Dr. Sarika Sawantsarikashpt@gmail.com

SHPT School of Library Science, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai 400 020

Information Technology MacMillian Dictionary of Information

Technology defines IT as “the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a micro-electronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.

Components of IT Computer Technology: Hardware and

Software.

Communication Technology:Transmission mediaSwitching techniques

The Impact of IT on Society Technological research and development

introduces new products and services to society, some capable of affecting the way almost all of us lead our lives. Many innovations come about as a response to society's changing needs. But technologies also have the power to shape the values held by a society –

Various elements that makeup society, whether they be individuals or organisations

Impact has been fourfold:storage, manipulation, distribution, creation. Society expects to be able to store more than was

previously conceived. Society expects to be able to manipulate the

information they have for their benefit, to increase understanding and discover new relationships.

Society expects to be able to distribute information quickly, efficiently and cheaply.

Society now expects the creation of new information to be facilitated by these new technologies.

PC ArchitectureInput/Output Unit;Central Processing Unit;Memory Unit; andLogic Gates/Circuits.

Input Devices KeyboardMouseTrackballJoystickLight PenScanner

Output Devices Monitor PrinterPlotter

Central Processing Unit (CPU)1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)2. Control Unit (CU)3. Registers4. Buses5. Clock

Memory Unit Read Only Memory (ROM pronounced as

"Ra-om") Random Access Memory (RAM pronounced

as "R-aem") Complementary Metal Oxide

Semiconductor Memory (CMOS)

ROM(i) Mask ROM: (ii) PROM (iii) EPROM (iv) EEPROM: (v) EAPROM

RAM(i) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)(ii) Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic Ram Static RamIt is capacitors based which go ON and OFF continuously which is reason why cells lose their charge.

It is switch based. So the cell do not lose the charge till switch is ON.

As cells losc the charge, they have to be continuously refreshed to keep the data in the memory locations.

No need of refreshment as data remain till computer is on.

Needs continuous power although less power in consumed.

Needs more amount of power although not continuous.

Slower FasterCheaper ExpensiveHigh density Low density.

RAM ROM

It is used to store data, instructions & results. The time taken to provide access to any location either for storing / retrieving data is sameor uniform. That is why it is called as a random access device.

It contains a pre-written set of instructions provided by the manufacturer for the basic functioning of the computer, e.g. booting instructions.

RAM is temporary / volatile in nature since the contents of RAM are lost, the moment the power is lost.

ROM is permanent in nature since the contents of ROM are not lost, even when the power is lost"i.e. it is non-volatile.

The user can read from & write into the memory of the computer.

The user can only read. He cannot make any changes.

It has larger memory capacity as compared to ROM.

It has very small capacity memory as compared to RAM.

The processing speed can be increased by expanding the RAM capacity.

ROM cannot be expanded / erased. It does not effect the processing speed.

Secondary Storage DevicesMagnetic Tape/Floppy Disk/CDs/DVDs/Pen

DriveHard disk

Software System software Operating system Compiler Interpreter UtilityApplication software

Operating system: FeaturesMulti-userMultiprocessingMultitaskingReal time

Operating system: ComponentsMemory managementProcess managesDevice managerFile manager

Word Processors : Features insert text : Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document. delete text : Allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as

easily as you can cross them out on paper. cut and paste : Allows you to remove (cut) a section of text from one place

in a document and insert (paste) it somewhere else. copy : Allows you to duplicate a section of text. page size and margins : Allows you to define various page sizes and

margins, and the word processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.

search and replace : Allows you to direct the word processor to search for a particular word or phrase. You can also direct the word processor to replace one group of characters with another everywhere that the first group appears.

word wrap : The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.

print : Allows you to send a document to a printer to get hardcopy.

NetworkA network is a system that sends and receives

data and messages enabling two or more computers to communicate with each other.

Advantages of Networks :peripherals (eg printers) can be shared software can be shared data can be shared computers may communicate security - user access may be restricted if needed Disadvantages of Networks :one server breaking down may affect a number of computers vulnerable to hackers and viruses cabling and installation may be expensive a network manager

Network Devices/ComponentsServers Workstations Network Interface Cards Switches Repeaters Bridges Routers CablesNetwork operating system

Network Topologies

Topology - Physical and logical network layout

Physical – actual layout of the computer cables and other network devices

Logical – the way in which the network appears to the devices that use it.

