negotiable instruments 1-5
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Republic of the PhilippinesSUPREME COURTManilaEN BANCG.R. No. L-1405 July 31, 1948BENJAMIN ABUBAAR, petitioner, vs.T!E AU"ITOR GENERAL, respondent.Viray and Viola Viray for petitioner.First Assistant Solicitor General Roberto A. Gianzon and Solicitor Manuel Tomacruz for respondent.BENG#ON, J.$Weareaskedtooverrulethedecisionof theAuditor General refusintoauthori!ethepa"#ent of$reasur"%arrant No. A&'()*+*)for P,,---%hich%asissuedinfavor of Placido.. /rbaneson0ece#ber ,-, ,12,, but is no% in the hands of herein petitioner Ben3a#in Abubakar.4or his refusal the respondent ave t%o reasons5 first, because the #one" available for the rede#ption oftreasur" %arrants issued before 6anuar" ', ,12', is appropriated b" Republic Act No. (- 78te# 4&89&(:and this %arrant does not co#e %ithin the purvie% of said appropriation; and second, because on of thereutstandin treasur" %arrants issued prior to 6anuar" ', ,12',a#ount to#orethanfour#illionpesos. $heappropriationherein#entionedisonl"forP,,*A-,---.>bviousl" Conress %ished to provide for rede#ption of one class of %arrants B those issued to privateindividuals Bas distinuished fro#those issued in favor of overn#ent officials. Basis for thediscri#ination is not lackin. Probabl" the Govern#ent is not so sure that those %arrants to officials haveall been properl" used b" the latter durin the 6apanese occupation or #a"be it %ants to conduct furtherin448CEP 2,---.--CER$848CA$E >4 0EP>.8$Rate ,)O0ate of Maturit" 4EB. '+, ,1(2 4EB '', ,1(', ,1PPPP$his is to Certif" thatB E A R E Rhas deposited in this Bank the su# ofPE.>.5 4>/R $E>/.AN0>N@G, .EC/R8$G BANK ./CA$ >448CE P2,--- H -- C$. Pesos, Philippine Currenc", repa"able tosaid depositor *+, da"s. after date, upon presentation and surrender of this certificate, %ith interest at therate of ,)O per cent per annum.7.d. 8lleible: 7.d. 8lleible:BBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBA/$E>R8IE0 .8GNA$/RE. 5Respondent court ruledthat theC$0sinnthe%ordinsof thedocu#ents, therefore, thea#ountsdepositedarerepa"ableto%hoever#a"bethebearer thereof. $hus, petitionerFs aforesaid %itness #erel" declared that Anel de la Cru! is the depositor?insofar as the bank is concerned,? but obviousl" other parties not priv" to the transaction bet%een the#%ould not be in a position to kno% that the depositor is not the bearer stated in the C$0s. Eence, thesituation %ould reriinal Record, p. '-(:.+. .o#eti#e in March ,1(', Anel dela Cru! infor#ed Mr. $i#oteo $ianco, the .ucat Branch Maner,that he lost all the certificates of ti#e deposit in dispute. Mr. $ianco advised said depositor to e=ecuteandsub#it anotari!edAffidavit of @oss, asren March ,(, ,1(', Anel dela Cru! e=ecuted and delivered to defendant bank the renMarch'A, ,1(',Anel delaCru!neotiatedandobtainedaloanfro#defendant bankinthe11a#ount of Eiht Eundred .event" 4ive $housandPesos 7P(*A,---.