating) • Technical degree of automation to achieve effective labor savings • Maintenance friendly
Liquid Biowaste Treatment System. A dedicated biowaste gathering and treatment system would be provided for BSL-3, BSL-3E, BSL-3Ag, and BSL-4 functions. Each of the laboratories and associated procedure rooms, animal rooms, and storage/centrifuge rooms are provided with a biological liquid waste collection and treatment system. All liquid waste would be treated through a batch sterilization process. The biowaste system would employ gravity drainage to the liquid effluent decontamination system using double-wall piping required in areas outside of containable space and which cannot be readily inspected. The effluent decontamination system tanks would be housed in a dedicated space located below the functional floor area served in a “biocontainable” service space. Carcass Disposal System. A dedicated carcass disposal system would be utilized for BSL-3Ag and BSL-4 areas. The USDA ARS 242.1 Facilities Design Standards contains a requirement to provide for incineration of animal carcasses infected with BSL-3Ag agents and BSL-4 agents or to have an alternative solution
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presented for consideration based on a comparative analysis. Incinerators are being phased out due to permitting and maintenance issues, and replacement technologies are currently being investigated. Incineration is still, however, considered the most effective method for disposal of infected carcasses at many universities and research establishments. BSL3-Ag is unique to agriculture because of the necessity to protect the environment from an economic, high risk pathogen in a situation where studies are conducted employing large agricultural animals or other similar situations in which the facility barriers now serve as primary containment. Pathological incinerators, or other approved means, must be provided for the safe disposal of the large carcasses of infected animals. Redundancy and the use of multiple technologies need to be considered and evaluated. The latest biocontainment facilities included multiple disposal methods as a safety feature to ensure a proven method of disposal is available at all times. Sterilization is only part of the challenge in managing carcass disposal. Emissions and by-products generated from carcass sterilization must also be managed as part of the waste stream processes. Because of the emissions and by-products generated and the limited ability to attain permits to construct incinerators, DHS is evaluating various disposal systems that are described in more detail in Section 3.13. Conventional solid waste would be generated during construction as well as during operation of the NBAF and would be appropriate for disposal at a municipal waste facility. Section 3.13 provides a more detailed description of the types of solid wastes generated by the NBAF and potential disposal methodologies. 2.2.2.3 Sample Transportation
Regulations on transportation of biological agents are aimed at ensuring that the public and the workers in the transportation chain are protected from exposure to any agent that might be in the package. Protection is achieved through 1) the requirements for rigorous packaging that will withstand rough handling and contain all liquid material within the package without leakage to the outside, 2) appropriate labeling of the package with the biohazard symbol and other labels to alert the workers in the transportation chain to the hazardous contents of the package, 3) documentation of the hazardous contents of the package should such information be necessary in an emergency situation, and 4) training of workers in the transportation chain to familiarize them with the hazardous contents so as to be able to respond to emergency situations. Regulations that apply to transportation of samples include U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) 49 CFR Parts 171-178, Hazardous Materials Regulations, Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 72, Interstate Transportation of Etiologic Agents. Samples transported to the NBAF would be provided by commercial suppliers, research collaborators, or other parties seeking sample identification. Samples may contain either previously identified or unidentified microorganisms or strains. As a requirement of transport, in accordance with federal regulations, the package originator must identify the contents and provide the required shipping documentation detailing the package contents to the transporter and receiver. Thus, the receiver would know what level of protection to apply (e.g., Biological Safety Cabinets [BSC], Personal Protective Equipment, and medical treatments). At a minimum, incoming packages to the NBAF would be opened in a Class II BSC. Section 3.11.9, Traffic and Transportation, addresses sample transportation to and from the proposed NBAF, and Appendix E to the Health and Safety Section, describes the potential consequences of transportation-related release of pathogens. Samples would be shipped to the NBAF by commercial package delivery services in accordance with International Air Transport Association packing instructions. All samples would be packaged and shipped in accordance with USDOT and CDC requirements for transporting potentially biohazardous samples. All shipped packages would be received at the NBAF central delivery warehouse before delivery to the NBAF. Strict chain-of-custody procedures for samples would be followed. After the package is transported to the NBAF, the package would then be logged into the NBAF inventory. The external packaging material would be inspected, removed, and disposed of according to the NBAF waste handling procedures. The interior packing with the intact sample would be placed safely and securely in the appropriate BSL laboratory under a
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chain-of-custody procedure until the authorized researcher was ready to process the samples. Unpacking of the primary container would be done only in a BSC. The samples would be stored for preservation within a locked freezer or refrigerator, according to the requirements dictated by the nature of the sample. Inventories of all samples and cultures would be maintained in accordance with CDC standard practices and requirements. Samples containing select agents would be handled in accordance with USDA and CDC select agent rules. Select agents would be accepted only if a responsible official is notified in advance of shipment and after the CDC/APHIS Form 2 has been completed in accordance with regulations, registration is verified, and the requesting responsible official has been notified in advance of the shipment. Proper transfer documentation is approved prior to shipment by the sending and receiving institutions, as well as the by CDC and/or APHIS. Upon arrival, the NBAF personnel would notify the responsible investigator or designee of the shipment arrival per select agent transfer procedures dictated by APHIS and/or by CDC. Any select-agent-certified NBAF personnel may accept the sample. The sample would be logged in by the NBAF personnel and in accordance with the NBAF receiving procedures. Samples shipped from the NBAF would follow a similar procedure for receiving samples. The documentation would be approved by the receiving institution, the NBAF, and APHIS and/or CDC prior to sending the select agent. For select agents, an authorized employee would be onsite at the NBAF to inspect and close the package in the presence of the sender. The packaging and appropriate documentation (i.e., Institutional Biosafety Committee [IBC] select agents’ checklist, CDC/APHIS Form 2, and permits) must conform to USDOT and CDC requirements for transport of biological materials. The sender would remain with the package until the USDOT-approved commercial carrier arrived to take possession. 2.2.2.4 Chemicals Storage and Use
The proposed NBAF would house the laboratory chemicals necessary to conduct the planned research, training, and diagnostic activities; maintain the equipment; care for animals; and clean the facilities and equipment. The chemicals would range from floor cleaners, which are often skin irritants, to hazardous laboratory chemicals. The types of chemicals that would pose physical hazards are flammable or combustible liquids, peroxides, oxidizers, and pyrophorics. Those chemicals that would pose health hazards are corrosives/irritants, flammables, sensitizers, toxics, teratogens, and carcinogens. If NBAF operations permit, chemicals would be stored using a HAZMAT Pharmacy concept. This provides centralized logistics for hazardous materials, reduces quantities needed on hand, and minimizes risks of incidents. All laboratory personnel would be adequately trained in the proper use, storage, and disposal of these chemicals. Chemical handling and storage would be conducted according to all appropriate guidelines and protocols. 2.2.2.5 Pollution and Spill Prevention
A site-specific Pollution Prevention Plan would be developed for the NBAF and would include specific procedures for spill prevention and cleanup. The specific procedures address prevention elements such as proper storage, operating procedures, inspection, and training to prevent or lessen the possibility of spills, as well as biocontainment features such as biocontainment walls in storage facilities. The NBAF would develop a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures Plan (SPCC) addressing the protection of surface water and a SWPPP. The SPCC addresses operating procedures to prevent spills, control measures to contain spills, and countermeasures to contain, cleanup, and mitigate the effects of a spill reaching a water body. The specific requirements for a SWPPP vary from state to state and would include measures to prevent pollutants from reaching water bodies due to stormwater runoff. These plans would be reviewed and revised as necessary.
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2.2.2.6 Research Protocols
Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC). The use of any biological agent requires the review and approval of the IBC of USDA/APHIS. IBC membership, responsibilities, and roles are defined in the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (NIH 2002). The focus of the IBC is adherence to well-established biological safety practices that protect the researchers and the surrounding community. The IBC is vested with the authority to approve the use of a biological agent, deny approval, or take action to stop work. Possession of and any work involving select agents, whether they are BSL-3 or BSL-4 agents, requires registration of the facility by APHIS and/or the CDC. The registration process includes identity of the agent(s), the location of use and storage of the agent(s), and a detailed description of laboratory containment provisions and security measures. IBC approval of SOPs is required, and the laboratories would be inspected by the CDC at least once over a given 3-year period. The IBC is comprised of committee members with overlapping and interdisciplinary expertise, including microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, safety experts, and community representatives. Notifications for Use of Biological Agents received by the IBC are critically reviewed by experts focusing on the safe use of the biological agent(s) at the appropriate biosafety level. APHIS Animal Research Policy and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The APHIS Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) reviews all protocols and proposals for research, testing, and education that involve the use of vertebrate animals to be certain that care and use of animals is in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act as amended (7 USC, 2131-2156), Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research 1996), guidelines of the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), and state and local regulations. The IACUC is comprised of at least five members with mandatory membership of a doctor of veterinary medicine with training or experience in laboratory animal science and medicine and who has program authority and responsibility for activities involving animals at the NBAF. The IACUC may approve, require proposal modifications, or withhold approval of all research and testing protocols related to the care and use of vertebrate animals. In approving protocols, the IACUC ensures that
• Animal pain, distress, and functional or sensory impairment are minimized. • All survival surgery is performed using aseptic procedures. • Adequate veterinary care is planned for and provided. • The type and number of animals are appropriate and necessary as an essential part of the protocol. • Anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers, and euthanasia procedures are used appropriately when
necessary. The NBAF animal facilities are subject to inspections and site visits from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USDA, and AAALAC. AAALAC is a private, nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through a voluntary accreditation program. Inspections can include review of IACUC protocols, minutes of all IACUC meetings, all animal use, and care records. Access to animal housing facilities and laboratories is required for inspectors. 2.2.3 Decommissioning of the Proposed NBAF
Once the proposed NBAF has reached its life expectancy, DHS could choose to decommission the facility and transition the property for future use according to current agreements. Development of standards for biosafety laboratories and associated equipment has focused on the construction and operation of new or existing facilities. Standard laboratory procedures and decontamination protocols would be performed according to the BMBL to ensure worker safety and to ensure health and safety of the general public. It is anticipated that site-specific protocols and a decontamination and decommissioning plan would be developed
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for this action, should it occur. The plan would address such factors as decontamination methodologies; disposition of used equipment and re-use, disposal, or salvaging site materials; and post-decontamination monitoring. 2.3 SITE ALTERNATIVES DHS investigated a number of options to meet the mission requirements of HSPD-9. In Fiscal Year 2006, Congress appropriated money for site selection and other pre-construction activities for the NBAF. DHS developed a site selection process because Congress did not designate a specific site upon which to build and construct the NBAF. This section describes that process and the results of the investigations that led to the development of and selection of reasonable alternatives to achieve the purpose and need of the NBAF and, accordingly, such reasonable alternatives are considered for examination in this DEIS. 2.3.1 Alternative Site Selection Process
DHS issued a Public Notice Soliciting Expressions of Interest (EOIs) for potential sites for the NBAF in the Federal Business Opportunities on January 17, 2006, and the Federal Register on January 19, 2006. DHS received 29 EOIs by the March 31, 2006, due date in the Public Notices Soliciting EOIs. DHS conducted an initial evaluation of the 29 EOIs, using the four evaluation criteria set forth in the Public Notice Soliciting EOIs. These evaluation criteria were developed by an interagency working group to ensure that NBAF would meet the purpose and need of the project and the interdependent needs of DHS and USDA to adequately protect the nation against biological threats to animal agriculture. The four evaluation criteria were: • Proximity to Research Capabilities • Proximity to Workforce • Acquisition/Construction/Operations • Community Acceptance
DHS developed and implemented a rigorous process for the first round evaluation of the 29 EOIs received against DHS’s evaluation criteria and associated sub-criteria. Three committees comprised of federal employees evaluated the EOIs, assessing their strengths, weaknesses, and deficiencies against the four evaluation criteria and associated sub-criteria. A Steering Committee, also comprised of federal employees, made recommendations to the DHS Selection Authority, who selected those sites that had sufficient qualifications with regard to the evaluation criteria (and would, therefore, be further considered in a second round of evaluations) and eliminated some sites from further consideration due to weaknesses and/or deficiencies with respect to the following: • Lack of proximity to existing BSL-3 or BSL-4 research programs that could be linked to NBAF
mission requirements.
• Difficulty in demonstrating ability to attract world-class researchers and scientists or skilled technical workforce with necessary experience.
• Insufficient infrastructure, utilities, or other siting difficulties.
• Insufficient community support for siting of NBAF.
After DHS’s first round evaluation of the 29 EOIs, 18 potential sites from 12 consortia remained under consideration for the proposed NBAF in a second round of the site selection process. The DHS selection authority requested that the consortia proposing the 18 remaining sites provide additional information, limited to the originally published evaluation criteria in DHS’s Public Notice soliciting EOIs. In December 2006, DHS sent Additional Information Requests to the consortia proposing the 18 remaining sites and communicated its preference for certain evaluation criteria that would be considered by the federal employee evaluation committee in the second round of DHS’s site selection process.
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The DHS preferences were that: • The proposed site is within a comprehensive research community that has existing research programs
in areas related to NBAF mission requirements;
• The proposed site has proximity to skilled research and technical staff with expertise in operations conducted at biological and agricultural research facilities and training programs for such expertise;
• Title to at least a 30-acre site would be deeded at no or minimal cost to the U.S. government and all NBAF construction (BSL-3 and BSL-4 laboratories) could occur at the 30-acre site;
• In-kind contributions (e.g., support to the NEPA process, deeded land, new utilities, roads, chilled and steamed water) would be donated by proposing consortia;
• The proposed site is environmentally suitable; and
• The proposing consortia could demonstrate that local and national stakeholder community members’ support, or at least do not oppose, locating the NBAF at the proposed site.
Upon receipt of this additional information from the consortia, a federal team consisting of USDA and DHS employees conducted site visits to all the remaining sites. The intent of the site visits was to 1) verify the information provided and representations made in the EOI submissions and additional information submitted and 2) enable evaluation committee representatives to view any observable physical conditions and constraints at the proposed site and, if applicable, view the site’s utilities and infrastructure. Based on federal employee evaluation team’s analysis of the additional information and observations on the site visits, the evaluation team recommended to the DHS Selection Authority the sites that should advance for further evaluation. The DHS Selection Authority determined that five sites met the evaluation criteria and DHS preferences and would, therefore, be advanced as reasonable alternatives to be studied in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Figure 2.3.1-1 below is an illustration of the previously described steps in the site selection process.
Figure 2.3.1-1 — Site Selection Process
Although not part of the competitive site selection process, Plum Island was determined to be a reasonable site to advance for study in the EIS, making a total of six sites for consideration. The four reasons for including Plum Island as a reasonable alternative were:
1. Plum Island (currently owned by DHS) appears to meet the NEPA requirement that the proposing Federal agency evaluate the range of all “reasonable alternatives” to a proposed action, where reasonable alternatives are defined as those that are “practical or feasible from the technical and economic standpoint and using common sense, rather than simply desirable from the standpoint of the applicant”;
2. Plum Island currently performs much of the existing research and houses the existing workforce assessing potential threats to animals from foreign animal diseases and zoonotic diseases;
3. Plum Island currently fulfills a portion of the goals and mission identified for the NBAF and meets some of the NBAF criteria, including having a skilled workforce in a BSL-3 environment; and
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-12
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
4. Plum Island could reasonably be internally evaluated throughout the EIS process, given that DHS already owns Plum Island and did not believe it appropriate to respond to its own Request for Expressions of Interest.
The six site alternatives published in the Federal Register on July 31, 2007, for the NBAF EIS process are shown in Table 2.3.1-1.
