netfficient d1.6 outline specification document for all energy...

Project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

Project No. 646463

Project acronym: NETfficient

Project title:

Energy and economic efficiency for today’s smart communities through integrated multi storage technologies

Programme: H2020-‐LCE-‐2014-‐3 Start date of project: 01.01.2015 Duration: 48 months

Deliverable 1.6 Outline specification document for all energy storage technologies*

Author: WININERTIA TECHNOLOGIES S.L.

Due date of deliverable: 30/09/2015 Actual submission date: 30/09/2015

Deliverable Name Outline specification document for all energy storage technologies Deliverable Number D1.6 Work Package WP 1 Associated Task T1.7 Covered Period M1-‐M48 Due Date M9 Completion Date 30/09/2015 Submission Date 30/09/2015 Deliverable Lead Partner WININERTIA Deliverable Author WININERTIA Version 1.0

Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission

Services)

RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

Ref. Ares(2015)4142728 - 07/10/2015

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© NETfficient consortium Page | 2 Confidential document

CHANGE CONTROL

DOCUMENT HISTORY

Version Date Change History Author(s) Organisation 1.0 30.09.15 Initial Version González del Valle WinInertia 1.1 1.2 1.3

DISTRIBUTION LIST

Date Issue Group 28/09/2015 Revision AYESA, WININERTIA, FRAU, WF1, VES, PTS 29/09/2010 Acceptance AYESA, WININERTIA, FRAU, WF1, VES, PTS 30/09/2010 Submission AYESA, WININERTIA, FRAU, WF1, VES, PTS

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Table of content

Table of content ................................................................................................................. 3

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4

2. SHAD® System ............................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Product Overview ............................................................................................................... 5

2.2 A Hybrid Storage Technology .............................................................................................. 6

2.3 Technology Product Overview ............................................................................................. 7

2.4 Technology ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Energy Management System ............................................................................................... 8 2.4.2 SHAD® DC/DC Power Electronics ....................................................................................... 10 2.4.3 MAXWELL Ultracapacitors Stacks ...................................................................................... 11

2.5 Hybrid Energy Storage Solutions ....................................................................................... 13 2.5.1 HESS solution overview ..................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Hybrid solutions: A cost effective opportunity .................................................................. 13 2.5.3 Hybrid solutions: Benefits ................................................................................................. 14

2.6 Business cases ................................................................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Peak Service Group ............................................................................................................ 15

3. Battery System .......................................................................................................... 16

3.1 Product Overview ............................................................................................................. 16

3.2 Cycle life Expectation ........................................................................................................ 16

3.3 MV Storage solution ......................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Main characteristics .......................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2 Battery system architecture .............................................................................................. 17 3.3.3 Battery modularity and safety ........................................................................................... 18 3.3.4 Mechanical specifications .................................................................................................. 19

3.4 LV Storage solution – PowerRack system solution ............................................................. 22

4. Second live EV Batteries (2LEVB) ................................................................................ 24


4.2 Technology ....................................................................................................................... 24

4.3 Business cases ................................................................................................................... 25

5. Solenco Power Box .................................................................................................... 26


6. Other energy vector solutions .................................................................................... 28

6.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 28

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1. Introduction Worldwide, electric power grid are undergoing substantial and operational changes, driven by:

• Growing amount of intermittent renewable energy generation from wind and solar PV. • Increasing global electricity consumption • Aging grid assets requiring replacement or refurbishment • Rising drive towards decreased fuel consumption and carbon emissions output

Energy storage systems (ESSs) for the electric grid can provide important benefits to customers, utilities or grid operators. ESSs can be integrated at different levels of the electric grid. Ideally, ESS operate as flexible resources that fulfill multiple grid applications:

• Generation: Price arbitrage, capacity firming • Transmission: Frequency regulation, voltage control, investment deferral, black start • Distribution: capacity support, local voltage control, reactive power compensation • Customer: peak shaving, off-‐grid supply, energy management

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) have been demonstrated in the market. Unlike a conventional ESS, a HESS provides a spectrum of solutions and can capture multiple value streams within a single system by:

