negritude movement
DESCRIPTION
Negritude Movement. '57. Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah. '63. Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta. Mount Kenya - bongo herd. Map of dialects in Kenya. Maasai . '62. '60. Congo (Zaire). Today: Civil War…. Mobutu Sese Seko. '75. Portuguese. Angola. More civil war…. 2002 – ceasefire agreement. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Negritude Movement
Ghana
• Kwame Nkrumah
Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta
Mount Kenya - bongo herd
Maasai
Map of dialects in Kenya
Congo (Zaire)
Mobutu Sese Seko
Today: Civil War…
Angola
Port
ugue
seMore civil war…
2002 – ceasefire agreement
South Africa
• South Africa was granted its independence from Great Britain in 1931
Apartheid
Apartheid: complete separation of races – segregation 1948 – National Party gains power (Afrikaner nationalism)Apartheid policy enforced by laws1959 – “homeland system” – Bantustans
Afrikaners• white South Africans of Dutch descent
African National Congress (ANC)• formed in 1912• fight for black right against minority rule (apartheid)• use strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations• banned by SA government
Nelson Mandela
Steve Biko
Nelson Mandela• Lawyer • ANC: leader of violent wing (“the spear”)• Armed struggle – jailed for 27 years (Robben Island)
• Symbol of anti-apartheid struggle• advocates peace and reconciliation
• Freed from prison & elected President in 1994
Steve Biko• Anti-apartheid activist
• murdered in police custody ‘77
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Desmond Tutu• South African archbishop• Economic campaign
• foreign trade restrictions• Organized protest (i.e., Nation-wide school boycott)
• 1984 – Nobel Peace Prize
F.W. de Klerk
F.W. de Klerk • Afrikaner – lawyer – President in ‘89• ’90 legalize ANC & frees Mandela
Sharpeville Massacre
• March 21st,1960: South African police opened fire on a crowd of black protesters, killing 69 people.
• the shootings led the ANC and PAC to move away from nonviolent tactics
• RESULTS: • Apartheid government bans ANC & PAC• popular uproar from blacks - protests• international sympathy
End of Apartheid• Apartheid laws repealed under F.W. de Klerk
• ’92 referendum (white voters): minority majority rule • 1993 – de Klerk and Mandela
• awarded Nobel Peace Prize for work together• 1994: 1st universal election
• ANC (Mandela) vs. National Party (de Klerk)• ANC victory in elections(63% of votes): Mandela
becomes President & de Klerk becomes VP• forgiveness and reconciliation• 1996 New democratic constitution formed
• Equal rights for all citizens & a bill of rights
South Africa Today• 1999 – Mandela does not seek reelection
• President Thabo Mbeki (1999-2008)• Problems:
• High unemployment (40% black pop.) • high crime rate• Lack of foreign investment• AIDS
1.What was apartheid in South Africa?
2.Who was Nelson Mandela and what did he do?
3.What two people worked together to end apartheid rule?