Table 2.3.1-1 — Six Site Alternatives Location Site Name
Athens, Georgia South Milledge Avenue Site Manhattan, Kansas Manhattan Campus Site Flora, Mississippi Flora Industrial Park Site Plum Island, New York Plum Island Site Butner, North Carolina Umstead Research Farm Site San Antonio, Texas Texas Research Park Site
Additionally, the “No Action” Alternative is defined as leaving PIADC open and performing at its current mission capability with construction of previously planned improvements, but without the construction of NBAF, and utilizing international laboratories when available for BLS-4 research. 2.3.2 South Milledge Avenue Site; Athens, Georgia
The South Milledge Avenue Site is located west of the South Milledge Avenue and Whitehall Road intersection in Clarke County, Georgia (Figure 2.3.2.-1). The site is part of the University of Georgia Whitehall Farm and is located near the University of Georgia Livestock Instructional Area. The site is a 67-acre tract of land consisting of open pastureland and wooded land and is utilized by the University of Georgia Equestrian Team. The topography is rolling terrain, which slopes towards the southwest. The site has been undeveloped land since at least 1936 and is currently zoned government use. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.2-2. 2.3.3 Manhattan Campus Site; Manhattan, Kansas
The Manhattan Campus Site is on the campus of Kansas State University (KSU) immediately adjacent to the Biosecurity Research Institute (Figure 2.3.3-1). The site location consists of approximately 48.4 acres southeast of the intersection of Kimball Avenue and Denison Avenue. The site has been used for animal research since the 1970s. The site includes several structures, including five research buildings, a residential structure, and a storage building for recycling materials. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.3-2. The site has been part of KSU since at least the 1920s and is utilized for various agricultural purposes since the 1970s. The site is currently zoned as University District and was annexed to the City of Manhattan in 1994. The 48.4-acre site could be expanded to 70 acres. 2.3.4 Flora Industrial Park Site; Flora, Mississippi
The Flora Industrial Park Site is located in Madison County, Mississippi, and is owned by the Madison County Economic Development Authority (Figure 2.3.4-1). Flora Industrial Park is a mixed-use commercial park 45 miles from the Jackson-Evers International Airport. Additional land is available surrounding the site for support facilities. The site is located on the east side of U.S. Highway 49, north and east of the intersection with North 1st Street. The Flora Industrial Park Site is approximately 150 acres of idle pasture land with two small ponds and a few scattered wooded areas. An overhead power transmission line is present through the south-central and west-central portions of the site. The site is currently zoned limited industrial. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.4-2. Based on historical information, it appears that the site has been cultivated and pasture land previously occupied by two small tenant houses and one hay barn
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-13
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
(Terracon 2007b). Adjoining properties appear to have been predominantly agricultural and rural residential until construction of the southwest-adjoining Primos Manufacturing Company in the early 2000s. 2.3.5 Plum Island Site; Plum Island, New York
Plum Island is an 840-acre island located about 12 miles southwest of New London, Connecticut, and 1.5 miles from the northeast tip of Long Island, New York (i.e., Orient Point). The island is technically located in the Village of Greenport, Town of Southold, Suffolk County, New York. However, the island has limited association with the town and is currently the responsibility of the U.S. government. Although PIADC does not meet the project purpose and need identified in Chapter 1, construction of a completely new facility on Plum Island would be a suitable alternative. The Plum Island Site consists of approximately 24 acres of land located directly to the east of the existing PIADC, which is on the western shore of Plum Island (Figure 2.3.5-1). Although one of the requirements listed in the original EOI stated that a minimum of 30 acres would be required, the Plum Island Site would not require the full 30 acres. Existing facilities associated with PIADC would be available for use with the NBAF and would reduce the amount of space required. The 24-acre site has no existing structures. Dense underbrush with gravel roads are found within the southwestern and northeastern portions. The southeastern portion of the island has previously been used for sand mining and is generally void of vegetation. The northwestern portion of the island has minor vegetation. A potable water line bisects the site from east to west, and an underground electric service borders the site on the north side. Based on a review of the historical information, the Plum Island Site was formerly utilized as a dumping area for miscellaneous non-infectious wastes associated with PIADC, but the site has since been remediated. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.5-2. 2.3.6 Umstead Research Farm Site; Butner, North Carolina
The Umstead Research Farm Site in Butner, North Carolina (Figure 2.3.6-1), is located north of the terminus of Dillon Drive along the northern property boundary of the C.A. Dillon Youth Development Center in Butner. The site is a 249-acre tract of pasture, grassland, and wooded land. The site is currently owned and operated by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Research Farms Division. Umstead Research Farm and is zoned as institutional. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.6-2. The site area was operated from early 1942 to June 1943 as part of Camp Butner, a training facility for light infantry and artillery during World War II. Other operations included ammunition storage, a redeployment center, and a general and convalescent hospital. The site has been undeveloped wooded land since at least 1940, except for one cemetery. The site has historically been maintained as undeveloped wooded land; however, in the fall of 2001, the site and surrounding area was partially logged. 2.3.7 Texas Research Park Site; San Antonio, Texas
The Texas Research Park Site in San Antonio, Texas, extends over the Bexar County line into a portion of Medina County (Figure 2.3.7-1). The 100.1-acre site is located west of Lambda Drive, south of the proposed extension of Omicron Drive, and is currently vacant, undeveloped land covered in dense vegetation comprised of trees, shrubs, and tall prairie grasses. The site appears to have consisted of vacant, undeveloped ranch land before 1938 to the present. The site has no zoning category because it is outside the San Antonio city limits. The preliminary site design is shown in Figure 2.3.7-2. The entire Texas Research Park property is a 1,000-acre industrial district 4 miles outside the San Antonio city limits.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-14
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.2-1 — South Milledge Avenue Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-15
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.2-2 — South Milledge Avenue Site Conceptual Design
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December 2008 2-16
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.3-1 — Manhattan Campus Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-17
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.3-2 — Manhattan Campus Site Conceptual Design
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-18
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.4-1 — Flora Industrial Park Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-19
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.4-2 — Flora Industrial Park Site Conceptual Design
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-20
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.5-1 — Plum Island Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-21
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.5-2 — Plum Island Site Conceptual Design
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-22
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.6-1 — Umstead Research Farm Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-23
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.6-2 — Umstead Research Farm Site Conceptual Design
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-24
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
Figure 2.3.7-1 — Texas Research Park Site Location
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-25
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
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Figure 2.3.7-2 — Texas Research Park Site Conceptual Design
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-26
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
2.4 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT ELIMINATED FROM DETAILED STUDY During the preliminary stages of the NEPA process, DHS considered other potential alternatives and suggestions by the public during the scoping process. The following alternatives were considered but were determined not to be reasonable alternatives for evaluation in the EIS. 2.4.1 Upgrading PIADC
The current PIADC does not meet the purpose and need as described in Chapter 1. PIADC does not have the required BSL-4 laboratory space, and the existing infrastructure is inadequate to support a BSL-4 facility. Upgrading and expanding the current PIADC to meet the NBAF requirements was initially considered for evaluation. A number of factors caused this alternative to be eliminated from further consideration: refurbishing the existing facilities and obsolete infrastructure to allow PIADC to meet the current mission would be more costly than building a new facility (NBAF) on Plum Island, so the cost of upgrading PIADC to meet the NBAF mission would be even greater; PIADC does not have the substantial amount of new research space that would be required, including space for a BSL-4 facility, which does not currently exist at PIADC. In addition, for the existing facility to be refurbished, current research activities might have to be suspended for extensive periods. These temporary shutdown periods would be counterproductive to the current PIADC mission and to the security of the United States. Therefore, PIADC does not meet the purpose and need of the Proposed Action. In light of these considerations, and because building a new facility at Plum Island was already one of the site alternatives being considered, continued evaluation of this alternative was eliminated. 2.4.2 Using Existing Laboratory Facilities
No existing U.S. facility could meet the mission needs determined by DHS and USDA. Although a number of BSL-3 and BSL-4 facilities are located in the United States, they do not have the capacity to conduct the research required to satisfy the NBAF mission needs. Similar facilities in Winnipeg, Canada, and Geelong, Australia, do not have the capacity to address the outbreak scenarios in the United States in a timely manner and could not guarantee their availability to meet U.S. research requirements. 2.4.3 Other Locations
As described in Section 2.2, other potential locations to construct the NBAF were considered during the site selection process but were eliminated based on evaluation by the selection committee. It was suggested during the scoping process that the NBAF be constructed in a remote location such as an island distant from populated areas or in a location that would be inhospitable (e.g., desert or arctic habitat) to escaped animal hosts/vectors; however, the evaluation criteria called for proximity to research programs that could be linked to the NBAF mission and proximity to a technical workforce (Section 2.2). The Plum Island Site is an isolated location as was suggested while still meeting the requirements listed in the EOI. It was also suggested that the NBAF could be constructed beneath a mountain; however, the cost and feasibility of such a construction project would be prohibitive. 2.5 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND COSTS This section provides a brief summary of the alternative site evaluation process and presents a comparison of the effects of the alternatives on the various resources in a tabular format. The comparison also includes other site-specific information that may be of interest to the decision makers and general public. A Site Cost Analysis was prepared to determine the full costs of constructing the NBAF at the six alternative sites. The projected site specific costs included the following four major categories:
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-27
NBAF DEIS Executive Sum
mary
• Construction Estimate—This includes the construction budget, moveable scientific equipment budget, escalation, contingency, and fees.
• Systems Maintenance—This includes all maintenance related costs, both material and or contract costs, to support the NBAF.
• Utility Costs—This includes the anticipated utility consumption based on this preliminary program. These costs factor in each specific site’s climate.
• Salaries—This includes all salaries related to the personnel that would be working within the NBAF compound.
2.5.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts by Resource
Table 2.5.1-1 presents the projected cost estimates for the site alternatives. Table 2.5.1-2 presents a summary comparison of potential environmental impacts. A more detailed analysis is provided in Chapter 3. Environmental effects categories were applied to each resource for each site alternative and the No Action Alternative to provide a subjective comparison of the alternatives. Table 2.5.1-3 provides a description of the effect categories used for comparison in Table 2.5.1-4. 2.5.2 Mitigation Measures
Adverse effects to resources were minimized or eliminated through the site selection process and placement of the proposed NBAF within the boundaries of each site alternative. There would be little or no direct effects to wetlands, water resources, natural biotic communities, protected species, or cultural and archaeological resources with the Proposed Action. Management of stormwater runoff during both construction and operation of the NBAF and measures to eliminate or minimize the potential effects of spills or releases from the NBAF would mitigate potential secondary effects to resources. Section 3.15 provides a more detailed description of specific mitigation measures for the Proposed Action.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-28
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
1 —
Pre
limin
ary
Cos
ts o
f the
NB
AF
Alte
rnat
ives
Cos
t Cat
egor
y So
uth
Mill
edge
A
venu
e Si
te
(dol
lars
)
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Site
(d
olla
rs)
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
(d
olla
rs)
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
(d
olla
rs)
Plum
Isla
nd S
ite
(dol
lars
)
Texa
s Res
earc
h Pa
rk S
ite
(dol
lars
)
Con
stru
ctio
n Es
timat
e 52
5,84
6,42
9 56
3,00
9,93
4 49
7,99
8,47
5 52
3,71
1,81
1 75
2,47
4,89
7 50
1,73
4,26
0
Mai
nten
ance
a 10
,145
,744
10
,359
,339
9,
611,
758
10,1
45,7
44
14,0
97,2
44
9,61
1,75
8
Util
ities
a 7,
566,
180
6,75
8,87
0 7,
849,
037
8,80
9,37
5 9,
055,
160
7,23
1,14
8
Sala
riesa
29,3
43,9
93
27,4
08,8
70
27,4
08,8
70
29,1
15,8
97
30,9
75,2
49
31,8
11,4
04
a Th
e m
aint
enan
ce, u
tility
, and
sala
ry c
osts
repr
esen
t an
aver
age
annu
al c
ost t
aken
from
the
estim
ates
of t
hese
cos
ts o
ver t
he in
itial
8 y
ears
as p
roje
cted
in th
e si
te c
ost a
naly
sis.
T
able
2.5
.1-2
— C
ompa
riso
n of
Env
iron
men
tal E
ffec
ts
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Land
Use
and
Vis
ual R
esou
rces
(Sec
tion
3.2)
N
o A
ctio
n N
o ef
fect
s to
land
use
or v
isua
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
La
nd u
se w
ould
be
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
e lo
cal z
onin
g cl
assi
ficat
ion,
alth
ough
the
Cla
rke
Cou
nty
Com
preh
ensi
ve P
lan
may
requ
ire a
n am
endm
ent t
o al
low
the
NB
AF
to b
e co
nstru
cted
with
in a
rura
l lan
d us
e de
sign
atio
n. C
onve
rsio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
30 a
cres
of o
pen
land
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur.
No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d. T
he si
te is
less
than
hal
f a m
ile fr
om th
e O
cone
e C
ount
y bo
rder
. The
nea
rby
porti
on o
f Oco
nee
Cou
nty
is
rura
l and
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d sl
ated
for c
ontin
uing
rura
l res
iden
tial u
se. C
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
prop
osed
NB
AF
wou
ld n
ot a
ffec
t Oco
nee
Cou
nty’
s abi
lity
to re
gula
te g
row
th a
nd d
evel
opm
ent a
ccor
ding
to it
s com
preh
ensi
ve p
lan.
V
isua
l eff
ects
wou
ld o
ccur
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
activ
ities
but
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
rary
. Lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l eff
ects
due
to o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
oc
cur.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e si
mila
r in
siz
e to
a 4
00-b
ed h
ospi
tal
or 1
,600
stu
dent
hig
h sc
hool
and
wou
ld b
e a
notic
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
feat
ure,
pa
rticu
larly
to v
isito
rs a
nd s
taff
at t
he n
earb
y bo
tani
cal g
arde
n. L
ands
capi
ng a
nd a
ppro
pria
te a
rchi
tect
ural
des
ign
feat
ures
wou
ld r
educ
e th
e vi
sual
ef
fect
s. Se
curit
y re
quire
men
ts w
ould
requ
ire c
ontin
uous
out
door
nig
httim
e lig
htin
g. U
se o
f shi
elde
d fix
ture
s an
d th
e m
inim
um in
tens
ity o
f lig
htin
g th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
secu
rity
coul
d m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s. M
anha
ttan
Cam
pus S
ite
Land
use
wou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
with
loca
l lan
d us
e an
d zo
ning
cla
ssifi
catio
ns. C
onve
rsio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
30 a
cres
of o
pen
land
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
oc
cur.
No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d.
Vis
ual e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry. L
ong-
term
vis
ual e
ffec
ts d
ue to
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld
occu
r. Th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
sim
ilar i
n si
ze to
a 4
00-b
ed h
ospi
tal o
r 1,6
00 s
tude
nt h
igh
scho
ol a
nd w
ould
be
a no
ticea
ble
land
scap
e fe
atur
e to
nea
rby
cam
pus
resi
dent
ial c
omm
uniti
es. L
ands
capi
ng a
nd a
ppro
pria
te a
rchi
tect
ural
des
ign
feat
ures
wou
ld r
educ
e th
e vi
sual
eff
ects
. Sec
urity
req
uire
men
ts
wou
ld r
equi
re c
ontin
uous
out
door
nig
httim
e lig
htin
g. U
se o
f sh
ield
ed f
ixtu
res
and
the
min
imum
inte
nsity
of
light
ing
that
are
nec
essa
ry to
pro
vide
ad
equa
te se
curit
y co
uld
miti
gate
the
effe
cts.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-29
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Land
use
wou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
with
loca
l lan
d us
e an
d zo
ning
cla
ssifi
catio
ns. C
onve
rsio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
30 a
cres
of o
pen
land
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur.