• Optimizing use of the high energy density storage technology • Offering a rapid response to short term issues • Minimizing investment cost, minimal maintenance and extended life

With increased adoption, HESSs will more rapidly facilitate introduction of renewables generation, accelerate decarbonization, improve the security and efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution, and stabilize market prices for electricity, while also ensuring a higher availability of power supply. Inside the NETfficient project, the different ESS to be used are:

• UltraCapacitors (SHAD® solution) • Li-‐Ion Batteries • Second Live Electrical Vehicles Batteries (2LEVB) • Hydrogen systems (Solenco solution)

These different ESS are the main topic to be described in this Deliverable.

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2. SHAD® System Win Inertia, a leader in the design and development of power electronics systems and

controls, along with Maxwell Technologies, the global leader in ultracapacitors, are offer the SHAD®, an innovative, multi-‐purpose, and cost effective hybrid energy storage solution for the grid.

Win Inertia and Maxwell's HESS plays a pivotal role in the electric grids of the future, while effectively facing the following challenges:

• Increased need for high quality reliable power as a result of increased use of consumer power electronics

• Elevated peak demands and need for fast and efficient responses to changes within the grid • Heightened need to integrate distributed and intermittent renewable energy resources into

the electric supply system • Intensified congestion in transmission and distribution systems • Decreased dependence on fossil-‐fuels and improved returns on renewable energy

investments • Increased need for stabilization of isolated, weak or poorly fed grids

2.1 Product Overview SHAD® is an energy storage solution with high power density, specially designed to ensure

grid stabilization and offer an optimal response for high power and short duration energy events.

As the optimized hybrid energy storage solution, the SHAD® solution has been conceived to perform enhanced hybridization of high power ultracapacitors with a myriad of other energy storage technologies (batteries, flywheels, etc.) under a unique DC bus, offering a large portfolio of energy services. In addition to its hybrid capabilities, advanced power electronics and energy management algorithms, the SHAD® solution can be operated as a traditional ESS and offer its services to any power plant or utility, meeting and beating all the grid operator's power needs.

WI-‐Maxwell's SHAD® solution is a fully integrated, turnkey, containerized high power and energy technology, specially designed to solve the usual problems in grids' stabilization, weak grids, isolated grids or renewable energies integration

Key customer benefits

• Lower investment (15-‐25% CAPEX reduction) • Decrease O&M costs (25-‐35% OPEX reduction) • Flexibility in terms of energy and power • Common interface with existing systems • Reduces ESS´s degradation

Product highlights

• Energy and power modularity • Scalability • Optimum sizing • Energy storage hybridization • Multiple grid services

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SHAD® Applications

• Grid stabilization • Power Service Group • Grid Services • Renewable energy Integration • Weak or isolated grids

2.2 A Hybrid Storage Technology

SHAD® allows the integration of a large variety of energy storage technologies within the same

solution and device. This allow us to optimize the design of a solution in which different storage technologies coexist, obtaining the maximum benefit of each of the energy storage systems.

When all this is combined with the flexibility and modularity of the power electronics, a versatile solution, which can integrate ultracapacitors (UCAPs) with any other storage system, independent of its nature (Li-‐Ion batteries, Ni-‐Cd batteries, H2 batteries, flow batteries, flywheels, etc.) offer a wide variety of responses and grid services.

HYBRID RESPONSES: • Very high power density and short duration (seconds-‐minutes), through Maxwell's UCAPs • High energy density to moderate power density (dozens of minutes-‐hours), through Li-‐Ion

batteries • Very high energy density and low power density (hours) through high energy density

devices (VRLA, Ld-‐Ac, lead crystal, NaS, Ni-‐Mh batteries or others)

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2.3 Technology Product Overview

Win Inertia and Maxwell’s SHAD® product is based on the seamless performance of several technologies such as DC/DC power converters for energy storage systems’ integration, Maxwell’s UCAP stacks for high power and short duration events, and energy management systems with enhanced energy management algorithms. The diagram above shows the different elements of the entire SHAD® product

ENERGY MODULARITY

The SHAD® solution integrates Maxwell ultracapacitor stacks, designed and optimized by Win Inertia, for grid applications in terms of power and energy sizing. Several ultracapacitor stacks can work together in order to meet customers’ energy requirements.

