Neutrino Geosciencea brief history… Collaborations bring the best results

Physics and Geology

1930 – Pauli invokes the neutrino

1956 – Reines & Cowan detect ne

1984 – Krauss et al develop the map

2003 – KamLAND shows ne oscillate

2005 – KamLAND detects first geonus

2010 – Borexino 4.2s on Earth signal

2011 – ne signal require primordial heat

2013 – Combine detector events to reveal the mantle signal

2020 – Neutrino Tomography! (?)

2005

2010

2011

DetectingGeoneutrinosfrom the Earth

Latest Borexino results in Bellini et al 2013

http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.2571

Latest KamLAND results in Gando et al 2013

http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.4667

the future is… Geoneutrino studies

Nature & amount of Earth’s thermal power radiogenic heating vs secular cooling

estimates of BSE from 9TW to 36TW

constrains chondritic Earth models

estimates of mantle 1.3TW to 28TW

layers, LLSVP, superplume piles

- abundance of heat producing elements (K, Th, U) in the Earth

- clues to planet formation processes

- amount of radiogenic power to drive mantle convection & plate tectonics

- is the mantle compositionally layered? or has large structures?

U content of BSE models• Nucelosynthesis: U/Si and Th/Si production probability

• Solar photosphere: matches C1 carbonaceous chondrites

• Estimate from Chondrites: ~11ppb planet (16 ppb in BSE)

• Heat flow: secular cooling vs radiogenic contribution… ?

• Modeling composition: which chondrite should we use?

A brief (albeit biased) history of U estimates in BSE:•Urey (56) 16 ppb Turcotte & Schubert (82; 03) 31 ppb•Wasserburg et al (63) 33 ppb Hart & Zindler (86) 20.8 ppb•Ganapathy & Anders (74) 18 ppb McDonough & Sun (95) 20 ppb ± 20%•Ringwood (75) 20 ppb Allegre et al (95) 21 ppb•Jagoutz et al (79) 26 ppb Palme & O’Neill (03) 22 ppb ± 15%•Schubert et al (80) 31 ppb Lyubetskaya & Korenaga (05) 17 ppb ± 17%•Davies (80) 12-23 ppb O’Neill & Palme (08) 10 ppb •Wanke (81) 21 ppb Javoy et al (10) 12 ppb

Earth Models Update: …just the last year!

Murakami et al (May - 2012, Nature): “…the lower mantle is enriched in silicon … consistent with the [CI] chondritic Earth model.”

Campbell and O’Neill (March - 2012, Nature): “Evidence against a chondritic Earth”

Zhang et al (March - 2012, Nature Geoscience): The Ti isotopic composition of the Earth and Moon overlaps that of enstatite chondrites.

Fitoussi and Bourdon (March - 2012, Science): “Si isotopes support the conclusion that Earth was not built solely from enstatite chondrites.”

Warren (Nov - 2011, EPSL): “Among known chondrite groups, EH yields a relatively close fit to the stable-isotopic composition of Earth.”

- Compositional models differ widely, implying a factor of three difference in the U & Th content of the Earth

diagrams from Warren (2011, EPSL)

Enstatite chondritevs

Earth

Carbonaceouschondrites

Carbonaceouschondrites

Carbonaceouschondrites

142Nd: what does it tell us about the Earth and chondrites?

Data from:Gannoun et al (2011, PNAS); Carlson et al (Science, 2007)Andreasen & Sharma (Science, 2006); Boyet and Carlson (2005, Science); Jacobsen & Wasserburg (EPSL, 1984); Qin et al (GCA, 2011)

Please stop saying that

the e142Nd = 18 ± 5 ppm for chondrites

after Jaupart et al 2008 Treatise of Geophysics

Mantle cooling(18 TW)

Crust R*(7 ± 1 TW)

(Huang et al ‘13)

Mantle R*(13 ± 4 TW)

Core(~9 TW)

-

(4-15 TW)

Earth’s surface heat flow 46 ± 3 (47 ± 1) TW

(0.4 TW) Tidal dissipationChemical differentiation

*R radiogenic heat (after McDonough & Sun ’95)

total R*20 ± 4

Summary of geoneutrino results

MODELSCosmochemical: uses meteorites – O’Neill & Palme (’08); Javoy et al (‘10); Warren (‘11)Geochemical: uses terrestrial rocks – McD & Sun ’95; Allegre et al ‘95; Palme O’Neil ‘03Geodynamical: parameterized convection – Schubert et al; Turcotte et al; Anderson

Constructing a 3-D reference model Earth

assigning chemical and physical states to Earth voxels

3D imaging of the Earth’s K-Th-U distribution

Surface geoneutrino flux Yu Huang et al (2013) arXiv:1301.0365 

Early Earth differentiation followed by 4 billion years of plate tectonics

Kellog et al (sciences 2000)

What’s hidden in the mantle?

Seismically slow “red” regions in the deep mantle

No, not that CMB, … Core – Mantle Boundary

Can we image itwith geonus?

Retsima et al (Science, 1990)

Forming the Moon from terrestrial silicate-rich material (2013)R.J. de Meijer, V.F. Anisichkin, W. van Westrenen (Chemical Geology).

Forming the Moon from a geo-reactor at the core-mantle boundary 4.5 Ga

The latest form of “fission hypothesis” for the origin of the Moon

Low Q(10 ppb U)

Med. Q(20 ppb U)

High Q(30 ppb U)

14+8 TNUBellini et al 2013

Mantle geonuetrino flux

13 TW

3-8 TWDepleted MORB Mantle

6-10 TW“EL”: hot basal layer

Mantle = BSE - Crust

Predicted geoneutrino flux

Flux at the Moho

Šrámek et al (2013) 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.001; arXiv:1207.0853

Yu Huang et al (2013) arXiv:1301.0365 

Flux at the surfacedominated by Continental crust

dominated by deep mantle structures

Present and future LS-detectors

SNO+, Canada (1kt) KamLAND, Japan (1kt)Borexino, Italy (0.6kt)

Hanohano, US ocean-based (10kt)

LENA,EU

(50kt)

Europe

Pauli class research submarine

“Coincidence counting detectors”Segmented research vessel with two detectors

Liquid scintillation Liquid Ar, Xe

Living and research quarters

10 ktonsHanohano-like Next Genn or WIMP detector

Future Experiments: world-wide deployable

Liquid scintillation

Liquid Ar, Xe

International CollaborationGeosciences- Neutrino tomographyPhysics- Fundamental matter studiesApplied- Reactor studies

LOCATIONS- anywhere in the ocean- depth of 1k - 4k m.w.e. to reduce m-&cosmogenic bkgd- n-beam studies

GOALSmass hierachy – CP violation

reactor neutrinos mantle geoneutrinos

artificial neutrino sources supernova neutrinos

+ geology, biology, monitoring

The RV n-StarAN OVERVIEW

n

SUMMARY (~before today…)Earth’s radiogenic (Th & U) power 22 ± 12 TW or 11.2 TW

Prediction: models range from 8 to 28 TW (for Th & U)

On-line and next generation experiments: - SNO+ online 2013/14 - Daya Bay II: good experiment, limited geonu application?- LENA??: will the Europeans push on, put LENA in the ocean!- Hanohano or RV n-Star: this is FUNDAMENTAL for geosciences Geology must participate and it must contribute to the cost -- experiment cost ~$300M; Geology’s contribution $150M; International --

Future:

-Neutrino Tomography of the Earth’s deep interior

+ 7.9- 5.1