No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d.
Vis
ual
effe
cts
wou
ld o
ccur
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
activ
ities
but
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
rary
. Due
to
the
rura
l na
ture
of
the
site
, lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l ef
fect
s du
e to
op
erat
ion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur. T
he N
BA
F w
ould
be
sim
ilar
in s
ize
to a
400
-bed
hos
pita
l or
1,60
0 st
uden
t hig
h sc
hool
and
wou
ld b
e a
notic
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
feat
ure.
Lan
dsca
ping
and
app
ropr
iate
arc
hite
ctur
al d
esig
n fe
atur
es w
ould
red
uce
the
visu
al e
ffec
ts.
Secu
rity
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld r
equi
re
cont
inuo
us o
utdo
or n
ight
time
light
ing.
Use
of s
hiel
ded
fixtu
res a
nd th
e m
inim
um in
tens
ity o
f lig
htin
g th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
secu
rity
coul
d m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s. Pl
um
Isla
nd S
ite La
nd u
se w
ould
be
cons
iste
nt w
ith lo
cal l
and
use.
Con
vers
ion
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 24
acr
es o
f ope
n la
nd to
the
NB
AF
wou
ld o
ccur
. No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s ar
e ex
pect
ed.
Vis
ual e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry. L
ong-
term
vis
ual e
ffect
s due
to o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur. T
he
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e si
mila
r in
siz
e to
a 4
00-b
ed h
ospi
tal
or 1
,600
stu
dent
hig
h sc
hool
but
wou
ld n
ot b
e a
high
ly n
otic
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
feat
ure
due
to t
he
adja
cent
PIA
DC
and
the
isol
ated
nat
ure
of th
e si
te. L
ands
capi
ng a
nd a
ppro
pria
te a
rchi
tect
ural
des
ign
feat
ures
wou
ld r
educ
e th
e vi
sual
eff
ects
. Sec
urity
re
quire
men
ts w
ould
req
uire
con
tinuo
us o
utdo
or n
ight
time
light
ing.
Use
of
shie
lded
fix
ture
s an
d th
e m
inim
um in
tens
ity o
f lig
htin
g th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to
prov
ide
adeq
uate
secu
rity
coul
d m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s. U
mst
ead
Res
earc
h Fa
rm S
ite
Land
use
wou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
with
loca
l lan
d us
e an
d zo
ning
cla
ssifi
catio
ns. C
onve
rsio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
30 a
cres
of o
pen
land
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur.
No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d.
Vis
ual
effe
cts
wou
ld o
ccur
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
activ
ities
but
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
rary
. Due
to
the
rura
l na
ture
of
the
site
, lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l ef
fect
s du
e to
op
erat
ion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur. T
he N
BA
F w
ould
be
sim
ilar
in s
ize
to a
400
-bed
hos
pita
l or
1,60
0 st
uden
t hig
h sc
hool
and
wou
ld b
e a
notic
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
feat
ure.
Lan
dsca
ping
and
app
ropr
iate
arc
hite
ctur
al d
esig
n fe
atur
es w
ould
red
uce
the
visu
al e
ffec
ts.
Secu
rity
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld r
equi
re
cont
inuo
us o
utdo
or n
ight
time
light
ing.
Use
of s
hiel
ded
fixtu
res a
nd th
e m
inim
um in
tens
ity o
f lig
htin
g th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
secu
rity
coul
d m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s. Te
xas
Res
earc
h Pa
rk S
ite
Land
use
wou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
with
loca
l lan
d us
e an
d zo
ning
cla
ssifi
catio
ns. C
onve
rsio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
30 a
cres
of o
pen
land
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur.
No
othe
r lan
d us
e ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d.
Vis
ual e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry. L
ong-
term
vis
ual e
ffect
s due
to o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
occ
ur. T
he
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e si
mila
r in
siz
e to
a 4
00-b
ed h
ospi
tal
or 1
,600
stu
dent
hig
h sc
hool
and
wou
ld b
e a
notic
eabl
e la
ndsc
ape
feat
ure.
Lan
dsca
ping
and
ap
prop
riate
arc
hite
ctur
al d
esig
n fe
atur
es w
ould
redu
ce th
e vi
sual
eff
ects
. Sec
urity
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld re
quire
con
tinuo
us o
utdo
or n
ight
time
light
ing.
Use
of
shie
lded
fixt
ures
and
the
min
imum
inte
nsity
of l
ight
ing
that
are
nec
essa
ry to
pro
vide
ade
quat
e se
curit
y co
uld
miti
gate
the
effe
cts.
Infr
astru
ctur
e (S
ectio
n 3.
3)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to in
fras
truct
ure
wou
ld o
ccur
oth
er th
an w
ith p
revi
ousl
y au
thor
ized
impr
ovem
ents
. Inf
rast
ruct
ure
impr
ovem
ents
wou
ld c
ontin
ue a
t PIA
DC
to
mee
t ex
istin
g m
issi
on r
equi
rem
ents
. W
aste
wat
er d
econ
tam
inat
ion,
chi
lled
wat
er,
and
elec
trica
l di
strib
utio
n w
ill b
e im
prov
ed w
ith t
he a
utho
rized
re
nova
tions
.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-30
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Pota
ble
Wat
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 43,
000,
000
gpy
of p
otab
le w
ater
but
can
be
met
by
curr
ent a
vaila
ble
capa
city
. Wou
ld re
quire
1.3
mile
s of
tw
o ne
w 1
2” w
ater
line
s. El
ectri
city
. Ope
ratio
ns w
ould
req
uire
12.
8 M
W f
rom
exi
stin
g G
eorg
ia P
ower
cap
acity
. C
onne
ctio
n to
tw
o ex
istin
g su
bsta
tions
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d an
d w
ould
incl
ude
<3 m
iles o
f new
line
per
subs
tatio
n.
Fuel
s an
d N
atur
al G
as. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
quire
1,1
06,3
00 c
cf o
f nat
ural
gas
per
yea
r. It
wou
ld re
quire
2,9
00 fe
et o
f new
4”
line.
Fue
l oil
wou
ld b
e us
ed
whe
n na
tura
l gas
is n
ot a
vaila
ble.
Sa
nita
ry S
ewer
. Ope
ratio
n w
ould
resu
lt in
an
estim
ated
26,
500,
000
gpy
of w
aste
wat
er, b
ut th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
desi
gned
and
ope
rate
d to
pre
vent
adv
erse
ef
fect
s to
the
AC
C M
iddl
e O
cone
e W
WTP
cap
abili
ties.
App
roxi
mat
ely
1.0
mile
of n
ew se
wag
e lin
e w
ill b
e re
quire
d.
Stea
m a
nd C
hille
d W
ater
. Ste
am re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite b
oile
rs. C
hille
d w
ater
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
chi
llers
.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Pota
ble
Wat
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 37,
750,
000
gpy
of p
otab
le w
ater
but
can
be
met
by
curr
ently
ava
ilabl
e ca
paci
ty a
nd w
ater
line
s.
Elec
trici
ty. O
pera
tions
wou
ld re
quire
13.
1 M
W fr
om e
xist
ing
Wes
tar E
nerg
y’s
capa
city
of 3
,082
MW
. Con
nect
ion
to a
n ex
istin
g su
bsta
tion
and
1 m
ile o
f ne
w li
ne w
ould
be
requ
ired.
Fu
els a
nd N
atur
al G
as. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
quire
1,4
10,0
00 c
cf o
f nat
ural
gas
per
yea
r. Fu
el o
il w
ould
be
used
whe
n na
tura
l gas
is n
ot a
vaila
ble.
Sa
nita
ry S
ewer
. Ope
ratio
n w
ould
resu
lt in
an
estim
ated
25,
000,
000
gpy
of w
aste
wat
er, a
nd c
apac
ity w
ould
be
met
by
a ne
w W
WTP
bei
ng d
esig
ned
by th
e C
ity o
f Man
hatta
n.
Stea
m a
nd C
hille
d W
ater
. Ste
am re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite b
oile
rs. C
hille
d w
ater
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
chi
llers
.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Pota
ble
Wat
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 48,
150,
000
gpy
of p
otab
le w
ater
but
can
be
met
by
curr
ently
ava
ilabl
e ca
paci
ty a
nd w
ater
line
s.
Elec
trici
ty. O
pera
tions
wou
ld r
equi
re 1
3.1
MW
fro
m e
xist
ing
Ente
rgy
Mis
siss
ippi
, Inc
.’s c
apac
ity. A
new
pla
nned
sub
stat
ion
to p
rovi
de s
ervi
ce to
the
regi
on in
clud
ing
the
NB
AF
will
mee
t the
pow
er re
quire
men
ts b
ut n
ot th
e re
dund
ancy
spec
ifica
tions
for N
BA
F. A
n ad
ditio
nal s
ubst
atio
n w
ill b
e re
quire
d.
Fuel
s an
d N
atur
al G
as. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
quire
1,0
72,4
00 c
cf o
f nat
ural
gas
per
yea
r. A
new
11
mile
, 6-in
ch p
ipel
ine
will
be
requ
ired.
Fue
l oil
wou
ld b
e us
ed w
hen
natu
ral g
as is
not
ava
ilabl
e.
Sani
tary
Sew
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld r
esul
t in
an e
stim
ated
28,
250,
000
gpy
of w
aste
wat
er a
nd c
apac
ity w
ould
be
met
by
the
Flor
a W
WTP
. App
roxi
mat
ely
1,60
0 fe
et o
f new
sew
er li
ne w
ould
be
requ
ired.
St
eam
and
Chi
lled
Wat
er. S
team
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
boi
lers
. Chi
lled
wat
er re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite c
hille
rs.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Pota
ble
Wat
er.
Ope
ratio
n w
ould
res
ult
in u
se o
f 36
,500
,000
gpy
of
pota
ble
wat
er b
ut c
an b
e m
et w
ith n
ew g
roun
dwat
er w
ells
and
tw
o (2
) ne
w
200,
000
gallo
n w
ater
tow
ers.
Elec
trici
ty. O
pera
tions
wou
ld re
quire
12.
8 M
W fr
om e
xist
ing
LIPA
cap
acity
. Con
nect
ion
to a
n ex
istin
g su
bsta
tion
on th
e N
Y m
ainl
and
wou
ld re
quire
two
new
subm
arin
e po
wer
line
s to
Plum
Isla
nd.
Fuel
s and
Nat
ural
Gas
. Fue
l oil
wou
ld b
e th
e pr
imar
y fu
el so
urce
. The
NB
AF
wou
ld u
se 1
,600
,000
gpy
. Sa
nita
ry S
ewer
. Ope
ratio
n w
ould
resu
lt in
an
estim
ated
23,
000,
000
gpy
of w
aste
wat
er, a
nd c
apac
ity w
ould
be
not b
e m
et b
y cu
rren
t WW
TP c
apab
ilitie
s. A
new
WW
TP o
r mod
ifica
tions
to th
e ex
istin
g W
WTP
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
Stea
m a
nd C
hille
d W
ater
. Ste
am re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite b
oile
rs. C
hille
d w
ater
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
chi
llers
.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-31
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Pota
ble
Wat
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 39,
500,
000
gpy
of p
otab
le w
ater
but
can
be
met
by
curr
ently
ava
ilabl
e ca
paci
ty. W
ould
requ
ire 5
,000
feet
of
new
8”
wat
er li
ne.
Elec
trici
ty. O
pera
tions
wou
ld r
equi
re 1
2.8
MW
fro
m e
xist
ing
Duk
e En
ergy
cap
acity
of
9,83
2 M
W. C
onne
ctio
ns to
two
(2)
exis
ting
subs
tatio
ns i
n th
e B
utne
r are
a w
ould
be
requ
ired
and
wou
ld in
clud
e a to
tal o
f 6 m
iles o
f new
line
. Fu
els
and
Nat
ural
Gas
. Ope
ratio
n w
ould
requ
ire 1
,193
,900
ccf
of n
atur
al g
as p
er y
ear a
nd w
ould
requ
ire 4
,475
feet
of n
ew 6
-inch
pip
elin
e. F
uel o
il w
ould
be
use
d w
hen
natu
ral g
as is
not
ava
ilabl
e.
Sani
tary
Sew
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n es
timat
ed 2
5,25
0,00
0 gp
y of
was
tew
ater
, but
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e de
sign
ed a
nd o
pera
ted
to p
reve
nt a
dver
se
effe
cts t
o th
e SG
WA
SA S
ewag
e Tr
eatm
ent F
acili
ty c
apab
ilitie
s. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 6,
500
feet
of n
ew se
wer
line
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
Stea
m a
nd C
hille
d W
ater
. Ste
am re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite b
oile
rs. C
hille
d w
ater
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
chi
llers
.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Pota
ble
Wat
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 51,
750,
000
gpy
of p
otab
le w
ater
but
can
be
met
by
curr
ently
ava
ilabl
e ca
paci
ty a
nd w
ater
line
s.
Elec
trici
ty. O
pera
tions
wou
ld re
quire
12.
8 M
W fr
om e
xist
ing
CPS
Ene
rgy’
s ca
paci
ty o
f 5,4
68 M
W. C
onne
ctio
n to
two
exis
ting
subs
tatio
ns a
nd <
0.5
mile
s of
new
line
per
subs
tatio
n w
ould
be
requ
ired.
Fu
els
and
Nat
ural
Gas
. Ope
ratio
n w
ould
requ
ire 1
,002
,300
ccf
of n
atur
al g
as p
er y
ear.
App
roxi
mat
ely
2,55
0 fe
et o
f new
6-in
ch h
igh
pres
sure
dis
tribu
tion
line
will
be
requ
ired.
Fue
l oil
wou
ld b
e us
ed w
hen
natu
ral g
as is
not
ava
ilabl
e.
Sani
tary
Sew
er. O
pera
tion
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n es
timat
ed 2
9,25
0,00
0 gp
y of
was
tew
ater
and
cap
acity
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y th
e SA
WS
Med
io C
reek
WR
C. N
ew
sani
tary
sew
er li
nes w
ould
not
be
requ
ired.
St
eam
and
Chi
lled
Wat
er. S
team
requ
irem
ents
wou
ld b
e m
et b
y on
-site
boi
lers
. Chi
lled
wat
er re
quire
men
ts w
ould
be
met
by
on-s
ite c
hille
rs.
Air
Qua
lity
(Sec
tion
3.4)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts t
o ai
r qua
lity
wou
ld o
ccur
. Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
aut
horiz
ed in
fras
truct
ure
impr
ovem
ents
.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-32
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed. I
n ad
ditio
n, s
ince
Suf
folk
Cou
nty
is a
non
-atta
inm
ent a
rea
for
ozon
e an
d PM
2.5 a
n ai
r co
nfor
mity
ana
lysi
s w
ould
be
requ
ired
prio
r to
final
aut
horiz
atio
n.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Air
qual
ity e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Air
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
wou
ld in
clud
e co
nstru
ctio
n tra
ffic
an
d eq
uipm
ent.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
air
emis
sion
s fr
om b
oile
rs, e
mer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
, and
tra
ffic
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
s an
d de
liver
ies.
Add
ition
al a
ir em
issi
ons
wou
ld o
ccur
fro
m c
arca
ss a
nd p
atho
logi
c w
aste
tre
atm
ent
and
may
inc
lude
inc
iner
atio
n, a
lkal
ine
hydr
olys
is,
or r
ende
ring.