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POWER MODULARITY

The SHAD® power electronics (DC/DC converters) are based on power modules (70kW, 136kW, 277kW) that achieve an optimized integration of Maxwell’s ultracapacitors. Several power modules can work together offering power from 70kW to 2.7MW

2.4 Technology 2.4.1 Energy Management System

Win Inertia’s Energy Management System is a flexible hardware and embedded software platform that performs real-‐time management and control of the operation of Maxwell’s ultracapacitor stacks and power electronics as well as other energy storage systems connected to the SHAD® solution

Win Inertia’s EMS, according to power plant controller’s commands, manages and controls the SHAD® units (UCAP stacks and DC/DC power modules) in order to meet the grid requirements, in terms of power, energy and grid services.

HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS

EMS management algorithms integrate dynamic modellings of the energy storage systems, based on their environmental, chemical and electrical parameters as well as thermal inertia.

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The proper development and evolution of these modeling’s allow the SHAD® units to supply the required energy needs, ensuring that the operation of the energy storage systems is always within its comfort zone, avoiding premature degradation and ensuring their operation in optimal conditions.

Win Inertia’s EMS decides which energy storage systems provide the service requested by the grid, depending on the state of each energy storage system and its operational conditions

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS

The operation of the distribution grid is facilitated by the distributed management algorithms, implemented in the EMS of the hybrid SHAD® technology. The EMS management algorithms have a distributed characteristic, which enables scalability at a system level in case it should be necessary.

Win Inertia’s Power Plant Controller (PPC) evaluates the grid operator’s demands and based on this information, commands the EMSs which SHAD® unit injects to or absorbs power from the grid, depending on its state and the service to be provided.

The EMS is scalable and flexible, this implies that if due to the evolution of the energy needs it becomes necessary to increase capacity by adding new SHAD® units into the system, the EMS of each SHAD® can coordinate its operation to allow the operation of various SHAD® devices as a single entity, facilitating a globalized operation, thanks to the “Energy to Share” and “Energy to Use” concepts.

WI -‐EMS (HARDWARE PLATFORM) Maximum number of channels Up to 32 channels Maximum sampling frequency 250 kHz Digital Signal Processors Texas Instrument DSP Core Processor ARM Cortex A9 processor with Ultra Low Power

Consumption ADC 24 bits ADC converter Signal-‐to-‐Noise Ratio > 91.5 dB Multitechnology Voltage, current, vibrations, ultrasound,

thermography, phase analysis...

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Memory 128 Gbyte (can be extended to 500 Gbyte Display Optional Communications ports Fast Ethernet 100BaseT, Wi-‐Fi 802.11g,CANbus,

RS23/485, Zigbee, Optic fiber Communications protocols Modbus TCP/IP, Modbus RTU, CANopen,

CANv2.0A, IEC 60870 5-‐101, IEC 60870-‐ 5-‐104 Management algortihms Life control algorithms

SoC, SoH and SoF Dynamic modelling Hybrid algorithms Predictive intelligence

2.4.2 SHAD® DC/DC Power Electronics

Win Inertia, a leader in the design and development of power electronics systems and controls, has designed and developed flexible, modular and multiport DC power converters based on power modules that achieve a seamless and coordinated integration of Maxwell´s ultracapacitors, batteries or any other storage technology under a unique DC bus

SHAD® DC/DC POWER ELECTRONICS: KEY FACTOR

Win Inertia’s SHAD® DC/DC power electronics are the key element for the perfect integration of ultracapacitors and other energy storage systems, such as any kind of battery technology, flywheels, fuel cells or other energy storage system.

