neutrino detector r&d international scoping study uc irvine 21 august 2006 paul soler university...

Neutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&DNeutrino Detector R&D

International Scoping Study UC Irvine

21 August 2006Paul Soler

University of Glasgow

ISS, UC Irvine21 August 2006

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ContentsContents

1. Water Cherenkov2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors3. Liquid Argon TPC4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Devices6. Near Detector7. Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&D8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D Programme9. Conclusions


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Suitable for low energy neutrino detection (~ 0.2-1 GeV) Excellent e separation

1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov

Electron-like Muon-like

Impossible to put a magnetic field around it, so not suitable for neutrino factory.

Baseline for beta-beams or super-beams


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Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys


UNO: ~440 kton

65m

65m

Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus

Fréjus

CERN

130km130km

Memphys~440 kton

Hyperkamiokande: ~550 kton (fiducial)


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Choice of photomultiplier (PMT), Hybrid-PMT and Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD)

Size vs CostIPNO with PHOTONIS, tests of PMT, comparison 20” vs 12” Diameter 20“ <=> 12“ projected area 1660 615 cm² QE(typical) 20 24 % CE 60 70 % Cost PMT 2500 800 € Cost/PE 12.6 7.7 €/PE =PM cost/(areaxQExCE)

Photon Detector R&D

• 30% coverage (12’’) gives the same # of PE/MeV as 40% coverage (20’’)

• the required # of 12’’ PMT’s is twice the # of 20’’ PMT’s

Also: encouraging results from ICRR/Hamamatsu with 13’’ HPD


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Projects around the world: Hyperkamiokande, UNO, Memphys

1. Water Cherenkov1. Water CherenkovR&D ASICS:

Charge measurement (12bits)Time measurement (1ns)Single photoelectron sensitivityHigh counting rate capability (target 100 MHz)

Large area pixellised PM : “PMm2”16 low cost PMsCentralized ASIC for DAQVariable gain to have only one HV

Multichannel readoutGain adjustment to compensatenon uniformitySubsequent versions of OPERA_ROC ASICsaim at 200 euros/channel

PMT R&D: taken charge by IPNOWith PHOTONIS tests of PMT 8”, 9” 12” and Hybrid-PMT and HPD


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Year 2005 2010 2015 2020

Safety tunnel Excavation

Lab cavity ExcavationP.S Study

detector PM R&D PMT production

Det.preparation InstallationOutside lab.

Non-acc.physics P-decay, SN

Superbeam Construction Superbeam

betabeam Beta beamConstruction

1. Water Cherenkov1. Water Cherenkov Memphys plan:

decision for cavity digging decision for SPL construction decision for EURISOL site


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Golden channel signature: “wrong-sign” muons in magnetised

calorimeter

Baseline technology for a far detector at a neutrino factory Issues: electron ID, segmentation, readout technology (RPC or

scintillator?) – need R&D to resolve these Technology is well understood, R&D needed to determine details,

natural progression from MINOS Magnetisation of volume seems to be most challenging problem

8xMINOS (5.4 KT)8xMINOS (5.4 KT)

iron (4 cm) + scintillators (1cm)

beam

20 m

20 m

20 m

B=1 T

40KT40KT


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Magnetic Iron Detector

Optimised for small 13 Strong cut on muon momentum > 5 GeV/cProblems below muon momentum < 3 GeV/c (cannot see second maximum)Main background: production of charm

Qt=Psin2


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors Compromise between Large Magnetic Detector and Noa concepts?

o Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determinationIron (4cm) + active Iron (4cm) + active (1cm) (1cm)

air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)

hadron showerhadron shower muonmuon

1m

o Combining Noa and iron-free regions? Iron (2cm) + active Iron (2cm) + active

(4cm) (4cm) air + active (1cm)air + active (1cm)

hadron showerhadron showermuonmuon

Liquid scintillator

iron


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented DetectorsSimulation of a magnetised scintillating detector using Noa and Minera

concepts with Geant4

3 cm

1.5 cm15 m

15 m

15

m

100 m

– 3333 Modules (X and Y plane)– Each plane contains 1000 slabs– Total: 6.7M channels

Three lepton momenta:– “Low”: 100 MeV/c – 500 MeV/c initial momentum

– “Medium”: 500 MeV/c – 2.5 GeV/c initial momentum

– “High”: 2.5 GeV/c – 12.5 GeV/c initial momentum

• 0.15 T magnetic field• 0.30 T magnetic field• 0.45 T magnetic field

Three fields studied:

Ellis, Bross


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors

Position resolution ~ 4.5 mm

RedRed: 0.15 T Magnetic FieldGreenGreen: 0.30 T Magnetic FieldBlueBlue: 0.45 T Magnetic Field

Muon reconstructed efficiency


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors

10 solenoids next to each other. Horizontal field perpendicular to beamEach: 750 turns, 4500 amps, 0.2 Tesla. 42 MJoules . Total: 420 MJoules (CMS: 2700 MJoules)Coil: Aluminium (Alain: LN2 cooled).

