ndt technology fruit biotec june 2006 2
TRANSCRIPT
Kasetsart University
Non Destructive Technology Non Destructive Technology for for
Fruits and Vegetables in Fruits and Vegetables in
ThailandThailand Anupun Terdwongwora Anupun Terdwongwora
kulkul Department of Food Engineering, Fa Department of Food Engineering, Fa
culty of Engineering at Kamphaengs culty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaenaen
Warunee Thanapase Warunee ThanapaseAgricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute
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OverviewOverview•History of the developmentHistory of the development of non destructive technology of non destructive technology for fruits and vegetables in for fruits and vegetables in Thailand Thailand•Trend of future developmentTrend of future development
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ProblemsProblems• Durian (King of fruits) Durian (King of fruits)
1 . Harvest: proper maturity 1 . Harvest: proper maturity
2 . Consumer: proper ripeness 2 . Consumer: proper ripeness• Mangosteen (Queen of fruits) Mangosteen (Queen of fruits) 1. Translucency 1. Translucency 2. Yellow gum 2. Yellow gum
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Durian maturity Durian maturity indicesindices
•Days after blossomDays after blossom•Tapping soundTapping sound•Stem related Stem related characteristicscharacteristics•Thorn strengthThorn strength•Color etc.Color etc.
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Mangosteen defect Mangosteen defect inspectioninspection
•Cut open and Cut open and wrap wrap up with tape up with tape
•Specific gravitySpecific gravity
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The first research on non destructive tes The first research on non destructive tes
ting of fruit quality in Thailand was proba ting of fruit quality in Thailand was proba
bly conducted by Bundit bly conducted by Bundit
et al., et al., in 1 9 8 7 when durian maturity in 1 9 8 7 when durian maturity
index was objectively investigated. This index was objectively investigated. This
was based on was based on “The more mature the d “The more mature the d
urian the greater its stem strength” urian the greater its stem strength”
..
DURIANDURIAN:: Stem Stem strengthstrength
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Durian maturity was determined by m Durian maturity was determined by m
easuring the strength of the stem. By easuring the strength of the stem. By
radially compressing the stem with a fl radially compressing the stem with a fl
at plate at a constant rate, the maturit at plate at a constant rate, the maturit
y as described by Young’s modulus wa y as described by Young’s modulus wa
s quantified. s quantified.
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The deflection of the stem end was The deflection of the stem end was
also studied. By fixing one end and also studied. By fixing one end and
loading the other end with constant loading the other end with constant
load, the end deflection as elasticity load, the end deflection as elasticity
was showed to be positively related was showed to be positively related
to the maturity.to the maturity.
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In 1 9 9 7 the impulse response tec In 1 9 9 7 the impulse response tec
hnique was used to follow the maturity hnique was used to follow the maturity
stage of durians growing on trees. Th stage of durians growing on trees. Th
e frequency index f e frequency index f22ln(mln(m2323 ) (f is freq ) (f is freq
uency and m is mass calculated from v uency and m is mass calculated from v
olume)monotonously reduced with ma olume)monotonously reduced with ma
turity. turity.
(Terdwongworakul et al., 1997)
Acoustic responseAcoustic response
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Durian was scanned for the pulp image toDurian was scanned for the pulp image toobtain CT numbers using the medicalobtain CT numbers using the medical
X-ray computed tomography. The X-ray computed tomography. The
methods were evaluated and compared to methods were evaluated and compared to
the sensory test of the ripened pulp. The the sensory test of the ripened pulp. The
results showed that there was significant results showed that there was significant
correlationcorrelationbetween the maturity stages and the CT between the maturity stages and the CT numbers.numbers.
(Yantarasri et al., 1999)
X-ray computed tomographyX-ray computed tomography
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Ultrasonic measurement was implemen Ultrasonic measurement was implemen
ted to quantify the gap between the pul ted to quantify the gap between the pul
p and the rind of durian in 2 0 0 2 . Th p and the rind of durian in 2 0 0 2 . Th
e gap is wider for mature durian than th e gap is wider for mature durian than th
e immature one. e immature one.