Thanks to its modular and flexible architecture and its enhanced control electronics systems, SHAD® DC/DC converters achieve an optimal management of the energy storage systems, injecting to or absorbing energy from each energy storage system in the SHAD® solution

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SHAD® power converters operate the energy storage systems in such a way that they remain within their comfort zones, minimizing their degradation and maximizing their performance

SHAD POWER ELECTRONICS: MODULAR TECHNOLOGY

Win Inertia offers a wide variety of power modules in order to meet the grid’s energy and power needs. The SHAD® power converter’s range varies between 70 kW and 277 kW. Depending on the power needs, up to 2.7Mw can be provided through the coordinated operation of multiple SHAD® power modules

SHAD POWER ELECTRONICS: HIGHLIGHTS

• Power modularity(from 70kW to 2.7mW) • Multiport DC interface • Optimum integration of Maxwell´s UCAPS • Integration of the other energy storage systems. • Flexible architecture (robustness) • Reduced energy storage system degradation

2.4.3 MAXWELL Ultracapacitors Stacks

In order to provide a system that offers high power density responses, Win Inertia has designed a high power solution integrating Maxwell’s ultracapacitor technology.

Each of Maxwell’s ultracapacitor stacks integrates a monitoring and equalization technology (UCMS®) that performs real-‐time evaluations and controls the ultracapacitor stacks operation.

Ultracapacitors are unique energy storage devices that exhibit very high power densities and exceptionally long life, on the order of 20 years and millions of cycles. Maxwell’s ultracapacitors, which store and discharge energy very quickly, complement a primary energy source that cannot repeatedly provide bursts of power, like an internal combustion engine.

Ultracapacitors are currently used in thousands of applications and are being considered in a host of new applications. The most important are:

• Back-‐up power • Regenerative power

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• Frequency regulation • Grid Stability

ULTRACAPACITORS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (UCMS®)

Win Inertia’s storage management system has the capability to monitor and perform passive and active balancing in energy storage systems based on any number of electromechanical cells.

UCMS® is an integrated management system with over-‐charge/discharge protection, accurate state of charge and state of health reporting and optional active cell balancing.

• Optimize UCAPs’ performance using passive and/or active cell balancing • Decrease O&M costs and optimize the operation of UCAPs, avoiding high or unexpected

operation costs • Evaluate in real-‐time the state of health and expected service life of UCAPs • Monitor in real-‐time and control critical parameters (voltage, current, temperature) • Predict cell’s/tray’s/stack’s replacement • Make real-‐time decisions in order to change the operations conditions and extend

UCAPs’ lifetimes • Control the State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH), State of Function (SoF) and its

corresponding optimization

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2.5 Hybrid Energy Storage Solutions Win Inertia and Maxwell’s HESS achieves cost-‐effective integrations of renewable energies,

significant decreases in fuel consumption, grid stabilization and an optimized dimensioning of energy storage systems, through the perfect integration of ultracapacitors with other storage technologies (batteries, flywheels, fuel-‐cells, etc.) and advanced power electronics (DC/DC converters and power conversion systems) with primary energy sources (renewable energies, fuel generators, etc.).

2.5.1 HESS solution overview

• Win inertia and Maxwell SHAD® system • Power conversion systems (PCS) • Power plant controller (PPC) • Energy storage systems integration • Energy sources integration • Auxiliary system integration • Grid operator interface

2.5.2 Hybrid solutions: A cost effective opportunity

The key barriers for grid energy storage are cost and operating lifetime. The hybrid solution demonstrates a step-‐change breakthrough for both of these aspects through the combination and optimization of multiple types of energy storage, adapted to the project’s needs.

The WI-‐Maxwell’s hybrid solution is designed to provide an optimal high power and high energy density response.

Using hybrid technology allows for an optimal sizing thanks to the variety of responses offered by the energy storage systems integrated into the HESS solution.

Therefore, the oversizing of installed energy to provide the required power response is avoided and, as a consequence, the CAPEX and OPEX are reduced.

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2.5.3 Hybrid solutions: Benefits

• Reduce CAPEX and OPEX significantly. • Ensure grid stability support under variations of the PV power production due to ramp

rate effect or peak power demands. • Offer energy back-‐up that ensures the shutdown of diesel generators and reduces fossil

fuel consumption. • Achieve maximum lifetimes of the energy storage system, thanks to decreased

degradation. • Guarantee continuous high quality supply • Enhance the distribution grid • Provide simultaneous grid services as opposed to traditional ESSs that can only provide

one

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2.6 Business cases 2.6.1 Peak Service Group

The following economic case study is an analysis of the use of a hybrid storage system based on Maxwell and Win Inertia’s SHAD® technology to provide two types of services, one in cases of high power density (frequency regulation) and another in cases of high energy density (prolonged back-‐up), all within a single integrated device.