Possible magnet schemes for MSD Camilleri, Bross, Strolin

Steel

15 m x 15 m x 15m solenoid modules; B = 0.5 T

Magnet

Magnet cost extrapolation formulas:• Use stored energy – 14M$/module• Use magnetic volume – 60M$/module• GEM magnet extrapolation – 69 M$/module

x10 modules!


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2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors2. Magnetised Segmented Detectors R&D programme1) Optimisation technology:

o Totally Active Scintillation Detector (TASD)

o Segmented Iron-scintillator detector.

o Hybrid of both?

2) Magnetisation volume: reduction of cost?

3) Optimisation of geometry:

o Lateral and longitudinal segmentation

o Performance of electron, muon, charge identification.

o Backgrounds

4) Mechanics.

5) Scintillator: liquid or solid (extruded)?

6) Scintillator readout:

o Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT a la MINOS.

o Avalanche Photodiodes (APD)

o Other?

7) Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC): gain stability, ageing ….

8) Readout electronics, DAQ, …


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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC Liquid argon detector is the ultimate detector for e (“platinum channel”)

and appearance (“silver channel”). Simultaneous fit to all wrong and right sign distributions.

ICARUS has constructed 600 t modules and observed images

Main issues: inclusion of a magnetic field, scalability to ~15-100 kT Two main R&D programmes: Europe & US


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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPC

LAr

Cathode (- HV)

E-f

ield

Extraction grid

Charge readout plane(LEM plane)

UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs

E≈ 1 kV/cm

E ≈ 3 kV/cm

Electronic racks

Field shaping electrodes

GAr

A tentative detector layout(GLACIER)

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Single detector: charge

imaging, scintillation, possibly

Cerenkov light

Magnetic field problem not solvedField 0.1-1 T?


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or maybe 50

kton

Fermilab, Michigan State, Princeton, Tufts, UCLA, Yale, York (Canada)

from our*

submission toNuSAG(Fermilab FN-0776-E)

Proposed NuMI LArTPC R&D PathProposed NuMI LArTPC R&D Path


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Charge readout with Large Electron Multiplier (LEM) Light readout with Wavelength Shifting (WLS) coated PMT Drift very high voltage: Greinacher circuit Liquid argon production (local plant ~50 kton/year) and purification Very long drift lengths: 5-20 m

Very large Liquid Argon R&D issues:

Set up test beam with magnet at East area from the CERN PS

(e/0 separation)


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3. Liquid Argon TPC3. Liquid Argon TPCVery large Liquid Argon R&D plans: Electron drift under high pressure (p ~ 3 atm at the bottom of the tank) Charge extraction, amplification and imaging devices

•Charge readout: Large Electron Multiplier (LEM)•Light readout: PMT with wavelength shifting coating

Cryostat design, in collaboration with industry Logistics, infrastructure and safety issues

(in part. for underground sites) Tests with long 5-20 m drift length (“Argontube” detector)

● Cooling and purification Drift very high voltage (Greinacher circuit)

Study of LAr TPC prototypes in a magnetic field

tracks seen and measured in 10 lt prototype

R&D high temperature superconductor at LAr temperatures


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4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors4. Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

Plastic base

Pb

Emulsion layers

1 mm

Emulsion detector for appearance, a la OPERA: “silver channel”

Issues: high rate, selected by choosing only “wrong sign” → events Assume a factor of two bigger than OPERA (~4 kt)


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Electronic det:e/ separator

&“Time stamp”

Rohacell® plateemulsion filmstainless steel plate

spectrometertarget shower absorber

Muon momentum resolution Muon charge misidentification


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Transverse dimension of a plane: 15.7x15.7 m2 (as in Nova) 1 brick: 35 stainless steel plates 1 mm thick (2 X0,, 3.5 kg) Spectrometer: 3 gaps (3 cm each) and 4 emulsion films A wall contains 19720 bricks Weight = 68 tons For 60 walls 1183200 bricks 4.1 kton Emulsion film: 47,328,000 pieces (in OPERA there are 12,000,000) Electronic detector: 35 Nova planes (corresponding to 5.3 X0 ) after

each MECC wall 2100 planes Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m

Possible design hybrid emulsion-scintillator far detector

Synergy emulsion-magnetic scintillation detectorGolden and silver channels simultaneously!


