networking & open source software

8/9/2019 Networking & Open Source Software

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/networking-open-source-software 1/45

Networking & OpenSource Software



What is Networking?

A COMPUTER NETWORK is acollection ofinterconnectedcomputers and otherdevices which are ableto communicate with

each other and sharehardware andsoftware resources.



What do you mean by TRANSMSSON M!"A?

TRANSMISSION

MEDIA is apathway that carries

the information fromsender to receiver. ATRANSMISSIONMEI!M is a medium

of data transfer over anetwor" . It can be

#IRE or #IRE$ESS.



WR!" M!"A #

A Number Of %arious Types Of &ables Are !sed ToTransfer ata Over &omputer Networ"s.



Types of WR!" M!"A

Twisted 'air &ables

(. !T')!nshielded Twisted 'air*

+. ST')Sheilded Twisted 'air*

. &o,a-ial &able)or coa-*

. Optical ibre &able



$OM%ARSON O WR!" M!"A

CABLE TWISTED PAIRCABLE

COAXIALCABLE

OPTICAL FIBERCABLE

'ARAMETER

ATA TRANSER

RATE

(/mbps,(/0bps (//mbps More than

(//0bpsATA TRANSERRAN1E

(// m (23m,3//m ,

INTEREREN&ES!S&E'TI4I$IT5

More $ess than Ethernet&able

NI$

&OST O &A4$E $east &ost More ThanEthernet

%ery E-pensive



WR!'!SS M!"A 6

Electroma0netic waves are used for wirelesscommunication over computer networ"s.re7uencies of waves are measured in 8ERT9)8:*.

As the re7uencies of electroma0netic waves chan0etheir properties also chan0e.



Types Of WR!'!SS M!"A

Radio #aves

Micro #aves

INRARE #A%ES



N!TWOR( "!)$!S & ts Types

Other than transmission mediamany other devices are re7uiredto form computer networ"s.

Some of these devices are 6NI&)networ" interface card*

8ub

Switch

Repeater

1ateway



N!TWOR( TO%O'O*+

TO'O$O15 6 A TO'O$O15is an arran0ement ofphysical connections amon0nodes in a networ".

NOES 6 A NOE is adevice which is directlyconnected to a computer

networ". It can be acomputer or any otherdevice li"e scanner ; printeretc.



Types of TO%O'O*+

4us Topolo0y

Star Topolo0y

Tree Topolo0y



NETWORK PAN LAN MAN WAN

'ARAMETER

AREA

&O%ERE

Small

Area)!pto

(/ "m*

A few meters to a

few "ilometers

)!pto (/"m radius*

A city and its

vicinity )upto

(//"m radius*

Entire country;

continent or

0lobe )No upper

limit*

ERROR RATES $owest $owest Moderate 8i0hest

TRANSMISSION

S'EE

8i0h speed 8i0h speed Moderate

speed

$ow speed

NET#OR<IN1

&OST

Ne0li0ible Ine-pensive Moderately

e-pensive

e7uipment

E-pensive



types of protoco,s

HTTP -(hyper text transfer protocol-"T "# $#%& T'T)*#+% ) +"%# +' '*% 'P$T% T'

)*'T/% '* T/% 0'& 0"&% 0%1 )*&

#$PP'T# T/% /P% %&") +"%#.

FTP - (file tranfer protocol-"T "# $#%& +'

T)*#+%"*3 T/% T%4T$) +"%# '5% T/%

*%T0'6.

TCP/IP -(transmission control protocol ! internet protocol-

"T "# $#%& '* "*T%*%T 0/"% T)*#+%"*3

T/% &)T) '5% T/% *%T0'6. "*T%*%T

P'T'' /%6 +' T/% )&&%## '* 0/"/

&)T) "# T' 1% #%*T.

PPP-(point to point protocol-"T "# $#%& +' &"%T

'$*")T"'* 1!0 T0' 'P$T%#

TP") ) P%#'*) 'P$T% '**%T%&

1 ) P/'*% "*% T' ) #%5% '#T '+ T/% "#PT/) "# "*T%*%T #%5"% P'5"&% $#%# PPP

P'T'' +' "*T%*%T '**%T"'*.

SMPT-(simple mail transfer protocol 7"T "# $#%& +'

%%"5"*3 )"#.

POP 3-(post office protocol- "T "# $#%& +'

'$T3'"*3 )"#.



denti-cation of computer & user o.er a network

MA&)media access control* I')Internet protocol*

A MA& address is a uni7ue (+ di0ithe-adecimal no. assi0ned to each nic.

