negotiating meaning

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Negotiating Meaning Do you understand me?

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Page 1: Negotiating Meaning

Negotiating Meaning

Do you understand me?

Page 2: Negotiating Meaning

Hmm…Do you understand?Do you understand the words that are coming out of my mouth? (Rush Hour, 1998)Do you understand the words that are coming out of my mouth? (Rush Hour 2, 2001)

Page 3: Negotiating Meaning

Negotiation of Meaning

Communication Strategies are Communication Strategies are used when:used when:

1.1. The speaker desires to The speaker desires to communicate an intended communicate an intended meaning. *meaning. *

2.2. The speaker and/or his/her The speaker and/or his/her [listener] believe the [listener] believe the [manner] to communicate [manner] to communicate this meaning is unavailable in this meaning is unavailable in their interlanguage system.* their interlanguage system.*

3.3. The speaker and/or their The speaker and/or their [listener] choose to [listener] choose to a)a) avoid – the speaker does avoid – the speaker does

not attempt to communicate not attempt to communicate the intended meaning – or the intended meaning – or

b)b) try out an alternative try out an alternative means of expression to means of expression to communicate the intended communicate the intended meaning.* meaning.*

(Within this process, learners and their [listeners] may use:• one single CS • a combination of different CSs,

•resort to both verbal and resort to both verbal and nonverbal behavior.* )nonverbal behavior.* )

*Fernandez Dobao & Palacios Martinez, 2007

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Possible sources of miscommunication?

Lack of background knowledgeLack of background knowledgeLack of vocabularyLack of vocabularyMisunderstanding the questionMisunderstanding the questionCan you think of any others?Can you think of any others?

Page 5: Negotiating Meaning

Well now I know why but how do I do it?

Strategies for negotiating meaning Strategies for negotiating meaning Two main types to use for lack of background of Two main types to use for lack of background of vocabulary:vocabulary:

AvoidanceAvoidanceAchievement Achievement

*Fernandez Dobao & Palacios Martinez, 2007

Page 6: Negotiating Meaning

Avoidance Strategies1 – Topic Avoidance1 – Topic Avoidance2 – Message Abandonment2 – Message Abandonment3 – Semantic Avoidance3 – Semantic Avoidance4 – Message Reduction4 – Message Reduction

Page 7: Negotiating Meaning

Avoidance Strategy # 1Topic AvoidanceTopic Avoidance

When the speaker avoids any mention of the When the speaker avoids any mention of the object or action because they lack the object or action because they lack the vocabulary to refer to it. vocabulary to refer to it.

Page 8: Negotiating Meaning

Avoidance Strategy # 2Message AbandonmentMessage Abandonment

When the speaker begins to talk about When the speaker begins to talk about something but, feeling unable to continue, stops something but, feeling unable to continue, stops before achieving communication of that concept.before achieving communication of that concept.

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Avoidance Strategy # 3Semantic AvoidanceSemantic Avoidance

When the speaker says something different than When the speaker says something different than what he/she originally intended.what he/she originally intended.

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Avoidance Strategy # 4Message ReductionMessage Reduction

When the speaker reduces their original When the speaker reduces their original message and reports the same idea less message and reports the same idea less precisely and in less detail.precisely and in less detail.

Page 11: Negotiating Meaning

Achievement Strategies1 – Paraphrase1 – Paraphrase2- Concious transfer2- Concious transfer

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Achievement Strategy # 1

3 Ways to Paraphrase3 Ways to ParaphraseApproximation Approximation Word coinage Word coinage Circumlocution Circumlocution

Page 13: Negotiating Meaning

3 Ways to Paraphrase1.1. Approximation – Approximation –

When the speaker substitutes an approximation to When the speaker substitutes an approximation to the unknown language item.the unknown language item.

2.2. Word coinage – Word coinage – The speaker makes up a new word following the The speaker makes up a new word following the rules of derivation and composition.rules of derivation and composition.

3.3. Circumlocution – Circumlocution – the speaker describes an item or action instead of the speaker describes an item or action instead of using the word for it.using the word for it.

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Achievement Strategy # 2

4 Methods of Concious Transfer4 Methods of Concious TransferBorrowingBorrowingLanguage SwitchLanguage SwitchAppeal for AssistanceAppeal for AssistanceMimeMime

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4 Methods of Concious Transfer1.1. Borrowing – Borrowing –

Taking a word from the speaker’s native language and modifying Taking a word from the speaker’s native language and modifying it according to the new language’s rules.it according to the new language’s rules.

2.2. Language Switch – Language Switch – the speaker uses a word from their language with zero the speaker uses a word from their language with zero modificationsmodifications

3.3. Appeal for Assistance - Appeal for Assistance - The speaker asks the listener for help in determining the wordThe speaker asks the listener for help in determining the word

4.4. MimeMimeThe speaker uses body language to communicate their meaning.The speaker uses body language to communicate their meaning.

Page 16: Negotiating Meaning

Well what if I misunderstood the question?Ask for clarification.Ask for clarification.

Make sure you heard the key word in the Make sure you heard the key word in the question.question.

Repeat the question back to them.Repeat the question back to them.Ask them to repeat themselves.Ask them to repeat themselves.Ask them to slow down if necessary.Ask them to slow down if necessary.

Page 17: Negotiating Meaning

Now you try!