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N a m e : W U ? a r \ >^ln ^-Q

I N T R O D U C T I O N TO N E U R O S C I E N C E I I ^ f r p \ . Q U A D R O S M E N N E L L A

N E U l O O V y E X A M l

FA L L 2 0 1 2 ^ l O O P T S T O TA L

M A T C H I N G e ac h is w o r t h O .S p t s ) 9 . 5 p t s T O TA L - T e r m s can be f o u n d on the la s t p a g e o f t h is e x a m .

There are many more terms than t here are questions. Not all terms will be used in answering these statem ents:

^ ItPyyvNoCNThe earliest evidence of brain surgery was the skull of an individual who had undergone this.

^->QV\or\S. Written records from these individuals (their ethnicity) were the earliest recorded reference to the brain.

lA lcVfcOiVJ a c h a n g e in m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l f r o m - 7 0 m V to - 8 0 m V

the Vm v a l u e at w h i c h an a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l w i l l o c c u r

y He is c o n s i d e r e d th e f a t h e r o f n e u r o s c i e n c e

S p a c e s b e t w e e n m y e l i n s h e a t h

F I L L - I N - TH E - B L A N K S e a c h b l a n k is w o r t h I p t s ) - 3 0 p t s To t a l :

\^)\i \ m a t t e r is p r im a r i l y m a d e up of a x o n s an d m y e l i n a t in g g l i a .

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2 . T h e t w o m a j o r d i v i s i o n s o f t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m a r e t h e \ / CDV

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jrr ( i t s a p r o t e i n ) is i n v o l v e d in b o t h e s t a b l i s h i n g

t h e r e s t in g m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l as w e l l as r e t u r n i n g th e m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l b ac k to re s t f o l l o w i n g an a c t i o n

p o t e n t i a l .

i C \ \_ [ . 9 f G -C V r r t. \d na me t he s p e c i f ic t y p e ) is w h e n an a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l w i l l

o c c u r a g a i n bu t o n l y if t h e V m r i c h e s a v a l u e h i g h e r t h a n the t h r e s h o l d .

S H O R T A N S W E R S :

Select one question from each pair and answer i t in the space provided. You can use th e back of the sheet if you needmore room:

l a ) W h a t are the s t e p s of t h e s c i e n t i f i c p r o c e s s ? 3 p t s )

O R

( T ^ W h a t d o e s the n e u r o n d o c t r i n e s t a t e an d w h a t w a s t he c o n t r o v e r s y b e h i n d t h i s ? ( B p t s )

V W m V . ^ ^ C C K A V C A W H U ^ A ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ A c r ^ V J C C A ^ C Oa blcv .i . lj

2 a ) D e s c r i b e the p r o c e s s of m a k i n g p r o t e i n / p e p t i d e c h a i n f r o m the m R N A c o d e . ( S p t s )

O R

ID))Describe t he p r o c e s s of m a k i n g m R N A ( t h a t w i l l be u s e d to m a k e p r o t e i n ) f r o m D N A . ( S p t s )e s c r i b e the p r o c e s s of m a k i n g m R N A ( t h a t w i l l be u s e d t o m a k e p r o t e i n ) f r o m D N A . ( S p t s )

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V O A ^ N r q A d A ^^ \ o V c c A ^ c r . ^ o V s ^ < L A ^ . c \ c r 3 \^ V OA^C I ,

r ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ > w ^ v ^ ^ v ^ ^ v w

^^\ v s V W v ^ c i ^ a s v o p ^ u ^ ^ ^ ^ A ; 5 \ ^ o c o \,

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3a) Select three organelles and describe their role in cell function. (3pts)OR

3b) Select two of the three cytoskeletal proteins and describe their structure and their function within the cell (3pts)

u W o ^ o \ u v v j L r s - z c \ \ ^ o c c L x X ^ 9 Q 5 \ e ^ l V W a a r o ^ ,

U ^ W G k j ^ r ) < i ^ U f ^ < ; ^ o V v c O o e C O O C ^ C < M L < Aa V v i^ \W < ^ > e O Q \ T j i o V 3 3\ - > r \ r \ \ ^ ,

V-^v^ a \ s o o ^ c > V ^ \ \ - ^ Q ^ ^ e ^ o ? \ V : o r o o ^ ^ ^ ^ s ^ o ^ . J r ^ u ^ \ \ \ a V \ i r \ ? S - V ^ ^

4 a Compare and contras t Schwann cel ls wi th the ol igodendrocytes . (3pts)

OR

4b) Wha t i s the bloo d-brai n-barr ier? Wh at factors (and how do they) cont r ibu te to the blood-b rain-b arr ie r? (3pts)

fio ^ x O C T V u ^ s oQ c \\a\ W s> ^W 0 \ \ c ^ c A a 2 \ ^ o c ^ ^ V s a c ^ Cc of cX

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5 3 ) E x p l a i n w l i a t t h i s e q u a t i o n m e a n s : R = 1/ g . W h a t is its r e l e v a n c e to n e u r o n s ? ( 6 p ts )O R

^ ) W h a t is O h m s la w ( l= g V )? H o w c o u l d y o u use t h i s la w to e x p l a i n the c u r r e n t ( n o n u m e r i c a l v a l u e n e e d e d ) for s o d i u n n

