The Nervous System

Damnjanović Ivana

Functions of the Nervous System

1.1. Control center for all body activitiesControl center for all body activities2.2. Responds and adapts to changes that Responds and adapts to changes that

occur both inside and outside the bodyoccur both inside and outside the body (pain, temperature, )(pain, temperature, )

Anatomy of a Neuron

Each neuron contains:Each neuron contains: -- Cell bodyCell body with with

nucleusnucleus - - DendritesDendrites : fibers : fibers

that receive messages that receive messages from other neuronsfrom other neurons

- - AxonsAxons : fibers that : fibers that send messages to send messages to other neuronsother neurons

Organization of Nervous Organization of Nervous SystemSystem

Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain & spinal cord

Autonomic N.S. Somatic N.S.

Organs of the nervous system can be divided into two groups:

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. 31 pairs of spinal

nerves 12 pairs of cranial

nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

PNS can be subdivided into 2 divisions:(1) Autonomic Cranial & spinal nerves

connecting CNS to heart, stomach, intestines, glands Controls unconscious

activities

Peripheral Nervous System

(2) Somatic Cranial & spinal nerves connecting CNS to skin & skeletal musclesOversees conscious activities

Two Major Two Major Divisions of the Divisions of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Central Nervous System

Brains

Central Nervous SystemBrainBrain : a mass of 100 : a mass of 100

billion neurons billion neurons located inside the located inside the skullskull

Anatomy of the Brain

CerebrumCerebrum : largest part : largest part of human brainof human brain

- Responsible for:- Responsible for: - Thought- Thought - Language- Language - Senses- Senses - Memory- Memory - Voluntary movement- Voluntary movement

Prednji mozak

Retrieval of a Memory

A memory is not a snapshot stored in the brain – it must be put together from information stored in various parts of the brain

Anatomy of the BrainCerebellum : at base of

brain-Responsible for: - Muscle coordination - Balance - Posture

Mali mozak

Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes.

Cerebrum Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum.

Diencephalon -Thalamus Epithalamus:

- pineal- habenular nuclei

Hypothalamus

hypothalamus

ephithalamus

Anatomy of the Brain

Međumozak

Mesencephalon - Midbrain Reflex center for eye muscles. Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

Anatomy of the Brain

Srednji mozak

Anatomy of the BrainBrain Stem : connects

brain to spinal cord-Responsible for: - Breathing - Swallowing - Heartbeat - Blood pressure

Produžena moždina

Central Nervous SystemSpinal CordSpinal Cord : :

Column of nerves Column of nerves from brain to from brain to tailbone – protected tailbone – protected by vertebrae of spineby vertebrae of spine Responsible for:Responsible for:

- - Conducting Conducting impulses between the impulses between the brain and the rest of brain and the rest of the bodythe body

Donji stubovi

Gornjistubovi

Spinalna ganglija

Spinalni nerv

Bela masa

Siva masa

The PeripheralNervous System

Cranial Nerves - (glaveni nervi)

Spinal Nerves – moždinski nervi

The Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Sympathetic