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RELATING THE PRESENT TO THE PASTTHOUGHTS ON THE STUDY OF MUSICAL CHANGE AND CULTURE CHANGE INETHNOMUSICOLOGY

 Bruno Nettl  http://www.muspe.un!".t/pe#"$/MA/n$e%/num!e#&/nett'&/ne&.htm

The #e'(t"nshp ") p(st t" p#esent s "ne ") the p#n*p(' ssues n ('' hum(n *u'tu#es. It s ('s" pe#h(ps the m"st mp"#t(nt t(s+ ") m(n, (#e(s ") s*h"'(#shp- (n$ n $))e#ent w(,s- ") mus*"'",(n$ (nth#"p"'",.In ethn"mus*"'", (n$ n (nth#"p"'",- "ne ") the p#n*p(' w(,s ") (ss"*(tn p(st t" p#esent h(s

 !een th#"uh the *"n*epts ") *u'tu#e *h(ne (n$ mus*(' *h(ne- the $e( th(t s"methn th(t (s"*et, m(nt(ns (n$ sh(#es *(n *h(ne n *h(#(*te# "# n $et(' (n$ ,et #em(n essent('', the s(me.I w"u'$ '+e t" (pp#"(*h the #e'(t"nshp ") p(st (n$ p#esent th#"uh ths *"n*ept. It s (n mmensesu!e*t- (n$ ,"u w'' un$e#st(n$ wh, I h(0e h($ p#"!'ems )n$n w(,s t" #(sp t. T" $e(' wth t

 p#"pe#', mht #e1u#e th(t "ne $e)ne *u'tu#e (n$ mus* (n$ then *h(ne- t" s(, n"thn ") p#"0$n ( !!'"#(ph,. 2ut nste($- (s ( m"#e m"$est "('- I w"u'$ '+e t" t#, t" *#*ums*#!e thesu!e*t !, ment"nn (n$ $s*ussn ( )ew ") the ssues th(t $"mn(te ths (#e( ") en$e(0"#-

 ph#(sn e(*h n te#ms ") ( w$e', (**epte$ ene#('3(t"n (n$ then ''ust#(tn e(*h wth s"methn)#"m m, e%pe#en*e.The u'tm(te *"n*e#n ") mus*"'", h(s ('w(,s !een the n(tu#e ") mus*(' *h(ne. The m("#t, ")mus*"'"sts- wh" see themse'0es m(n', (s mus* hst"#(ns- h(0e t#e$ t" sh"w th(t the#e s (s,stem(t* w(, n wh*h mus* p#"*ee$s )#"m p(st t" p#esent- usn- )"# e%(mp'e- the *"n*ept ")

 pe#"$s- the sn)*(n*e ") !"#(ph,- the !e'e) th(t sm'(#t, "# $entt, must usu('', !e e%p'(ne$ !, *"nt(*t (n$ n)'uen*e. F"''"wn the (pp#"(*hes ") (nth#"p"'",- ethn"mus*"'"sts h(0es"metmes ('s" '""+e$ (t mus* n th(t w(,- !ut m"#e )#e1uent', the, h(0e !een *"n*e#ne$ wth the(n(',ss ") ( p#esent4$(, stu(t"n (n$ wh(t the p#esent *(n te'' us (!"ut ts "wn p(st- (n$ wth the"!se#0(t"n ") *h(ne m"#e "# 'ess (s t "**u#s.There is a multitude of relationships between past and present  

The music of the present is a map to its past  Components of a musical system may change in different ways and at different rates  Societies may shape the past to fit the present  

 Musical change may contradict or mitigate culture change  Music may play a special role in culture change 

 References  List of the audio examples 

 Italian translationYour comments 

1. There is a multitude of relationships between past and present  Let me !en wth s"me #em(#+s (!"ut the *'(ss)*(t"ns ") the *"n*ept ") *h(ne. M"st !#"($',-ethn"mus*"'"sts h(0e stu$e$ *h(ne n th#ee #e'(t0e', $stn*t w(,s. F#st- (n$ $"mn(nt n "u#'te#(tu#e- s st(tements !(se$ e0ents #e*"#$e$ !, "!se#0e#s- n t#($t"n(' hst"#*(' (n$ ethn"#(ph*senses. Se*"n$- we (#e ('s" *"n*e#ne$ wth the w(,s n wh*h *h(ne- hst"#,- #e'(t"nshp ") p(st(n$ p#esent (#e pe#*e0e$ (n$ *'(ss)e$ !, the w"#'$5s s"*etes 44 s"metmes n w(,s th(t $" n"t*"n)"#m t" the ment"ne$ "!se#0(t"ns. An$ th#$- (s ( #e'(te$ ssue- we stu$, the w"#'$5snte#p#et(t"ns ") the# pe#*ept"ns- the w(,s n wh*h s"*etes sh(pe the# p(st t" )t the nee$s ") the

 p#esent. These (#e(s ") stu$, "0e#'(p- !ut t s s"metmes he'p)u' t" sep(#(te them (#t)*('', )"#(n(',ss.2ut wh(t $" we me(n !, the *"n*ept ") 6mus*(' *h(ne67 Let me st(#t !, smp', 'stn ( )ew 1uteun#e'(te$ e%(mp'es ") s"me ") the thns th(t h(0e h(ppene$. In the &8th *entu#,- s"me N(t0eAme#*(n t#!es )e't )"#*e$ t" *"mp'ete', 0e up the# t#($t"ns (n$ t(+e up th"se ") 9este#n0e#n(*u'(# mus*. In the ;th *entu#,- m(nst#e(m Eu#"pe(n *"mp"se#s ") )ne (#t mus* (0e up)un*t"n(' h(#m"n, (n$ ($"pte$ se#('sm- !ut the, +ept t#($t"n(' )"#ms (n$ en#es su*h (s

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s,mph"n, (n$ st#n 1u(#tet. A'#e($, n the &<th *entu#,- A)#*(n s'(0es n =(m(*( *#e(te$ ( newmus* th(t n*"#p"#(te$ p#n*p(' e'ements ") the# A)#*(n he#t(e (s we'' (s ") the P#"test(nth,mns t" wh*h the, h($ !een nt#"$u*e$. A)te# &8;- I#(n(n *'(ss*(' mus*(ns ($$e$ 9este#nh(#m"n, t" the# me'"$es. In the '(te M$$'e Aes- Ge#m(n 0''(e#s s(n ( !(''($ "0e# ( pe#"$ ") (hun$#e$ ,e(#s (n$ *#e(te$ se0ent,4)0e 0(#(nts. T"$(,- (n In$(n mus*(n p'(,s the s(me #(( n*"n*e#ts ,e(# ()te# ,e(#- !ut ne0e# the s(me w(,. 9hen M"3(#t )#st p'(,e$ hs D4mn"# *"n*e#t" t

h($ the s(me n"tes (s t $"es m"#e th(n ;; ,e(#s '(te#- !ut t s"un$s 1ute $))e#ent t"$(, 44 (n$$))e#ent ('s" "n e(*h ;th4*entu#, #e*"#$n. I (m su#e ,"u et m, $#)t. 9e *(n #"up thesee%(mp'es s"mewh(t ('"n the 'nes ") ( *"ntnuum: #ep'(*ement !, ( s"*et, ") (n ent#e mus*('s,stem> #($*(' *h(ne ") ( mus*> (n$ *h(nes wthn ( s,stem- pe#mtte$ (n$ pe#h(ps e0en #e1u#e$)"# ts m(nten(n*e.An$ then- we *(n ('s" $stnush *h(ne n the *ent#(' s,stem )#"m pe#phe#(' *h(ne 44the 0"'n

 !e*"mes the m(n (**"mp(n,n nst#ument n S"uth In$(- !ut the s(%"ph"ne mht !e use$ "n', !,tw" mus*(ns. Mus*(' st,'e *(n #em(n wh'e s"*(' *"nte%t (n$ the s,stem ") $e(s (!"ut mus**h(ne: A(n- n In$(- the *'(ss*(' #epe#t"#, ") $e0"t"n(' s"ns sun (t temp'es m"0e$ $u#nths *entu#, t" the m$$'e4*'(ss *"n*e#t m'eu ") *tes. The me(nn ") mus*- m(, *h(ne wh'e thest#u*tu#e #em(ns. The s,m!"'* #"'e ") )"'+ s"ns *h(ne$ #e(t', n Ame#*(n s"*et, !etween