Common topologies:

Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh and Wireless

Bus TopologyUses a trunk or backbone to which all

of the computers on the network connect.

Systems connect to this backbone using T connectors and taps.

Coaxial cablings ( 10Base-2, 10Base5) were popular options years ago.

Ring TopologyMeaning that data travels in circular fashion

from one computer to another on the network.Typically FDDI, SONET or Token Ring

technology are used to implement a ring network

Ring networks are most commonly wired in a star configuration

Star TopologyAll computers/devices connect to a central

device called hub or switch. Each device requires a single cable point-to-point connection between the

device and hub.Most widely implementedHub is the single point of failure

Mesh Topology

Each computer connects to every other. High level of redundancy.Rarely used.

Wiring is very complicatedCabling cost is highTroubleshooting a failed cable is trickyA variation hybrid mesh – create point to

point connection between specific network devices, often seen in WAN implementation.

Types of NetworksLANs and WANs - Geographical coverageLANs

A single geographical location, such as office building, school, etc

Typically High speed and cheaper.WANs

Spans more than one geographical location often connecting separated LANs

SlowerCostly hardware, routers, dedicated leased lines

and complicated implementation procedures.

OSI

Internet is an inter-connection between several computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the globe. It is a global network of networks.

InternetInternet

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History of the InternetMid 1960: Papers on “Packet Switching” emerge.End 1969s: ARPA sponsors the development of a packet-

switching network, called the ARPANET. First four nodes are UCLA, SRI, U. Utah, UCSB.

1974: The TCP/IP protocols and model are being proposed by Cerf/Kahn.

1980: IPv4 is introduced1983: ARPANET adopts TCP/IP. At this time, the ARPANET

has 200 routers. 1984: NSF funds a TCP/IP based backbone network. This

backbone grows into the NSFNET, which becomes the successor of the ARPANET.

1995: NSF stops funding of NSFNET. The Internet is completely commercial.

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Applications of the InternetTraditional core applications:

EmailNewsRemote LoginFile Transfer

The killer application:World-Wide Web (WWW)

New applications:VideoconferencingTelephonyP2P applicationsInternet Broadcast

Host-to- Host Connections.

User.

The Internet is a Global Network.

Networks of computers hooked together so that users can share information.

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Internet Domain

ernet.in nic.in uunet.in ac.in co.in

gov.in mil.in net.in org.in res.in

The .in domain has several subdomains (a.k.a second level domains)

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Internet Domain

.com

.edu

.gov

.int

.mil

.org

The top level domains in the world are

Every country has a unique two character country code (ISO 3166) for its Top Level Domain singnet.com.sg

ProtocolsProtocolsThe set of protocols used in connection to Internet

is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

Internet is a packet-switching network, data is transmitted by converting it into small packets.

TCP/IP is made up of two components - TCP and IP.

TCP breaks up the data to be sent into little packets.

IP is a set of conventions used to pass packets from one host to another.

Internet Service Providers In Internet Service Providers In IndiaIndia•VSNL

•MTNL

•Satyam Infoway

•ERNET

•NICNET

Devices Used In InternetDevices Used In Internet

• Modem:- modulator/demodulator converts digital data into analogous data, and vice versa.

• Bridges: - are used to connect multiple similar networks so that they appear as a single, large network. They pass the data serially on the same type of machines.

• Routers: - are used to connect two or more IP networks.

• Gateways: - are used to connect machines using different protocols in different type of networks.

Features of common browsersNavigationAnnoyance removersPop-up advertisement blocker Pop-up advertisement filteringSupports Bookmark manager Standards support HTTP and HTTPS, HTML, XML and XHTML Graphics file formats including GIF, PNG, JPEG, and

SVG Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) JavaScript (Dynamic HTML) and XMLHttpRequest

Web Browsers

Searching Information On Searching Information On InternetInternet

by going directly to the site, if the address is known.