An I' address is a uni7ue = di0ithe-adecimal no. assi0ned to each nodeon a networ".

It cannot be chan0ed It can be chan0ed

Even the networ" is chan0ed; MA&address remains same

It will chan0e if we chan0e the positionof node from ( networ" to another

networ".



Network security

There is always a threat of some kind of attacks

on computer networks security. some kinds of

attacks on network security are as follows:-

• en!al of "er#!ce attack"- dos attacks is an

attempt to make 8 or more network resources

unavaila9le to their legitimate users.:-

1. en!al of acce"" to !nfor$at!on

%. en!al of acce"" to appl!cat!on

3. en!al of acce"" to re"o&rce"

'. en!al of acce"" to a web"!te

•. Intr&"!on proble$- it is an attempt to

mischieveously steal some information from

someon,s computer.

•. Snoop!n(- it refers to gaining unauthorised

access to another person;s or organisation;s

data.

•. a#e"dropp!n(- it refers to unauthorised

access to another person;s or organisation;s

data while the data is on its way on the

network.



To protect network security attacks

•

These steps include:-• *o(!n-pa""word+ 9y assigning login names and

strong passwords to the users of a system it can

9e ensured that only authorised people can

access computer.this helps in increasing

network security.

• F!rewall+ a firewall is a hardware device or a

software tha is insalled to monito the dataentering the computer ! network or leaving it. )

firewall permits only that data to enter or leave

a compter ! network for which permissions have

9een granted 9y the computer.

• Ant! #!r&" "oftware+ 9y installing anti virus

software network security can 9e increased .

• F!le per$!""!on"+ a data file on a computer can 9e created ,read or modified . 1y giving

different rights to different users of a computer

to perform one or more of these task. This way

9y giving appropriate rights to respective users ,

computer security as well as network security

can 9e increased.



R!!"OM

“Free Software” was given in 1983by Richard Stallman.

FREE!" #$

%o r&n the 'rogram for any '&r'ose.

FREE!" 1$%o st&dy how the 'rogram wor(s)and

change ma(e it do what yo& wish.

FREE!" *$

%o redistrib&te co'ies so as to hel'o&r neighbo&rhood.

FREE!" 3$

%o im'rove the 'rogram) and releaseyo&r im'rovements to the '&blic) sothat the whole comm&nity bene+ts.



NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTRE FORFREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

IS AN INITIATIVE OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY, MINISTRY OFCOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT OF

INDIA .

NR&OSS



!/amp,es of

'OSS0OSS



,-/0!2ER%-4 S5S%E" 6ERE,

/7/%/,-/0 -S%R-7/%-! -%F/,, :!"2,E"E% !F S!F%REF!R E;ER55 /SE.

4!!4,E :R!"E !S,-4%E-4%!2ER%-4 S5S%E" 7SE R!/%E E7 7R!SER.

R!- S"R%2!E !2ER%-4

S5S%E"75 4!!4,E

Operatin0 systems and des"topenvironments



4-"27-%"2 4R2-:S E-%!R

7,EER;:E 3 "!E,,-4 REER-4 22,-:%-!

S!47-RS-"-,R %! -%/ES -%7/-,%- 7R!SER

/:-%5-4-%, /-! E-%!R

R!/R-4-%, /-! !R6S%%-!

FS2!% < 2!%! "4ER

1RA'8I&S AN M!$TIMEIA



!2E !FF-:E.!R4!FF-:E2R!/:%-;-%5

S!F%RE:!"2R7,E %!"-:R!S!F% !FF-:E. -% /SES !2E

F-,E : RE R-%E"-:R!S!F% !FF-:E F-,ES

E! !FF-:E": !S 0 ;ERS-! !F

!2E !FF-:E

2F :RE%!R:RE%ES 2F=S FR!"5 -!S 2R!4R"

OI&E SOT#ARE



2:E E7SER;ERE7SER;ER

"!>-,, F!/%-!

"!>-,, F-REF!0E77R!SER

"!>-,, %/ER7-R"-, ,-E%

INTERNET RE$ATE SOT#ARE



E:,-2SES!F%RE FR"E!R6

?; -E22SER;ER S-E 2R!4R""-4,4/4E

2ER,5"-: 2R!4R""-4,4/4E

25%!;ERS%-,E):,E 2!ERF/, 2R!4R""-4

,4/4E"5 S@,%7SE "4E"E%S5S%E"

?; <2R!4R""-4 ,4/4E

'RO1RAMMIN1 RE$ATE



7!SS -S FREE --

!2ER%-4 S5S%E" 7SE! 4/C,-/0 E;E,!2E75 ::.