Hybrid solution for a 2 MW peak service group for frequency regulation services:

• Installed power cost : 1.89$/W (approx.) • 2MW peak power • Total investment between 15-‐30% • Installed energy cost: 2.21$/WH (approx.) (cost reduced by 15-‐25%) • Useful energy cost: 3.25$/WH (approx.) (cost reduced by 30-‐40%) • Installed energy reduced by 30-‐35% • Batteries investment reduced by 35-‐45% • OPEX reduced by 25-‐35% and CAPEX reduced by 15-‐25%

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3. Battery System 3.1 Product Overview PowerTech Systems will provide a Lithium-‐ion battery system. In the case of MV, this system will be

tied to SHAD@ and also an inverter with their associated monitoring systems to form the Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS).

3.2 Cycle life Expectation Lithium Iron Phosphate Is one of the best chemistry in terms of life cycle. Lifespan ainly depends on

two variables :

• Level of power In charge and Discharge • Depth of Discharge (DoD) for each charge discharge cycle.

The below figure shows the relation between lifespan (in number of cycle) vs DoD and level of power in C-‐°-‐Rate.

3.3 MV Storage solution 3.3.1 Main characteristics

MV Storage Solution Set up Unipolar Footprint Small footprint

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Environment Passive cooling Low noise disturbance Ambien temp > 0ºC

Safety features Over current detection Charge over-‐voltage and discharge under-‐voltage detection Cell voltage measurement and protection Cell temperature measurement and protection Dual isolated power contactor for positive and negative pole Passive cell balancing – active module balancing SOC measurement SOH measurement

Battery Management System 24 bits ADC converter Precharge > 91.5 dB Current Probe Voltage, current, vibrations, ultrasound,

thermography, phase analysis... Internal Communications 128 Gbyte (can be extended to 500 Gbyte External Communications Optional Communications ports Fast Ethernet 100BaseT, Wi-‐Fi 802.11g,CANbus,

RS23/485, Zigbee, Optic fiber Communications protocols Modbus TCP/IP, Modbus RTU, CANopen,

CANv2.0A, IEC 60870 5-‐101, IEC 60870-‐ 5-‐104 Management algortihms Life control algorithms

SoC, SoH and SoF Dynamic modelling Hybrid algorithms Predictive intelligence

3.3.2 Battery system architecture

The architecture will be made of 12 strings of 16 x 2.6kWh modules in series. The 12 strings will be then interconnected in parallel to provide the half MWh battery system.

Each slave embeds a BMS that manages locally 16 cells. All information are sent to the master BMS of the string.

Each master BMS embedded precharge system, protection contactors and high voltage fuse. Master role is to monitor slaves, balance modules, calculate SOC an SOH, and secure a string by removing it from the pool in case of failure.

One master is affected to external communication. It centralizes all information coming from masters, compute it and send it to distant hosts using a dedicated CAN bus.

Figure below shows an overview of the battery architecture

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3.3.3 Battery modularity and safety

About safety features, each stack comprises:

• 16 x modules of 16 cells • 16 slave BMS for local cell protection and monitoring • 1 master BMS

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Each stack is stand-‐alone and managed by a master BMS. When all safety conditions are satisfied, stack will join the pool of stack using precharge algorithm and contactor and close the two main leads contactors.

If one stack has a fault detected, it will leave the main pool of stack and will come back as soon issue is fixed.

Upstream of the MV, the ground fault detection system will take place to monitor potential issue in relation with battery stack isolation.

MV battery for Borkum is a large scale battery. In order to facilitate tests, implementation and installation, we think that a modular system will be the best solution for this project.

3.3.4 Mechanical specifications

Benefits of a modular solution :

• Easier to transport, install and configure • Scalable system, allow more power or energy by adding new modules • Lower transportation, comission and decomission costs. • Maintenance facilitated.

