never just right: solving the puzzle of obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder Andrew Jacobs, Psy.D., C.Psych. Psychologist, Anxiety Disorders Program Jakov Shlik, MD, FRCPC Psychiatrist and Clinical Director, Anxiety Disorders Program

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Page 1: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder Andrew Jacobs, Psy.D., C.Psych. 

Psychologist, Anxiety Disorders Program 

Jakov Shlik, MD, FRCPC 

Psychiatrist and Clinical Director, Anxiety Disorders Program 

Page 2: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Overview 

•  OCD: Impact 

•  What is OCD – and What Isn’t? •  OCD Treatment •  GePng Help in ORawa 

•  Online Resources 

Page 3: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Rates of OCD 

•  ORawa Metro Area, 2011:  1,236,324 people 

•  LifeZme prevalence of OCD: 2.3% – 28,435 people in ORawa will have diagnosable OCD in their lifeZme 

•  One‐year prevalence of OCD: 1.2%  – 14,836 people in ORawa have diagnosable  OCD this year  Based on data from NaZonal Comorbidity Survey (Ruscio et al, 2010) and StaZsZcs Canada (2012) 

Page 4: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

OCD & Other Mental Health Concerns 

•  Over the course of a lifeZme, individuals with OCD oben experience the following: –  Other anxiety disorders:  76% – Mood disorders: 63% –  Substance use disorders: 39% 

–  ANY disorder:  90%                Ruscio, Stein, Chiu, & Kessler, 2010 

Page 5: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What is OCD? 

(and what isn’t…) 

Page 6: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What are Obsessions? 

•  Intrusive, recurring, persistent thoughts, mental images, or urges that cause marked anxiety or distress 

•  More than “excessive worry” 

•  A person tries very hard to get rid of the  obesssion with another thought or behaviour 

•  A person knows the obsession comes from his/her  own mind 

             Based on DSM‐IV‐TR (2000) 

Page 7: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Some Common Obsessions 

•  Excessive, intrusive thoughts about dirt, germs, illness, or contaminaZon 

•  Fears of having accidentally caused harm •  Excessive doubZng of whether tasks were complete or accurate 

•  UpsePng, “nonsensical” need for specific order or exactness 

•  UpsePng aggressive, sexual, or religious thoughts that are out of character 

Page 8: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What Aren’t Obsessions? 

•  InfatuaZon •  Fantasies •  Over‐thinking •  UpsePng memories 

•  Worrying •  Intrusive thoughts* 

Page 9: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Intrusive Thoughts are NORMAL 

•  90% of people report experiencing intrusive thoughts (Salkovskis, 1998) 

•  It is not the intrusion that makes an obsession or OCD; it is our anxiety, distress, and reacZon to it 

Page 10: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

So Why Not Just Stop  Thinking About It? 

An Experiment 

Page 11: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What are Compulsions? 

•  RepeZZve behaviours or mental tasks a person must perform according to very set rules and/or in response to an obsession 

•  Compulsions aim to bring down distress or prevent a bad thing from happening, although they are either very excessive or wouldn’t realisZcally work 

                                 Based on DSM‐IV‐TR (2000) 

Page 12: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Some Common Compulsions 

•  Checking doors, windows, locks,  appliances many Zmes 

•  Washing and cleaning a great deal 

•  CounZng objects, words, etc •  Arranging and rearranging objects •  Following very specific “rituals” •  Looking for reassurance excessively 

Page 13: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What Aren’t Compulsions? 

•  Tidiness / orderliness •  Habits •  Impulses •  AddicZons •  SupersZZous behaviours (usually) 

Page 14: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Avoidance 

•  Triggers become linked with obsessions and are avoided –  Avoid due to fear of intrusive thoughts –  Avoid to prevent need to do compulsions 

Page 15: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The Cycle & Growth of OCD 

•  Obsessions are never saZsfied •  Compulsions are never complete •  Avoidance expands 

Page 16: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What Makes it a Disorder? 

•  Impact –  Very upsePng –  Quality of life –  Time‐consuming 

Page 17: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Treatment of OCD 

Exposure & Response PrevenZon (ERP) 

MedicaZons 

Page 18: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Exposure & Response PrevenZon 

•  Behavioural change‐based therapy •  Learning through new experiences •  EssenZally a process of reversing what the OCD is telling a person to think, feel, and do –  IdenZfy OCD cycle in acZon –  Face feared situaZons / triggers –  Carry through without compulsions 

–  Allow the anxiety to change and fade on its own 

Page 19: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Exposure 

•  Targets oben on a hierarchy of difficulty 

•  Gradually confront avoided items, situaZons,  and thoughts 

•  Stay in the situaZon –  Anxiety gradually declines 

•  Repeat 

Page 20: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Response PrevenZon 

•  Stop compulsive behaviour –  Very challenging –  Leads to high anxiety at first •  Declines with Zme 

•  Alternate: “ruin” compulsion –  Example – touch something “contaminated”  aber washing hands 

Page 21: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Gains from ERP 

•  Learn new things –  Feared outcome doesn’t happen –  Ability to cope is beRer than expected 

•  Fear and anxiety gradually decrease •  Avoidance gradually decreases •  Urge to do compulsions decreases 

•  Thoughts become less upsePng 

Page 22: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A Course of ERP 

•  Typically 10‐20 sessions, 60‐120 minutes 

•  Exposures are done both in session and on own •  Client is never forced to do anything 

Page 23: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

ERP: The BoRom Line 

•  Very challenging, but it works –  Extremely well‐researched, established, and  effecZve treatment for OCD 

–  ERP and similar therapies are effecZve for  approximately 2/3 to 3/4 of individuals 

Page 24: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

MedicaZons Used to Treat OCD 

•  Used to treat OCD: –  SSRIs / SNRIs – Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors –  Tricyclic anZdepressants 

•  To help treatment –  Atypical anZpsychoZcs / mood stabilizers 

Page 25: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

GePng Help for OCD in ORawa 

Page 26: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

At The Royal 

•  Physician referral to The Royal •  Assessment by psychiatrist or psychologist 

–  Treatment is done both through medicaZons and  through ERP 

–  ERP is usually done in a group 

Page 27: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

In the Community 

•  Look for therapists with the following: –  Professionally qualified / licensed –  OCD‐specific experience –  Behavioural or cogniZve‐behavioural treatment approach 

•  Unless the pracZZoner is a physician, his/her services will likely not be covered by OHIP / RAMQ; however, private insurance may assist 

Page 28: Never Just Right: Solving the Puzzle of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Online Resources 

•  InternaZonal OCD FoundaZon  –  www.ocfoundaZon.org 

•  Anxiety & Depression AssociaZon of America –  www.adaa.org 

•  Anxiety Disorders AssociaZon of Ontario –  www.anxietydisordersontario.ca 

•  The Royal –  www.theroyal.ca