Pr
elim
inar
y as
sess
men
ts b
ased
on
cons
erva
tive
estim
ates
of a
ir em
issi
ons
indi
cate
that
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in a
n ex
ceed
ance
of p
artic
ulat
e em
issi
ons,
alth
ough
fina
l des
ign
and
oper
atio
ns w
ould
be
adju
sted
to m
eet a
ll ai
r per
mit
requ
irem
ents
. Add
ition
al m
odel
ing
wou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
once
the
final
dis
posa
l met
hodo
logy
has
bee
n se
lect
ed.
Noi
se (S
ectio
n 3.
5)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to n
oise
wou
ld o
ccur
. Tem
pora
ry in
crea
ses
in n
oise
leve
ls d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n eq
uipm
ent w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
aut
horiz
ed in
fras
truct
ure
impr
ovem
ents
.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y th
e bo
tani
cal g
arde
n an
d re
side
nts
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
incl
udin
g co
nstru
ctio
n-re
late
d tra
ffic
. If b
last
ing
is re
quire
d du
ring
cons
truct
ion,
add
ition
al n
oise
eff
ects
wou
ld o
ccur
but
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
rary
in n
atur
e.St
eps
will
be
take
n to
min
imiz
e th
e bl
ast n
umbe
r(s)
, int
ensi
ty, a
nd d
urat
ion.
A b
last
ing
plan
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
impl
emen
ting
blas
ting
mea
sure
s su
ch a
s m
inim
izin
g ex
plos
ive
wei
ghts
, st
emm
ing
dept
hs a
nd m
ater
ial,
and
dela
y co
nfig
urat
ions
all
to m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
oise
leve
ls. O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
res
ult i
n m
inor
incr
ease
s in
no
ise
leve
ls f
rom
em
ploy
ee t
raffi
c an
d he
atin
g an
d co
olin
g fa
cilit
ies.
How
ever
, ope
ratio
n of
the
em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs w
ould
res
ult
in s
pora
dic
nois
e in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-33
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y ne
arby
inst
itutio
ns d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
cons
truct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic. I
f bla
stin
g is
requ
ired
durin
g co
nstru
ctio
n, a
dditi
onal
noi
se e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry in
nat
ure.
Ste
ps w
ill b
e ta
ken
to m
inim
ize
the
blas
t num
ber(
s),
inte
nsity
, and
dur
atio
n. A
bla
stin
g pl
an w
ould
be
deve
lope
d im
plem
entin
g bl
astin
g m
easu
res
such
as
min
imiz
ing
expl
osiv
e w
eigh
ts, s
tem
min
g de
pths
and
m
ater
ial,
and
dela
y co
nfig
urat
ions
all
to m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
oise
leve
ls. H
owev
er, g
iven
the
high
ly d
evel
oped
sur
roun
ding
are
a, th
e in
crea
se in
noi
se le
vels
w
ould
not
be
very
not
icea
ble.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
min
or i
ncre
ases
in
nois
e le
vels
fro
m e
mpl
oyee
tra
ffic
and
hea
ting
and
cool
ing
faci
litie
s. H
owev
er, o
pera
tion
of th
e em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs w
ould
resu
lt in
spor
adic
noi
se in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y ne
arby
inst
itutio
ns a
nd re
side
nts d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
cons
truct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic. I
f bla
stin
g is
requ
ired
durin
g co
nstru
ctio
n, a
dditi
onal
noi
se e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry in
nat
ure.
Ste
ps w
ill b
e ta
ken
to m
inim
ize
the
blas
t num
ber(
s), i
nten
sity
, and
dur
atio
n. A
bla
stin
g pl
an w
ould
be
deve
lope
d im
plem
entin
g bl
astin
g m
easu
res s
uch
as m
inim
izin
g ex
plos
ive
wei
ghts
, st
emm
ing
dept
hs a
nd m
ater
ial,
and
dela
y co
nfig
urat
ions
all
to m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
oise
leve
ls.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in m
inor
incr
ease
s in
noi
se le
vels
from
em
ploy
ee tr
affic
and
hea
ting
and
cool
ing
faci
litie
s. H
owev
er, o
pera
tion
of th
e em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs w
ould
resu
lt in
spor
adic
noi
se in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y ne
arby
PIA
DC
em
ploy
ees d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
cons
truct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic. I
f bl
astin
g is
requ
ired
durin
g co
nstru
ctio
n, a
dditi
onal
noi
se e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry in
nat
ure.
Ste
ps w
ill b
e ta
ken
to m
inim
ize
the
blas
t nu
mbe
r(s)
, int
ensi
ty, a
nd d
urat
ion.
A b
last
ing
plan
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
impl
emen
ting
blas
ting
mea
sure
s suc
h as
min
imiz
ing
expl
osiv
e w
eigh
ts, s
tem
min
g de
pths
and
mat
eria
l, an
d de
lay
conf
igur
atio
ns a
ll to
miti
gate
pot
entia
l noi
se le
vels
. O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
resu
lt in
min
or in
crea
ses
in n
oise
leve
ls fr
om h
eatin
g an
d co
olin
g fa
cilit
ies.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
emer
genc
y ge
nera
tors
wou
ld
resu
lt in
spor
adic
noi
se in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g, b
ut th
ese
alre
ady
occu
r with
the
exis
ting
PIA
DC
em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y ne
arby
inst
itutio
ns a
nd re
side
nts d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
cons
truct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic. I
f bla
stin
g is
requ
ired
durin
g co
nstru
ctio
n, a
dditi
onal
noi
se e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry in
nat
ure.
Ste
ps w
ill b
e ta
ken
to m
inim
ize
the
blas
t num
ber(
s), i
nten
sity
, and
dur
atio
n. A
bla
stin
g pl
an w
ould
be
deve
lope
d im
plem
entin
g bl
astin
g m
easu
res s
uch
as m
inim
izin
g ex
plos
ive
wei
ghts
, st
emm
ing
dept
hs a
nd m
ater
ial,
and
dela
y co
nfig
urat
ions
all
to m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
oise
leve
ls.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in m
inor
incr
ease
s in
noi
se le
vels
from
em
ploy
ee tr
affic
and
hea
ting
and
cool
ing
faci
litie
s. H
owev
er, o
pera
tion
of th
e em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs w
ould
resu
lt in
spor
adic
noi
se in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
noi
se le
vels
may
be
expe
rienc
ed b
y ne
arby
inst
itutio
ns a
nd re
side
nts d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
cons
truct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic. I
f bla
stin
g is
requ
ired
durin
g co
nstru
ctio
n, a
dditi
onal
noi
se e
ffec
ts w
ould
occ
ur b
ut w
ould
be
tem
pora
ry in
nat
ure.
Ste
ps w
ill b
e ta
ken
to m
inim
ize
the
blas
t num
ber(
s), i
nten
sity
, and
dur
atio
n. A
bla
stin
g pl
an w
ould
be
deve
lope
d im
plem
entin
g bl
astin
g m
easu
res s
uch
as m
inim
izin
g ex
plos
ive
wei
ghts
, st
emm
ing
dept
hs a
nd m
ater
ial,
and
dela
y co
nfig
urat
ions
all
to m
itiga
te p
oten
tial n
oise
leve
ls.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in m
inor
incr
ease
s in
nois
e le
vels
from
em
ploy
ee tr
affic
and
hea
ting
and
cool
ing
faci
litie
s. H
owev
er, o
pera
tion
of th
e em
erge
ncy
gene
rato
rs w
ould
resu
lt in
spor
adic
noi
se in
crea
ses d
urin
g te
stin
g.
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls (S
ectio
n 3.
6)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to g
eolo
gy o
r so
ils w
ould
occ
ur. T
empo
rary
eff
ects
due
to m
inor
soi
l dis
turb
ance
s w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
au
thor
ized
infr
astru
ctur
e im
prov
emen
ts.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-34
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. Acc
ordi
ng to
the
NR
CS
offic
e in
Ath
ens,
acqu
isiti
on o
r use
of
farm
land
by
a Fe
dera
l age
ncy
for
natio
nal d
efen
se p
urpo
ses
is e
xem
pted
by
sect
ion
1547
(b)
of th
e Fa
rmla
nd P
olic
y Pr
otec
tion
Act
, 7 U
.S.C
. 420
8(b)
. Th
eref
ore,
the
Farm
land
Pol
icy
Prot
ectio
n A
ct d
oes n
ot a
pply
to th
is p
roje
ct. .
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. A to
tal o
f 10.
2 ac
res
of P
rime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s w
ould
be
affe
cted
.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. A to
tal o
f 35.
1 ac
res
of P
rime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s oc
cur o
n th
e Fl
ora
Indu
stria
l Par
k Si
te, b
ut it
is u
nkno
wn
if an
y w
ould
be
affe
cted
.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. A to
tal o
f 10.
4 ac
res
of P
rime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s w
ould
be
affe
cted
.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-35
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. A to
tal o
f 113
.7 a
cres
of P
rime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s oc
cur o
n th
e U
mst
ead
Res
earc
h Fa
rm S
ite, b
ut it
is u
nkno
wn
if an
y w
ould
be
affe
cted
.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Des
ign
spec
ifica
tions
of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e ac
cord
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te s
eism
ic d
esig
n cr
iteria
for
the
reg
ion,
as
wel
l as
for
site
-spe
cific
geo
logi
cal
cond
ition
s.
Tem
pora
ry e
ffec
ts to
soils
wou
ld o
ccur
due
to e
xcav
atio
n an
d cl
earin
g w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. BM
Ps d
urin
g co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
min
imiz
e an
y ad
vers
e ef
fect
s. Po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
soi
ls c
ould
occ
ur w
ith o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F, b
ut a
ppro
pria
te B
MPs
wou
ld e
limin
ate
or m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
ef
fect
s. C
oord
inat
ion
with
the
NR
CS
rega
rdin
g Pr
ime
and
Uni
que
Farm
land
s ha
s be
en c
ompl
eted
. A to
tal o
f 6
acre
s of
Prim
e an
d U
niqu
e Fa
rmla
nds
wou
ld b
e af
fect
ed.
Wat
er R
esou
rces
(Sec
tion
3.7)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to w
ater
reso
urce
s w
ould
occ
ur. T
empo
rary
eff
ects
are
not
like
ly to
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
aut
horiz
ed in
fras
truct
ure
impr
ovem
ents
.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to
stor
mw
ater
pol
lutio
n pr
even
tion
plan
s (S
WPP
P) a
nd s
pill
man
agem
ent
prot
ocol
s w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial
and
miti
gate
the
ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in u
se o
f 118
,000
gpd
of p
otab
le w
ater
from
sur
face
wat
er s
ourc
es. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 73
,000
gp
d of
trea
ted
sani
tary
was
te w
ould
be
disc
harg
ed fr
om th
e si
te b
ut w
ould
be
requ
ired
to m
eet a
ll di
scha
rge
limits
. No
effe
cts t
o flo
odpl
ains
wou
ld o
ccur
.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to S
WPP
P an
d sp
ill m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial a
nd m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
use
of 1
18,0
00 g
pd o
f po
tabl
e w
ater
fro
m g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
es. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 68
,000
gpd
of
treat
ed s
anita
ry w
aste
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
from
the
site
but
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d to
mee
t all
disc
harg
e lim
its. N
o ef
fect
s to
flood
plai
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to S
WPP
P an
d sp
ill m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial a
nd m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
use
of 1
32,0
00 g
pd o
f po
tabl
e w
ater
fro
m g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
es. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 77
,000
gpd
of
treat
ed s
anita
ry w
aste
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
from
the
site
but
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d to
mee
t all
disc
harg
e lim
its. N
o ef
fect
s to
flood
plai
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-36
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Plum
Is
land
Site
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to S
WPP
P an
d sp
ill m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial a
nd m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
use
of 1
01,0
00 g
pd o
f po
tabl
e w
ater
fro
m g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
es. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 63
,000
gpd
of
treat
ed s
anita
ry w
aste
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
from
the
site
but
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d to
mee
t all
disc
harg
e lim
its. N
o ef
fect
s to
flood
plai
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to S
WPP
P an
d sp
ill m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial a
nd m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
use
of 1
10,0
00 g
pd o
f po
tabl
e w
ater
fro
m s
urfa
ce w
ater
sou
rces
. App
roxi
mat
ely
70,0
00 g
pd o
f tre
ated
san
itary
was
te w
ould
be
disc
harg
ed fr
om th
e si
te b
ut w
ould
be
requ
ired
to m
eet a
ll di
scha
rge
limits
. No
effe
cts t
o flo
odpl
ains
wou
ld o
ccur
.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Pote
ntia
l ef
fect
s to
wat
er r
esou
rces
cou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Run
off
from
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te h
as t
he p
oten
tial
ente
r su
rfac
e or
gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es, b
ut B
MPs
dur
ing
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
pote
ntia
l fo
r th
is t
o oc
cur.
Sim
ilar
effe
cts
coul
d oc
cur
with
ope
ratio
n of
the
N
BA
F. A
dher
ence
to S
WPP
P an
d sp
ill m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial a
nd m
itiga
te th
e ef
fect
s of
a p
oten
tial s
pill.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
use
of 1
64,0
00 g
pd o
f po
tabl
e w
ater
fro
m g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
es. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 80
,000
gpd
of
treat
ed s
anita
ry w
aste
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
from
the
site
but
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d to
mee
t all
disc
harg
e lim
its. N
o ef
fect
s to
flood
plai
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
(Sec
tion
3.8)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l re
sour
ces
wou
ld o
ccur
. Te
mpo
rary
effe
cts
are
not
likel
y to
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
ass
ocia
ted
with
aut
horiz
ed
infr
astru
ctur
e im
prov
emen
ts.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n an
d 0.
2 ac
res
of fo
rest
ed u
plan
ds w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Wet
land
s (<
0.5
acre
s) a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d bu
ffer
area
s m
ay b
e ef
fect
ed d
ue to
pro
pose
d ro
ad c
ross
ings
. Th
reat
ened
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, aq
uatic
reso
urce
s, an
d w
ildlif
e w
ould
not
be
dire
ctly
aff
ecte
d by
con
stru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
ope
ratio
ns. I
ndire
ct e
ffec
ts to
w
ildlif
e in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry b
irds
coul
d oc
cur
from
nig
httim
e se
curit
y lig
htin
g; h
owev
er, t
he e
ffec
ts c
ould
be
miti
gate
d by
dire
ctio
nal a
nd lo
w in
tens
ity
light
ing.
An
acci
dent
al re
leas
e of
pat
hoge
ns fr
om th
e N
BA
F w
ould
adv
erse
ly a
ffect
sele
cted
wild
life
popu
latio
ns. P
oten
tial b
enef
its to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
fr
om re
sear
ch o
n FA
Ds a
t the
NB
AF.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Thr
eate
ned
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, w
etla
nds,
aqua
tic re
sour
ces,
and
wild
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
ly a
ffect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
op
erat
ions
. Ind
irect
eff
ects
to w
ildlif
e in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry b
irds
coul
d oc
cur
from
nig
httim
e se
curit
y lig
htin
g; h
owev
er, t
he e
ffec
ts c
ould
be
miti
gate
d by
di
rect
iona
l and
low
inte
nsity
ligh
ting.
