neurotransmitters 4 major categories 4) neuropeptides 1) ach 2) amino acids 3) biogenic amines
TRANSCRIPT
Neurotransmitters
4 major Categories
4) Neuropeptides
1) ACh
2) Amino Acids
3) Biogenic Amines
2) Amino Acids
Autonomic N.S.- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
Somatic N.S.1) ACh
3) Biogenic Amines
4) Neuropeptides
Glutamate (aspartate)
GABA (glycine)
C.N.S.
Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)
Dopamine
Serotonin (5-HT)
Substance P
Enkephalins and Endorphins
• Central Nervous System
– Brain
– Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Autonomic N.S.
– Somatic N.S.
The Road Ahead
Divisions of the Brain
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Cerebellum
5. Pons
6. Medulla Oblongata
Central Nervous System: The Brain
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
OccipitalLobe
TemporalLobe
In General - our conscious mind enables us to: Functions of the Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement.
Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception.
Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception.
Occipital Lobe - visual perception.
Insula Lobe - visceral perception.
Cerebrum has 5 Lobes
Be aware of ourselves and sensations.
Initiate and control voluntary movements.
Cerebral Lobes
Homunculus - Motor and Sensory
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
Broca’s area
Wernike’s area
Thinking
Hearingwords
Seeingwords
Speakingwords
Left Brain Functions
Right Brain Functions
Uses logic •Detail oriented •Facts rule •Words and language •Present and past •Math and science •Comprehension •Knowing •Acknowledges •Order/pattern perception •Knows object name •Reality based •Forms strategies •Practical •Safe
Uses feeling •“Big picture” oriented •Imagination rules •Symbols and images •Present and future •Philosophy and religion •Gets the “meaning” •Believes •Appreciates •Spatial perception •Knows object function •Fantasy based •Presents possibilities •Impetuous •Risk taking
The Limbic System = “Emotional Brain”
e.g., Cingulate gyrus Allows us to shift between
thoughts.
Interprets pain as unpleasant.
e.g., Amygdala Detects menacing glances from
others.
Emotional recognition of faces.
1) Epithalamus
Diencephalon = 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus
Includes the pineal gland. Secretes hormones melatonin and serotonin under influence of the hypothalamus.
* Dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) also released from Pineal gland.
Melatonin and Sleep/Wake Cycle
2) Thalamus
* Makes up 80% of
the diencephalon.
* Act as the “gateway”
to cerebral cortex.
3) Hypothalamus
Main visceral control center of the body
Tb and Sexual Dimorphism
Circadian rhythms Olfaction and
Memory
Sweating
Shivering
Heart Rate and BP
Satiety
Feeding
Thirst andHunger
PosteriorPituitary
Adrenal gland
HypothalamusMajor Functions include the following:
3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
1. Regulation of body temperature
Control of behavior
Control of emotional responses
5. Control of the endocrine system
4. Control of the autonomic nervous system and Limbic System
2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
Midbrain
• Cranial Reflexes
e.g., visual reflexes.
e.g., auditory reflexes.
The Cerebellum
Folia
Functions of Cerebellum
1) Controls Postural Reflexes:
2) Produces Skilled Movements:
- coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of
muscles in body to maintain equilibrium.
- implements routines for fine tuned movements.
Refines learned skills until action becomes routine.
The Brain Stem
Midbrain, Pons, and
Medulla Oblongata
Pons* Contains the pontine
respiratory centers.
* Also contains the centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing
Vital Centers in the MO include:
1. Cardiac Control Center
2. Vasomotor Center
3. Respiratory Center (Medullary)
Medulla Oblongata
Neurons controlling breathing have µ receptors, to whichopiates, like heroin bind. This accounts for suppressive effect of opiates on breathing.
Images show decreased dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain of a person addicted to cocaine (vs. non-drug user control). *Can result in changes to motivation and diminish sensitivity to natural rewards
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
(Brain and Spinal Cord)
(Nerves and Ganglia)
Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic N.S. • Autonomic N.S.
Parasympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac, Smooth Muscle and Glands