In the next image you can see a 3D overview of PowerRack 2.6kWh module

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Power Rack General specifications Nominal voltage 51,2V Max Voltage 58,4V Min Voltage minimale 44.0V Nominal capacity 50Ah Specific energy 5.12kWh Weight 30kg Height 3U Width 19’’ format Depth 45cm Technology LiFePo4

Li-‐BMS (Master BMS)

General specifications Number of modules managed Up to 25 Number of Li-‐BMS in parallel Up tp 20 Precharge system Built-‐in External communication CAN, CAN 2B, CANOpen

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Weight 10kg Height 2U Width 19’’ format Depth 35cm

MV battery mechanical details

Over view of a 41.2kWh String – Rack 50U

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Overview of MV battery system 12x50U battery racks + 1 rack for power concentration

Dimensions Width 7,92m Height 2,37m Depth 0,67m Weight racks 1040kg Weight modules 5760kg Weight others (wires) 1000kg Total Weight 7800kg

3.4 LV Storage solution – PowerRack system solution PowerRack system is a powerful and scalable solution for a wide variety of stationary applications.

Applications:

• Residential • commercial, • industrial applications, • UPS, • telecommunications, • weak grid, • off-‐grid • self-‐sufficiency systems.

PowerTech Systems has rigorously selected and tested best-‐in-‐class Lithium Iron Phosphate cells

that are assembled in this product, in order to provide high lifespan and performance. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) is currently the best solution for storing energy, because of its

durability, its high security and its technical superiority compared to other technologies on the market. The key points of PowerRack system:

• Very high energy density • Configure easily the system to a variety of voltages according to each customer’s specific

needs • High reliability, robustness and durability

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• Ease of deployment and scalability (19 inches standard) • Centralized monitoring for system control

PowerRack systems embed smart BMS: Battery Management System’s (BMS) main task is to

control each vital element of battery: voltage and cell temperature, power supplied by the system, load control, etc. The BMS incorporates some smart balancing algorithm that controls that all cells in the system are constantly at the same voltage level. State of Charge (SoC)and State of Health (SoH) are precisely measured by powerful algorithms. BMS is also equipped with a built-‐in multi-‐protocol communication module (CAN, CAN open, RS232, ModBus) to back up all operating information for external control and monitoring, or for integration with other systems. The modularity and scalability of PowerRack system offer a wide range of configurations :

• PowerRack system supports from one single module, up to 500 modules. • Stored energy can vary from 2.5kWh to 1.250 MWh. • Nominal voltage range from 51.2V to 1024V

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4. Second live EV Batteries (2LEVB) Williams Advanced Engineering is the technology and engineering services business of the Williams Group of companies that includes the world famous Williams Martini Racing Formula One team. Williams Advanced Engineering provides world class technical innovation, engineering, testing, and manufacturing services to deliver energy efficient performance to the Automotive, Motorsport, Civil Aerospace, Defence, Sports Science and Energy Sectors. Williams Advanced Engineering specialises in advanced lightweight materials, hybrid power systems and electronics, cutting edge aerodynamics, vehicle dynamics, and holistic integration capabilities Williams Advanced Engineering combines cutting edge technology and the industry’s best engineers, with a precision and speed to market derived from four decades of success in the ultra competitive environment of Formula One. Working in close collaboration with our customers and partners, Williams Advanced Engineering creates energy efficient performance to meet the sustainability challenges of the 21st Century.

4.1 Product Overview An increasingly large amount of Electric Vehicles (EV) are being produced and sold around the world. When an EV battery has served its useful life in the vehicle it can be repurposed for applications such as stationary energy storage.

As the EV vehicle market grows a plentiful supply of second life EV batteries are becoming available. These batteries have significant value and offer a great opportunity to be repurposed as cost effective stationary energy storage solutions.

For NETfficient Williams Advanced Engineering is using its state-‐of-‐the-‐art technology to repurpose a 20kWh second life EV battery for a residential energy storage system, interfacing with a LV grid.

