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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systemsDipl.-Ing. Stefan Petersen & Dipl.-Ing. Jan Albers
1. General Technology Overview2. Operating data3. Solar cooling system layout4. Showcase results
Foto: TU BerlinFoto: TU Berlin
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
open cycles
Solar air-conditioning technologies
electrical systems thermal systems
- PV + Vapor compression chiller
- …heat transformation
processesthermomechanical
processes
- steam jet cycles
- rankine cycle + vapor compression chiller
- …
closed cycles
liquid sorbent
solid sorbent
absorption chiller
adsorption chiller
desiccant and evaporative cooling (DEC)
liquid sorbent
solid sorbent
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
coolingwater
electric power
steam
steam
chilled water
vaporous refrigerant
condenser
evaporator
compressorrefrigerant throttle
liquid refrigerant
water-cooled vapor compression chiller [1]
[1] Carrier
Basics –compression chillerinner cycle
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
cooling water
10 kW Phönix-absorption chiller-TU Berlin
evaporator
condenser
refrigerant
steam
Chilled water
refrigerantthrottle
steam
cooling water
diluted solution
hot water
concentrated solution
absorber
desorber
Basics – absorption chillerinner cycle
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Short general characteristic
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24 29 34 39 44 49Reject Heat Inlet Temperature [°C]
CO
P [-]
0 , 2
0 , 3
0 , 4
0 , 5
0 , 6
0 , 7
0 , 8New 50 kW Chiller
High efficient10 kW
Coo
ling
Cap
acity
[kW
]
Nominal load
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
System setup – thermal system configurationHeat transformation process
Basic system configurationStorage almost inevitable
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
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50 60 70 80 90 100Heat Source Inlet temperature [°C]
Coo
ling
Cap
acity
[kW
]
0,9 l/s0,6 l/s
0,3 l/s
0,1 l/s
Variability Driving Heat Source I@ t_RH=30°C, V_RH=3,8kg/s, t_CW=21/16°C
dT@40kW 13K 40K
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
0.0
0.1
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0.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Volumenstrom 0.9 l/s
Volumenstrom 0.6 l/s
Volumenstrom 0.3 l/s
Variability Driving Heat Source II @ t_RH=30°C, V_RH=3,8kg/s, t_CW=21/16°C
CO
P [-]
Cooling capacity [kW]
Volume flow
Volume flow
dt in/out < 13K@77/64…..
to.. ≈ 40K@97/57
Volume flow
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
0
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25 30 35 40 45
Variability Reject Heat Sink I @ t_DH=90°C, V_DH=0,9kg/s, t_CW=21/16°C
1,0 l/s
3,8 l/s
2,0 l/s
1,5 l/s
Reject Heat Inlet Temperature [°C]
Coo
ling
Cap
acity
[kW
]
Phydraulic = nominal=100%
Phydraulic = 1/64*nominal= 1.5%
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Energetic comparison including auxiliaries
0
0,5
1
1,5
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0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1Solar fraction
auxiliary power demand pa=0
pa=10%
pa=1%
break even
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
image source: Busse
SAC-System UBA Dessau
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Concept for solar cooling system
KKM
AKA
Compressionchiller
(Dry) reject heat device
Chilled waterstorage
SolarCollectors
Absorptions-chiller
Coldconsumer
Hot waterstorage
District heating
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
SAC-System UBA Dessau
Temperaturetop of storage
Solardriving
temperature
Temperaturecollector outlet
Chilledwateroutlet
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Operating data and control
04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0
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Uhrzeit am 03.09.2011
Tem
pera
tur /
°C
, Vol
umen
stro
m /
(m³/h
), S
trahl
ung
/ (10
W/m
²)
Antriebstemperatur solar
Volumenstrom Kollektorkreis
Entladevolumenstrom
Solarstrahlung horizontal
Temperatur Speicher 1 oben
Temperatur KollektoraustrittTemperature at collector outletTemperature at top of storage
Solar driving temperature
Horizontalirradiation
Flow rate in collector circuit
Driving flow rate to chiller
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Regelung und Betriebsergebnisse
04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0
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Uhrzeit am 03.09.2011
Tem
pera
tur /
°C
, Lei
stun
g / k
W
Antriebstemperatur (Sollwert)
Temperatur Kühlwasser Eintritt
Antriebstemperatur
Temperatur Kühlwasser (Sollwert)
Kälteleistung (Sollwert)
Kälteleistung
Temperatur Kaltwasser Austritt
Driving temperature
Driving temperature(set point
Reject heat inlet temperature
Cooling load (set value)
Cooling load
Reject heat inlet temp. (set value) Chilled water temperature
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Results of first year
First yearwith new absorption chiller
Previous year with adsorption chiller
Aug. 2011 – Jul. 2012Aug. 2010 – Jul. 2011
Cold generation 59 MWh0104 MWh0
Driving heat 80 MWhth221 MWhth
Thermal efficiency 0,47 MWh0/MWhth
Electrical efficiency 4,5 MWh0/MWhel2,9 MWh0/MWhel
Water consumption 1,3 m³/MWh04,0 m³/MWh0
0,76 MWh0/MWhth +62%
+55%
68%
Change
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Control Issues: Parasitic electricity consumption
Control Strategy SEERel SEERth
Classic 12,4 0,76+Reject heat, vol.flow 17,8 0,75+Hot Water, vol.flow 13,6 0,76
+vol.flows+reject heat temp.
20,1 0,75
SEER = Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
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New absorption chillers for high efficient solar cooling systems
Technische Universität Berlin • Institut für Energietechnik
Conclusion
Foto: TU Berlin
Development started in 2008 withcase studies and optimization:- Thermodynamic design- Manufacturing process- Cost efficiency
Final chiller concept fixed in 2009 Starting of pre-industrial manufacturing
and laboratory measurements in 2010 Installation of first prototypes
in Berlin and Dessau in 2011 Commercial launch in 2013:
- high energy efficiency (COP > 0,75)- high energy density and compactness- high cooling water temperatures > 45°C - low driving temperatures (tstart < 60°C)- low investment (~300 €/kW)