&8;; (n$ &88;.The#e h(0e !een (ttempts t" *'(ss), t,pes- (n$ m"#e (**u#(te',- $e#ees ") *h(ne- (n$ p#"*esses#(ne )#"m *"mp'ete (!(n$"nment t" *"smet* *h(nes su*h (s the ($$t"n ") ( *h"#$ he#e (n$the#e. The#e (#e '"ts ") te#ms- n*'u$n t#(ns*u'tu#(t"n- weste#n3(t"n- m"$e#n3(t"n- s,n*#etsm-s"me ") wh*h I5'' ment"n ((n. C'(ss)*(t"ns h(0e !een p#"0$e$ n pu!'*(t"ns !, ="hn 2'(*+n?&8@<- M(#(#et B(#t"m ?&8<& Amn"n Sh'"(h (n$ E#+ C"hen ?&8<- (n$ m,se') ?Nett' &8@<.In m"st *(ses- wh(t mp#esses me s n"t s" mu*h *h(ne- !ut the te*hn1ues s"*etes h(0e $e0se$t" p#e0ent- nh!t- (n$ *"nt#"' *h(ne- (n$ t" m(nt(n mus*(' t#($t"n- pe#mttn t t" )'"u#shwh'e "the# thns n ')e (#e )"#*e$ t" *h(ne. In mus*- pe#h(ps m"#e th(n n "the# $"m(ns ")*u'tu#e- pe"p'e wsh t" te the# p#esent t" the p(st. S"- the#e (#e *h(nes n the t"t(' mus*(' *u'tu#eth(t (#e !#"uht (!"ut n "#$e# t" m(nt(n s"me (spe*ts ") ( t#($t"n nt(*t 44 )"# e%(mp'e-

se*u'(#3(t"n ") ( s(*#e$ t#!(' #epe#t"#,> "# #e$u*t"n ") ( #epe#t"#, t" m(+e p"ss!'e ts #etent"nwhen $e*#e(se$ mus*(' ene#es (#e (0('(!'e )"# ts m(nten(n*e> nt#"$u*t"n ") )un*t"n('h(#m"n,> "# #ep'(*ement ") mp#"0s(t"n wth emph(ss "n p#e*"mp"st"n. The )#st thn wthwh*h we m(, !e st#u*+ n '""+n (t the #e'(t"nshp ") p(st (n$ p#esent s the !ew'$e#n 0(#et,") phen"men( th(t must !e t(+en nt" (**"unt. In$ee$- n the hst"#, ") "ne en#e "# st,'e "# e0en (nnst#ument- ( num!e# ") p#"*esses "**u# (n$ *"n0e#e. S"- I *"me t" m, )#st e%*u#s"n- t"Aust#('(.The st"#, ") the (!"#n(' $$e#$u s "ne n wh*h se0e#(' w(,s ") #e'(tn p(st (n$ p#esent nte#(*t(n$ *"n)'*t. It s ( '"n t#umpet- "#$n(#', m($e ") eu*(',ptus. L""+n (t ts (n*ent hst"#, )#"mthe 0ewp"nt ") Bu'tu#+#es (nth#"p"'"sts ") (#"un$ &8; ?see S*hne$e# &8@<- t s sm'(# t"'"n t#umpets n "the# s"*etes 44 T!et(n t#umpets- the A'ph"#n- the m"'m" ") the M(m!ut

 p,mes- the T#ut#u+( ") the A#(u*(n(ns- (n$ ths n"n4*"ntu"us e"#(ph* $st#!ut"n (s we'' (sthe nst#ument5s #"'e n )un$(ment(' #tu('s suests th(t t s p(#t*u'(#', (n*ent. In Aust#('(-h"we0e#- t w(s (t "ne tme 'mte$ t" t#!es n the n"#th. A)te# sett'ement ") the *"ntnent !, whtes-t !e(n t" h(0e ( mu*h w$e# $st#!ut"n- (n$ e0entu('', t !e*(me ( +n$ ") mus*(' s,m!"' ")Aust#('(n (!"#n(' ?2e#n$t (n$ Ph''ps- e$. &8@<:84@.

 Australian dideridu 

Didjeridu. In Uomini & Suoni (Firenze: Usher): 48

[Editor's suggestion: you may visit a site on the dideridu ]

I suest th#ee #e(s"ns: the #e(te# (m"unt ") *"nt(*t (m"n Aust#('(n pe"p'es> the nee$ )"# sm(''(n$ $0e#se (!"#n(' s"*etes- ('' ") them un$e# the p#essu#e p#"0$e$ !, $"mn(t"n ") whte*u'tu#e- t" )n$ (#t)(*ts (n$ $e(s wh*h- 0( #e4nte#p#et(t"n (n$ wth the *"n*ept ") n(t0sm- the,

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*"u'$ sh(#e n ( +n$ ") p(n4Aust#('(n *u'tu#e> (n$ the $es#e t" )n$ ( w(, t" s,n*#et3e wth theem!'em(t* #"'e ") nst#uments n 9este#n *u'tu#e- whe#e mus* w(s #e(#$e$ (s 1untessent('', (nnst#ument(' (#t. S"- *h(nes n Aust#('(n *u'tu#e !#"uht (!"ut n"t s" mu*h ( new mus*(' s"un$

 !ut new *"n*ept"ns (n$ $))e#ent $st#!ut"n. New s"un$s *(me t" the $$e#$u '(te# ,et- when th($ !e*"me ( +n$ ") s,m!"' ") Aust#('(n (!"#n(' *u'tu#e t" whte Aust#('(ns (n$ !e(n t" !ent#"$u*e$ (s (n nst#ument n #"*+ mus* (ss"*(te$ wth (!"#n('- "# !, (!"#n(' mus*(ns.

 Australian aboriginal roc! music

E0entu('',- (s n$*(te$ n Aust#('(n t"u#st sh"ps (n$ !, )'ms (!"ut whte Aust#('(ns- t h(s !e*"me s"methn ") (n em!'em ") Aust#('( ene#('', ?see M. 2#een- e$ &8<8> Dun!(#4H('' &88.Then- (s ''ust#(te$ !, ts use !, Ame#*(n mus*(ns su*h (s the t#"m!"ne 0#tu"s" Stu(#t Dempste#e%pe#mentn wth met(' (n$ p'(st* (n$ wth ts t"ne n Eu#"pe(n *(the$#('s- t !e*(me ( p(#t ") thente#n(t"n(' new mus* nst#ument(#um.Ths nst#ument m(+es ts w(, th#"uh hst"#, wth ( 0(#et, ") p#"*esses: t seeme$ "n*e t" !e p(#t") ( '(#e Bu'tu#+#es> t p(#t(+es ") (!(n$"nment ") t#($t"n(' *u'tu#e> t s the su!e*t ")(**u'tu#(t"n- #ente#p#et(t"n- s,n*#etsm- m"$e#n3(t"n- weste#n3(t"n. It su**ess0e', !e*"mes

 p(#t ") se0e#(' *u'tu#es> ts s"un$ st(,s the s(me wh'e ts s"*(' (n$ mus*(' *"nte%ts *h(ne> tss,m!"'* #"'e *h(nes )#"m *e#em"n(' t" ethn* t" n(t"n('. It e%pe#en*e$ nte#(*t"n wth s"*('-