Key customer benefits

• Increases self-‐consumption of locally produced energy thereby reducing energy bills and carbon footprint

• A compact solution benefiting from automotive design standards • Improves the sustainability of EV and hybrid vehicles through a circular economy for

second life EV batteries

Product highlights

• Safe, reliable and cost effective • Scalability • Interchangeability

4.2 Technology Williams Advanced Engineering provides a repurposed second life EV battery which has a stored energy of 20kWh.

Williams Advanced Engineering‘s innovative supervisory controller for the energy storage system utilises smart algorithms and dedicated hardware to ensure an optimised function.

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4.3 Business cases The primary use of the second life EV battery system is to enhance the self-‐consumption of locally produced renewable energy. The price point of the system benefits from the cost advantages of repurposing EV batteries. Depending on country and legislation, the system could also be extended to include:

• Reducing the electricity bills of homeowners, and reducing peak load for operators, by charging the battery storage system during low consumptions times when electricity prices could be lower and reusing that energy during the peaks

• Improves the sustainability of EV and hybrid vehicles by providing a second market for car batteries

• Increase the storage capacity of the network

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5. Solenco Power Box The Hydrogen Power Box (HPB) or Solenco Power Box is an energy storage system based on

hydrogen technology. It is charged by electrical power from a renewable source (typically solar PV) and returns both heat and electrical power. It is the missing link between residential needs and the given solar system. It allows to store energy when available and use when needed. It provides a one-‐stop solution for both heat and power needs and it eliminates the need for a grid connection. Unlike battery systems it can store for hours to months without degeneration/degradation as it uses compressed gas. This allows energy transfer from one season to another. The basic form of storage, hydrogen, can be shared between houses as well or be used as zero emission fuel in hydrogen powered cars. The system is designed to be intelligent. It will monitor all energy flows in the house

5.1 Product Overview For over 40 years, industry has used hydrogen in vast quantities as an industrial chemical and fuel

for space exploration. During that time, industry has develop an infrastructure to produce, store , transport and utilize hydrogen safely.

Hydrogen is no more or less dangerous than other flammable fuels, including gasoline and natural gas. In fact, some of the hydrogen’s differences actually provide safety benefits compared to gasoline or other fuels.

Hydrogen is the lightest and smallest element, and a gas under ambient conditions. It is 14 times lighter than air, which means that when it is released, it typically rises and diffuses quickly. Hydrogen is abundant in nature but rarely found “by itself”. Instead, it must be produced from compounds that contain it, such as natural gas, coal, water, and biomass resources including biofuels and other agricultural products. Two currently used methods include natural gas reforming and electrolysis.

The volume ratio of liquid to gas is 1:848. So, if you picture one litter of liquid hydrogen, that same amount of hydrogen, existing as a gas, would theoretically, occupy 848 liters (without compression). However, all flammable fuels must be handled responsibly. Like gasoline and natural gas, hydrogen is flammable and can behave dangerously under specific conditions. Hydrogen can be handled safely when simple guidelines are observed and the user has an understanding of its behavior.

Hydrogen has a rapid diffusivity (3.8 times faster than natural gas), which means that when released, it dilutes quickly into a non-‐flammable concentration.

Hydrogen rises 2 times faster than He and 6 times faster than natural gas at a speed of almost 20m/s (72km/h). Therefore, unless a roof, a poorly ventilated room or some other structure contains the rising gas, the laws of physics prevent hydrogen from lingering near a leak (or near people using hydrogen-‐fueled equipment). Simply stated, to become a fire hazard, hydrogen must first be confined – but as the lightest element in the universe, confining hydrogen is very difficult. Industry takes there properties into account when designing structures where hydrogen will be used. The designs help hydrogen escape up and away from the user in case of an unexpected release.

Hydrogen combustion primarily produces heat and water. Due to the absence of carbon and the presence of heat absorbing water vapor created when hydrogen burns, a hydrogen fire has significantly less radiant heat compared to a hydrocarbon fire. Since the flame emits low levels of heat near the flame (the flame itself is just as hot), the risk of secondary fires is lower. This fact has a significant impact for the public and rescue workers compared to hydrocarbon flames.