An
acci
dent
al r
elea
se o
f pat
hoge
ns fr
om th
e N
BA
F w
ould
adv
erse
ly a
ffec
t sel
ecte
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
. Pot
entia
l be
nefit
s to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
from
rese
arch
on
FAD
s at t
he N
BA
F.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Thr
eate
ned
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, w
etla
nds,
aqua
tic re
sour
ces,
and
wild
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
ly a
ffect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
op
erat
ions
. Ind
irect
eff
ects
to w
ildlif
e in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry b
irds
coul
d oc
cur
from
nig
httim
e se
curit
y lig
htin
g; h
owev
er, t
he e
ffec
ts c
ould
be
miti
gate
d by
di
rect
iona
l and
low
inte
nsity
ligh
ting.
An
acci
dent
al r
elea
se o
f pat
hoge
ns fr
om th
e N
BA
F w
ould
adv
erse
ly a
ffec
t sel
ecte
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
. Pot
entia
l be
nefit
s to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
from
rese
arch
on
FAD
s at t
he N
BA
F.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-37
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Plum
Is
land
Site
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 24
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Thr
eate
ned
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, w
etla
nds,
aqua
tic re
sour
ces,
and
wild
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
ly a
ffect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
op
erat
ions
. Ind
irect
eff
ects
to w
ildlif
e in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry b
irds
coul
d oc
cur
from
nig
httim
e se
curit
y lig
htin
g; h
owev
er, t
he e
ffec
ts c
ould
be
miti
gate
d by
di
rect
iona
l and
low
inte
nsity
ligh
ting.
An
acci
dent
al r
elea
se o
f pat
hoge
ns fr
om th
e N
BA
F w
ould
adv
erse
ly a
ffec
t sel
ecte
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
. Pot
entia
l be
nefit
s to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
from
rese
arch
on
FAD
s at t
he N
BA
F.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Thr
eate
ned
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, w
etla
nds,
aqua
tic re
sour
ces,
and
wild
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
ly a
ffect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
op
erat
ions
. Ind
irect
eff
ects
to w
ildlif
e in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry b
irds
coul
d oc
cur
from
nig
httim
e se
curit
y lig
htin
g; h
owev
er, t
he e
ffec
ts c
ould
be
miti
gate
d by
di
rect
iona
l and
low
inte
nsity
ligh
ting.
An
acci
dent
al r
elea
se o
f pat
hoge
ns fr
om th
e N
BA
F w
ould
adv
erse
ly a
ffec
t sel
ecte
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
. Pot
entia
l be
nefit
s to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
from
rese
arch
on
FAD
s at t
he N
BA
F.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Effe
cts
to b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur fr
om s
ite c
lear
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e N
BA
F. A
ppro
xim
atel
y 30
acr
es o
f dis
turb
ed v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
rem
oved
. Add
ition
al v
eget
atio
n w
ould
be
clea
red
with
inst
alla
tion
of 4
.6 m
iles
of n
ew s
ewer
line
. Thr
eate
ned
or e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s, w
etla
nds,
aqua
tic r
esou
rces
, and
wild
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e di
rect
ly a
ffect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n or
nor
mal
ope
ratio
ns. I
ndire
ct e
ffec
ts to
wild
life
incl
udin
g m
igra
tory
bird
s co
uld
occu
r fr
om n
ight
time
secu
rity
light
ing;
how
ever
, the
eff
ects
cou
ld b
e m
itiga
ted
by d
irect
iona
l and
low
inte
nsity
ligh
ting.
An
acci
dent
al r
elea
se o
f pa
thog
ens
from
the
NB
AF
wou
ld a
dver
sely
aff
ect s
elec
ted
wild
life
popu
latio
ns. P
oten
tial b
enef
its to
wild
life
wou
ld o
ccur
from
res
earc
h on
FA
Ds
at th
e N
BA
F.
Cul
tura
l Res
ourc
es (S
ectio
n 3.
9)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts t
o cu
ltura
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
Geo
rgia
Dep
artm
ent o
f Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Div
isio
n ha
s be
en in
itiat
ed p
er S
ectio
n 10
6 of
the
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Pr
eser
vatio
n A
ct b
ut c
an n
ot b
e co
mpl
eted
unt
il th
e fin
al d
esig
n ha
s be
en s
ubm
itted
. No
know
n ef
fect
s to
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
or o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F. C
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith st
ate
and
fede
rally
reco
gniz
ed N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
Indi
an tr
ibes
has
bee
n in
itiat
ed.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
Kan
sas
Stat
e H
isto
rical
Soc
iety
has
bee
n in
itiat
ed p
er S
ectio
n 10
6 of
the
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n A
ct. N
o kn
own
effe
cts
to
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
wou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n or
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Con
sulta
tion
with
stat
e an
d fe
dera
lly re
cogn
ized
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an In
dian
trib
es
has b
een
initi
ated
. Fl
ora
Indu
stria
l Pa
rk S
ite
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
Mis
siss
ippi
Dep
artm
ent o
f Arc
hive
s an
d H
isto
ry p
er S
ectio
n 10
6 of
the
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n A
ct h
as b
een
com
plet
ed. N
o kn
own
effe
cts
to c
ultu
ral
reso
urce
s w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
or o
pera
tion
of t
he N
BA
F. C
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith s
tate
and
fed
eral
ly r
ecog
nize
d N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
Indi
an tr
ibes
has
bee
n in
itiat
ed.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
New
Yor
k St
ate
Off
ice
of P
arks
, Rec
reat
ion
and
His
toric
Pre
serv
atio
n ha
s be
en in
itiat
ed p
er S
ectio
n 10
6 of
the
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Pr
eser
vatio
n A
ct b
ut i
s no
t ye
t co
mpl
ete.
No
know
n ef
fect
s to
cul
tura
l re
sour
ces
wou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n or
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF,
alth
ough
co
ordi
natio
n ha
s not
yet
bee
n co
mpl
eted
. Con
sulta
tion
with
stat
e an
d fe
dera
lly re
cogn
ized
Nat
ive
Am
eric
an In
dian
trib
es h
as b
een
initi
ated
. U
mst
ead
Res
earc
h Fa
rm S
ite
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Dep
artm
ent
of C
ultu
ral
Res
ourc
es,
Stat
e H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Off
ice
per
Sect
ion
106
of t
he N
atio
nal
His
toric
Pr
eser
vatio
n A
ct h
as b
een
com
plet
ed. N
o kn
own
effe
cts
to c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
wou
ld o
ccur
with
con
stru
ctio
n or
ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF.
Con
sulta
tion
with
st
ate
and
fede
rally
reco
gniz
ed N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
Indi
an tr
ibes
has
bee
n in
itiat
ed.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-38
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Con
sulta
tion
with
the
Texa
s H
isto
rical
Com
mis
sion
per
Sec
tion
106
of th
e N
atio
nal H
isto
ric P
rese
rvat
ion
Act
has
bee
n co
mpl
eted
. No
know
n ef
fect
s to
cu
ltura
l res
ourc
es w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
or o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F. C
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith st
ate
and
fede
rally
reco
gniz
ed N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
Indi
an tr
ibes
ha
s bee
n in
itiat
ed.
Soci
oeco
nom
ics (
Sect
ion
3.10
)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to e
mpl
oym
ent,
inco
me,
pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, or q
ualit
y of
life
wou
ld o
ccur
. No
disp
ropo
rtion
ate
effe
cts
to lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
w
ould
occ
ur.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
resu
lt in
1,6
39 te
mpo
rary
jobs
(661
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 9
78 a
ssoc
iate
d jo
bs) g
ener
atin
g an
est
imat
ed $
150
mill
ion
in la
bor i
ncom
e an
d $1
4.6
mill
ion
in st
ate
and
loca
l tax
es. P
opul
atio
n, h
ousi
ng, a
nd q
ualit
y of
life
wou
ld n
ot b
e af
fect
ed b
y co
nstru
ctio
n.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
250
-350
dire
ct j
obs
and
an e
stim
ated
inc
ome
of $
27 m
illio
n an
nual
ly (
0.8%
inc
reas
e in
Cla
rke
Cou
nty)
. An
estim
ated
$1.
6 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
wou
ld b
e ge
nera
ted.
Pop
ulat
ion
grow
th d
ue to
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e 4.
9% o
f the
est
imat
ed g
row
th in
the
stud
y ar
ea. T
he e
ffect
of t
he N
BA
F on
the
hous
ing
mar
ket a
nd q
ualit
y of
life
(sch
ools
, law
enf
orce
men
t, fir
e pr
otec
tion,
med
ical
faci
litie
s, re
crea
tion,
and
hea
lth
and
safe
ty) w
ould
be
negl
igib
le. L
aw e
nfor
cem
ent a
nd fi
re p
rote
ctio
n pe
rson
nel w
ould
be
adeq
uate
ly tr
aine
d by
DH
S to
resp
ond
to in
cide
nts
at th
e N
BA
F.
Site
-spe
cific
pro
toco
ls w
ould
be
deve
lope
d in
coo
rdin
atio
n w
ith l
ocal
em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
resi
ding
with
in th
e lo
cal a
rea.
DH
S w
ould
hav
e si
te-s
peci
fic s
tand
ard
oper
atin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns
in p
lace
prio
r to
the
initi
atio
n of
rese
arch
act
iviti
es a
t the
pro
pose
d th
e N
BA
F.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
of a
pat
hoge
n is
ext
rem
ely
low
(see
Sec
tion
3.14
), bu
t the
eco
nom
ic e
ffect
wou
ld b
e si
gnifi
cant
. The
cat
tle a
nd p
ork
indu
strie
s in
Geo
rgia
and
the
area
aro
und
the
site
are
rela
tivel
y sm
all.
The
prim
ary
econ
omic
effe
ct o
f an
acci
dent
al re
leas
e w
ould
be
the
pote
ntia
l ban
ning
of
U.S
. liv
esto
ck p
rodu
cts r
egar
dles
s of t
he lo
catio
n of
the
acci
dent
al re
leas
e, w
hich
cou
ld re
ach
as h
igh
as $
4.2
billi
on u
ntil
the
U.S
. was
dec
lare
d fo
reig
n an
imal
dis
ease
free
. R
espo
nse
mea
sure
s to
con
tain
and
elim
inat
e th
e th
reat
wou
ld a
lso
grea
tly r
educ
e th
e po
tent
ial
econ
omic
los
s. Th
e po
tent
ial
econ
omic
los
s w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt d
ue t
o zo
onot
ic d
iseas
es t
hat
can
affe
ct h
uman
as
wel
l as
ani
mal
pop
ulat
ions
. The
war
m c
limat
e an
d aq
uatic
hab
itat
suita
ble
for
arth
ropo
d ve
ctor
s wou
ld in
crea
se th
e lik
elih
ood
that
the
RV
F w
ould
est
ablis
h a
sust
aina
ble
rese
rvoi
r. H
owev
er, t
he ri
sk o
f rel
ease
rem
ains
ver
y sm
all.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s bl
ock
grou
p co
ntai
ning
hig
her
low
-inco
me
popu
latio
ns t
han
Cla
rke
Cou
nty.
The
re a
re n
o lo
ng-te
rm, h
igh,
adv
erse
, and
di
spro
porti
onat
e ef
fect
s w
hich
wou
ld o
ccur
to
low
-inco
me
or m
inor
ity p
opul
atio
ns.
Vis
ual
effe
cts
and
traff
ic i
ncre
ases
due
to
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld b
e m
inim
ized
with
pro
per s
ite m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls. P
oten
tial t
raff
ic e
ffec
ts w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed b
y lim
iting
road
clo
sure
s an
d re
rout
ing
traff
ic. E
cono
mic
be
nefit
s w
ould
pot
entia
lly o
ccur
to p
opul
atio
ns w
ithin
the
area
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
jobs
. Sho
uld
a re
leas
e of
cer
tain
vec
tor-
born
e pa
thog
ens
occu
r, im
pact
s su
ch a
s ae
rial s
pray
ing
of in
sect
icid
e(s)
cou
ld d
irect
ly a
ffec
t min
ority
and
low
-inco
me
com
mun
ities
and
oth
er p
opul
atio
ns im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o th
e si
te.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-39
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
res
ult i
n 1,
641
tem
pora
ry j
obs
(679
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 9
62 a
ssoc
iate
d jo
bs)
gene
ratin
g an
est
imat
ed $
138.
2 m
illio
n in
lab
or
inco
me
and
$12.
5 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
. Pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe w
ould
not
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truct
ion.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in 2
50-3
50 d
irect
jobs
and
an
estim
ated
inco
me
of $
26.8
mill
ion
annu
ally
(0.8
% in
crea
se in
the
thre
e-co
unty
regi
on).
An
estim
ated
$1.
5 m
illio
n in
sta
te a
nd lo
cal t
axes
wou
ld b
e ge
nera
ted.
Pop
ulat
ion
grow
th d
ue to
the
NB
AF
wou
ld b
e si
gnifi
cant
bas
ed o
n hi
stor
ic tr
ends
bu
t w
ould
be
smal
l co
mpa
red
to in
crea
ses
expe
cted
with
exp
ansi
ons
at F
ort R
iley.
The
eff
ect o
f th
e N
BA
F on
the
hou
sing
mar
ket
and
qual
ity o
f lif
e (s
choo
ls, l
aw e
nfor
cem
ent,
fire
prot
ectio
n, m
edic
al f
acili
ties,
recr
eatio
n, a
nd h
ealth
and
saf
ety)
wou
ld b
e ne
glig
ible
, alth
ough
the
Fort
Rile
y ex
pans
ion
wou
ld re
quire
som
e in
vest
men
t in
scho
ols,
law
enf
orce
men
t, fir
e pr
otec
tion,
and
med
ical
faci
litie
s. La
w e
nfor
cem
ent a
nd fi
re p
rote
ctio
n pe
rson
nel w
ould
be
ade
quat
ely
train
ed b
y D
HS
to r
espo
nd t
o in
cide
nts
at t
he N
BA
F. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
a pa
thog
en is
ext
rem
ely
low
(se
e Se
ctio
n 3.
14),
but t
he e
cono
mic
effe
ct w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt. I
n co
mpa
rison
to th
e sc
enar
io u
sed
in th
e K
ansa
s St
ate
Uni
vers
ity s
tudy
that
eva
luat
ed th
e ec
onom
ic e
ffec
ts o
f a fo
ot a
nd m
outh
dis
ease
out
brea
k, th
e ca
ttle
and
pork
indu
strie
s in
sou
thw
este
rn K
ansa
s an
d th
e ar
ea a
roun
d th
e si
te a
re re
lativ
ely
smal
l, re
sulti
ng in
less
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss fr
om a
n ex
trem
e FM
D-r
elat
ed e
vent
than
ha
s be
en p
revi
ousl
y de
scrib
ed. T
he p
rimar
y ec
onom
ic e
ffec
t of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
wou
ld b
e th
e po
tent
ial b
anni
ng o
f U.S
. liv
esto
ck p
rodu
cts
rega
rdle
ss
of t
he l
ocat
ion
of t
he a
ccid
enta
l re
leas
e, w
hich
cou
ld r
each
as
high
as
$4.2
bill
ion
until
the
U.S
. w
as d
ecla
red
fore
ign
anim
al d
isea
se f
ree.
Res
pons
e m
easu
res t
o co
ntai
n an
d el
imin
ate
the
thre
at w
ould
als
o gr
eatly
redu
ce th
e po
tent
ial e
cono
mic
loss
. The
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt d
ue to
zo
onot
ic d
isea
ses t
hat c
an a
ffec
t hum
an a
s w
ell a
s ani
mal
pop
ulat
ions
. The
clim
ate
at th
e si
te w
ould
not
be
hosp
itabl
e to
mos
quito
spec
ies t
o br
eed,
and
the
likel
ihoo
d th
at th
e R
VF
wou
ld e
stab
lish
a su
stai
nabl
e re
serv
oir i
s low
. In
any
case
, the
risk
of r
elea
se re
mai
ns v
ery
smal
l.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s bl
ock
grou
p co
ntai
ning
slig
htly
hig
her m
inor
ity p
opul
atio
ns th
an R
iley
Cou
nty.