 p"'t*('- te*hn"'"*(' )"#*es. Ch(nes n the use (n$ s"un$ (n$ *"n*ept"n ") the nst#ument(**"mp(ne$ *u'tu#e *h(nes '(#e', #esu'tn )#"m *"nt(*t (m"n s"*etes. I#"n*('', 44 (n$ "nesees ths n the mus* ") m(n, sm('' s"*etes 44 the $$e#$u !e*(me n*#e(sn', +n"wn (n$ use$ (tthe s(me tme (s Aust#('(n (!"#n('s (n$ the# *u'tu#e !e*(me n*#e(sn', (!s"#!e$ nt" theAust#('(n m(nst#e(m. Th(t t s ( p"we#)u' t""' )"# *"nne*tn p(st t" p#esent s *'e(#.. The musi! of the present is a map to its past. The ethn"mus*"'"*(' stu$, ") the #e'(t"nshp ") p(st t" p#esent !e(n '(#e', wth m(p4m(+n-th(t s- wth the stu$, ") e"#(ph* $st#!ut"ns. Thus- e(#', *"mp(#(t0e mus*"'"sts su*h (sH"#n!"ste' (n$ S(*hs p(#t*p(te$ n the $e0e'"pment ") Bu'tu#+#es the"#,- n wh*h the *"n#uent$st#!ut"n ") *'uste#s ") t#(ts w"u'$ sn), ( hst"#*(' pe#"$ ?S*hne$e# &8@<. S"mewh(t '(te#-ethn"mus*"'"sts su*h (s Ge"#e He#3" ?&8;- He'en R"!e#ts ?&8- (n$ A'(n Me##(m ?&88use$ the *u'tu#e (#e(s ") Ame#*(n (nth#"p"'"sts (s ( m"$e' )"# the# mus*(' (#e(s . He#e (*"ntu"us (#e( wth ( *"mm"n #"up ") t#(ts m"st *"n*ent#(te$ n the *ente# w(s th"uht t" !e (m(p ") hst"#,> the *ente#- "# *'m(%- w(s the *u'tu#e5s p'(*e ") "#n )#"m whe#e ts *h(#(*te#st*sm"0e$ t" the )#nes.Re'(te$ t" these the"#es s #ese(#*h n wh*h the $st#!ut"n ") ( tune t,pe "# ( !(''($ t,pe "# e0en (m"t) 44 the En'sh Ch'$ !(''($s "# 6Su' C(ste' *he5' m#( !e'6 stu$e$ !, M(#*e''" S"#*e Be''e#?&8< *"me t" mn$ 44 (#e stu$e$ n the !e'e) th(t the *"ntemp"#(#, $st#!ut"n s ( u$e t" h"wt *(me (!"ut. 2e'( 2(#t+5s stu$es ") the Hun(#(n )"'+ s"n (n$ ts $0s"n nt" st,'es ?2(#t+&8& #ep#esentn pe#"$s s (n e(#', e%(mp'e ") the t#(ns)e# ") the *"n*ept ") tune )(m'es (n$t,pes t" ent#e #epe#t"#es. Thus- t(+n the te#m 6m(p6 m"#e met(ph"#*('',- ( #epe#t"#, n (u#('t#($t"n (n$ ts nte#n(' st#u*tu#e- '0n n ( sense "n', n the p#esent- m(, ('s" !e ( m(p t" ts p(st.A!sen*e ") *"n0ent"n(' hst"#*(' $(t( n the )"#m ") w#tten s"u#*es "# ph,s*(' (#t)(*ts h(susu('', 'e$ t" the"#es ") $e0e'"pment 44 #e(#$e$ (s '(ws !, s"me- (n$ (s st(tst*('', sn)*(nt#eu'(#tes !, "the#s 44 !(se$ "n hst"#,5s (##"w- the ten$en*, t" m"0e )#"m smp'e t" nume#*('',*"mp'e%- "# "n hst"#,5s *#*'e- s"me +n$ ") ('te#n(t"n )#"m Ap"''"n(n/D,"ns(n t"*'(ss*/#"m(nt* (n$ s" "n. 2ut wh(te0e# the !(s* (ssumpt"ns ") wh(t s '+e', t" h(ppen-mus*"'"sts h(0e usu('', (ssume$ th(t the p#esent n s"me sense *"nt(ns the p(st. The 0(#(nts ")6L"#$ R(n$(''6 p#"0$e *'ues t" the n(tu#e ") the "#n(' tune. The '(te u(#tets te'' us s"methn(!"ut Opus &<.C(n (n s"'(te$ t#!(' #epe#t"#, p#"0$e ths +n$ ") m(p7 S"metmes we #e('', h(0e n"thn e'se. Let

me !#e)', 0e (n e%(mp'e ") ( +n$ ") (#*he"'"*(' st,'e (n(',ss )#"m the *u'tu#e ") Ish- the '(stmem!e# ") the Y(h t#!e- ") C(')"#n(- s"metmes *(''e$- n hs $(,- 6the '(st w'$ In$(n6 ?B#"e!e#&8&.

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Ishi, the last Yahi Indian, shown with the anthroolo!ist ".#. $roe%er,

' (as rerinted in . eizer * +. $roe%er, eds.,  Ishi" the last Yahi# A $ocumentary %istory, er-ele:Uni/ersit o0 1ali0ornia 2ress, '3':).

Ish w(s the '(st su#00"# ") ( t#!e th(t went nt" se*'us"n (s ( w(, ") es*(pn *u'tu#(' (n$ ph,s*(' $est#u*t"n !, whtes. It num!e#e$ (!"ut ;; (t ts '(#est- !ut the#e we#e n" m"#e th(n ($"3en n &8;;- "n', )"u# n &8&;- (n$ Ish- the '(st- "ne$ weste#n s"*et, n &8&& (n$ '0e$ )"# )0e,e(#s (t the Un0e#st, ") C(')"#n( n 2e#+e'e, w"#+n (s (n n)"#m(nt )"# the )(m"us(nth#"p"'"st A')#e$ L. B#"e!e#. As p(#t ") hs w"#+ he #e*"#$e$ hs ent#e s"n #epe#t"#,- wh*hn*'u$e$ s"ns ") m(n, )un*t"ns. E%t#eme', smp'e n s*('e- )"#m- (n$ #h,thm !, "u# *"n0ent"n('st(n$(#$s- t ne0e#the'ess e%h!te$ (m(3n 0(#et,. M"st ") the s"ns h(0e th#ee "# )"u# t"nes> (n$

m"st h(0e ( tw"4p(#t )"#m n wh*h the se*"n$ p(#t s n s"me sense ( #est(tement ") the )#st 440(#(t"n- e%tens"n- *"nt#(*t"n- n0e#s"n. Ths s the st,'e ") the *ent#(' #epe#t"#,- st,'st*('',spe(+n.

&lint song sung by Ishi" the last Yahi Indian 

2ut the#e s ('s" ( mu*h sm(''e#- m"#e 0(#e$- p(#t ") the #epe#t"#,- wh*h I w'' *('' pe#phe#('. It*"nssts ") s"ns wh*h #emn$ ") mus*(' st,'es )"un$ e'sewhe#e n t#($t"n(' N"#th Ame#*(n*u'tu#es. These h(0e s*('es ") )"u# (n$ )0e t"nes. The#e (#e tw" usn the pe*u'(# (s*en$n )"#m") the Yum(n pe"p'e n the s"uthweste#n U.S. Othe#s #emn$ us ") the Ap(*he- (n$ ,et "the#s ") thes"ns ") the P'(ns In$(ns- wth the# sh(#p $es*ent (n$ n*"mp'ete4#epett"n )"#m t,pe. 9h(t (#ethese st#(ne4s"un$n pe#phe#(' s"ns $"n n ths "the#wse #(the# h"m"ene"us #epe#t"#,7 Ine(#'e# tmes- these pe"p'es we#e $st(nt )#"m Ish5s t#!e n *ent#(' C(')"#n(. In the pe#"$ ()te#&<;- ($ m(,!e e0en !e)"#e- the Y(h seem t" h(0e h($ 'tt'e *"nt(*t wth the "uts$e- (n$ the*u'tu#e $ete#"#(te$ !e*(use ") the pe"p'e5s nee$ t" m"0e *"nst(nt',- the e0e#4$e*'nn p"pu'(t"n-')e (s ( *"nst(nt eme#en*,. The *u'tu#e (s ( wh"'e seems n"t t" !e $0s!'e nt" 6*ent#('6 (n$6pe#phe#('6 *"mp"nents. ?F"# ( summ(#, ") Ish5s s"n st,'es (n$ t#(ns*#pt"ns- see Nett' &8.I suest th(t Ish5s #epe#t"#, s ( m(p t" ts "wn hst"#, (n$ (n n$*(t"# ") *u'tu#e *h(ne "#*"nt(*t. F#st- the 0(st m("#t, ") the #epe#t"#, suests *"nssten*,- '+e the *u'tu#e (s ( wh"'e.The )(*t th(t ( sn'e +n$ ") )"#m $"mn(te$ (n$ w(s $e0e'"pe$ nt" nume#"us 0(#(nts n$*(tes (mus*(' *u'tu#e n wh*h *"mp"se#s +ept $"n p#ett, mu*h the s(me thn )"# ( '"n pe#"$. 2ut the)ew P'(ns- Yum(n- (n$ Ath(!(s*(n4'+e )"#ms 'e(0e us w"n$e#n. D" the, te'' us (!"ut the

w(n$e#n ") s"ns )#"m t#!e t" t#!e7 O# (!"ut '"n4(" 0sts !, t#(0e'e#s )#"m these t#!es wh"'e)t s"ns !ut e0$ent', 'tt'e e'se7 Sh"u'$ we #e(#$ these s"ns- "uts$e the m(nst#e(m (s the, (#e-

 p(#t ") the Y(h mus*(' *u'tu#e- "# (!e##(t"n7 The#e (#e nume#"us p"ss!'e nte#p#et(t"ns> !ut I

