networked engineering design projects - phd

Networked Engineering Design Projects A PhD research about cross-boundary new product development in the Danish Cleantech Industry

Pedro Parraguez Ruiz Supervisor: Anja Maier

November 23rd 2012

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DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Pedro Parraguez Ruiz – 23 November 2012

Presentation Roadmap

2

Intr

oduc

tion • Background

• Objectives

• Literature and

Communities Th

eory

• Key topics

• Research Questions and Hypothesis Pr

actic

e • Research Design

• Data gathering and analysis

• Examples



Introduction

3

•  Background

•  Objectives

•  Literature and Communities



Background

4

When and under what circumstances can people work more effectively in groups, and when alone?

How do we determine when group work is to be preferred to individual work? Is more always better?

…We must begin with an analysis of the task; then proceed to an analysis of the human beings and the technical systems… Then we must create a place for silence as well as a place for talk.

Simon, H. A. (2002). Organizing and coordinating talk and silence in organizations. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 611–618.

The business world is denoted by an increasing number of multi-team research and development (R&D) projects, however, managerial knowledge about how to run them successfully is scarce. Kratzer, J., Gemuenden, H. G., & Lettl, C. (2008). Balancing creativity and time efficiency in multi-team R & D projects: the alignment of formal and informal networks. R&D Management, 38(5), 538–549.



Background

5

Design (and development) teams increasingly include participants from different domains who must explore and integrate their specialized knowledge in order to create innovative and competitive artifacts… Thus communication (…) has emerged as a fundamental component of the design process.

Sonnenwald, D. H. (1996). Communication roles that support collaboration during the design process. Design Studies, 17, 277–301.

There is abundant cross-sectional evidence of performance correlated with network structure… Performance improves for executives educated in the network structure of social capital. Burt, R. S., & Ronchi, D. (2007). Teaching executives to see social capital: Results from a field experiment. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1156–1183.



Background

6

Why networks and networked? •  From systematic to systemic •  Decreasing transactional costs and increasing

technical complexity

Why Danish Cleantech* Projects? •  Significant R&D/NPD activity •  Propensity for collaborative project generation

and association •  Large number of companies and tightly packed

supply chain

*Cleantech: Firms participating in this industry develop products and services within the scope of renewable energy, environmental solutions, climate adaption and other also called sustainable, green or resource efficient technologies



Objectives

7

Describe, Assess and Support Networked Engineering Design Projects Through: -Improved understanding of the structure and dynamics of its underlying networks -The integration of socio-technical aspects combing ED, TIM and SNA -An emphasis on cross boundary issues -An analysis of the ways in which the network structure and dynamics drive the performance



Literature base and communities

8

1.   Engineering Design: primary contribution target Key Journal: Design Studies Key Topics: Collaborative Design, Design Activities, Co-Design

2.   Technology and Innovation Management: Secondary contribution target

Key Journal: Journal of Product Innovation Management Key Topics: Innovation networks, NPD networks, Collaborative NPD 3.   Social Network Analysis: Methodology and tools

Key Journal: Social Networks Key Topics: Networks structure and dynamics, ego-networks, network influence over behavior/performance



Theory

9

• Key topics

• Research Questions and Hypothesis



Design Activities

10

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Roles and network structures

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Activities + Individuals Network Graph

12



Research questions

13

RQ1: How can cross-boundary engineering design projects be characterised utilising a network perspective? RQ2: What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects? RQ3: How can networked engineering design projects be assessed? RQ4: How can networked engineering design projects be better supported?

Descriptive, mainly qualitative

Descriptive, quantitative (hypothesis testing)

Prescriptive & support development



Reference Model

14

What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects?

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Hypothesis

15


Key hypothesis elements: Network structure •  Boundaries: Area, Department,

Organisation, Activity Type •  Heterogeneity: structural equivalence

between individuals, affiliation attributes •  Ego-network v/s network level

connectivity: Degree centrality, betweenness centrality and densities

Performance •  Efficiency: On time, On budget and On

Specification •  Effectiveness: Quality and Innovativeness

Network Performance



Hypothesis

16


Formulation Examples •  The level of clustering in the network is negatively correlated with the

innovativeness of cross-boundary Eng. Design projects

•  The inter-organisational density of the design activity ego-network is positively correlated with its innovativeness.

•  the inter-organisational density of the activity ego-network is negatively correlated with its resource efficiency

Network Performance



Practice

17

• Research Design

• Data gathering and analysis

• Examples



Research Design

18

Blessing, L. T. M., & Chakrabarti, A. (2009). DRM, a Design Research Methodology (p. 397). Springer.



Research Design

19

July 2013 – Dec 2013 •  Focused assessment and reflection based on validated hypothesis •  Use of workshops

Nov 2012 – Jun 2012 •  At least three in-company case studies of two weeks observation each

Dec 2011 – Nov 2012 •  Literature •  Industry visits, events and meetings with industry associations •  Conferences

Jan 2014 – April 2014 •  Follow up and evaluation of the results of the prescriptive study to test

impact. •  Larger scale self-assessment study through associations

Inputs



Research Design

20

RQ3: How can networked engineering design projects be assessed? RQ4: How can networked engineering design projects be better supported? => Workshops and toolkit

RQ1: How can cross-boundary engineering design projects be characterised utilising a network perspective? RQ2: What are the factors driving the performance of networked Engineering Design projects? => Main academic contribution

•  Further elaboration of the research impulse •  Research Design •  Literature review and analysis

•  Follow up study and impact assessment

Results



Case study and data gathering

21

Key steps

Deep exploratory interview and company visit to identify case suitability and feasibility

Semi-structured interview with main entry point (typically head of R&D/Eng Design or project manager)

Structured interview with secondary entry point

Short questionnaire guided interviews to all the employees involved in the project and part of the R&D/Engineering Design area.

Follow up of the first interview to validate full list of activities and people involved

Two weeks in-company observation period to get a rich description of the company activities (through story telling, sketches and following up the project)




22

Instruments & sources of information

Semi structured interview guide Lab Book

Structured interview guide

Annotated pictures

Company databases and product & Process information




23

Structured interview guide

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Case study 1:

24

•  Danish Cleantech Company

•  ~100 Employees

•  11 years old

•  Global sales

•  In-house manufacturing and R&D capabilities



Network examples

25

One mode social network



Network examples

26

One mode activity network

Thanks! Pedro Parraguez Ruiz PhD (c) DTU Management Engineering [email protected] http://about.me/pedro.parraguez www.openinnovate.eu

networked engineering design projects - phd

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