The
re a
re n
o lo
ng- te
rm, h
igh,
adv
erse
, and
di
spro
porti
onat
e ef
fect
s w
hich
wou
ld o
ccur
to
low
-inco
me
or m
inor
ity p
opul
atio
ns.
Vis
ual
effe
cts
and
traff
ic i
ncre
ases
due
to
cons
truct
ion
wou
ld b
e m
inim
ized
with
pro
per s
ite m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls. P
oten
tial t
raff
ic e
ffec
ts w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed b
y lim
iting
road
clo
sure
s an
d re
rout
ing
traff
ic. E
cono
mic
be
nefit
s w
ould
pot
entia
lly o
ccur
to p
opul
atio
ns w
ithin
the
area
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
jobs
. Sho
uld
a re
leas
e of
cer
tain
vec
tor-
born
e pa
thog
ens
occu
r, im
pact
s su
ch a
s ae
rial s
pray
ing
of in
sect
icid
e(s)
cou
ld d
irect
ly a
ffec
t min
ority
and
low
-inco
me
com
mun
ities
and
oth
er p
opul
atio
ns im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o th
e si
te.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-40
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
res
ult i
n 1,
685
tem
pora
ry j
obs
(686
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 9
99 a
ssoc
iate
d jo
bs)
gene
ratin
g an
est
imat
ed $
149.
6 m
illio
n in
lab
or
inco
me
and
$14.
4 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
. Pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe w
ould
not
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truct
ion.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in 2
50- 3
50 d
irect
jobs
and
an
estim
ated
inco
me
of $
28.4
mill
ion
annu
ally
(0.3
% o
f lab
or in
com
e in
Mad
ison
Cou
nty)
. A
n es
timat
ed $
1.9
mill
ion
in s
tate
and
loca
l tax
es w
ould
be
gene
rate
d. P
opul
atio
n gr
owth
due
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
a sm
all p
ortio
n of
the
est
imat
ed
grow
th i
n th
e st
udy
area
bas
ed o
n hi
stor
ic t
rend
s. Th
e ef
fect
of
the
NB
AF
on t
he h
ousi
ng m
arke
t an
d qu
ality
of
life
(sch
ools
, law
enf
orce
men
t, fir
e pr
otec
tion,
med
ical
fac
ilitie
s, re
crea
tion,
and
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y) w
ould
be
min
imal
, alth
ough
som
e in
vest
men
t in
the
se s
ervi
ces
may
be
requ
ired.
Law
en
forc
emen
t and
fire
pro
tect
ion
pers
onne
l w
ould
be
adeq
uate
ly tr
aine
d by
DH
S to
res
pond
to in
cide
nts
at th
e N
BA
F. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loc
al e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se a
genc
ies
that
wou
ld c
onsi
der
the
dive
rsity
and
den
sity
of
hum
an,
lives
tock
, an
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
resi
ding
with
in th
e lo
cal a
rea.
DH
S w
ould
hav
e si
te-s
peci
fic st
anda
rd o
pera
ting
proc
edur
es a
nd re
spon
se p
lans
in p
lace
prio
r to
the
initi
atio
n of
re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
a pa
thog
en is
ext
rem
ely
low
(se
e Se
ctio
n 3.
14),
but t
he e
cono
mic
effe
ct w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt. T
he c
attle
and
por
k in
dust
ries i
n M
issi
ssip
pi a
nd th
e ar
ea a
roun
d th
e si
te a
re re
lativ
ely
smal
l, re
sulti
ng in
less
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss fr
om a
n ex
trem
e FM
D-r
elat
ed e
vent
than
ha
s be
en p
revi
ousl
y de
scrib
ed. T
he p
rimar
y ec
onom
ic e
ffec
t of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
wou
ld b
e th
e po
tent
ial b
anni
ng o
f U.S
. liv
esto
ck p
rodu
cts
rega
rdle
ss
of t
he l
ocat
ion
of t
he a
ccid
enta
l re
leas
e, w
hich
cou
ld r
each
as
high
as
$4.2
bill
ion
until
the
U.S
. w
as d
ecla
red
fore
ign
anim
al d
isea
se f
ree.
Res
pons
e m
easu
res t
o co
ntai
n an
d el
imin
ate
the
thre
at w
ould
als
o gr
eatly
redu
ce th
e po
tent
ial e
cono
mic
loss
. The
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt d
ue to
zo
onot
ic d
isea
ses
that
can
aff
ect h
uman
as
wel
l as
anim
al p
opul
atio
ns. T
he w
arm
clim
ate
and
aqua
tic h
abita
t sui
tabl
e fo
r arth
ropo
d ve
ctor
s w
ould
incr
ease
th
e lik
elih
ood
that
the
RV
F w
ould
est
ablis
h a
sust
aina
ble
rese
rvoi
r. H
owev
er, t
he ri
sk o
f rel
ease
rem
ains
ver
y sm
all.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s bl
ock
grou
p co
ntai
ning
hig
her
low
-inco
me
and
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
than
Mad
ison
Cou
nty.
The
re a
re n
o lo
ng- te
rm, h
igh,
ad
vers
e, a
nd d
ispr
opor
tiona
te e
ffect
s w
hich
wou
ld o
ccur
to lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
. Vis
ual e
ffec
ts a
nd tr
affic
incr
ease
s du
e to
con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed w
ith p
rope
r si
te m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls. P
oten
tial t
raffi
c ef
fect
s w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed b
y lim
iting
roa
d cl
osur
es a
nd r
erou
ting
traff
ic.
Econ
omic
ben
efits
wou
ld p
oten
tially
occ
ur t
o po
pula
tions
with
in t
he a
rea
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
jobs
. Sh
ould
a r
elea
se o
f ce
rtain
vec
tor-
born
e pa
thog
ens
occu
r, im
pact
s su
ch a
s ae
rial
spra
ying
of
inse
ctic
ide(
s) c
ould
dire
ctly
affe
ct m
inor
ity a
nd l
ow-in
com
e co
mm
uniti
es a
nd o
ther
pop
ulat
ions
im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o th
e si
te.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-41
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Plum
Is
land
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
res
ult i
n 1,
372
tem
pora
ry j
obs
(528
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 8
44 a
ssoc
iate
d jo
bs)
gene
ratin
g an
est
imat
ed $
183.
9 m
illio
n in
lab
or
inco
me
and
$24.
7 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
. Pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe w
ould
not
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truct
ion.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in 2
50-3
50 d
irect
jobs
and
an
estim
ated
inco
me
of $
30.8
mill
ion
annu
ally
(0.1
% o
f lab
or in
com
e in
the
thre
e-co
unty
re
gion
). A
n es
timat
ed $
2.7
mill
ion
in s
tate
and
loc
al t
axes
wou
ld b
e ge
nera
ted.
Pop
ulat
ion
grow
th d
ue t
o th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
a sm
all
porti
on o
f th
e es
timat
ed g
row
th in
the
stud
y ar
ea b
ased
on
hist
oric
tren
ds. T
he e
ffect
of t
he N
BA
F on
the
hous
ing
mar
ket a
nd q
ualit
y of
life
(sch
ools
, law
enf
orce
men
t, fir
e pr
otec
tion,
med
ical
faci
litie
s, re
crea
tion,
and
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y) w
ould
be
min
imal
, alth
ough
som
e in
vest
men
t in
thes
e se
rvic
es m
ay b
e re
quire
d. L
aw
enfo
rcem
ent a
nd fi
re p
rote
ctio
n pe
rson
nel a
re c
urre
ntly
ade
quat
ely
train
ed b
y D
HS
to r
espo
nd to
inci
dent
s at
the
PIA
DC
, and
add
ition
al tr
aini
ng m
ay b
e re
quire
d fo
r th
e N
BA
F. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loc
al e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se a
genc
ies
that
wou
ld c
onsi
der
the
dive
rsity
and
den
sity
of
hum
an,
lives
tock
, an
d w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loc
al a
rea.
DH
S w
ould
hav
e si
te-s
peci
fic s
tand
ard
oper
atin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
a pa
thog
en is
ext
rem
ely
low
(se
e Se
ctio
n 3.
14),
but t
he e
cono
mic
effe
ct w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt. T
he c
attle
and
por
k in
dust
ries
in th
e co
untie
s ad
jace
nt to
the
prop
osed
site
are
sm
all,
and
Plum
Isl
and
is v
irtua
lly f
ree
of li
vest
ock
popu
latio
ns a
nd o
ther
ani
mal
s po
tent
ially
af
fect
ed b
y FM
D. T
he p
rimar
y ec
onom
ic e
ffec
t of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
wou
ld b
e th
e po
tent
ial b
anni
ng o
f U.S
. liv
esto
ck p
rodu
cts r
egar
dles
s of t
he lo
catio
n of
the
acci
dent
al re
leas
e, w
hich
cou
ld re
ach
as h
igh
as $
2.8
billi
on u
ntil
the
U.S
. was
dec
lare
d fo
reig
n an
imal
dis
ease
free
. The
geo
grap
hic
isol
atio
n fr
om
the
mai
nlan
d si
gnifi
cant
ly m
itiga
tes
the
risk
of th
e vi
rus
reac
hing
live
stoc
k po
pula
tions
. The
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt d
ue to
zoo
notic
di
seas
es t
hat
can
affe
ct h
uman
as
wel
l as
ani
mal
pop
ulat
ions
. Th
e cl
imat
e at
the
site
wou
ld n
ot b
e ho
spita
ble
to m
osqu
ito s
peci
es t
o br
eed,
and
the
lik
elih
ood
that
the
RV
F w
ould
est
ablis
h a
sust
aina
ble
rese
rvoi
r is l
ow. I
n an
y ca
se, t
he ri
sk o
f rel
ease
rem
ains
ver
y sm
all.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s bl
ock
grou
p th
at d
oes
not c
onta
in h
ighe
r low
-inco
me
or m
inor
ity p
opul
atio
ns th
an S
uffo
lk C
ount
y. T
here
are
no
long
-term
, hi
gh,
adve
rse,
and
dis
prop
ortio
nate
eff
ects
whi
ch w
ould
occ
ur t
o lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
. V
isua
l ef
fect
s an
d tra
ffic
inc
reas
es d
ue t
o co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed w
ith p
rope
r si
te m
anag
emen
t pr
otoc
ols.
Pote
ntia
l tra
ffic
eff
ects
wou
ld b
e m
inim
ized
by
limiti
ng r
oad
clos
ures
and
re
rout
ing
traff
ic. E
cono
mic
ben
efits
wou
ld p
oten
tially
occ
ur to
pop
ulat
ions
with
in th
e ar
ea d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n-re
late
d jo
bs. S
houl
d a
rele
ase
of c
erta
in
vect
or-b
orne
pat
hoge
ns o
ccur
, im
pact
s su
ch a
s ae
rial
spra
ying
of
inse
ctic
ide(
s) c
ould
dire
ctly
aff
ect
min
ority
and
low
-inco
me
com
mun
ities
and
oth
er
popu
latio
ns n
ear t
he O
rient
Poi
nt st
agin
g ar
ea.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-42
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
res
ult i
n 1,
535
tem
pora
ry j
obs
(612
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 9
23 a
ssoc
iate
d jo
bs)
gene
ratin
g an
est
imat
ed $
162.
1 m
illio
n in
lab
or
inco
me
and
$16.
2 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
. Pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe w
ould
not
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truct
ion.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld r
esul
t in
250-
350
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd a
n es
timat
ed in
com
e of
$29
.4 m
illio
n an
nual
ly (
0.1%
incr
ease
in th
e fo
ur- c
ount
y re
gion
an
d 2.
7% in
Gra
nvill
e C
ount
y). A
n es
timat
ed $
1.9
mill
ion
in s
tate
and
loca
l tax
es w
ould
be
gene
rate
d. P
opul
atio
n gr
owth
due
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
a sm
all p
ortio
n of
the
estim
ated
gro
wth
in th
e st
udy
area
. The
effe
ct o
f the
NB
AF
on th
e ho
usin
g m
arke
t and
qua
lity
of li
fe (s
choo
ls, l
aw e
nfor
cem
ent,
fire
prot
ectio
n, m
edic
al fa
cilit
ies,
recr
eatio
n, a
nd h
ealth
and
saf
ety)
wou
ld b
e ne
glig
ible
. Law
enf
orce
men
t and
fire
pro
tect
ion
pers
onne
l wou
ld b
e ad
equa
tely
tra
ined
by
DH
S to
resp
ond
to in
cide
nts
at th
e N
BA
F. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld h
ave
site
-spe
cific
st
anda
rd o
pera
ting
proc
edur
es a
nd re
spon
se p
lans
in p
lace
prio
r to
the
initi
atio
n of
rese
arch
act
iviti
es a
t the
pro
pose
d th
e N
BA
F.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
a pa
thog
en is
ext
rem
ely
low
(se
e Se
ctio
n 3.
14),
but t
he e
cono
mic
effe
ct w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt. T
he c
attle
and
por
k in
dust
ries
in N
orth
Car
olin
a an
d th
e ar
ea a
roun
d th
e si
te a
re re
lativ
ely
smal
l, re
sulti
ng in
less
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss fr
om a
n ex
trem
e FM
D-r
elat
ed e
vent
th
an h
as b
een
prev
ious
ly d
escr
ibed
. The
prim
ary
econ
omic
eff
ect
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
wou
ld b
e th
e po
tent
ial
bann
ing
of U
.S.
lives
tock
pro
duct
s re
gard
less
of
the
loca
tion
of t
he a
ccid
enta
l re
leas
e, w
hich
cou
ld r
each
as
high
as
$4.2
bill
ion
until
the
U.S
. was
dec
lare
d fo
reig
n an
imal
dis
ease
fre
e.
Res
pons
e m
easu
res
to c
onta
in a
nd e
limin
ate
the
thre
at w
ould
als
o gr
eatly
red
uce
the
pote
ntia
l ec
onom
ic l
oss.
The
pote
ntia
l ec
onom
ic l
oss
wou
ld b
e si
gnifi
cant
due
to z
oono
tic d
isea
ses t
hat c
an a
ffec
t hum
an a
s w
ell a
s ani
mal
pop
ulat
ions
. The
clim
ate
cond
ition
s dur
ing
win
ter m
onth
s wou
ld n
ot b
e op
timal
fo
r mos
quito
spe
cies
to b
reed
, and
the
likel
ihoo
d th
at th
e R
VF
wou
ld e
stab
lish
a su
stai
nabl
e re
serv
oir i
s lo
w. I
n an
y ca
se, t
he ri
sk o
f rel
ease
rem
ains
ver
y sm
all.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s blo
ck g
roup
that
doe
s not
con
tain
hig
her l
ow-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
than
Gra
nvill
e an
d D
urha
m C
ount
ies.