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nsst th(t the p#esen*e ") these s"ns me(ns s"methn n ( hst"#*(' sense- (n$ th(t the mus*hst"#,- ) 44 "# when 44 we $s*"0e# t- w'' p#"0$e mp"#t(nt *'ues t" the hst"#, ") ( *u'tu#e )"#wh"se the#e s 0#tu('', n" $(t( !e,"n$ wh(t w(s 'e(#ne$ )#"m ths '(st su#00"#.". #omponents of a musi!al system may !hange in different ways and at different rates 9h(t s t th(t $ete#mnes wh(t mus*(' st,'e ( s"*et, w'' h(0e- "# p#e)e#7 9hen pushe$ t" the w(''-m"st ethn"mus*"'"sts- ()te# s"me s1u#mn- w'' m(nt(n th(t t must h(0e s"methn t" $" wth

the *h(#(*te# ") the s"*et,5s *u'tu#e. A ""$ m(n, stu$es- !ennn wth w"#+ ") Cu#t S(*hs?&8@ 44 (n$ e(#'e# (n$ *"ntnun n the *(nt"met#*s w"#+ ") A'(n L"m(% ?&8<- (n$ "n "nnt" the #e*ent stu$es n the (nth#"p"'", ") mus*- suest th(t the#e s (t 'e(st s"methn t" thsthe"#,. An$ ) *u'tu#e $ete#mnes mus*- then *u'tu#e *h(ne must usu('', ('s" $ete#mne mus*('*h(ne.2ut wh(t s t th(t m(, *h(ne7 The *"n0ent"n(' ws$"m t" the e))e*t th(t *u'tu#e s ( unt (n$the#e)"#e ts $"m(ns s"meh"w *h(ne n t(n$em w"u'$ suest th(t mus* s ('s" ( unt. 2ut we+n"w th(t n$0$u(' p(#(mete#s ") mus* m(, *h(ne 44 ())e*tn !ut n"t *h(nn the #est.O!0"us',- ($$n h(#m"n, t" ( me'"$, s ( *h(ne n te%tu#e !ut $"es n"t ne*ess(#', ('te# theme'"$, tse'). It m(, !e m"#e nte#estn t" *"ntemp'(te the 1uest"n n the 'ht ") the th#ee4p(#tm"$e' )"# the stu$, ") mus* p#"p"se$ !, Me##(m ?&8:4 s"un$- !eh(0"#- (n$ *"n*epts. The

 p"nt s th(t these th#ee se*t"#s ?"ne *"u'$ p#"!(!', $0$e mus* $))e#ent', (s we''- nte#(te$th"uh the, (#e- ne0e#the'ess ")ten !eh(0e $))e#ent', n 0en stu(t"ns. In$ee$- the, m(, h(0e*"mp'ement(#, #"'es n *u'tu#e (n$ mus* *h(ne- the *"n*eptu(' )#(mew"#+ ") mus* pe#h(ps#em(nn essent('', *"nst(nt wh'e s"un$- "# st,'e- *h(nes> "#- the !eh(0"# se*t"# *h(nn n"#$e# t" pe#mt the st,'e t" su#00e.App#"(*hes t" mus*(' (n$ *u'tu#(' *h(ne #e0"'0n (#"un$ Me##(m5s m"$e' h(0e p(#(''e's n(nth#"p"'"*(' the"#es ") *u'tu#e *h(ne. The mus*(' s,stem m(, !e seen (s p#(*t*n ($(pt0est#(tees- s"mewh(t ('"n the 'ne ") *u'tu#(' e0"'ut"n 44 "# (s *"nt#!utn t" ($(pt0e st#(tees. I

 p(#t*u'(#', w(nt t" *('' t" ,"u# (ttent"n tw" *"n*epts *h(#(*te#3n "'$e# p"ss!', *"n)'*tn(pp#"(*hes t" these ssues: nn"0(t"n (s ( *u'tu#(' phen"men"n- (n$ *u'tu#(' e0"'ut"n. The#mus*(' #(m)*(t"ns (#e pe#h(ps "!0"us. F"# 'te#(tu#e- I5'' ment"n "n', tw" m("# s*h"'(#s. =u'(n

Stew(#$5s ?&8 m"$e' ") mu't4'ne(# e0"'ut"n- whe#e #eu'(#tes (n$ p(tte#ns *h(#(*te#st* ")$))e#ent *u'tu#(' (n$ e0en ph,s*(' en0#"nments we#e #e*"n3e$ !ut wh*h #e'e$ "n hh *u'tu#es(s s"u#*es )"# nn"0(t"n (n$ $))us"n- h(s *'"se p(#(''e's n the t,p*(' ethn"mus*"'"*(' (pp#"(*ht" mus*(' *h(ne. A'"n $))e#ent 'nes- H. G. 2(#nett (n(',3e$ the *"n*ept ") nn"0(t"n- (s ( w(,") t,n pe#s"n(' t" s"*et(' nshts (n$ !eh(0"#. It s nte#estn th(t nethe# ") them t""+($0(nt(e ") the $0s!'e n(tu#e ") the mus*(' $"m(n t" sh"w the *"mp'e%t, ") the phen"men"n") *u'tu#e *h(ne. An e%(mp'e )#"m I#(n- !(se$ '(#e', "n m, "wn )e'$ "!se#0(t"ns ?see "ns&8@- F(#h(t &88;- (n$ Nett' &88 p(#t*u'(#', )"# $et('s (n$ !!'"#(ph,.In twenteth4*entu#, I#(n- we *(n "!se#0e the nte#(*t"n ") Pe#s(n (n$ 9este#n mus*s- (n$ ") the#su!$0s"ns ") s"un$- !eh(0"#- (n$ $e(s- wth ths nte#estn #esu't: The *"mn (n$ the ($"pt"n") 9este#n $e(s (!"ut mus* (n$ h"w t sh"u'$ )un*t"n n ( s"*et, pe#mtte$ the mus*(' s"un$ 44

the #epe#t"#, 44 t" #em(n un*h(ne$ n ts *ent#(' )e(tu#es. At the s(me tme- mt(tn the st#u*tu#e") the Eu#"pe(n #epe#t"#, ?st#u*tu#e ") the repertory- n"t ") the n$0$u(' pe*es- I#(n(n mus*(ns !u't s"methn (n('""us t" the Eu#"pe(n *'(ss*(' s,stem- ts the"#, (n$ ts #epe#t"#,- n the*"nte%t ") the Pe#s(n st,'e. A's"- Eu#"pe(n p#(*t*es su*h (s *"n*e#ts pe#mtte$ Pe#s(n mus* t"su#00e (n$ )'"u#sh- e0en (t ( tme when mu*h ") the #est ") Pe#s(n *u'tu#e w(s *h(nn)un$(ment('', n ( $#e*t"n ") weste#n p#(*t*es (n$ 0('ues.

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9h'e Stew(#$ (n$ 2(#nett *"n*ent#(te$ "n *u'tu#es (s se')4*"nt(ne$ unts n wh*h *h(ne w(sm(n', $ete#mne$ !, )(*t"#s nte#n(' t" the s"*et,- "the# (pp#"(*hes- su*h (s th(t ") Me'0''e =.He#s+"0ts ?e.. &8 (n$ s"me ") hs stu$ents su*h (s R. 9(te#m(n ?&8< (n$ Me##(m ?&8@@-*"n*ent#(te$ "n *h(ne th(t #esu'te$ )#"m the nte#(*t"n ") *u'tu#es. The p*tu#e ") *u'tu#e *h(nestu$es h(s !, n"w *h(ne$ *"mp'ete',- )#"m the *"ntemp'(t"n ") *u'tu#es (s unts n wh*h "uts$e*"nt(*t w"u'$ !e (n nt#us"n- t" the !e'e) th(t nte#*u'tu#(' *"nt(*t (n$ the #esu'tn *u'tu#e *h(ne

we#e the n"#m.&. o!ieties may shape the past to fit the present .St(#tn wth the emph(ss "n em* (n$ et* (n$ the 6new ethn"#(ph,6 n wh*h the ns$e#5snte#p#et(t"n w(s t" p'(, ( m("# #"'e- (nth#"p"'"sts !e(n (#"un$ &8;- t" '""+ (t the#e'(t"nshp ") p(st t" p#esent wth the pe#spe*t0e ") #e)'e%0t,. G"n mu*h )u#the# n the '(st tw"$e*($es- w"#+s !, m(n, s*h"'(#s 44 (nth#"p"'"sts- m(n', ?e.. Gee#t3 &8@> C'))"#$ (n$ M(#*us-e$. &8<> C'))"#$ &8<<> Tu#ne# (n$ 2#une#- e$. &8<- (n$ "the#s- ")ten e%h!tn the st#enth ")the# (pp#"(*hes !, usn the s,mp"sum (s ( 0enue 44- "nn 'te#(#, *#t*s- ph'"s"phe#s- (n$s*entsts- h(0e 'e$ the w(, n ( m"0ement wh*h m(nt(ns th(t the p"st"n ") the "!se#0e#ne0t(!', sh(pes the (**"unt- (n$ th(t we *(n- (s t we#e- #e('', w#te "n', (!"ut "u#se'0es. These(pp#"(*hes supp"#te$ the 0ew th(t we must stu$, the w(,s n wh*h s"*etes see the# "wn

