neuropharmacology: epidemiology
DESCRIPTION
Lecture 10 from a college level neuropharmacology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. ([email protected]) at Willamette University. Focus is on the Monitoring the Future.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Epidemiology of Drug Use
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Epidemiology
• Study of diseases in population• Descriptive, not inferential (+ who, - why)
– Nitrites “poppers”– LSD
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/epidem/epid.1.html
![Page 3: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Goals
• Monitoring the Future (MtF): self-report survey of 8th - 12th grades
• National Household Survey of Drug Use and Health (NHSDUH): interviews of age 12+
• Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN): ER reports
• United Nations World Drug Report
http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/public.cfm
![Page 4: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Monitoring the Future
• National survey, conducted annually by NIDA of secondary school (8th, 10th, or 12th), college students, and adults (<45 yrs)
• Missing data (drop-outs = 15%, not attending) = under-estimation
• Concern about labels (inadvertent marketing)• Self-report
– Knowledge (e.g. steroids, diet pills, club drugs)– Memory (e.g. How many drinks?)– Taboo
http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/
![Page 5: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Demographics
• Compares use by:– Year (1975 – present)– Sex– Ethnicity– Parental education– Region– College plans
?
![Page 6: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Year & Grade
Illicit = Scheduled drugs including marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, LSDNot Illicit: EtOH, cigarettes, inhalants, Ritalin for medical purposes
![Page 8: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
When does use start?
![Page 10: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What about ethnicity?
• Ranking:– African-American– Hispanic– White
![Page 13: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Subjective Effects
AlcoholAmphetaminesCocaineHeroinLSDMarijuanaOther HallucinogensOther Narcotics
![Page 18: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Subjective Effects
![Page 19: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Young Adults: 19-30
![Page 22: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How do college student differ from others in Alcohol and Nicotine Use?
![Page 23: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How do college student differ from others in Alcohol and Nicotine Use?
![Page 24: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
D.A.R.E.
• Founded in 1983 by Daryl Gates• Police officers give lectures to middle school• Found in 80% of U.S. school districts, 54
nations• Cohen’s d = (MeanD.A.R.E. – MeanControl )/ SDpop
d = 0.30 small, 0.50 medium, 0.70 large
http://www.dare.com/home/default.asp
![Page 25: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Does D.A.R.E work?
Ennett S.T. (1994). American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1394-1401.
![Page 26: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
National Household Surveyon Drug Use & Health
• Face to Face 4 hour Interview (N=4,500)
• Nationally representative
• Excludes prisoners, transients
• Statistical Significance: *p < .05
• But clinical (real world) significance?
https://nsduhweb.rti.org/
![Page 27: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Treatment Options
![Page 34: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Treatment Options
![Page 35: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Drug Abuse Warning Network
• Nationwide reports of ER/ED visits
• 242 hospitals nationwide
• Drug is “implicated”– Overdose– Suicide– Accident
![Page 36: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2009
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/DAWN/2k9DAWNED/HTML/DAWN2k9ED.htm
![Page 37: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/DAWN/2k9DAWNED/HTML/DAWN2k9ED.htm
![Page 38: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
EthnicityAlcohol Illicit
White 59.6% 50.1%
Black 19.2% 26.9%
Hispanic 12.4% 13.1%
Other/Unknown 8.8% 9.9%
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/DAWN/2k9DAWNED/HTML/DAWN2k9ED.htm
![Page 39: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
EthnicityAlcohol Illicit National (2010 Census)
White 59.6% 50.1% 63.7%
Black 19.2% 26.9% 12.6%
Hispanic 12.4% 13.1% 16.3%
Other/Unknown 8.8% 9.9% 7.4%
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/DAWN/2k9DAWNED/HTML/DAWN2k9ED.htm
![Page 40: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
UNWDR
• United Nations World Drug Report
• Pooled data from various countries with various methods
• Provides information about drug use, treatment, and drug seizures
![Page 41: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Annual Use
![Page 42: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Injection Drug Use
![Page 44: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Summary
• Data Sources:– Monitoring the Future (Survey)
– National Household Survey on Drug Use & Health (Interview)
– Drug Abuse Warning Network (ED)
– Patterns: • Year• Age• Ethnicity• Other: College Plans
![Page 45: Neuropharmacology: Epidemiology](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081511/557a8ba3d8b42ac2638b4e79/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Thought question
• Design an empirically based drug education program for high-school students.– What drugs would you target?– What ages?– Would ethnicity or other factors be involved in
your design making process?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html