neglected zoonoses situation in...
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Neglected zoonoses situation in Nepal
Dr. Vijay Chandra JhaProgramme Director
Directorate of Animal Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
Introduction• Nepal is a landlocked country, which shares
national boundary with Tibet of China in the north and India in east, west & south.
• The total area of the country is 147,181 square kilometers with 26.4 million human populations.
• Nepal has diverse agro-climatic and socio-economic characteristics.
Geographical distribution
Sixty six percent of the population engaged in agriculture
Livestock is an integral part of complex farming system (livelihood, food security, nutrition, Agricultural operation, soil fertility, transport etc.)
Contribution of Livestock
31% of ADGP and 13% to GDP
Importance of Livestock:
Livestock Population of Nepal
Species Population
(millions)
Cattle 7.2
Buffalo 5.1
Goat 9.5
Sheep 0.87
Pig 1.1
Poultry 45.1
Duck 0.4
Situation of Neglected Zoonoses in NepalDISEASES No. of outbreaks in
2014Incidence rate
Anthrax 4
Brucellosis 4 Overall 0.52% in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat,
1.03% in human
Cysticercosis Prevalent but not reported
Echinococcosis 14 5.1% in dogs
Leptospirosis Overall 10.5% in cattle and buffalo, goat, sheep and pig
1.55% in human
Toxoplasmosis 7 17.8 % in cattle and buffalo, goat, sheep
3.14% in human
Japanese Encephalitis 1.14 % in pigs, Prevalent in human
Situation of Neglected Zoonoses in NepalDISEASES No. of outbreaks in
2014Incidence rate
Salmonellosis 25 19.3 % in poultry
Leishmaniasis Visceral leishminiasis prevalent in human
Tuberculosis 2 Overall 5.4% in cattle & buffalo
Campylobacteriosis Prevalent in repeat breeders cows and buffaloes
High chances of disease transmission in weekly livestock market
Description of veterinary services
• Directorate of Animal Health (DAH) play major role in enforcement of legislations, diagnosis, prevention and control of animal diseases of economic(including HPED) and zoonotic importance
• Central and Regional Veterinary Laboratories provide laboratory diagnostic services in area of animal health and veterinary public health
• Veterinary Public Health office under DAH running the annual program on control the zoonotic diseases
Diagnostic capacity
Existing in-country network of labs
Regional Labs Avian Lab CVL FMD Lab
Central (CVL/VEC/DAH DLS)
Local
Livestock Service Centre/Sub-Centre
Private Veterinarian or Owners of Domestic Animals
Outbreaks/ Suspected cases of notifiable disease
①Notify
Disease Control Guidelines
Other Prefectural
Government
Other Prefectural
Government
RDLS/RVL/NAL
②Notify ③ Report
④ Order for Control Measures
②NotifyDistrict Livestock Services Office
National Disease Notification System
Activities at Central Veterinary Laboratory
• CVL also works on epidemic investigation as well as surveillance and investigation on various diseases in its approved annual programme.
• CVL works with a series of laboratory test procedures through its various laboratory units; Pathology, Parasitology, Microbiology, Serology, Haematology and Biochemistry units and Molecular Diagnosis with a considerable progress in the later.
Activities at Central Veterinary Laboratory…..
• At present the molecular based diagnosis of Avian Influenza is in advance level and in routine use.
• Similarly, setting up of tissue culture laboratory unit is in progress and expected to conduct virus isolation, identification and sero-typing in future.
• CVL has developed standard Operating Procedures, test protocols and quality guideline manual.
• CVL has already been adopting test verification system through international reference laboratories which will help in the accreditation of CVL for international certification as well.
Existing Diagnostics Facilities
In CVL
• Rapid Test- Flu A, ND, IBD, JE, Rabies
• HA/HI Test (For Flu A, H5, H9, ND)
• Real time RT PCR & Conventional PCR
( Flu A,H5, H7 and H9)
Diagnosis ….
ELISA Test
• Antibody detection test (Flu A, CAV, AEV, IB,IBD, JE, ND,EDS, H1N1, PRRS, Leptospirosis, Toxoplasmosis and PPR)
• Antigen detection test (ALV, PPR)
• Agglutination Test ( Brucella, Salmonella, Mycoplasma)
• Virus isolation- ND, Fowl pox
Diagnosis ….
In NAL & All RVLs
• Rapid test - Flu A, ELISA
FMD and TADs lab
• ELISA Test – FMD, Bluetongue and CSF virus lab test, PCR for FMD diagnosis
National Animal Disease control plan
• National PPR Control Program
• National FMD Control Program
• National ND Control Program
• National Classical Swine Fever Control Program
• National HS/BQ control program
• There is no any specific control plan for neglected zoonoses
Present Legislation on Animal Health
• Animal Health and Livestock Services Act,
1998
• Animal Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection
Act, 1998
• Nepal Veterinary Council Act, 1998
• Animal Feed Act
Regulations based on these Acts
• Animal Health and Livestock Service Regulation, 2000
• Animal Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Regulation,
2001
• Nepal Veterinary Council Regulation, 2001
• Bird Flu Control Order, 2008
New acts in pipeline
• Veterinary Drug Act
• Animal Welfare Act
Acts in the process of amendment
• Animal Health and Livestock Services Act
• Slaughterhouse and meat inspection Act
• Veterinary Council Act
Constraint on prevention and control of zoonoses
• National zoonotic diseases control programme is lacking
• Surveillance plan not in place for priority
zoonotic diseases except HPAI
• Laboratory diagnostic capacity for priority zoonotic diseases not adequate
• Budget constraints
Strength or Weakness in terms of NZD
Strength
• Provision of disease control related act
• Laboratory support available
• Veterinary service organization set up is up to local level
• National prevention and control plan for the priority zoonoses such as Leptospirosis, Toxoplasmosis, Echinnococcosis, Hydatidiosis and Brucellosis is being formulated
• Zoonotic control project supported in diagnostic capability including supply of diagnostic equipments, reagents and training to the staff working in laboratory and epidemiology field of both animal health and public health sectors.
Strength or Weakness in terms of NZD
Weakness
• Priority neglected zoonotic disease control plan lacking
• Insufficient trained human resource
• Irregular supply of reagents
• Existing legislation on infectious diseases control needs to be amended
• Collaborative approach on zoonotic disease control is lacking
• Poor linkage with animal health and public health
• One health approach is very weak
• Two way and four way linking of lab and epidemiology is weak
A Scene from Mustang district of Nepal
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