Ethernet Technology and its Evolution

Ethernet Technologies• Ethernet Network Elements• Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures• The IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model• Benefits of Ethernet

Evolution of Ethernet• Ethernet Speed Developments

• Gigabit Ethernet• 40 GE Transmission• 100 GE Transmission• 400 GE Transmission

Overview

Ethernet Network Elements

The Ethernet IEEE 802.3 LAN can be considered to consist of two main elements:

1. Interconnecting media2. Network nodes

There are some interconnecting medias:• Coaxial Cables• Twisted Pair Cables• Fiber optic cable

The network nodes we can divide into two major classes:• Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)• Data Communication Equipment (DCE)

Ethernet Network Elements cont..

Interconnecting medias Network nodes

Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures

There are several network topologies that can be used for Ethernet communications

• Point to point• Coaxial bus Topology• Star network

Point to point

Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures cont..

Coaxial bus Topology

Star network

This type of Ethernet network has been the dominant topology since the early 1990s.

Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures cont..

The IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model

Ethernet’s Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model

MAC and Physical Layer Compatibility Requirements for Basic Data Communication

The IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model

Benefits of Ethernet

Cost efficiencies

Unprecedented scalability and flexibility

Protocol neutrality

Ease of use

Reliability and general availability/ubiquity

Ethernet Speed Developments

Gigabit Ethernet• 40 GE Transmission• 100 GE Transmission• 400 GE Transmission

Gigabit Ethernet

The Gigabit Ethernet standard supports a theoretical maximum data rate of 1gigabit per second (Gbps)(1000 Mbps).

Gigabit Ethernet is 100 times faster than regular 10Mbps Ethernet and 10 times faster than 100Mbps Fast Ethernet.

Advantages Roughly 100 times faster than the regular

Mbps Ethernet.Elimination of bottlenecks within the

Internet service.Power to transfer large amounts of data

across a network quickly.Low cost of acquisition and ownershipSeamless integrations with Ethernet and

Fast Ethernet-installed base.

Gigabit Ethernet cont..

40 GE Transmission

Multimode ribbon fiber• Used for distances of 100 m on OM3 and

150 m on OM4 MMF• Data is sent using multiple 850 nm lasers

transmitting over multiple parallel fibers• MPO cables provide multiple separate

transmit and receive strands of multimode fiber in a ribbon cable assembly

Single-mode duplex fiber• Used for distances of 2 km, 10 km and 40

km on standard duplex SMF• 40 Gb/s serial transmit over one strand of

fiber and receive over the other strand of fiber is used for 40GBASE-FR

100 GE Transmission

Multimode ribbon fiber• Used for distances of 100 m on OM3 and 150 m on OM4

MMF• Data is sent using multiple 850 nm lasers transmitting

over multiple parallel fibers• MPO cables provide multiple separate transmit and

receive strands of multimode fiber in a ribbon cable assembly

Single-mode duplex fiber• Used for distances of 2 km, 10 km and 40 km on

standard duplex SMF• WDM component in the pluggable module multiplexes all

transmit lanes over one strand of fiber and all receive lanes over the other strand of fiber

400 GE Call for Interest (CFI) was presented at the March 2013 IEEE Plenary and approved to be an official IEEE Study Group

Reach objectives adopted by Study Group at the November 2013 IEEE Plenary

• 100 m MMF• 500 m SMF• 2 km SMF• 10 km SMF

400 GE standard expected in 2016+

400 GE Transmission

400 GE pluggable module evolution estimates each module increases density, while reducing cost and power

http://pluto.ksi.edu/~cyh/cis370/ebook/ch03d.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/gigabitethernet/g/bldef_gigaen

et.htmhttp://www.ask.com/question/advantage-and-disadvantage-of-gigab

it-ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Ethernet_Technologies

References

Wireless Networking Technologies

Wireless Networking Technologies

Types of wireless networks,

Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPANs) Wireless Local Area Networks(WLANs) Wireless mesh network Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks(WMANs) Wireless Wide Area Networks(WWANs) Cellular network Global Area Network(GAN) Space network

Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPANs)

low-range wireless network, generally cover a range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet)

Using technologies• Bluetooth • Infrared• ZigBee

generally used for linking peripheral devices• Printers• Cellphones• Home applications

Connect personal assistant(PDA) to a computer, or just two nearby computers, without using a hard-wired connection.

WPANs cont.. Bluetooth

• Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994

• Exchange data using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz.

• Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1

• Cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet(10 meters).

• Devices  generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps

Infrared

• Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light.

• Extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm.