7!SS "6ES -% ES-ER F!R "-:R!S!F% -!S

/SER %! S-F% %!4/C,-/0 2,%F!R"

4OSS

)4harat Operatin0 Systems Solutions*



&OMMON O'ENSTANARS



F R E E A N D O P E N F O R M A T F O R O F F I C E

D O C U M E N T S . O F F I C E S U I T E A P P L I C A T I O N S

N E E D A F I L E F O R M A T T H A T I S D E S I G N E D T O

O R G A N I S E T H E D A T A W H E N I T M O V E S A W A Y F R O M

T H E A P P L I C A T I O N

E A S Y T O O P E N A N D E D I T T H E D A T A I N A F I L E

O F F E R S A N O P E N A L T E R N A T I V E T O T H E F O R M A T S

U S E D B Y A L L O F T H E O F F I C E A P P L I C A T I O N S F O R

T E X T , S P R E A D S H E E T S E T C .

O'EN O&!MENT ORMAT



E /-! :!"2RESS-! F!R"% E;E,!2E75 0- 2.!R4.

!2E )2%E%FREE) 2R!FESS-! , /-!E:!-4 S%RE"-4 %E: !,!45

-% -S :!"2R7,E %! ! %ER F!R"%S S/: S"23); @F)F E %:.

/SE %! S%!RE 2,5 -4-%, "/S-:.

O11 %O4RIS



-% :!S-S%S !F :!E %%SS!:-%ES E: :R:%ERFR!" 4-;E S5S%E" -%

S!"E%-4 E,SE - !RER %!F:-,-%%E %E %RS"-SS-!

!F % %R!/4%E,E:!""/-:%-!

E%!R6S !R F!R S%!R4E !F%E0% - :!"2/%ERS.

S:--) E7:-: /-:!E RE

%E "!S% -E,5 /SE.

&8ARA&TER EN&OIN1



U N I C O D E W A S D E V E L O P E D W I T H T H E A I M T O

C O N C E I V E A S I N G L E S T A N D A R D C O D E W H I C HC O U L D M A N A G E T O R E P R E S E N T A L L L A N G U A G E S

O F T H E W O R L D .

U N I C O D E C H A R A C T E R S A R E R E P R E S E N T E D I N

O N E O F T H E T H R E E E N C O D I N G F O R M S :

A 3 2 - B I T F O R M ( U T F - 3 2 A ! " - B I T F O R M ( U T F - ! "

A N # B I Y F O R M ( U T F - #

!NI&OE



IERENT T5'ES OONTS



D E V E L O P E D B Y A D O B E I N ! % # & ' S

F O N T D A T A I N A S I N G L E C O M P O N E N T

C A N B E I N S T A L L E D S I M P L Y B Y B E I N G P L A C E D

I N T H E S Y S T E M F O L D E R

'OST S&RI'TS



L A T E S T F O N T

B Y A P P L E A N D M I C R O S O F T

F O N T D A T A I N A S I N G L E C O M P O N E N T

S U P P O R T M U L T I P L E P L A T F O R M S

S T O R A G E O F U P T O " & & & C H A R A C T E R S

A D D I T I O N A L S P A C E P R O V I D E S F R E E D O M T O

I N C L U D E A D D - O N S L I K E S M A L L C A P S

O'EN T5'E



S T A T I C F O N T S - C H A R A C T E R S A R E D E S I G N E D A N D D I G I T I ) E D

A N D S T O R E D I N F O N T F I L E S .

D U R I N G P R I N T I N G , S A M E C H A R A C T E R A P P E A R S I N S A M ES H A P E .

E G : A R I A L E T C .

D Y N A M I C F O N T S * W E B B R O W S E R T E C H N O L O G Y . T H E

C H A R A C T E R S A R E R E D E F I N E D A T E A C H O C C U R R E N C E W H E N

P R I N T E D .E G : A L L H A N D W R I T T E N F O N T S L I K E C A L L I G R A P H Y , G R A F F I T I ,

E T C .

STATI& AN 5NAMI&

ONTS



-%5 "/?,

4!R6S42,

""EE% 6/R

!ORTS 1+ #

networking & open source software

Documents