Subject directories.Search engines.Meta search engines.Internet PortalsSubject Indexes

Uniform Resource Locator Uniform Resource Locator (URL)(URL)A URL is the fundamental part of the web.A URL is the address of a “document”

over Internet.Describes and identifies both the protocol

used by and the location of Internet resources.There are 4 parts of a URL: the protocol, the server name, the path and document, or file, or name.

The general format of URL is: - protocol://hostname/path

ServicesServicesCommunication ServicesCommunication Services

E-Mail Chat Rooms/. Internet Relay Chat

(IRC)Electronic Discussions/Electronic

Mailing ListsVideo conferencing

Publication ServicesPublication ServicesWWW (World Wide Web)FTP (File Transfer Protocol)Telnet

E-MailingE-Mailing

Chat Rooms•You can log on to certain Web sites and communicate with various other users on-line by using an internet chat software.

•It is an interactive software that allow the users to type comments in one window and receive replies in another.

Communication between groups of people, sharing a common interest.A group of network users who come together to discuss a particular topic.Two main methods employed to participate in electronic discussions are - mailing lists and through ‘USENET groups’

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

•The FTP application is used to transfer files between hosts.

•FTP downloads files to your server from any remote server that is connected to the Internet.

WWW(World Wide Web)

WWW is a series of servers interconnected through hypertext.

It provides various kinds of services through Web sites on the Internet.

TelnetIt is an Internet exploration tool and allows your PC to connect to another network and login as if you were a user on that system.You can communicate with a wide variety of remote systems with which you have an account.

Library AutomationSimple Methodology/Steps To Automate Certain Activities

Decide various function of each activity (* activity is circulation control, functions are changing, discharging renewing etc.)

identify inputs requirements for each function (data elements)

identify the input in terms of record, files & the media also, determine the style of the files.

identify the output required for each functionidentify the output it terms of record , files & the media , also

determine size of the files.Development or buying of software Implementation & evaluation

Evaluation criteria The platform/environment on which the software is available The library operations such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation and serials control, Management services, etc. that can be performed by the software. Compatibility of the software to create database in MARC/CCF formats. The capability for database security at the module and function levels. Provision for database back up. The provision to check duplication of data entry in acquisition and cataloguing. The facility to store, retrieve, display and print records in Indian scripts and capability to handle more number of languages and scripts. The facility to import/export data in standard database formats such as MARC, ISO-2709, etc. Provision for thesaurus and dictionaries for validation while selection of terms

and data entry.

Evaluation criteriaShould support Internet connectivity.The facility to handle multiple databases at a time.The facility for reservation management by allowing

maximum members to reserve a document at a time.The facility to provide customised library services.The capability to provide real time information processing

and retrieval.The facility to incorporate multimedia information.Bar-code compatibilityEase of input of dataEditing of recordsSpeed of retrieval of informationSpeed of operation

Acquisition ControlPre – order searching especially, avoid duplicate ordersCreating purchase order After Receipt of books.Claim /or cancel notices: automatically generate a claim

/cancellation letter to the appropriate vendor regarding copies/voliumes cancelled and the reason. It should able to send via e mail.

Providing information on order outstanding & sometimes on work in progress

Maintaining books fund Accounts & Printing book fund reports.

Track Sources Of Budget/Statistics of amount spent for each budget head /Handle Multiple Currencies

Circulation ControlIssue, Return, Renewal of Books,Journals,

BackvolumesRecall, Reservation, Reservation CancellationRemindersReports

Books,Journals,Backvolums - IssuedBooks,Journals,Backvolums- ReturnedFine Amount CollectedFine ReceiptFor a particular period

Serial ControlSubscription of New Journals Renewal of Journals Receipts of New Issues Reminders for missing issues Invoice Processing Payments Browsing Issues Reports Generation

CataloguingAutomatic generation of authority filesUnlimited number of AuthorsIncorporation of Corporate Authorship Should support Analytical entries, ‘See’, ‘See also’ references

etcEditing existing titlesDuplicating existing titlesInter Library Loan - Handles temporary cataloguing of Inter

Library documents borrowed from other LibrariesCatalogue Card generation - 3X5 Catalogue Cards as per

AACR guidelines.Spine label generation with Bar CodeData export to MARC format

Search - OPACSimple Search ( based on ) - Accession Number - Author - Title - Classification number - Year - Publisher - Subject - Keywords  

Advanced SearchBoolean OperatorsParenthesesProximityTruncationField level search

QuestionsDifferent types of reports generated by

library softwaresAdvantages of OPAC over Card CatalougeJustify how preliminary survey of other

libraries in case of library automation helps librarians

Describe the features of SOUL packageExplain the automation of bibliographic

activities in the library

Library NetworksA library network is broadly described as a

group of libraries coming together with some agreement of understanding to help each other with a view to satisfying the information needs of their clientele.