• Exist in networks with 3 different forms IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared

supporting data rates up to 115 Kbps IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared

supporting data rates up to 1.15 Mbps IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting

data rates up to 4 Mbps

WPANs cont..

ZigBee

• ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard

• ZigBee is used in applications that require only a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking

• Defined rate of 250kbps

• ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys

• Transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics

Wireless Local Area Networks(WLANs)

Cover larger area than WPANsModern WLANs are based on IEEE

802.11 standardsInterconnects computers within a limited

area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building, using wi-fi technology.

Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation.

Also referred to as Local Area Wireless Network(LAWN)

WLANs cont..

Wi-Fi

• Is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves.

Types of wireless LANs..• Peer-to-peer• Bridge• Wireless distribution system

Types of wireless LANs

Peer-to-peer• An ad hoc network is a network where stations

communicate only peer to peer (P2P)• There is no base and no one gives permission

to talk. • A peer-to-peer network allows wireless devices

to directly communicate with each other.

Bridge• A bridge can be used to

connect networks, typically of different types.

• The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN

• There are four types of network bridging technologies:

- Simple bridging- Multiport bridging- Learning, or transparent

bridging- Source route bridging

Types of wireless LANs

Wireless distribution system

• Enables the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network.

• allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is traditionally required.

• Preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points.

Wireless mesh network

Wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology.

Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes.

Mesh networks can "self heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.

Wireless mesh networking could allow people living in remote areas and small businesses operating in rural neighborhoods to connect their networks together for affordable Internet connections.

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks(WMANs)

Officially known as IEEE 802.16, complement other wireless technologies like Wi-Fi.

Use in large, city-sized wireless networks that can deliver broadband Internet access and compete against wired technologies like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modems.

WirelessMAN standards form the basis for WiMAX and several other wireless broadband technologies. 

Known as a point to multipoint setup.The maximum distance for this type of

network is about 30 miles (48 km)

WMANs cont..

Types of WMANs,

- Back Haul

• For enterprise networks, cellular tower connection and Wi-Fi hotspots.

• an option for enterprises that can't afford to install or lease fiber to connect their facilities over a large campus or city.

- Last Mile

• Could establish wireless as an alternative to residential broadband DSL/cable modem.

• Last-mile WMANs are suits for temporary networks, such as large construction sites or areas where conventional network service is disrupted.

Wireless Wide Area Networks(WWANs)

Typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb.

Also called "wireless broadband" or "broadband wireless”.Wireless WANs use cell towers to transmit a radio signal within a range of

several miles to a moving or stationary device.There are 3 major wireless WAN technologies,

• GSM• CDMA• WiMAX - newer

 Traditional cellular systems

Cellular network

Radio network distributed over land areas called cells.

In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighboring cells to avoid any interference.

When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area.

Global Area Network(GAN)

A network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.

The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next.

Space network

Established in the early 1980s to replace NASA's worldwide network of ground tracking stations

Used for communication between spacecraft.

Space Network is operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days per year.

The Space Network consist of:• A constellation of geosynchronous (Earth orbiting) satellites

named the Tracking Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)• Ground systems that operate as a relay system between

satellites.• Satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) above 73 km• Ground facilities

References

• ftp://ftp.iol.unh.edu/pub/bfc/UNH-IOL_BFC_Knowledgebase_Bridging.ppt• http://web.mst.edu/~mobildat/wman/• http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/wireless-mesh-network• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network• http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/wireless-mesh-network• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network#Wireless_MAN• http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-wirelessman.htm• http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/

txt_sn.html#.U-cuLPldWN4

IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

Overview

Address space in IPv4 is running out and it will completely run out very soon.

There are three strategies for IPv6 transition • Dual Stack Network

The original strategy Depends on sufficient IPv4 being available

• 6rd (Rapid Deploy) Improvement on 6to4 for SP customer deployment Activity of IETF Softwires Working Group

• Large Scale NAT (LSN) SP deploys large NAT boxes to do address and/or protocol translation

Functionalities and operational issues of this coexistence.Potential scenarios of transition and recommendations for transition.

Why should we care of IPv4/IPv6 coexistence and transition?

Is IPv4 really running out?

Yes !• IANA IPv4 free pool ran out on 3rd February 2011• RIR IPv4 free pool will run out soon after.