(Chamnongthai et al ., 2 0 0 2 )
UltrasonicUltrasonic
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When ultrasonic signals are emitted into d urian, some will return to the device. These
signalsar e t hen compar ed agai nst t he st andar d signalsof mat ur e and i mmat ur e dur i an i n or der todet er mi ne i f t he dur i an i s mat ur e or i mmature.
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Acoustic response and stem Acoustic response and stem strengthstrength
(Neamsorn et al., 2004)
Power supply unit
Pararell contr ol board
Strain amplifierPower supply
unit
Stepper motor control board
A/D converter
Strain gauge
Stepper motor Ball screw
Ball bearing
1
23
45
6
7
durian%Dm = 20.663 + 0.182A - 0.056RF%Dm = 20.663 + 0.182A - 0.056RF
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Inspection of mangosteen translucency wa
s performed by using near infrared at the w
avelength of 850 nm. A separation accurac
y was about 70%.
MangosteenMangosteen:: N NNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNN NNNN N NNN NNNNNNNN NNNNNN NNNNncence
(Boonrat et al., 1998)
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Yantarasri T, Sivasomboon C, Uthaibutra J,
Sornsrivichai J. X-Ray and NMR for
nondestructive internal quality evaluation
of Durian and Mangosteen fruits.
International Conference on Postharvest
Science. Taupo: New Zealand, 1996.
X-Ray and NMRX-Ray and NMR
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The sound was recorded when tapping
the mangosteen. It was found that the
impulse response could be used to
separate the translucent mangosteen
with the accuracy of 71.1%. (Chusak,
2000)
Acoustic impulse responseAcoustic impulse response
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Chaowapradit (1 9 9 6 ) measured the da -mping characteristics of the spring attache
d plunger. The plunger was released to hit the underside of mango and the resultant fr
ee vibration was produced. The quantified dampedvi br at i on was f ound t o cor r el at e wi t h t her i peness of t he mango.
MangoMango:: Elasticity Elasticity
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The NIR interactance was used to predict ri- pe stage eating quality of mango. The cali
bration equations developed were sufficien tly precise for determining DM and starch o
f hard green mango fruit (SEP: 0.41 wt.% fo r DM, 1.71 wt.% for starch).
Near infrared interactance Near infrared interactance
(Saranwong et al., 2004)
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Wattanavichean and Aroonyadet (2003) m easured both size and density of oil glands f
rom images taken from pomelo surface. Th ey found that the average size and density of oi l gl ands had posi t i ve and negat i ve
quadr at i c cor r el at i on wi t h pomel o age or mat ur i t y at R2 = 0 .8 6 for both case
s.
PomeloPomelo:: NN NNN NNNNNNNN NN NNN NNNNNNNN
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Wireless communication with microwav Wireless communication with microwav
e technology was proposed for develop e technology was proposed for develop
-ment of fruit maturity detector. This on -ment of fruit maturity detector. This on
going research is based on the fact that going research is based on the fact that
fruits with different stages of maturity h fruits with different stages of maturity h
ave different electrical characteristics. ave different electrical characteristics.
Fruits:Fruits: Microwave Microwave technologytechnology
(Krairuek et al., 2006)
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As a result the microchip will be As a result the microchip will be
attached on fruit surface developing on attached on fruit surface developing on
trees and serve to transmit the trees and serve to transmit the
maturity to the receiver.maturity to the receiver.
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Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is pro Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is pro
bably a growing non destructive techniq bably a growing non destructive techniq
ue in Thailand. This statement could be ue in Thailand. This statement could be
justified by the fact that there are at lea justified by the fact that there are at lea
st four researchers who got PhD degree st four researchers who got PhD degree
s about NIRS. Three from Japan and one s about NIRS. Three from Japan and one
from Germany. from Germany.
Growing non destructive Growing non destructive techniquetechnique
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In 2000, the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) donated the NIR instrument, model
InfraAnalyzer 500, to Agricultural and Agro-
Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI),
Kasetsart university for the purpose of Research
Project for Agricultural plant Materials in
Thailand. Since then, KAPI has invited staffs of
various faculties to do the joint research as inter-
faculty project. Researches on dragon fruit,
orange, durian and so on are currently being
conducted.
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Hopeful ly future achievement!
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Thanks for Thanks for attention!attention!