Ther
e ar
e no
long
-term
, hig
h, a
dver
se, a
nd d
ispr
opor
tiona
te e
ffect
s w
hich
wou
ld o
ccur
to lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
. Vis
ual e
ffec
ts a
nd tr
affic
incr
ease
s due
to
con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed w
ith p
rope
r si
te m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls. P
oten
tial t
raff
ic e
ffect
s w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed b
y lim
iting
roa
d cl
osur
es a
nd
rero
utin
g tra
ffic
. Eco
nom
ic b
enef
its w
ould
pot
entia
lly o
ccur
to p
opul
atio
ns w
ithin
the
area
due
to c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
jobs
. Sho
uld
a re
leas
e of
cer
tain
ve
ctor
-bor
ne p
atho
gens
occ
ur,
impa
cts
such
as
aeria
l sp
rayi
ng o
f in
sect
icid
e(s)
cou
ld d
irect
ly a
ffec
t m
inor
ity a
nd l
ow-in
com
e co
mm
uniti
es a
nd o
ther
po
pula
tions
imm
edia
tely
adj
acen
t to
the
site
.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-43
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es w
ould
res
ult i
n 1,
614
tem
pora
ry jo
bs (
607
dire
ct jo
bs a
nd 1
,007
ass
ocia
ted
jobs
) ge
nera
ting
an e
stim
ated
$18
0.5
mill
ion
in la
bor
inco
me
and
$13.
6 m
illio
n in
stat
e an
d lo
cal t
axes
. Pop
ulat
ion,
hou
sing
, and
qua
lity
of li
fe w
ould
not
be
affe
cted
by
cons
truct
ion.
Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in 2
50-3
50 d
irect
jobs
and
an
estim
ated
inco
me
of $
30.4
mill
ion
annu
ally
(<0.
1% in
crea
se in
the
two-
coun
ty re
gion
). A
n es
timat
ed $
1.7
mill
ion
in s
tate
and
loca
l tax
es w
ould
be
gene
rate
d. P
opul
atio
n gr
owth
due
to th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
a ve
ry s
mal
l por
tion
of th
e es
timat
ed
grow
th in
the
stud
y ar
ea. T
he e
ffec
t of t
he N
BA
F on
the
hous
ing
mar
ket a
nd q
ualit
y of
life
(sch
ools
, law
enf
orce
men
t, fir
e pr
otec
tion,
med
ical
faci
litie
s, re
crea
tion,
and
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y) w
ould
be
negl
igib
le. L
aw e
nfor
cem
ent a
nd fi
re p
rote
ctio
n pe
rson
nel w
ould
be
adeq
uate
ly tr
aine
d by
DH
S to
resp
ond
to
inci
dent
s at
the
NB
AF.
Site
-spe
cific
pro
toco
ls w
ould
be
deve
lope
d in
coo
rdin
atio
n w
ith l
ocal
em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck,
and
wild
life
popu
latio
ns r
esid
ing
with
in t
he l
ocal
are
a. D
HS
wou
ld h
ave
site
-spe
cific
sta
ndar
d op
erat
ing
proc
edur
es a
nd re
spon
se p
lans
in p
lace
prio
r to
the
initi
atio
n of
rese
arch
act
iviti
es a
t the
pro
pose
d th
e N
BA
F.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
a pa
thog
en is
ext
rem
ely
low
(se
e Se
ctio
n 3.
14),
but t
he e
cono
mic
effe
ct w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt. T
he c
attle
and
por
k in
dust
ries
in t
he a
rea
arou
nd t
he s
ite a
re r
elat
ivel
y sm
all,
resu
lting
in
less
pot
entia
l ec
onom
ic l
oss
from
an
extre
me
FMD
-rel
ated
eve
nt t
han
has
been
pr
evio
usly
des
crib
ed. T
he p
rimar
y ec
onom
ic e
ffec
t of
an a
ccid
enta
l rel
ease
wou
ld b
e th
e po
tent
ial b
anni
ng o
f U
.S. l
ives
tock
pro
duct
s re
gard
less
of
the
loca
tion
of th
e ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase,
whi
ch c
ould
reac
h as
hig
h as
$4.
2 bi
llion
unt
il th
e U
.S. w
as d
ecla
red
fore
ign
anim
al d
isea
se fr
ee. R
espo
nse
mea
sure
s to
co
ntai
n an
d el
imin
ate
the
thre
at w
ould
als
o gr
eatly
redu
ce th
e po
tent
ial e
cono
mic
loss
. The
pot
entia
l eco
nom
ic lo
ss w
ould
be
sign
ifica
nt d
ue to
zoo
notic
di
seas
es th
at c
an a
ffec
t hum
an a
s w
ell a
s an
imal
pop
ulat
ions
. The
war
m c
limat
e su
itabl
e fo
r arth
ropo
d ve
ctor
s w
ould
incr
ease
the
likel
ihoo
d th
at th
e R
VF
wou
ld e
stab
lish
a su
stai
nabl
e re
serv
oir.
How
ever
, the
risk
of r
elea
se re
mai
ns v
ery
smal
l.
The
site
is lo
cate
d in
a c
ensu
s bl
ock
grou
p th
at d
oes
not c
onta
in h
ighe
r low
-inco
me
or m
inor
ity p
opul
atio
ns th
an B
exar
and
Med
ina
Cou
ntie
s. Th
ere
are
no
long
-term
, hig
h, a
dver
se, a
nd d
ispr
opor
tiona
te e
ffec
ts w
hich
wou
ld o
ccur
to lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
pop
ulat
ions
. Vis
ual e
ffect
s and
traf
fic in
crea
ses d
ue to
co
nstru
ctio
n w
ould
be
min
imiz
ed w
ith p
rope
r si
te m
anag
emen
t pr
otoc
ols.
Pote
ntia
l tra
ffic
eff
ects
wou
ld b
e m
inim
ized
by
limiti
ng r
oad
clos
ures
and
re
rout
ing
traff
ic. E
cono
mic
ben
efits
wou
ld p
oten
tially
occ
ur to
pop
ulat
ions
with
in th
e ar
ea d
ue to
con
stru
ctio
n-re
late
d jo
bs. S
houl
d a
rele
ase
of c
erta
in
vect
or-b
orne
pat
hoge
ns o
ccur
, im
pact
s su
ch a
s ae
rial
spra
ying
of
inse
ctic
ide(
s) c
ould
dire
ctly
aff
ect
min
ority
and
low
-inco
me
com
mun
ities
and
oth
er
popu
latio
ns im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o th
e si
te.
Traf
fic a
nd T
rans
porta
tion
(Sec
tion
3.11
)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to tr
affic
or
trans
porta
tion
wou
ld o
ccur
. Tem
pora
ry, m
inor
incr
ease
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
traff
ic w
ould
occ
ur w
ith c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
as
soci
ated
with
aut
horiz
ed in
fras
truct
ure
impr
ovem
ents
.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Loca
l tra
ffic
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic.
O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
resu
lt in
a 9
% in
crea
se in
ave
rage
dai
ly tr
affic
on
Sout
h M
illed
ge A
venu
e, w
hich
alre
ady
expe
rienc
es im
paire
d tra
ffic
flow
. Th
e N
BA
F w
ould
res
ult
in a
dver
se e
ffec
ts t
o tra
ffic
flo
w a
t th
e W
hite
hall
Roa
d an
d So
uth
Mill
edge
Ave
nue
inte
rsec
tion.
Geo
rgia
Dep
artm
ent
of
Tran
spor
tatio
n re
com
men
ded
mod
ifica
tions
to th
e in
ters
ectio
n an
d a
dedi
cate
d tu
rn la
ne fo
r the
NB
AF.
A
n in
crea
se in
tran
spor
tatio
n of
infe
ctio
us m
ater
ial t
raff
ic w
ould
occ
ur to
and
from
the
site
but
wou
ld n
ot s
igni
fican
tly in
crea
se th
e ris
k of
a tr
affic
-rel
ated
in
cide
nt.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-44
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Loca
l tra
ffic
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic.
O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
resu
lt in
an
8.7%
incr
ease
in a
vera
ge d
aily
traf
fic o
n D
enis
on A
venu
e an
d w
ould
resu
lt in
adv
erse
eff
ects
to tr
affic
flow
on
Den
ison
, And
erso
n, a
nd K
imba
ll A
venu
es.
An
incr
ease
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
of in
fect
ious
mat
eria
l tra
ffic
wou
ld o
ccur
to a
nd fr
om th
e si
te b
ut w
ould
not
sig
nific
antly
incr
ease
the
risk
of a
traf
fic-r
elat
ed
inci
dent
.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Loca
l tra
ffic
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic.
O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
resu
lt in
a 6
.7%
incr
ease
in a
vera
ge d
aily
traf
fic o
n H
ighw
ay 4
9 an
d w
ould
resu
lt in
min
or a
dver
se e
ffect
s to
traf
fic fl
ow. A
le
ft tu
rn la
ne a
nd a
ccel
erat
ion/
dece
lera
tion
lane
s at t
he N
BA
F en
tranc
e w
ere
reco
mm
ende
d.
An
incr
ease
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
of in
fect
ious
mat
eria
l tra
ffic
wou
ld o
ccur
to a
nd fr
om th
e si
te b
ut w
ould
not
sig
nific
antly
incr
ease
the
risk
of a
traf
fic-r
elat
ed
inci
dent
.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Traf
fic a
long
Rou
te 2
5 in
NY
and
Hig
hway
95
at O
ld S
aybr
ook,
CT
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic
. N
o su
bsta
ntia
l adv
erse
eff
ects
to tr
affic
due
to o
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
be
expe
cted
. A
n in
crea
se in
tran
spor
tatio
n of
infe
ctio
us m
ater
ial t
raff
ic w
ould
occ
ur to
and
from
the
site
but
wou
ld n
ot s
igni
fican
tly in
crea
se th
e ris
k of
a tr
affic
-rel
ated
in
cide
nt.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Loca
l tra
ffic
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic.
O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
res
ult i
n a
140%
ave
rage
incr
ease
in a
vera
ge d
aily
traf
fic o
n R
ange
Roa
d an
d O
ld R
oute
75,
but
cur
rent
traf
fic o
n th
ese
road
s is l
ow (2
006
aver
age
daily
traf
fic w
as 3
81 an
d 5,
500
vehi
cles
per
day
, res
pect
ivel
y) a
nd w
ould
not
resu
lt in
sign
ifica
nt a
dver
se e
ffect
s to
traff
ic fl
ow,
parti
cula
rly w
ith p
lann
ed im
prov
emen
ts to
bot
h R
ange
Roa
d an
d O
ld R
oute
75.
A
n in
crea
se in
tran
spor
tatio
n of
infe
ctio
us m
ater
ial t
raff
ic w
ould
occ
ur to
and
from
the
site
but
wou
ld n
ot s
igni
fican
tly in
crea
se th
e ris
k of
a tr
affic
-rel
ated
in
cide
nt.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-45
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Loca
l tra
ffic
wou
ld b
e te
mpo
raril
y af
fect
ed b
y ge
nera
l con
stru
ctio
n tra
ffic.
O
pera
tion
of th
e N
BA
F w
ould
resu
lt in
a 6
.2%
incr
ease
in a
vera
ge d
aily
traf
fic o
n St
ate
Hig
hway
211
and
wou
ld re
sult
in m
inor
adv
erse
effe
cts
to tr
affic
flo
w b
etw
een
Potra
nco
Roa
d an
d U
.S. 9
0. P
lann
ed im
prov
emen
ts to
Pot
ranc
o R
oad
sche
dule
d fo
r co
mpl
etio
n in
201
0 w
ould
min
imiz
e th
e ef
fect
s. A
n em
erge
ncy
exit
off L
ambd
a D
rive
has b
een
prop
osed
to se
rvic
e th
e N
BA
F.
An
incr
ease
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
of in
fect
ious
mat
eria
l tra
ffic
wou
ld o
ccur
to a
nd fr
om th
e si
te b
ut w
ould
not
sig
nific
antly
incr
ease
the
risk
of a
traf
fic-r
elat
ed
inci
dent
. H
azar
dous
, Tox
ic, a
nd R
adio
logi
cal W
aste
(Sec
tion
3.12
) N
o A
ctio
n N
o ef
fect
s to
exis
ting
haza
rdou
s, to
xic,
and
radi
olog
ical
was
te c
ondi
tions
wou
ld o
ccur
. So
uth
Mill
edge
A
venu
e Si
te
No
effe
cts t
o ex
istin
g ha
zard
ous,
toxi
c, a
nd ra
diol
ogic
al w
aste
con
ditio
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
No
effe
cts t
o ex
istin
g ha
zard
ous,
toxi
c, a
nd ra
diol
ogic
al w
aste
con
ditio
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
No
effe
cts t
o ex
istin
g ha
zard
ous,
toxi
c, a
nd ra
diol
ogic
al w
aste
con
ditio
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Plum
Is
land
Site
No
effe
cts t
o ex
istin
g ha
zard
ous,
toxi
c, a
nd ra
diol
ogic
al w
aste
con
ditio
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
No
effe
cts
to e
xist
ing
haza
rdou
s, to
xic,
and
rad
iolo
gica
l was
te c
ondi
tions
are
like
ly to
occ
ur. R
ecen
t inv
estig
atio
ns in
dica
te th
e po
tent
ial f
or u
nexp
lode
d or
dnan
ce is
low
, alth
ough
inst
itutio
nal c
ontro
ls s
till r
emai
n on
the
site
. Tra
inin
g fo
r con
stru
ctio
n w
orke
rs m
ay b
e re
quire
d pr
ior t
o in
itiat
ion
of c
onst
ruct
ion
activ
ities
. Te
xas
Res
earc
h Pa
rk S
ite
No
effe
cts t
o ex
istin
g ha
zard
ous,
toxi
c, a
nd ra
diol
ogic
al w
aste
con
ditio
ns w
ould
occ
ur.
Was
te M
anag
emen
t (Se
ctio
n 3.
13)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts
to w
aste
man
agem
ent
wou
ld o
ccur
. How
ever
, was
tew
ater
dec
onta
min
atio
n w
ill b
e im
prov
ed w
ith t
he a
utho
rized
rep
air
and
upgr
ade
of t
he
was
tew
ater
dec
onta
min
atio
n sy
stem
for B
uild
ing
102.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-46
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
73,
000
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
68,
500
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
77,
400
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Plum
Is
land
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
63,
000
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
70,
000
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
Con
stru
ctio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e co
nstru
ctio
n de
bris
, san
itary
sol
id w
aste
, and
was
tew
ater
. Ope
ratio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld re
sult
in g
ener
atio
n of
was
tew
ater
, w
aste
sol
ids,
and
med
ical
, haz
ardo
us, a
nd in
dust
rial s
olid
was
tes.
An
estim
ated
80,
000
gpd
of p
retre
ated
was
tew
ater
wou
ld b
e di
scha
rged
to th
e m
unic
ipal
se
wer
syst
em. T
he v
olum
e an
d ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
was
te st
ream
wou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d cu
rren
t or p
roje
cted
cap
acity
or r
equi
rem
ents
.
Hea
lth a
nd S
afet
y (S
ectio
n 3.
14)
No
Act
ion
No
effe
cts t
o he
alth
and
safe
ty w
ould
occ
ur. H
owev
er, t
he a
utho
rized
reno
vatio
ns a
t PIA
DC
will
impr
ove
heal
th a
nd sa
fety
con
ditio
ns a
t PIA
DC
.
Sout
h M
illed
ge
Ave
nue
Site
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt t
he s
tand
ard
indu
stria
l ha
zard
s of
slip
s, tri
ps,
falls
, w
ound
s, el
ectri
cal
haza
rds,
chem
ical
to
xici
ty, f
ire h
azar
ds, a
nd tr
aum
atic
inju
ries.
