nervous system ch. 49. nervous system -found in every part of the body from the head to the tips of...
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Nervous SystemCh. 49
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Nervous System-Found in every part of the body from the head to the tips of the fingers and toes. -Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).-CNS contains brain and spinal cord.-PNS contains cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and nerves that travel throughout the body.
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Ch. 49.1 Neurons & Nerve Impulses
Neuron Structure:1. dendrites2. cell body3. axon (axon terminals)
4. synapse5. neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Nerve ImpulsesNeuron function is dependent upon electrical activity:
Resting Potential
Action Potential (Na+ in, K+ out)-dendrites or cell body become stimulated.-ATP driven sodium-potassium pump re-establishes equilibrium (restores the ions to be ready for another action potential)
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Ch. 49.2 Structures of the Nervous System
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BrainFunction
Structure:1. Cerebrum
two cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex…sensory processing and motor responses.
corpus callosum…heavy band of nerves; connects the two hemispheres
white matter…contains axons of cortical neurons.
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Lobes of the Brain:
Frontal: intellectual function
Parietal: motor and sensation
Temporal: taste & hearing
Occipital: vision
Cerebellum: balance & coordination
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Diencephalon
1. thalamus (directs incoming sensory signals to the proper region of the cerebral cortex)
2. hypothalamus (maintains homeostasis, hormone production)
Limbic System: structures within the brain that control emotions, memory, and motivation.
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3. Brain Stem: (links cerebrum with the spinal cord)
1. midbrain (relay center for visual & auditory information)
2. pons (relay center between cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum )
3. medulla oblongata (heart rate and respiration)
-reticular formation (network of neurons helping to control respiration and circulation and serves as a filtering system for incoming sensory signals.
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4. cerebellum: (coordination of muscle activity)
5. spinal cord: sensory neuronsmotor neuronsinterneurons
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
brain and spinal cord Somatic NS Autonomic NS
Regulates activities that are automatic
Regulates activities under conscious control
Parasympathetic – slows down activities
Sympathetic – Speeds up activities
Sensory Motor
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Peripheral Nervous System
-afferent neurons (towards)…what we call sensory neurons.
-efferent neurons (away)…what we call motor neurons.
Two divisions: Sensory and Motor.
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Division 1: Sensory
-contains sensory receptors (nerves) and interneurons that connect them to the brain.
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Division 2: Motor
-Composed of two independent systems:
1. Somatic Nervous System
-controls skeletal muscles-reflexes-mainly voluntary, but can be involuntary.
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2. Autonomic Nervous System-Controls smooth muscles in blood vessels and organs; respiration, heartbeat
and other homeostatic functions-Two Divisions:
1. Sympathetic (stress…moves blood to appropriate organs based upon the stressor.2. Parasympathetic (normal)
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Ch. 49, section 3: Sensory Systems
MechanoreceptorsPhotoreceptorsChemoreceptorsThermoreceptorsPain receptors
Main sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, mouth & skin