hst"#es- h"we0e# mu*h the, m(, *"nt#($*t p"st0st* (pp#(s('s. A s"*et,5s $entt, ssu!st(nt('', $ete#mne$ !, ts 0ew ") ts "wn p(st. An$ s"- n #e'(tn ( s"*et,5s p#esent t" ts p(st-we ('s" stu$, the w(, s"*etes m(ne ths #e'(t"nshp n the# "wn *u'tu#(' s,stems- nte#p#et wh(th(ppene$ (n$ s"metmes n0ent wh(t $$ n"t. The w(, n wh*h the mus*(ns ") ( s"*et, see the#"wn p(st p'(,s ( m("# #"'e n the# p#esent.It5s ( 0ew wh*h *'e(#', he'ps t" e%p'(n (spe*ts ") 9este#n (#t mus* *u'tu#e- (n$ !""+s !, 0(#"usmus*"'"sts ?see e.. 2e#e#"n (n$ 2"h'm(n &88 h(0e p#"0$e$ nsht nt" the w(, n wh*hm"$e#n mus* hst"#(ns n0ent mus* hst"#,. 9este#n *'(ss*(' mus*(ns wh" (#e n"t (*($em*s*(n se#0e (s ''ust#(t"n. The, m(, see mus* hst"#, (s ( tens"n !etween tw" )"#*es: "ne s the

 !e'e) n *"nsstent p#"#ess (**"#$n t" wh*h the mus* ") t"$(, s !ette# (n$ m"#e ($0(n*e$ th(n('' th(t *(me !e)"#e> the se*"n$- "0e#sh($"wn ths 0ew- sees n mus* hst"#, ( !e''4sh(pe$ *u#0e

n wh*h mus* w"#+e$ up t" the hehts ") 2(*h- M"3(#t- (n$ 2eeth"0en- ( 'e0e' wh*h t *"u'$ n"tm(nt(n- (n$ )#"m wh*h t h(s !een $es*en$n. T"$(,5s *"mp"se#s ")ten ('te#n(te !etween0ene#(t"n (n$ #esentment ") these #e(t m(ste#s- the# (*t0t, thus 0e#, mu*h sh(pe$ !, the# 0ew") the p(st. An$ "uts$e the 9este#n "#!t- n the ;th *entu#, ") m(n, *u'tu#es- ( w(, ") $e('nwth the *"mn ") 9este#n mus* s t" #esh(pe the nte#p#et(t"n ") the p(st t" )t the p#esent.M, ''ust#(t"n *"mes )#"m the C(#n(t* mus* *u'tu#e ") M($#(s ?see Nett' &8<> L5A#m(n$ (n$L5A#m(n$ &8@<- &8<. It s we'' +n"wn th(t the#e s h(#$', ( p'(*e n the w"#'$ n wh*h ( n"n49este#n mus*(' s,stem h(s #em(ne$ (s mu*h nt(*t (n$ )'"u#shn (s M($#(s- wh*h h(s- h"we0e#-un$e#"ne ( 0(st (m"unt ") *u'tu#e *h(ne. M($#(s s ( *t, ") m"$e#n In$(- (n$ ts e*"n"m,-"0e#nment- t#(nsp"#t(t"n s,stem- e$u*(t"n(' st#u*tu#e- e0en (spe*ts ") the s,stem ") #e'"n (n$0('ues- (n$ mu*h e'se h(0e *h(ne$ en"#m"us', n the '(st &; ,e(#s. An$ st''- the#e s ( mus*('

s,stem wh"se p#(*tt"ne#s #esst *h(ne. 9e''- *h(ne n s"me (spe*ts. The, h(0e- )"# e%(mp'e-($"pte$ ( 9este#n4$e#0e$ *"n*e#t ')e- t(+en "0e# s"me Eu#"pe(n nst#uments- est(!'she$9este#n4st,'e mus* *"nse#0(t"#es- (n$ m"$)e$ the #e'(t"nshps (m"n *(stes n the mus*('*u'tu#e. An$ st'' the, nsst- s"me ") them- th(t the#e s n" #""m )"# nn"0(t"n n C(#n(t* mus*.One ") the w(,s the, #esst the heem"n, ") weste#n mus* s !, m(nt(nn ( +n$ ") $u('st*thn+n- ($"ptn 9este#n mus* (s ( *"n*ept p(#(''e' t" the In$(n- !ut wth"ut 0n t mu*h ") (*h(n*e t" !e he(#$. 9este#n (n$ C(#n(t* mus*s (#e the "n', w"#thwh'e s,stems- (n$ the,*"mp'ement e(*h "the#: In$(n mus* s me'"$*- 9este#n h(#m"n*> the In$(n s su!st(nt('',mp#"0se$- the 9este#n n"t> In$(n mus* s '(#e', #e'"us- 9este#n '(#e', se*u'(#.

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rou o0 South Indian musi5ians: +. 6iswanathan (0lute) and +. an!anathan (mridan!am) with "meri5anstudents

-.anturiti- from -Ramnad /rishnan /accheri- 

9este#n nst#uments h(0e !een nt#"$u*e$. The 0"'n (n$ the h(#m"num we#e nt#"$u*e$ n the

&8th *entu#, (n$ p'(, ( #"'e ") en"#m"us mp"#t(n*e. In$(n s*h"'(#s +n"w the# "#n- !ut themus*(' pu!'* (n$ m(n, mus*(ns #e(#$ them (s 1untessent('', In$(n nst#uments (n$ m(, #e)uset" !e'e0e th(t the, *(me )#"m e'sewhe#e- #e'(tn them t" (n*ent In$(n $e0e'"pments (n$ thus-('s"- #esh(pn the p(st t" )t the nee$s ") the p#esent. Othe#s- su*h (s the s(%"ph"ne- we#e seen (smp"#te$ *u#"stes.

-Tillana-" South Indian *iolin music 

1o/er o0 a re*re5orded 5assette rodu5ed in India, with 1arnati5 sa7ohonelaer $adri oalnath

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69e t"" h(0e "u# t#nt, ") *"mp"se#s-6 the, s(,. 6L+e ,"u# 2eeth"0en- M"3(#t- (n$ H(,$n- weh(0e T,((#((- S,(m( S(st#- (n$ D+sht(#- '0n (!"ut the s(me tme (s ,"u# *'(ss*('*"mp"se#s.6 An$ s"- !, est(!'shn the *"n*ept"n ") *"mp'ement(#t, (s ( +n$ ") st#(te* $e0*e-the mus*4'"0n pu!'* ") M($#(s sees ts #e*ent mus* hst"#, '(#e', (s ( p#"*ess ")(**"mm"$(tn 9este#n mus*- wh*h must #e*e0e ts $ue.

(. )usi!al !hange may !ontradi!t or mitigate !ulture !hange.As I ('#e($, sueste$- $u#n the '(st th#t, ") )"#t, ,e(#s- (nth#"p"'"sts h(0e !e*"me nte#este$ p#n*p('', n *u'tu#e *h(ne th(t #esu'ts )#"m nte#(*t"n (m"n s"*etes. ?F"# $et('e$ !!'"#(ph,t" &8< see Nett' &8<:&@4<&. The, $e0e'"pe$ *"n*epts- s"me ") them ment"ne$ ('#e($,- t"e%p'(n the #esu'ts ") su*h nte#(*t"n: (**u'tu#(t"n 44 the #esu't ") sust(ne$ *"nt(*t !etween tw"*u'tu#es> s,n*#etsm 44 (n (**u'tu#(t0e me*h(nsm n wh*h the $e#ee ") sm'(#t, "# $))e#en*es

 !etween (n('""us *"mp"nents ") tw" *u'tu#es p'(,s ( m("# #"'e n $ete#mnn the $#e*t"n ")*h(ne> #e4nte#p#et(t"n- ( *h(ne n )un*t"n wth"ut *h(ne n )"#m> $0s"n ") ( *u'tu#e nt" ts*ent#(' (n$ pe#phe#(' *"mp"nents #esu'ts n tw" me*h(nsms: 9este#n3(t"n ?"# the #e'(te$*"n*epts- Hn$u3(t"n (n$ Sns3(t"n- n wh*h *ent#(' *u'tu#(' )e(tu#es *h(ne t" !e*"me p(#t ")the ene#(' 9este#n ?"# Hn$u- "# Chnese *u'tu#(' s,stem> (n$ m"$e#n3(t"n- whe#e ( s"*et,