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5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors Beam Current Transformer (BCT) to be included at entrance of

straight section: large diameter, with accuracy ~10-3.

Beam Cherenkov for divergence measurement? Could affect quality of beam.

storage ring

shielding

the leptonic detector

the charm and DIS detector

Polarimeter

Cherenkov

BCT


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5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors5. Beam Diagnostic Detectors Muon polarization:

Build prototype of polarimeter

Fourier transform of muon energy spectrum

amplitude=> polarization

frequency => energy

decay => energy spread.


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Near detectors should be able to measure flux and energy of and Calibration and flux control: High event rate: ~109 CC events/year in 50 kg detector

e

6. Near detector6. Near detector

Measure charm in near detector to control systematics of far detector (main background in oscillation search is wrong sign muon from charm)

ee

Other physics: neutrino cross-sections, PDF, electroweak measurements, ... Possible technology: fully instrumented silicon target in a magnetic detector.

ee

What needs to be measured


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6. Near detector6. Near detectorEnergy spectra for muons from reaction (green) and (blue)

Energy spectrums for muons from reaction (green) and (blue)

μ+e+ e

μ+νe+ν μe

μ+e+ e

Karadhzov, Tsenov


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Muon chambers

EM calorimeter

HadronicCalorimeter

Possible design near detector around UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet


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6. Near detector6. Near detector Vertex detector

E Identification of charm by impact parameter signatureE Demonstration of charm measurement with silicon detector: NOMAD-STAR

Impact parameter resolution

Pull:~1.02

x~33 m


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Efficiency very low: 3.5% for D0, D+ and 12.7% for Ds

+ detection because fiducial volume very small (72cmx36cmx15cm), only 5 layers and only one projection.

From 109 CC events/yr, about 3.1x106 charm events, but efficiencies can be improved with 2D space points (ie. Pixels) and more measurement planes

For example: 52 kg mass can be provided by 18 layers of Si 500 m thick, 50 x 50 cm2 (ie. 4.5 m2 Si) and 15 layers of B4C, 5 mm thick (~0.4 X0)

Fully pixelated detector with pixel size: 50 m x 400 m 200 M pixels Double sided silicon strips, long ladders: 50 cm x 50 m 360 k pixels


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6. Near detector6. Near detector R&D programme1) Vertex detector options: hybrid pixels, monolithic pixels (ie. CCD, Monolithic

Active Pixels MAPS or DEPFET) or strips. Synergy with other fields such as Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration.

2) Tracking: gas TPC (is it fast enough?), scintillation tracker (same composition as far detector), drift chambers?, cathode strips?, liquid argon (if far detector is LAr), …

3) Particle identification: dE/dx, Cherenkov devices such as Babar DIRC?, Transition Radiation Tracker?

4) Calorimetry: lead glass, CsI crystals?, sampling calorimeter?

5) Magnet: UA1/NOMAD/T2K magnet?, dipole or other geometry?

Collaboration with theorists to determine physics measurements to be carried out in near detector and to minimise systematic errors in cross-sections, etc.


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7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino 7.Test Beam Facility for Neutrino Detector R&DDetector R&D Request test beam in East Area at the CERN PS, with a fixed dipole magnet for dedicated Neutrino Detector R&D

Liquid Argon tests, beam telescopes for

silicon pixel and SciFi tests, calorimetry …

Neutrino detector test facility: resource for all Europeanneutrino detector R&D


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8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D 8. Total Neutrino Detector R&D ProgrammeProgramme

No information yet


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ConclusionsConclusions Baseline detector technologies:

E Water Cherenkov detector for low energy Super-beams and Beta-beamsE Segmented Magnetic Detectors for far detector at a Neutrino Factory for golden channel

Other far detector options include:E Emulsion Cloud Chamber for silver channel. Can be interspersed

within Segmented Magnetic DetectorE Liquid Argon TPC. This detector inside a magnetic field could potentially do everything, but some R&D issues still need to be addressed

Ideas for beam diagnostics and near detectors are being developed

Test beam facility for Neutrino detector R&D needed

Neutrino detector R&D programme over next 4 years could total ~10 MEuro (without Water Cherenkov detector R&D).

neutrino detector r&d international scoping study uc irvine 21 august 2006 paul soler university...

Documents

large magnetic detector

far detector

water cherenkovprojects

t magnetic field0

neutrino factoryissues

water cherenkovsuitable

muon momentum

kton hyperkamiokande