nethra.u_client server arhitecture and web marketing
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1.CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE
Client/server architectures are used in LANs, WANs, and the Web. In a client/server
architecture, the client computers typically request services, such as printing, information
retrieval, and database access, from the server, which processes the clients’ requests. The
computers that perform the server function usually have more memory and larger, faster disk
drives than the client computers they serve. Recall from Chapter 2 that Web browser software
(for example, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox) is the software that makes
computers work as Web clients. Thus, a Web browser is also called Web client software.
The Internet connects many different types of computers running different types of operating
system software. Because Web software is platform neutral, it lets these computers
communicate with each other easily and effectively. This platform neutrality was a critical
ingredient in the rapid spread and widespread acceptance of the Web.
The main job of a Web server computer is to respond to requests from Web client computers.
The three main elements of a Web server are the hardware (computers and related
components), operating system software, and Web server software. All three of theseelements must work together to provide sufficient capacity in a given situation.
When a person uses a Web browser to visit a Web site, the Web browser (also known as a
Web client) requests files from the Web server at the company or organization that operates
the Web site. Using the Internet as the transportation medium, the request is formatted by the
browser using HTTP and sent to the server computer.
When the server receives the request, it retrieves the file containing the Web page or other
information that the client requested, formats it using HTTP, and sends it back to the client
over the Internet. When the requested information — a file containing the text and markup tags
of a Web page, in this instance — arrives at the client computer, the Web browser software
determines that the information is an HTML page. It displays the page on the client machine
according to the directions defined in the page’s HTML code. This process repeats as theclient requests, the server responds, and the client displays the result. Sometimes, a single
client request results in dozens or even hundreds of separate server responses to locate and
deliver information. A Web page containing many graphics and other objects can be slow to
appear in the client’s Web browser window because each page element (each graphic or
multimedia file) requires a separate request and response.
The basic Web client/server model is a two-tier model because it has only one client and
one server. All communication takes place on the Internet between the client and the
server. Of course, other computers are involved in forwarding packets of information across
the Internet, but the messages are created and read only by the client and the server
computers in a two-tier client/server architecture.Three-tier architecture extends the two-tier architecture
to allow additional processing (for example, collecting the information from a database
needed to generate a dynamic Web page) to occur before the Web server responds to
the Web client’s request. The third tier often includes databases and related software
applications that supply information to the Web server. The Web server can then use the
outputof these software applications when responding to client requests, instead of just
deliveringa Web page.
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OSI THE OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION (OSI) model describes how data is
sent and received over a network. It consists of seven layers: the physical layer, data link
layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a suggested standard for
communication that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). The OSI reference model describes how data is sent and received over a network.
This model breaks down data transmission over a series of seven layers. Each layer has a
responsibility to perform specific tasks concerning sending and receiving data. All of the
layers are needed for a message to reach its destination.
The OSI model gives software developers a standard for developing communication
software. The OSI model provides the standard for communication so that different
manufacturers' computers can be used on the same network.
The 7 Layers Of The OSI Model are as follows:
Layer 7 – The Application
This layer is the identifying and validating level of communication. 3 main areas of functioning of the application service provider are naming desired communication and users,
determining the availability of resources and synchronizing the applications communication.
End-user communication protocols like SMTP, FTP, TFTP, HTTP and telnet live here.
Layer 6 – The Presentation This layer functions as a dual-traffic conversion and coding of data for the packets sent and
received from Layer 7. It also ensures data bundle commonality between each end. Examples
that live here include JPEG, GIF, and Quicktime.
Layer 5 – The Session This could be considered the control layer of the model. The session establishment,
maintenance and termination amongst top layer applications happens here
Layer 4 –
The Transport The responsibility for the transmission of data, both reliable and connectionless (wireless) is
the role of layer 4. The transport layer does this by end to end flow control, data stream
organization of upper layers (5-7), error checking, recovery and management of virtual
circuits. Powerful communication protocols such as TCP operate on this layer.
Layer 3 – The Network
This web access layer defines the hierarchy of the data flows for connections, grouping
devices together by common web addresses. This is the IP home. All network routers operate
on this level.
Layer 2 – The Data Link
Data transmission over a physical medium is defined by this layer. Devices such as switchesand bridges on the Ethernet depend on this layer. LAN’s using MAC addresses and WAN’s
live here.
Layer 1 – The Physical layer The electrical and physical connections of the web characterize this layer. NIC cards and
router interfaces operate on this level.
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2.WEB MARKETING
Web marketing is the marketing of products or services over Internet.
Distributes information of products to the global customers at low cost.
Ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design,
development, advertising, and sales.
The term marketing mix describes the combination of elements that are used to achieve the
goals for selling and promoting products and services.
When a company decides which elements it will use, it calls that particular marketing mix its
marketing strategy.The the four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place.
Product is the physical item or service that a company is selling. The intrinsic characteristics
of the product are important.
But customers’ perceptions of the product, called the product’s brand, can be as important asthe actual characteristics of the product.
The price element of the marketing mix is the amount the customer pays for the product.
Promotion includes any means of spreading the word about the product. On the
Internet, new possibilities abound for communicating with existing and potential customers.
The issue of place (also called distribution) is the need to have products or services available
in many different locations.
Product based Marketing strategyManagers at many companies think of their businesses in terms of the products and services
they sell. This is a logical way to think of a business because companies spend a great deal of
effort, time, and money to design and create those products and services. If you ask managers
to describe what their companies are selling, they usually provide you with a detailed list of the physical objects they sell or use to create a service. When customers are likely to buy
items from particular product categories, or are likely to think of their needs in terms of
product categories, this type of product-based organization makes sense. Most office supplies
stores on the Web believe their customers think of their needs using a product category
structure. For example, both The Home Depot and Staples use product categories as a very
strong organizing theme in the design of their Web sites.
Market segmentation Market
• Market segmentation is dividing the pool of potential customers into segments and
targeting specific portions of the market with advertising messages
– Segments are usually defined in terms of demographic characteristics – Micromarketing is a term suggesting that we can target very small market
segments
• Geographic segmentation: Where are they?
• Demographic segmentation: Income, race, education, etc.
• Psychographic segmentation: variables such as social class, personality, or lifestyle