*h(nes the pe#phe#(' *"mp"nents ") ts *u'tu#e n "#$e# t" m(nt(n the nte#t, ") ts *ent#(' "nes.?The *"n*ept w(s )#st !#"uht )"#w(#$ !, Ru$"'ph (n$ Ru$"'ph &8@- (n$ Sne# &8@. 9e h(0eseen s"me ") these me*h(nsms (t w"#+ n m, '(st e%(mp'e. In m"st *(ses- mus*(' *h(ne s smp',

 p(#t ") *u'tu#e *h(ne- mus* s ( p(#t*p(nt- th"uh- t" !e su#e- s"metmes wth une%pe*te$ #esu'ts.2ut ('s"- the#e (#e stu(t"ns n wh*h the st"#, ") mus* *"nt#($*ts wh(t h(ppens n the #est ")*u'tu#e. Mus* *h(nes- pe#h(ps- when the #est ") *u'tu#e $"es n"t- "# t #em(ns st(!'e whene0e#,thn e'se *h(nes. Ths m(, suest the *"n*'us"n th(t mus* s n$epen$ent ") *u'tu#e-$"esn5t #e('', m(tte#- e%pe#en*es (#!t#(#, $e0e'"pment> )"# e%(mp'e- th(t the m(nten(n*e ") (snn st,'e h(s n" m"#e t" $" wth *u'tu#(' *"ntnut, (n$ *h(ne th(n 0"we' sh)ts n me$e0('En'sh. O#- t m(, suest t" us th(t mus*- "n the *"nt#(#,- s espe!ially !lose t" )un$(ment('$enttes su*h (s ethn*t,. O# we m(, uess th(t t s the p(#t*u'(# *u'tu#(' #"'e ") mus* t"

mt(te- (s "ne m(, s(, n mus* wh(t "ne $"es n"t $(#e s(, n spee*h- th(t t s the )un*t"n ")mus* t" !('(n*e. O# th(t mus* s essent('', "uts$e *u'tu#e- *"ntemp'(tn (n$ *"mmentn. M,''ust#(t"n )#"m I#(n sh"we$ th(t when Pe#s(n *u'tu#e !e*(me m"$e#n3e$ (n$ weste#n3e$- tst#($t"n('- n"n4weste#n mus* )'"u#she$- pe#h(ps !e*(use mus* !e*(me p(#t*u'(#', (ss"*(te$ wth9este#n mus*(' *"n*ept"ns. 2, *"nt#(st- n "u# ne%t e%(mp'e- )#"m N(t0e N"#th Ame#*(- mus**"nt#($*ts the n"#ms ") e%pe#en*e.It w(s (!"ut &<<; "# &<8; th(t the N(t0e Ame#*(n pe"p'e ") the P'(ns- n*'u$n the S"u%- C#"w-2'(*+)""t- A#(p(h"- (n$ "the# we''4+n"wn n(mes- we#e )n('', $e)e(te$ !, the U.S. A#m, (n$ !,the !($ m(n(ement ") the !u))('" he#$s. The# *u'tu#e 0#tu('', went "ut ") e%sten*e- (n$ n the*"u#se ") the ;th *entu#,- the, !e(n t" e%pe#en*e *u'tu#e *h(ne ") ( m"st )un$(ment(' s"#t- (n$m(n, ") them !e*(me mem!e#s ") 9este#n s"*et,- !ut ") ts m"st mp"0e#she$ (n$ $ep#0e$

se*t"#. A)te# &8;- the#e we#e e))"#ts t" #esu##e*t mp"#t(nt *"mp"nents ") P'(ns *u'tu#e "n the#ese#0(t"ns wh'e m(nt(nn 9este#n4st,'e m"$es ") su!ssten*e- n$ust#,- t#(nsp"#t(t"n 44 (n$e0en #e'"n- (s m"st In$(ns h($ !e*"me n"mn('', Ch#st(n.At the s(me tme- n mus*- P'(ns In$(ns m(nt(ne$ (n$ emph(s3e$ the# t#($t"n(' st,'e (n$ ne))e*t n*#e(se$ "# e%(e#(te$ t ?see Nett' &8<:4. An$ )u#the#- (s N(t0e Ame#*(ns )#"mm(n, *u'tu#e (#e(s *(me t" w"#+ (t est(!'shn ( p(n4In$(n *u'tu#e n wh*h e'ements we#e sh(#e$(*#"ss *u'tu#(' !"un$(#es- the, se'e*te$ )"# the# *ent#(' s"un$ the st,'e ") the st,'e ") the P'(ns

 pe"p'es wh" h($ ust !een- t seeme$- $e)nt0e', !e(ten $"wn.

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 .lac!foot Scalp $ance song" rec( 0102 

 .lac!foot 3rass $ance song" powwow song rec( 0144

S5ene 0rom the lar!e la5-0oot owwow, 9orth "meri5an Indian Das, '8

H"w w(s t th(t (t ( tme ") he(0, 9este#n3(t"n ") In$(n *u'tu#e- the mus*(' st,'e ") the 0e#, pe"p'e un$e#"n the m"st he(0', )"#*e$ 9este#n3(t"n- ( mus* m"st #e($', $stnushe$ )#"m9este#n mus*- !e*(me the ene#('', (**epte$ st,'e ") In$(n pe"p'es- !e*(me (s t we#e 6m"#eIn$(n76 S"me ") the p"ss!'e #ep'es: Su#00(' ") ( mus* th#"uh e%(e#(t"n ") ts $stn*t0e

*h(#(*te#st*s> the use ") mus* t" e%p#ess wh(t m(, n"t !e e%p#esse$ 0e#!('',> mus* #em(nn (nem!'em ") ethn*t, when "the# $"m(ns *(nn"t. Mus* $"es n"t ('w(,s *h(ne n the s(me$#e*t"ns (s the #est ") *u'tu#e. T" !e su#e- n the #e('m ") $e(s (!"ut mus*- these st,'es h(0e ('s"

 !een 9este#n3e$ ?see P"we#s &88;> H"w(#$ (n$ Le0ne &88;.Inte#estn', n the '(st tw" $e*($es- (s In$(n t#($t"ns *(me t" e%pe#en*e m"#e en*"u#(ement(n$ 'ess p#essu#e- m"#e 9este#n e'ements )#"m mus*(' st,'e ?su*h (s h(#m"n, (n$ *"n*ept ?su*h (shum(n *"mp"st"n h(0e !een (**epte$ (n$ s,n*#et* )"#ms est(!'she$. M"st "!0"us- n 0ew ")the *ent#('t, ") nst#ument(' mus* n 9este#n *u'tu#e (n$ ts #e'(t0e (!sen*e n "'$e# In$(nt#($t"ns- s the p#"mnen*e ") )'ute mus* (s ( m("# *"mp"nent ") In$(n mus* t"$(,.*. )usi! may play a spe!ial role in !ulture !hange.It s *'e(# th(t mus* m(, h(0e ( p(#t*u'(#- un1ue #"'e n (ss"*(tn ( s"*et,5s p#esent wth ts p(st.

Ths "!se#0(t"n m(, #e'(te t" D(ne' Neum(n5s ?&88;:@4< p#"p"st"n th(t mus* *(n st(n$"uts$e the #est ") *u'tu#e- ts )un*t"n !en t" *"mment (n$ ('s" t" !u'$ !#$es !etween ( s"*et,(n$ the "uts$e w"#'$ 44 *"nne*tn ns$e# (n$ "uts$e#- hum(ns (n$ sp#ts- *u'tu#e (n$ n(tu#e-

 p#esent t" p(st. The 6"uts$e#6 p"st"n ") mus*(ns n m(n, s"*etes m(, !e #e'(te$ t" ths phen"men"n. C"u'$ ths +n$ ") "!se#0(t"n 'e($ t" ( ene#(' the"#, ") mus*(' *h(ne7 Ths s n"tthe p'(*e t" t#, t" p#"0$e "ne. 2ut the#e (#e nst(n*es n wh*h t w"u'$ seem th(t t s mus* m"#eth(n "the# $"m(ns wh*h *ements the p(st t" the p#esent. S"me ") m, e%*u#s"ns *"u'$ ('#e($,

 p#"0$e ''ust#(t"n: In the P'(ns- mus* m(, #em(n wh'e e0e#,thn e'se *h(nes> n I#(n- t*h(ne$ n s"me *"mp"nents (n$ n"t n "the#s- he'pn the t#(nst"n> n the *u'tu#e ") Ish- mus*m(, h(0e p#"0$e$ the 0(nu(#$ ") *h(ne. 2ut t seems t" me th(t the spe*(' #"'e ") mus* *(n !est

 !e seen th#"uh the *'(ss* stu$es n0"'0n the hst"#, ") mus*s "#n(tn n su!4S(h(#(n A)#*(.