--:. >nthesa#edate, saiddepositor e=ecuted a notari!ed 0eed of Assin#ent of $i#e 0eposit 7E=hibit A)': %hich stated, a#onothers, that he 7de la Cru!: surrenders to defendant bank ?full control of the indicated ti#e deposits fro#and after date? of the assin#ent and further authori!es said bank to pre&ter#inate, set&off and ?appl" thesaid ti#e deposits to the pa"#ent of %hatever a#ount or a#ounts #a" be due? on the loan upon its#aturit" 7$.N, 4ebruar" 1, ,1(*, pp. )-&)':.). .o#eti#e in Nove#ber, ,1(', Mr. Aranas, Credit Manaer of plaintiff Calte= 7Phils.: 8nc., %ent to thedefendant bankFs .ucat branch and presented for verification the C$0s declared lost b" Anel dela Cru!alleinthat thesa#e%eredeliveredtohereinplaintiff ?assecurit"forpurchases#ade%ithCalte=Philippines, 8nc.? b" said depositor 7$.N, 4ebruar" 1, ,1(*, pp. A2&)(:.*. >nNove#ber'), ,1(', defendant receivedaletter70efendantFsE=hibit A)+:fro#hereinplaintifffor#all" infor#in it of its possession of the C$0s in n 0ece#ber (, ,1(', plaintiff %as re=D,('=.''. T+e s#oses .ontended t+at $e.asePNB'.%d+(%d ($% '$%'1) (o ($% PESLAa''o,n( %2%n *+($o,(+ndo.)%/%n(), PN; 3io!ated its .ontra.ta! o$!i"ation to t+em as de#ositors.PN; #aid t+e 1ron" #a,ees, +en.e, its+o!d $ear t+e !oss. PN; mo3ed to dismiss t+e .om#!aint on t+e "rond o- !a./ o- .ase o- a.tion. PN; ar"ed t+at t+e .!aim -ordama"es s+o!d .ome -rom t+e #a,ees o- t+e .+e./s, and not -rom s#oses Rodri"e:.Sin.e t+ere 1as no demand-rom t+e said #a,ees, t+e o$!i"ation s+o!d $e .onsidered as dis.+ar"ed. In an Order dated Aanar, 6%, %''', t+e RTC denied PN;@s motion to dismiss. In its Ans1er,5D7PN;.!aimeditis not !ia$!e-or t+e.+e./s 1+i.+ it #aidto t+ePEMS?A a..ont1it+ot an, indorsement -rom t+e #a,ees. T+e $an/ .ontended t+at s#oses Rodri"e:, t+e ma/ers, a.ta!!, d+dno( +n(%nd3o.($% na/%d0a-%%) (o.%'%+2% ($% 0.o'%%d) o3 ($% '$%'1). Conse2ent!,, t+e #a,ees 1ere.onsidered as F3+'(+(+o,) 0a-%%)G as de-ined nder t+e Ne"otia$!e Instrments ?a1 8NI?9. ;ein" .+e./s made to-i.titios #a,ees 1+i.+are$earer instrments, t+e.+e./s 1erene"otia$!e$,merede!i3er,. PN;@sAns1erin.!dedits .ross-.!aim a"ainst its .o-de-endants PEMS?A and t+e MCP, #ra,in" t+at in t+e e3ent t+at Hd"ment isrendered a"ainst t+e $an/,t+e .ross-de-endants s+o!d $e ordered to reim$rse PN; t+e amont it s+a!! #a,. A-ter tria!, t+e RTC rendered Hd"ment in -a3or o- s#oses Rodri"e: 8#!ainti--s9. It r!ed t+at PN;8de-endant9 is !ia$!e to retrn t+e 3a!e o- t+e .+e./s. A!! .onter.!aims and .ross-.!aims 1ere dismissed. T+edis#ositi3e #ortion o- t+e RTC de.ision reads: *HEREBORE, in 3ie1 o- t+e -ore"oin", t+e Cort +ere$, renders Hd"ment, as-o!!o1s: 6. 4e-endant is +ere$, ordered to #a, t+e #!ainti--s t+e tota! amont o- P%,>=D,('=.''or reinstate or restore t+e amont o- PEED,>>E.'' in t+e PN;i" 4emand 4e#ositC+e./in"-='D))). Rather, there is a .commercial bad faith/ e'ception to 0CC 1-234, applicable when thetransferee .acts dishonestly % where it has actual &nowledge of facts and circumstances thatamount to bad faith, thus itself becoming a participant in a fraudulent scheme.) ) )S.+ atest -inds s##ort in t+e te)t o- t+e Code, 1+i.