The runout gadgets and widgets are now watching when the RIR pools will run out:

• inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index_en.html• ipv6.he.net/statistics/

Strategies available for Service Providers

Do nothing• Wait and see what competitors do• Business not growing, so don’t care what happens

Extend life of IPv4• Force customers to NAT• Buy IPv4 address space on the marketplace

Deploy IPv6• Dual-stack infrastructure• IPv6 and NATed IPv4 for customers• 6rd (Rapid Deploy) with native or NATed IPv4 for customers• Or various other combinations of IPv6, IPv4 and NAT

Dual-stack network

Both IPv4 and IPv6 have been fully deployed across all the infrastructure• Routing protocols handle IPv4 and IPv6• Content, application, and services available on IPv4 and IPv6

End-users use dual-stack network transparently• If DNS returns IPv6 address for domain name query, IPv6 transport is used• If no IPv6 address returned, DNS is queried for IPv4 address, and IPv4

transport is used insteadIt is envisaged that the Internet will operate dual stack for many years to come

Dual-stack network cont..

Advantages• Support ensures any-to-any

communications• regardless of the versions of IP

Disadvantages• Double the communications processing

requirements of all of the network resources.

•  This leads to performance degradation• IPv6 on existing IPv4 infrastructure

might cost extra in terms of hardware changes

6rd (Rapid Deploy)

6rd (Rapid Deploy) used where ISP infrastructure to customer is not IPv6 capable (eg IPv4-only BRAS)

• Customer has IPv4 Internet access either natively or via NAT• Customer IPv6 address space based on ISP IPv4 block

6rd (Rapid Deploy) cont..

Advantages• The service provider has a relatively quick way of providing IPv6 to

their customer without deploying IPv6 across their infrastructure.• Subscribers can readily get access to IPv6• 6rd relay and CPE are becoming available from vendors

Disadvantages• 6rd is not a long-term solution for transitioning to IPv6 – one further

transition step to remove the tunnels• CPE needs to be upgraded to support 6rd• The ISP has to deploy one or several 6rd termination devices• If customer or SP uses NAT for IPv4, all NAT disadvantages are

inherited

Large Scale NAT (LSN)

Also known as Carrier-grade NAT (CGN)Translates private IPv4 addresses into public IPv4 addresses.CGN employs Network Address and Port Translation methods to

aggregate multiple private IPv4 addresses into fewer public IPv4 addresses.

Dual-Stack lite (DS-Lite)

was specified in RFC 6333, "Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion", August 2011.

Technically DS-Lite involves more than just tunnelingBut the IPv6 Forum includes it under the tunnel transition mechanism in

their training curriculum

DS-Lite cont..

Advantages• The service provider is using IPv6 across its entire infrastructure,

avoiding the IPv4 depletion problem in the network.• IPv6-only infrastructure in an ISP ensures that the ISP can carry on

scaling its infrastructure without dependency on IPv4 address resources.• Consumers can transition from IPv4 to IPv6 without any requirement to

be aware of the differences between the protocols.

Disadvantages• The service provider needs to buy, install, and run a CGN that supports

DS-Lite.• The CGN must keep NAT44 states (please note that MAP is a promising

technology alleviating this drawback).

Functionalities and Operational Issues

Complexity of operation:• Moderate in the case of a single network with two address families

Complexity of troubleshooting:• Running two address families and/or tunnels is assumed to be more

complexBreaks end-to-end connectivity in IPv4:

• Subscribers sharing a CGN will have little to no hurdles in their communication

• Subscribers separated by one or several CGN will experience some application issues

Potential scenarios

Most of the content and applications move to IPv6 onlyMost of the content and applications are offered for IPv4 and IPv6Most of the users move to IPv6 only

• Especially mobile operators offering LTE handsets in emerging countries

No change (the contents/applications stay IPv4 and absence of pro-IPv6 regulation), SP customer expectations devolve to double-NAT

No change (the contents/applications stay IPv4) but SP customer expectations do not devolve to double-NAT (or they are ready to pay for peer-to-peer connectivity)

• Perhaps well established broadband markets like US or Europe

Recommendations

1. Start deploying IPv6 as long term strategy

2. Evaluate current addressing usage to understand if IPv4 to IPv4 NAT is sufficient for transition period

3. Prepare a translation mechanism from the IPv4 Internet to the IPv6 Internet

4. Educate your user base on IPv6 introduction, the use cases and troubleshooting

Summary

References

www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/

inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index_en.html

ipv6.he.net/statistics/

http://www.networkworld.com/article/2232181/cisco-subnet/understanding-dual-stack-lite.html

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/ios-nx-os-software/enterprise-ipv6-solution/whitepaper_c11-698132.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-grade_NAT

Thank you!