neonatal resuscitation. primary cause of death: nnpd 18 % other causes 09 % malformation 29 %...
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Neonatal resuscitationNeonatal resuscitation
Primary cause of death: NNPD
18 %Other causes
09 %Malformation
29 %Perinatal hypoxia
17 %Infection
27 %Prematurity
Deaths(n = 1800)
Cause
4 million newborn deaths – Why?almost all are due to preventable conditions
Causes of neonatal death(n=258)
Not established
14.7%
Others10.7% Birth asphyxia
20.9%
Infection33.2%
Prematurity15.2%
Congenital malformation
5.4%
Others: Hypothermia, RD, Jn, Pulm. Haemorrhage, Seizure etc. ICMR 2006
Neonatal resuscitation
• Asphyxia accounts for 20-25% newborn deaths
• 10% neonates require some assistance at birth
• 1% neonates need extensive resuscitative measures
The most important and effective action is to ventilate ventilate
the baby’s lungs
Neonatal resuscitation
•AAirwayirway
•BBreathingreathing
•CCirculationirculation
Neonatal resuscitation
•AAirwayirway
•BBreathingreathing
•CCirculationirculation
Before birth
• Gas exchange in placenta
• Lung receives very little blood
• Alveoli are fluid filled
Very little flow to lungs
Alveoli are fluid filled
Blood vessels are constricted
Before birth
•Pulm arterioles constricted •Umbilical arteries feeding low pressure placenta circulation
•Low pressure in systemic circuit
•Very little pulmonary blood flow
•High pressure in pulmonary circuit
After birth•Fluid in the alveoli is absorbed
Alveoli
• EXPAND
• GET FILLED WITH AIR (O2)
1.
After birth
Umbilical arteries and veins are clamped
Sudden increase in systemic blood pressure
2.
Pulmonary vessels dilate, causing increased blood flow to lungs
3.
After birth
•Pulm arterioles dilate •Umbilical arteries and veins are clamped
•High pressure in systemic circuit
•Dramatic increase in pulmonary blood flow
•Low pressure in pulmonary circuit
Ductus arteriosus constricts
• Increased oxygen in blood
• Increased pulmonary blood flow
4.
Before After
What can go wrong
• Inadequate breathing hence lung fluid not absorbed
• Meconium may block airway• Blood loss may occur• Persistence of constricted pulmonary vessels • Myocardium may be depressed• Organ systems may be affected by
hypoxia/ischemia
Consequences of interrupted transition
1. Low muscle tone 2. Resp depression (apnea / gasping)3. Tachypnea4. Bradycardia5. Hypotension6. Cyanosis
Changes due to oxygen deprivation
Some dictums
If a baby does not breathe immediately after being stimulated >>> secondary apnea
Assume every apneic baby is in secondary apnea
Longer the duration of compromise, longer it takes for recovery
• The resuscitation flow diagram
*
Evaluation-Decision-Action cycle
Evaluation
Action Decision
Evaluation: By 3 signs
1.1. Respiration Respiration • Breathing / crying Breathing / crying • ApneaApnea
2.2. Heart rateHeart rate• <100 or <100 or notnot• < 60 or < 60 or notnot
3.3. ColorColor• Central cyanosisCentral cyanosis• Peripheral cyanosis / pinkPeripheral cyanosis / pink
• The resuscitation flow diagram
*
Evaluation
Evaluation
Evaluation
Assessment
Apgar score
Apgar score is great, but not for guiding resuscitation
• For resuscitation, not all items are For resuscitation, not all items are requiredrequired
• Resuscitation initiated before 1 min Resuscitation initiated before 1 min when Apgar is assignedwhen Apgar is assigned
• Classification differentClassification different
Requirements
• Personnel
– At least one trained person for all deliveries
– Two persons, if high risk; or for advanced
resuscitation
• Equipment
Risk factors of asphyxia
• Only 50% resuscitation needs are
identified prior to birth
Premature babies : concerns
1. May be surfactant deficient
2. Immature brain, poor resp drive
3. Weak muscles, not able to breathe
4. More prone to hypothermia
5. More likely to be infected
6. Prone to intraventricular hemorrhage
7. Small blood volume, prone to hypovolemia
8. Immature tissues, prone to oxygen toxicity
*
Care after resuscitation
Prevent, prevent, prevent
Infection : asepsis
HIV : universal precautions