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Like any flammable fuel, hydrogen can combust. But hydrogen’s buoyancy, diffusivity and small molecular size make it difficult to contain and create a combustible situation. In order for a hydrogen fire to occur, an adequate concentration of hydrogen, the presence of an ignition source and the right amounts of oxidizer (like oxygen) must be present at the same time. Hydrogen has a wide flammability range (4-‐74% in air) and the energy required to ignite hydrogen (0.002ml) can be very low. However, at low concentrations (below 10%) the energy required to ignite hydrogen is high – similar to the energy required to ignite natural gas and gasoline in their respective flammability ranges – making hydrogen realistically more difficult to ignite near the lower flammability limit. On the other hand, if conditions exist where the hydrogen concentration increased toward the stoichiometric (most easily ignited) mixture of 29% hydrogen (in air), the ignition energy drops to about one fifteenth of that required to ignite natural gas (or one tenth for gasoline).

An explosion cannot occur in a tank or any contained location that contains only hydrogen. An oxidizer, such as oxygen must be present in a concentration of at least 10% pure oxygen or 41% air. Hydrogen can be explosive at concentrations of 18,3 – 59% and although the range is wide, it is important to remember that gasoline can present a more dangerous potential than hydrogen since the potential for explosion occurs with gasoline at much lower concentrations, 1.1 – 3.3%. Furthermore, there is very little llikehood that hydrogen will explode in open air, due to its tendency to rise quickly. This is the opposite of what we find for heavier gases such as propane or gasoline fumes, which hover near the ground, creating a greater danger for explosion.

Hydrogen is a very small molecule with a low viscosity – and therefore prone to leakage. Hydrogen is also known to absorb into certain metals, which can lead to embrittlement and structural failure. So, in addition to designing systems with leak detection and sufficient ventilation, industry must be carful to select materials that will not suffer embrittlement.

Hydrogen has a high energy content by weight but not by volume, which is a particular challenge for storage. In order to store sufficient quantities of hydrogen gas, it is compressed and stored at high pressures (up to 700 bar). For increased safety, hydrogen tanks for vehicles are equipped with pressure relief that will prevent the pressures in the tanks from becoming too high.

In the confined space of the Solenco Power Box, hydrogen can accumulate and reach a flammable concentration. Therefore proper ventilation and the use of detection sensors are installed in the Solenco Power Box to mitigate these hazards.

As noted, hydrogen has a low minimum ignition energy in ideal combustion concentrations. Like today’s gasoline systems, the Solenco Power Box is designed with grounding to prevent ignition by static charge. And because hydrogen is lighter than air and will quickly rise if released, electrical equipment is not placed directly above a potential source of hydrogen.

Compared to conventional backup systems using batteries or generators, the Solenco Power Box offers longer runtime and greater reliability, requires less maintenance and is also monitored remotely.

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6. Other energy vector solutions As described in use case 5, NETfficient will apply another vector solution for energy storage not

being an electric battery.

6.1 Overview In use case 5, the water temperature of the Borkum aquarium is to be regulated at a constant value (14°C). These regulations consist in either heat up or cool down the water if its temperature differs from the desired.

The system working now, uses a cooling / heating unit connected to the grid which regulates the temperature of aquarium’s the water circuit. During the course of the year about 90% of the time, cooling is needed, in the rest of the time heating.

In real application, there are no situations where heating and cooling are alternating. Thus, there is a short time period over the year where heating is needed and a longer period where only cooling is needed.

In the NETfficient-‐scenario, the cooling / heating unit would be connected (via an intelligent point of supply Node) to a PV generator, maintaining the grid connection if needed. On the other side, the unit would not be connected directly to the aquariums water circuit but to a seasonal thermal energy storage which in return would be connected to the aquarium’s water circuit via a heat exchanger guaranteeing the constant water temperature.

The seasonal thermal energy storage thus will take the role of a storing device keeping the thermal energy produced by use of solar energy.

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The seasonal thermal energy storage used is dimensioned to regulate the 21m3 in the water circuit.

netfficient d1.6 outline specification document for all energy...

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