Need/Aims & Objectives: To promote and support adoption of standards in library

operations.To improve the efficiency of housekeeping operationsTo promote sharing of resources by inter library loan

among the libraries through computerised networking for maximum use of resources and better facilities for researchers and users.

To assist member libraries in Cataloguing of books, and other library materials and catalogue production.

To Facilitate and promote delivery of documents manually or mechanically.

To coordinate efforts for suitable collection development and reduce unnecessary duplication whenever possible.

To establish referral centers to monitor and/or facilitate catalogue search and maintain a central online union catalogue of books and other materials of different participating libraries.

To develop a specialist bibliographic database of books, serials and non-book material for search and access that means to generate new services and to improve the efficiency of existing ones

To create database of projects, specialists and institutions for providing online information services.

To coordinate with other regional, national and international networks for methods, procedures, hardware and software, services and so on

To promote adoption in actual practice by all libraries in order to facilitate pooling, sharing and exchanging resources and facilities towards optimisation.

QuestionsGive in brief historical overview of Library

Network Developments in IndiaExplain any one regional network in IndiaExplain the activities & services provided by

OCLC

1) COM stand for Computer Online MessagesComputer Output MailsComputer On MemoryComputer Output Microfilm

2) Which of the following is a transmission protocol (A) Altavista

(B) Lycos(C) Netscape Navigator(D) TCP/IP

3) TCP stands for•Transfer Control Protocol•Teaching Computer Programming•Teaching Control Protocol•Transmission Connection Programme

4) Hypertext referes to(A) Highlighting text to catch attention(B) Multilingual Text(C) Multimedia document(D) Connecting two electronic pages

5) JPEG is a(A) Image format(B) Audio format(C) Text format(D) A hardware device

6) Extranet isNetwork of two organizationNetwork established with security between server and client organisationNetwork existing outside an organizationNetwork with internet topology between many organizations

7) How many layers are there in Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model?

(A) 5(B) 3(C) 7(D) 9

8) Which of the following is not the search engine(A) Yahoo(B) Altavista(C) Google(D) Cemer

9) Which of following is not a communication protocolFTPOSIHTTPTCP

11) Which of following is a library management softwaresSOULCDS/ISISMS accessC++

12) Expert system consists of Number of experts working in the systemComputerised information systemInformation system built using artificial intelligenceInformation system for experts

13) Full form of ERNETEconomic Research NetworkEducation and research networkExperimental research networkExpected Response network

14) Broadband connectivity does not Increase speed of data transferHelp in transferring audio visual signalsPermit transfer through cable wiresTransfer data through electrical wires

15) URL stand forUniform Resource LocationUniform Resource LocatorUniversal research locatorUniversal Research Locator

16) DSpace is Digital library softwareLibrary automation softwareSoftware for creating OPACDBMS

17) DVD is a example of Film mediaMagnetic mediaOptical mediaWeb media

18) Which of following is incorrect?A virtual library isA library without wallsA networked entityContains only digital informationIt is limited to bibliographic information

19) Which of following transmission media had wider bandwidthTwisted wiresCoaxial wiresOptical fibersModems

20) VDU Video Display Unit of a computer isAn input deviceAn output deviceA standard deviceA storage device

21) Hotbot is a Search engineA programming languageAn indexing systemA component of a computer

23) Which of these is not a dedicated library automation softwareSLIMLYBSYSCDS/ISISLib suite

24) What is LinuxIt is an operating systemIs is a database management systemApplication softwareSpreadsheet

25) Which one of the following is a volatile memoryCD/DVD/RAM/Hard disk