A)#*(n mus*- n ts #e'(t"nshp t" *u'tu#e (n$ *u'tu#e *h(ne- seems t" me t" h(0e !een un1ue nts !eh(0"#.The nte#(*t"n !etween A)#*(n (n$ 0(#"us "the# mus*s- m(n', 9este#n- the #esu'tn (##(, ")mus*s n the 0(#"us A)#*(n4$e#0e$ s"*etes n the New 9"#'$- (n$ the #emp"#t(t"n ") New9"#'$ !'(*+ mus*s t" A)#*( wth ,et )u#the# mus*(' #esu'ts- h(s !een "ne ") the m(n ssues n thehst"#, ") ethn"mus*"'"*(' stu$, ") mus*(' *h(ne. The *"n*ept ") s,n*#etsm- n0"'0n the*"mp(t!'t, ") *u'tu#es *"n)#"ntn e(*h "the#- w(s- (s t we#e- n0ente$ )"# ths stu(t"n.The )"''"wn e%(mp'es #ep#esent (n "'$e#- n"n49este#n3e$ st,'e ") pe#)"#m(n*e ?2($"um(P($$'e#s5 s"n- (n$ ( st,'e th(t *"m!ne$ "'$e# A)#*(n t#($t"n(' e'ements wth st,'e e'ements )#"m9este#n p"pu'(# mus* ?6A(,(n+( D(!#e6.

 .adouma )addlers5 song  

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-Agayan!a $abre-" a 6igerian highlife piece 

M(n, m("# s*h"'(#s *"nt#!ute$ t" the stu$, ") the A)#*(n (n$ A)#*(n4$e#0e$ stu(t"n- !ennnwth H"#n!"ste' (n$ the 9est A)#*(n p"nee# 2(''(nt(4T(,'"#- (n$ n*'u$n p(#t*u'(#', Me'0''eHe#s+"0ts (n$ '(te# 44 m"st mp"#t(nt', 44 hs stu$ents R*h(#$ 9(te#m(n (n$ A'(n P. Me##(m .?F"# ( t#(*n ") the hst"#, ") ths st#(n$ ") A)#*(4Ame#*(n mus*(' stu$es- see C. 9(te#m(n&88&. 2ut 'et me spe(+ ") He#s+"0ts )"# ( m"ment: Am"n hs m(n, (**"mp'shments- He#s+"0tsn &8 $$ s"methn 1ute unp#e*e$ente$: He #(te$ the 0(#"us $"m(ns ") *u'tu#e 44#e'"n-e*"n"m,- p"'t*(' ')e- m(te#(' *u'tu#e- 0su(' (#t 44 *"mp(#(t0e', n the# #e'(t"nshp t" the#A)#*(n *"unte#p(#ts- (n$ he $$ ths )"# ( 0(#et, ") A)#*(n4$e#0e$ New 9"#'$ s"*etes- )#"mSu#n(m (n$ H(t t" =(m(*(- Cu!(- (n$ the Unte$ St(tes. G0en the mmense meth"$"'"*('$))*u'tes- wh*h I w"n5t " nt"- "ne s st'' 'e)t wth nte#estn *"n*'us"ns th(t *(nn"t e(s', !e$ene$: The 'ess *"nt(*t (n A)#*(n4Ame#*(n s"*et, h($ wth whtes- the m"#e '+e A)#*(n t#em(ne$> th(t5s pe#h(ps t" !e e%pe*te$. 2ut ('s"- mus* 44 (n$ se*"n$(#', #e'"n 44 m(nt(ne$ )(#m"#e ") (n A)#*(n *h(#(*te# th(n $$ the "the# (spe*ts ") *u'tu#e.Ths mht 'e($ t" the *"n*'us"n th(t n the *"u#se ") *u'tu#e *h(ne n the Ame#*(s- mus* w(s (*"nse#0(t0e $"m(n th(t #esste$. 2ut n the A)#*(n w"#'$- 9este#n mus* h(s p'(,e$ ( su!st(nt('#"'e e0en th"uh the#e we#e )ewe# whtes (n$ m"#e t#!(' (n$ *u'tu#(' *"hes"n (n$ *"nssten*, th(nn the Ame#*(s. 9e sh"u'$ '""+ (t ('' ths n (n "'$e# A)#*(n *"nte%t- (n$ s" t m(, st#+e us th(tsu!4S(h(#(n A)#*( h(s ( *"ns$e#(!'e $e#ee ") st,'st* *"nssten*,. O) *"u#se e(*h *u'tu#e h(s ts"wn spe*('tes (n$ p(#t*u'(#tes- !ut the A)#*(n mus*s h(0e ( '"t n *"mm"n 44 m"#e pe#h(ps th(nthe mus*s ") Eu#"pe- ) ,"u *"mp(#e the )"'+ mus* ") the S(m wth th(t ") G#ee*e- (n$ ('' ") thswth *hu#*h (n$ *"u#t mus* ") (n, pe#"$. I) mus*(' st,'e $e#0es n ""$ me(su#e )#"m *u'tu#et,pe (n$ s"*(' "#(n3(t"n- then n A)#*(- wth ts 0(#et, ") s"*etes- )#"m m("# emp#es t"m$$'e4s3e$ he#(#*h*(' t#!(' #"ups (n$ "n t" the tn,- (*eph('"us !(n$s ") p,mes (n$ !ushmen-"ne w"u'$ e%pe*t ( '"t ") mus*(' 0(#et,. It s the#e- !ut ('s"- *e#t(n p#n*p'es 44 sh"#t- te#(t0e(n$ 0(#(t"n(' )"#ms- p"',ph"n, (n$ the mp"#t(n*e ") h(0n se0e#(' thns "n "n (t "n*e- thesn)*(n*e ") #h,thm (n$ ") pe#*uss0e e))e*ts n ('' nst#uments (n$ the 0"*e- *(''4(n$4#esp"nse- t"n(me ( )ew 44 *"nsstent', *h(#(*te#3e the mus* ") su!4S(h(#(n A)#*( (n$ New 9"#'$ A)#*(ns.9e *(n5t s(, wh, A)#*(n *u'tu#es (#e m"#e '+e e(*h "the# n mus* th(n n "the# $"m(ns ?(ssueste$ n Me##(m &88- !ut t5s ('s" t#ue n the Ame#*(s ?He#s+"0ts &8. In the New 9"#'$-the 0(#"us un#e'(te$ #"ups- )"#*e$ t" '0e t"ethe#- m(, h(0e use$ the sm'(#t, ") mus*s t"*"mmun*(te- (n$ *"n*e0(!', t w(s ths (ss"*(t"n ") mus* wth A)#*(nness th(t *(use$ mus* t"

 !e the '(st *u'tu#(' $"m(n t" 9este#n3e. O# p"ss!', t w(s ( *(se ") hum(ns $s*"0e#n- (s twe#e- ( p(#t*u'(#', su**ess)u' w(, ") m(+n mus*- n ( st,'e th(t )#st sp#e($ th#"uh"ut A)#*((n$ then !e*(me the h(''m(#+ ") A)#*(ns )"#*e$ t" m(+e the !est ") t when $#(e$ )#"m the#h"mes nt" s'(0e#,. 9e (#e tempte$ t" (s+- *(n mus*- "n*e *#e(te$- h(0e ( ')e ") ts "wn- (s twe#e- (n$ $e0e'"p n$epen$ent', (n$ e0en n *"nt#($*t"n t" "the# $"m(ns ") *u'tu#e7 It *"ntnuest" !e (n un(nswe#e$ 1uest"n.#on!lusion.In ths n)"#m(' (pp#"(*h t" the s,nthess ") s"me (nth#"p"'"*(' (n$ ethn"mus*"'"*(' 0ews ")the #e'(t"nshp ") p(st (n$ p#esent- we h(0e seen th(t the w"#'$5s s"*etes su#00e !, t,n the

 p#esent t" the# "wn p(st- (n$ n ths- mus* p'(,s ( sn)*(nt (n$ s"metmes n$spens(!'e #"'e. In$e0"tn "u#se'0es t" the (nth#"p"'"*(' stu$, ") 6p(st (n$ p#esent6 n the mus*(' *u'tu#es ") theMe$te##(ne(n- we p(#t*p(te n $s*ussn wh(t h(s pe#h(ps !een the m"st )un$(ment(' 1uest"n nmus* #ese(#*h.

+. ,eferen!esarnett- H.G.&8 -nnovation the Basis of #ultural #hange ?New Y"#+: M*G#(w4H''.art;- - 2J'(&8& /ungarian 0ol$ )usi! ?L"n$"n: O%)"#$ Un0e#st, P#ess.er!eron- B(the#ne (n$ Ph'p K. 2"h'm(n- e$s.