+ omits a standard o- .are re2irement -romUCC >-='D $t im#oses on a!! #arties an o$!i"ation to a.t 1it+ F+onest, in -a.t.G) ) )56C78Em#+asis added9 G%((- a!so !aid t+e #rin.i#!e t+at t+e -i.titios-#a,ee r!e e)tends #rote.tion e3en to non-$an/ trans-erees o-t+e .+e./s. In t+e .ase nder re3ie1, t+e Rodri"e: .+e./s 1ere #a,a$!e to s#e.i-ied #a,ees.It is nre-ted t+at t+e&C .+e./s 1ere #a,a$!e to s#e.i-i. #ersons.?i/e1ise, it is n.ontro3erted t+at t+e #a,ees 1ere a.ta!, e)istin", and!i3in" #ersons 1+o 1ere mem$ers o- PEMS?A t+at +ad a redis.ontin" arran"ement 1it+ s#oses Rodri"e:. *+at remains to $e determined is i- t+e #a,ees, t+o"+ e)istin" #ersons, 1ere F-i.titiosG in its $roader.onte)t. Bor t+e -i.titios-#a,ee r!e to $e a3ai!a$!e as a de-ense, PN; mst s+o1 t+at t+e ma/ers did not intend-or t+e named #a,ees to $e #art o- t+e transa.tion in3o!3in" t+e .+e./s. At most, t+e $an/@s t+esis s+o1s t+at t+e#a,ees did not +a3e /no1!ed"e o- t+e e)isten.e o- t+e .+e./s.T$+) 6a'1 o3 1no*6%d4% on ($% 0a.( o3 ($% 0a-%%),$o*%2%., *a) no( (an(a/o,n( (o a 6a'1 o3 +n(%n(+on on ($% 0a.( o3 .%)0ond%n();)0o,)%) ($a( ($% 0a-%%) *o,6dno( .%'%+2% ($% '$%'1)< 0.o'%%d). Considerin" t+at res#ondents-s#oses 1ere transa.tin" 1it+ PEMS?A and not21t+e indi3ida! #a,ees, it is nderstanda$!e t+at t+e, re!ied on t+e in-ormation "i3en $, t+e o--i.ers o- PEMS?A t+att+e #a,ees 1o!d $e re.ei3in" t+e .+e./s. Meri!,, t+e s$He.t .+e./s are #resmed order instrments. T+is is $e.ase,as -ond $, $ot+ !o1er.orts, PN; -ai!ed to #resent s--i.ient e3iden.e to de-eat t+e .!aim o- res#ondents-s#oses t+at t+e named #a,ees1ere t+e intended re.i#ients o-t+e .+e./s@ #ro.eeds.T+e $an/ -ai!ed to satis-, a re2isite .ondition o- a -i.titios-#a,ee sitation J t+at t+e ma/er o- t+e .+e./ intended -or t+e #a,ee to +a3e no interest in t+e transa.tion. ;e.ase o- a 3a+6,.%to s+o1 t+at t+e #a,ees 1ere F-i.titiosG in its $roader sense, t+e -i.titios-#a,eer!e does no( a##!,.T+s, t+e .+e./s are to $e deemed #a,a$!e to order.Conse2ent!,, t+e dra1ee $an/ $ears t+e!oss.5%'7 PNB *a) .%/+)) +n +() d,(- a) ($% d.a*%% 7an1. It does not dis#te t+e -a.t t+at its te!!er or te!!ersa..e#ted t+e &C .+e./s -or de#osit to t+e PEMS?A a..ont e3en 1it+ot an, indorsement -rom t+e named #a,ees.It $ears stressin" t+at order instrments .an on!, $e ne"otiated 1it+ a 3a!id indorsement. A $an/ t+at re"!ar!, #ro.esses .+e./s t+at are neit+er #a,a$!e to t+e .stomer nor d!, indorsed $, t+e#a,ee is a##arent!, "ross!, ne"!i"ent in its o#erations.5%67 T+is Cort +as re.o"ni:ed t+e ni2e #$!i. interest#ossessed $, t+e $an/in" indstr, and t+e need -or t+e #eo#!e to +a3e -!! trst and .on-iden.e in t+eir $an/s.5%%7Bor t+is reason, $an/s are minded to treat t+eir .stomer@s a..onts 1it+ tmost .are, .on-iden.e, and +onest,.5%>7 In a .+e./in" transa.tion, t+e dra1ee $an/ +as t+e dt, to 3eri-, t+e "enineness o- t+e si"natre o- t+edra1er and to #a, t+e .+e./ stri.t!, in a..ordan.e 1it+t+e dra1er@s instr.tions, i.e., to t+e named #a,ee in t+e.+e./.It s+o!d .+ar"e to t+e dra1er@s a..onts on!, t+e #a,a$!es at+ori:ed $, t+e !atter.Ot+er1ise, t+e dra1ee1i!! $e 3io!atin" t+e instr.tions o- t+e dra1er and +( )$a66 7% 6+a76% 3o. ($% a/o,n( '$a.4%d (o ($% d.a*%.