Equi
pmen
t and
fac
ility
sys
tem
s w
ould
ser
ve a
s pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
barr
iers
to th
e re
leas
e of
infe
ctio
us
biol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
whi
le a
dmin
istra
tive
cont
rols
wou
ld s
erve
an
impo
rtant
sup
port
func
tion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect
on h
ealth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f th
e N
BA
F op
erat
ions
is
the
path
ogen
and
the
con
sequ
ence
s of
its
rel
ease
. The
re a
re v
ery
few
ac
cide
nt s
cena
rios
that
wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-47
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Si
te
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt t
he s
tand
ard
indu
stria
l ha
zard
s of
slip
s, tri
ps,
falls
, w
ound
s, el
ectri
cal
haza
rds,
chem
ical
to
xici
ty, f
ire h
azar
ds, a
nd tr
aum
atic
inju
ries.
Equi
pmen
t and
fac
ility
sys
tem
s w
ould
ser
ve a
s pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
barr
iers
to th
e re
leas
e of
infe
ctio
us
biol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
whi
le a
dmin
istra
tive
cont
rols
wou
ld s
erve
an
impo
rtant
sup
port
func
tion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect o
n he
alth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f th
e N
BA
F op
erat
ions
is
the
path
ogen
and
the
con
sequ
ence
s of
its
rel
ease
. The
re a
re v
ery
few
ac
cide
nt s
cena
rios
that
wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
Flor
a In
dust
rial
Park
Site
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt t
he s
tand
ard
indu
stria
l ha
zard
s of
slip
s, tri
ps,
falls
, w
ound
s, el
ectri
cal
haza
rds,
chem
ical
to
xici
ty, f
ire h
azar
ds, a
nd tr
aum
atic
inju
ries.
Equi
pmen
t and
fac
ility
sys
tem
s w
ould
ser
ve a
s pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
barr
iers
to th
e re
leas
e of
infe
ctio
us
biol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
whi
le a
dmin
istra
tive
cont
rols
wou
ld s
erve
an
impo
rtant
sup
port
func
tion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect o
n he
alth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f th
e N
BA
F op
erat
ions
is
the
path
ogen
and
the
con
sequ
ence
s of
its
rel
ease
. The
re a
re v
ery
few
ac
cide
nt s
cena
rios
that
wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF
Plum
Is
land
Site
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt th
e st
anda
rd in
dust
rial h
azar
ds o
f slip
s, tri
ps, f
alls
, wou
nds,
elec
trica
l haz
ards
, che
mic
al
toxi
city
, fire
haz
ards
, and
trau
mat
ic in
jurie
s. Eq
uipm
ent a
nd fa
cilit
y sy
stem
s w
ould
serv
e as
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y ba
rrie
rs to
the
rele
ase
of in
fect
ious
bi
olog
ical
mat
eria
ls w
hile
adm
inis
trativ
e co
ntro
ls w
ould
serv
e an
impo
rtant
supp
ort f
unct
ion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect o
n he
alth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f the
NB
AF
oper
atio
ns is
the
path
ogen
and
the
cons
eque
nces
of i
ts re
leas
e. T
here
are
ver
y fe
w
acci
dent
scen
ario
s tha
t wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
loca
tion
of th
e Pl
um Is
land
pro
vide
s a b
arrie
r aga
inst
the
spre
ad o
f viru
ses.
Giv
en th
e lo
w li
kelih
ood
of in
fect
ed a
nim
als o
r vec
tors
get
ting
off o
f th
e is
land
, whi
ch su
bsta
ntia
lly re
duce
s the
pot
entia
l for
the
spre
ad o
f dis
ease
. The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-
spec
ific
prot
ocol
s wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s tha
t wou
ld c
onsi
der t
he d
iver
sity
and
den
sity
of h
uman
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
resi
ding
with
in th
e lo
cal a
rea.
DH
S w
ould
hav
e si
te-s
peci
fic st
anda
rd o
pera
ting
proc
edur
es a
nd re
spon
se p
lans
in p
lace
pr
ior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Site
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt t
he s
tand
ard
indu
stria
l ha
zard
s of
slip
s, tri
ps,
falls
, w
ound
s, el
ectri
cal
haza
rds,
chem
ical
to
xici
ty, f
ire h
azar
ds, a
nd tr
aum
atic
inju
ries.
Equi
pmen
t and
fac
ility
sys
tem
s w
ould
ser
ve a
s pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
barr
iers
to th
e re
leas
e of
infe
ctio
us
biol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
whi
le a
dmin
istra
tive
cont
rols
wou
ld s
erve
an
impo
rtant
sup
port
func
tion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect o
n he
alth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f th
e N
BA
F op
erat
ions
is
the
path
ogen
and
the
con
sequ
ence
s of
its
rel
ease
. The
re a
re v
ery
few
ac
cide
nt s
cena
rios
that
wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-48
Tabl
e 2.
5.1-
2 —
Com
pari
son
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l Eff
ects
(Con
tinue
d)
Alte
rnat
ive
Effe
cts
Texa
s R
esea
rch
Park
Site
The
cons
truct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
the
NB
AF
wou
ld p
rese
nt t
he s
tand
ard
indu
stria
l ha
zard
s of
slip
s, tri
ps,
falls
, w
ound
s, el
ectri
cal
haza
rds,
chem
ical
to
xici
ty, f
ire h
azar
ds, a
nd tr
aum
atic
inju
ries.
Equi
pmen
t and
fac
ility
sys
tem
s w
ould
ser
ve a
s pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
barr
iers
to th
e re
leas
e of
infe
ctio
us
biol
ogic
al m
ater
ials
whi
le a
dmin
istra
tive
cont
rols
wou
ld s
erve
an
impo
rtant
sup
port
func
tion.
The
NB
AF
wou
ld h
ave
a ne
glig
ible
eff
ect o
n he
alth
and
sa
fety
und
er n
orm
al o
pera
tions
. The
prim
ary
haza
rd o
f th
e N
BA
F op
erat
ions
is
the
path
ogen
and
the
con
sequ
ence
s of
its
rel
ease
. The
re a
re v
ery
few
ac
cide
nt s
cena
rios
that
wou
ld re
sult
in a
nim
al o
r hum
an d
isea
se, t
he e
xcep
tions
bei
ng a
n ov
er-p
ress
ure
even
t res
ultin
g in
loss
of c
onta
inm
ent a
nd a
faci
lity
fire.
The
risk
of a
n ac
cide
ntal
rele
ase
at a
ny o
f the
site
s is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w. S
ite-s
peci
fic p
roto
cols
wou
ld b
e de
velo
ped,
in c
oord
inat
ion
with
loca
l em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
age
ncie
s th
at w
ould
con
side
r th
e di
vers
ity a
nd d
ensi
ty o
f hu
man
, liv
esto
ck, a
nd w
ildlif
e po
pula
tions
res
idin
g w
ithin
the
loca
l are
a. D
HS
wou
ld
have
site
-spe
cific
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
and
resp
onse
pla
ns in
pla
ce p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of re
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
at t
he p
ropo
sed
the
NB
AF.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-49
Table 2.5.1–3 — Environmental Effects Categories
Effect Category Definition Beneficial Effects Significant An action that would greatly improve current conditions
Moderate An action that would moderately improve current conditions Minor An action that would slightly improve current conditions
Negligible or No Effect An action that would neither improve nor degrade current conditions Adverse Effects Minor An action that would slightly degrade current conditions
Moderate An action that would moderately degrade current conditions Significant An action that would greatly degrade current conditions
As shown in Table 2.5.1-4, the potential effects of the NBAF at the site alternatives are generally negligible to minor. There would be moderate effects to infrastructure, mainly due to the demand for water and wastewater capacity due to NBAF operations. Moderate effects to water resources would occur due to the water use potentially affecting local water supply from ground or surface water resources. Moderate air quality effects could occur at all sites with operations, although the preliminary air screening used conservative numbers to determine the greatest potential effect. Moderate effects would occur to visual resources at the South Milledge Avenue Site, Manhattan Campus Site, Flora Industrial Park Site, and Umstead Research Farm Site and to traffic at the South Milledge Avenue Site and Texas Research Park Site.
Construction of the NBAF at any of the site alternatives would have potential beneficial effects to wildlife, socioeconomics, and health and safety. The work performed at the NBAF could result in development of vaccines or new diagnostic tools to protect or contain outbreaks of foreign animal diseases.
Significant Adverse Environmental Effects No significant adverse effects to environmental or human resources would be expected from any of the alternatives with normal operation of the NBAF. Moderate effects that would occur would be to the following resources: • Potable Water—use of 36 million to 52 million gallons of potable water per year at all site
alternatives. • Wastewater treatment capacity—generation of 25 million to 30 million gallons of wastewater per year
at all site alternatives. • Water Resources—use of 36 million to 52 million gallons of potable water per year could affect
surface or groundwater resources at all site alternatives. • Visual Quality—visual prominence of the NBAF at all of the alternative site locations except the Plum
Island Site and the Texas Research Park Site • Land Use – designation of Rural land use for the South Milledge Avenue Site in the Clarke County
Comprehensive Plan would not be consistent with proposed use. • Air Quality—Potential for air emissions to affect the region’s ability to meet regional air quality
standards at all site alternatives. • Traffic—Potential adverse traffic flow effects at the South Milledge Avenue Site and the Texas
Research Park Site. Significant beneficial effects to biological resources (wildlife), economics, and health and safety could occur with the development of new vaccines, diagnostic procedures, or rapid responses to potential FAD outbreaks.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-50
Tab
le 2
.5.1
-4 —
Sum
mar
y of
Env
iron
men
tal E
ffec
ts
Res
ourc
e N
o A
ctio
n So
uth
Mill
edge
A
venu
e Si
te
Man
hatta
n C
ampu
s Site
Fl
ora
Indu
stria
l Pa
rk S
ite
Plum
Isla
nd S
ite
Um
stea
d R
esea
rch
Farm
Si
te
Texa
s Res
earc
h Pa
rk S
ite
Pote
ntia
l Adv
erse
Eff
ects
from
Nor
mal
Ope
ratio
ns
Land
Use
N
one
Mod
erat
e M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
V
isua
l N
one
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
inor
M
oder
ate
Min
or
Infr
astru
ctur
e M
inor
M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e A
ir Q
ualit
y M
inor
M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e N
oise
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
G
eolo
gy a
nd S
oils
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
W
ater
M
inor
M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e M
oder
ate
Mod
erat
e B
iolo
gy
Neg
ligib
le
Min
or
Neg
ligib
le
Neg
ligib
le
Neg
ligib
le
Min
or
Neg
ligib
le
Cul
tura
l N
one
Non
e N
one
Non
e N
one
Non
e N
one
Soci
oeco
nom
ics
Non
e M
inor
M
inor
M
inor
M
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NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-51
2.6 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations require an agency to identify its Preferred Alternative in the final environmental impact statement (40 CFR 1502.14). The Preferred Alternative is the alternative that the agency believes would fulfill its statutory mission, giving consideration to environmental, economic, technical, security and other factors. The Preferred Alternative is the Manhattan Campus Site in Kansas. During the first round site down-select in 2006, DHS conducted an initial evaluation of the 29 responses to the Expressions of Interest (EOI), using the four evaluation criteria set forth in the public notice soliciting EOIs. The four evaluation criteria were:
• Proximity to Research Capabilities • Proximity to Workforce • Acquisition/Construction/Operations Requirements • Community Acceptance
An interagency working group developed the evaluation criteria to ensure that the NBAF would meet the interdependent needs of DHS and USDA to adequately protect the nation against biological threats to animal agriculture. Based on this initial evaluation, 18 sites were identified for analysis in the second round of the selection process in August 2006. DHS set forth the review process for analyzing the remaining 18 sites against the evaluation criteria, associated sub-criteria, and preferences. The preferences were elaborations of the DHS view of the importance of the four evaluation criteria and sub-criteria. Following this review, six sites were selected as the action alternatives for analysis in the EIS, including Plum Island, New York (see Section 2.3.1). The July 2007 Competitive Site Selection Memorandum and the Plum Island Memorandum for the Record documented the findings of this process and established the evaluation criteria baseline.
DHS developed and implemented a decision process to identify a Preferred Alternative in the Final EIS. A steering committee, comprised of Federal employees from DHS and USDA, led the evaluation process and made recommendations to the DHS Decision Authority. The process involved a qualitative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each action alternative and then an overall data comparison to develop a relative ranking of each action alternative. The steering committee considered the No Action Alternative and weighed it against the proposed action of constructing and operating the NBAF at the highest ranked site alternative to identify the Preferred Alternative. The steering committee updated the original findings from the second round down-select of each action alternative using new and emerging data collected since July 2007. This data was contained in the following support documents:
• Threat and Risk Assessment (designated as For Official Use Only) • Site Cost Analysis* • Site Characterization Study* • Plum Island Facility Closure and Transition Cost Study*
* These support documents were posted on DHS’s NBAF Web site (http://www.dhs.gov/nbaf) in August 2008.
Additionally, DHS requested that each consortium submit an offer, by March 31, 2008, for offsets to the site infrastructure costs. The decision to offer land, funds, or other assets was solely at the discretion of the consortium. The amount of the contribution and how the contribution was funded (bonds, taxes, etc) was determined by the consortium and/or the state and local government officials and was not a decision of the Federal government.
NBAF Final Environmental Impact Statement
December 2008 2-52
The steering committee then considered the environmental impacts presented in the EIS, including the public comments made at the public meetings and during the 60-day public comment period, along with the Threat and Risk Assessment. Finally, overall site ratings were completed to identify the recommended action alternative. Based on the numerous strengths that were evident when evaluating against the evaluation criteria, the steering committee found that the Manhattan Campus Site best met the purpose and need to site, construct and operate the NBAF. These strengths include its location near Kansas State University (KSU), which provides site proximity to existing research capabilities that can be linked to NBAF mission requirements. Additionally, the Site provides proximity to a workforce relevant to the NBAF mission, as it is adjacent to the KSU College of Veterinary Medicine, KSU College of Agriculture, and the Biosecurity Research Institute. The EIS demonstrated that for the Manhattan Campus Site, almost all environmental impacts fell in the “no impacts to minor impacts” category. The steering committee concurred with the EIS that the risk of release of a pathogen was independent of where the NBAF was located. The findings for the Manhattan Campus Site in the Threat and Risk Assessment were found to be comparable to the other Site Alternatives. The Manhattan Campus Site also demonstrated a very strong community acceptance from local, state, and Federal officials and stakeholders. Finally, taking into consideration the “in-kind” contributions offered by the consortia, the Manhattan Campus Site was among the least expensive to construct and had among the lowest planned operation costs of all the Site Alternatives. Following a comparison of this site to the no action alternative, the steering committee unanimously agreed that the Manhattan Campus Site is the preferred alternative. The environmentally preferable alternative is the alternative that causes the least impact to the environment; it is also the alternative that best protects, preserves, and enhances historic, cultural and natural resources, but is not necessarily the same as the agency’s Preferred Alternative. DHS identified the No Action Alternative as the environmentally preferable alternative due to it having the smallest environmental impact. Under this No Action Alternative, continued operations of the PIADC would have little or no incremental environmental impacts, except for minor and temporary effects from construction of ongoing infrastructure upgrades. Nevertheless, the No Action Alternative does not satisfy DHS’s purpose and need for action and associated mission drivers. The Record of Decision will address the following:
• The criteria involved in deciding whether to build the NBAF, and if so, where; • Considerations of national policy, costs, site characterizations, security, and other programmatic
requirements; • Comparison of site alternatives based on the evaluation criteria, environmental impact study and
threat and risk assessment; and • Whether all practicable means to avoid or minimize environmental impacts from the alternative
selected have been adopted and, if not, why, as well as any required mitigation, monitoring, and enforcement programs that would be necessary to offset environmental impacts.