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&88 is!iplining )usi! ?Ch*(": Un0e#st, ") Ch*(" P#ess.erndt- R"n('$ M. (n$ E. S. Ph''ps-&8@< The 2ustralian 2boriginal /eritage: an -ntrodu!tion Through the 2rts ?S,$ne,: Aust#('(nS"*et, )"# E$u*(t"n.la5-in!- ="hn&8@< 6S"me P#"!'ems n the The"#, (n$ Meth"$ n the Stu$, ") Mus*(' Ch(ne-6 3earboo$ of the

 -nternational 0ol$ )usi! #oun!il  8: &4.reen- M.- e$&8<8 4ur 5la!e 4ur )usi!. 2boriginal )usi!: 2ustralian 5opular )usi! in 5erspe!tive.?C(n!e##(.1li00ord- =(mes (n$ Ge"#e E. M(#*us e$s.&8< 6riting #ulture ?2e#+e'e,: Un0e#st, ") C(')"#n( P#ess.1li00ord- =(mes&8<< The 5redi!ament of #ulture ?C(m!#$e: H(#0(#$ Un0e#st, P#ess.Dun%ar4H(''- Pete#&88 tyle and )eaning: ignifi!ation in #ontemporary 2boriginal 5opular )usi! 17*"8177" ?S,$ne,: Un0e#st, ") New S"uth 9('es $ss..

Farhat- H"#m"3&88; The astgah #on!ept in 5ersian )usi! ?C(m!#$e: C(m!#$e Un0e#st, P#ess.eertz- C'))"#$&8@ The -nterpretation of #ultures ?New Y"#+: 2(s* 2""+sers-o/its- Me'0''e =.&8 6P#"!'em- Meth"$- (n$ The"#, n A)#"(me#*(n Stu$es-6  2froameri!a &: 4.erzo!- Ge"#e&8; 6Mus*(' St,'es n N"#th Ame#*(6- n 5ro!eedings of the "rd -nternational #ongress of

 2meri!anists ?New Y"#+: 4<.oward- =(mes H. (n$ K*t"#( Ln$s(, Le0ne&88; #ho!taw )usi! and an!e ?N"#m(n: Un0e#st, ") O+'(h"m( P#ess.

$artomi- M(#(#et&8<& 6The P#"*esses (n$ Resu'ts ") Mus*(' Cu'tu#e C"nt(*t:A Ds*uss"n ") Te#mn"'", (n$C"n*epts-6 Ethnomusi!ology : @4;.$roe%er- The"$"#(&8& -shi in Two 6orlds ?2e#+e'e,: Un0e#st, ") C(')"#n( P#ess#<"rmand- B(th'een (n$ A$#(n&8@< 6Mus* n M($#(s: The U#!(n3(t"n ") ( Cu'tu#(' T#($t"n-6 n 2. Nett'- e$.-  Eight 9rban

 )usi!al #ultures ?U#!(n(: Un0e#st, ") I''n"s P#ess: &&4.&8< 6One Hun$#e$ Ye(#s ") Mus* n M($#(s: A C(se Stu$, ") Se*"n$(#, U#!(n3(t"n-6

 Ethnomusi!ology @: &&4<.#oma7- A'(n (n$ "the#s

&8< 0ol$ ong tyle and #ulture ?9(shnt"n: Ame#*(n Ass"*(t"n )"# the A$0(n*ement ")S*en*e.=erriam- A'(n P.&88 6A)#*(n Mus*-6 n 9''(m 2(s"m (n$ Me'0''e =. He#s+"0ts- e$s.- #ontinuity ad #hange in

 2ri!a #ultres ?Ch*(": Un0e#st, ") Ch*(" P#ess: 84<.&8 The 2nthropology of )usi! ?E0(nst"n: N"#thweste#n Un0e#st, P#ess.&8@@ 6Mus* Ch(ne n ( 2(s"n,e K''(e ?(#e-6 2nthropos @: 8;4.9ettl- 2#un"&8 6The S"ns ") Ish- )usi!al uarterly &: ;4@@.&8@< 6S"me Aspe*ts ") the Hst"#, ") 9"#'$ Mus* n the Twenteth Centu#,-6  Ethnomusi!ology : &4.&8< The 6estern -mpa!t on 6orld )usi! ?New Y"#+: S*h#me# 2""+s.&88 The ,adif of 5ersian )usi!: tudies in tru!ture and #ultural #onte;t  ?Ch(mp(n: E'eph(nt C(t.9euman- D(ne' M.

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&88;&8<; The %ife of )usi! in North -ndia ?Ch*(": Un0e#st, ") Ch*(" P#ess.2owers- 9''(m&88; 6ar an!e ?T(s*"n: Un0e#st, ") A#3"n( P#ess.o%erts- He'en H.&8 )usi!al 2reas in 2boriginal North 2meri!a ?New H(0en: Y('e Un0e#st, Pu!'*(t"ns nAnth#"p"'",- n". &.

udolh- L'",$ I. (n$ Sus(nne H.&8@ The )odernity of Tradition ?Ch*(": Un0e#st, ") Ch*(" P#essSa5hs- Cu#t&8@ 6orld /istory of the an!e ?New Y"#+: N"#t"n.S5hneider- A'!#e*ht&8@< )usi$wissens!aft und <ultur$reislehre. ?2"nn: Ke#'( )# S,stem(ts*he Mus+wssens*h()t.Shiloah- Amn"n (n$ E#+ C"hen&8< 6The D,n(m*s ") Ch(ne n =ewsh O#ent(' Ethn* Mus* n Is#(e'-6 Ethnomusi!ology @:@4.Sin!er- M't"n&8@ 6hen a =reat Tradition )oderni>es ?New Y"#+: P#(ee#.

Sor5e $eller- M(#*e''"&8< 6F"'+ Mus* n T#entn": O#(' T#(nsmss"n (n$ the Use ") Ke#n(*u'(# L(nu(es-6 Ethnomusi!ology <: @4<8.Steward- =u'(n&8 Theory of #ulture #hange: The )ethodology of )ultilinear Evolution ?U#!(n(: Un0e#st, ")I''n"s P#ess+urner- K*t"# 9. (n$ E$w(#$ M. 2#une#- e$s.&8< The 2nthropology of E;perien!e ?U#!(n(: Un0e#st, ") I''n"s P#ess>aterman- Ch#st"phe# A.&88; 6The Une0en De0e'"ment ") A)#*(nst Ethn"mus*"'",: Thee Issues (n$ ( C#t1ue-6 n2#un" Nett' (n$ Ph'p K. 2"h'm(n- e$s.- #omparative )usi!ology and 2nthropology of )usi! 

?Ch*(": Un0e#st, ") Ch*(" P#ess: &84<.>aterman- R*h(#$ A.&8 6H"t5 Rh,thm n Ne#" Mus*-6 ?ournal of the 2meri!an )usi!ologi!al o!iety &: 4@.?onis- E''(&8@ #lassi!al 5ersian )usi! an -ntrodu!tion ?C(m!#$e- M(ss.: H(#0(#$ Un0e#st, P#essAu$" E%(mp'es

 Australian dideridu(

F#"m 6T#!(' Mus* ") Aust#('(6. Ethn* F"'+w(,s L!#(#, P 8 ?&8. Australian aboriginal roc! music( Re*. (t ( '0e pe#)"#m(n*e- s"u#*e un+n"wn ?*(. &8<<.&lint song sung by Ishi" the last Yahi Indian( 

C"pe$ )#"m *,'n$e# n p"ssess"n ") Un0e#st, ") C(')"#n(. Re*. !, T. T. 9(te#m(n ?&8&&. $astgah'e Shur( )ersian music played on santour# traditional a*a+( F#"m 2 5ersian /eritage- N"nesu*h Re*"#$s H@;; ?&8@.

 $astgah'e Mahour( )ersian music played on santour by &( )ay*ar# moderni+ed and ,esterni+edChahar me+rab( F#"m )asters 5erformers of 5ersan Traditional )usi! 0. 5ayvar . Ah(n4e Ru3 ARTMS4&&?*(.&8@;-.anturiti-7 from -Ramnad /rishnan /accheri-" performed by Ramnad /rishnan in what is

 presumed to be an older" traditional manner(  N"nesu*h Re*"#$s H4@;;.-Tillana-#South Indian *iolin music" played by Lalgudi 8ayaram in a *irtuosistic style imitatingin part ,estern *iolin style( F#"m %algudi ?ayaram @iolin solo- EMI ECSD @ ?&8@.

 .lac!foot Scalp $ance song" rec( by 8( /( $ixon" 0121 

8/13/2019 Nettl-Relating Present Past

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