(Na+) in t h e a x o n ? F o r c h l o r i d e CI-)? ( 6 p t s ) / J J ^ VA X ^ - O U C ^^

^ o V ^ V l c A < i i W ^ S V o V W ^ O i - S Q e V v O T A \ V o

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A n s w e r A L L o f t h e F o l l o w i n g Q u e s t i o n s

7 ) N a m e a n d d e s c r i b e t h e t y p e s o f a x o p l a s m i c t r a n s p o r t w i t h i n a n e u r o n . M a k e s u r e t o i n c l u d e t h e p a r t i c u l a r p r o t e i n

i n v o l v e d i n e a c h t y p e o f t r a n s p o r t a s w e l l a s t h e s p e e d a n d d i r e c t i o n o f t r a n s p o r t i n y o u r a n s w e r . 6 p t s )

8 ) W h a t a r e f o u r w a y s in w h i c h n e u r o n s ca n be c l a s s i f i e d ? G i v e n a n e x a m p l e f o r e a c h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . 4 p t s )

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9 ) N a m e and d e s c r i b e the two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of ion c h a n n e l s t h a t e x i s t w i t h i n the n e u ro n a l m e m b r a n e . Th e a x o n

m e m b r a n e c o n t a in s c h a n n e l s f or w h a t i o n s ? M a k e s u r e to i n c l u d e in y o u r a n s w e r w h a t t y p e of ion c h a n n e l yo u are

r e f e r r i n g t o . ( 4p t s )

a

a ^ s \ M - t i W ^ O - v j ^ V s o r e ^ o < T S V T V V O L C o Q ^ < ~ o V c ' \ t \ % ^ V \ a r e c W

V d < ^ ^ c , S V W pex r t i \DGp V o Vnc - ^ n c A CLe \VWyvv^ Lq\\^ 'M

1 0 ) W h a t is th e e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l E,on) m e a s u r e ? W h a t e q u a t i o n is u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t he e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l for

e a c h ion (No n e e d t o w r i t e the e q u a t i o n . J u s t p r o v i d e t he n a m e ) ? W h a t d o e s t h i s e q u a t i o n fa i l to t a k e i n t o

-f V c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d to the m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i al and w h a t e q u a t i o n is u s e d to a c c u r a t e l y c a l c u l a t e the

7 m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l ? (6 p t s) , . /

W ^ ^ c ^ - , VW eWVcc

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11 ) T h e r e are the tw o l a w s t h a t g o v e r n ho w the a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l is c o n d u c t e d w i t h i n a x o n s : The a l l- o r - n o n e la w and th e

r a t e la w. D e f i n e e a c h . G i v e n t h e s e l a w s , h o w t h e n do a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s a l l o w for g r a d e d / d e g r e e s of a p a r t i c u l a r

b e h a v i o r e . g . l i ft i n g a h e a v y v e r s u s a l i g h t o b j e c t ) ? 7 p t s )

m s ^_ coWor^V dc - ^ ; l \ G > v C W C| ^CTLC- W O V A V \ V , VVxi W^Vec V \

1 2 ) D e s c r i b e the f o u r w a y s in w h i c h the a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l ca n be e x p l a i n e d by the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the v o l t a g e - g a t e d

d i u m c h a n n e l . 8 p ts ) V f v x c r C . c U ( ^ \ c r r 9 a V G C \

^ H t C- eC ^ zaV ,W^ W\

N j ^ c V e i w \ \ \

4 7

w

_ A p- - W ) ^ W n _ ^_ W c , ^ c s ^ k Nf\^ <

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L a b e l t h e p a r t s o f t h i s n e u r o n e a c h p a r t is w o r t h 0 . 2 5 p t s ) - l S p t s To t a l :

?1 M

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3y4jh\s the bra in have its own glial cell to se rve as the i m m u n e s y st e m

help fend off invaders? (2pts)

^ f ^ ^^ -^ Vca.Wcrc.^r VWcc \ ^ n o ^ c u \ Koed Wcc^^C ^^A m Vxo;r> a ^ n k) d ^Cu ^

w / ; < A Wdf^ ^ a i ^ o r v C i ?)O^W-V^ , ^

4 . W h a t e f f e c t w o u l d h y p o x i a o x y g e n d e p r i v a t i o n ) h a v e on the r e st i n g m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l and w h y ? 4 p t s )

W i / W CiS cpo VW Yv \VoGOAdcv A onW W Vo \ ^ o Wa ^e < ^ c x X i V ) or o^u^ KV\ ATV a r e meA Vo o / ^ pucv ^ S , U\VV C O \ J ^ ^ S ^ M S \ ^ ^ G ^ O W

V a ^ C X > G\^ , v ^ - C A^ W ^ c c ^ ^ ^ ^ v^ox^W vxoV

J \ re5V | ^mbfcrv poVoV^ ^ 5 . You h a v e j u s t i n g e s t e d a d r u g t h a t c a u s e s t he a x o n s of y o u r m o t o r n e u r o n s t o c o n s t r i c t . W h a t e f f e c t w i l l t h i s

^ \e on the a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s of y o u r m o t o r n e u r o n s an d w h a t w i ll t he b e h a v i o r a l c o n s e q u e n c e of t h i s be? 3pt

X C A x ^ i o s cG^sVc.cV W n d ca VW 6,c\\cn

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