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Title Code:-UPENG04282 VOL: 1; No: 1 Dec 2017

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

NEW AGE MOBALIZATIONNEW DELHI – 110043

(Registration No. -S/RS/SW/1420/2015)

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Halfyearly

Published by : New Age Mobilization

New Delhi 110043 REGISTRATION No. : S/RS/SW/1420/2015

Printed by : Pragati Press, Muzaffararnagar, U. P. Date of Publication : 18 Nov, 2017 Printing Place : Muzaffarnagar, U.P. On behalf of : Mrs. Jagesh Bhardwaj President, New Age Mobilization Published by : Mrs. Jagesh Bhardwaj President, New Age Mobilization

EDITOR-in-Chief

Dr. Tulsi Bhardwaj W.Scientist-DST WOS-B

S.V. P. U. A. & T. Meerut U.P. India Post Doctoral Fellow (Endeavour Award, Australia)

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Halfyearly

Published by : New Age Mobilization, New Delhi-110043 (REGISTRATION No. - S/RS/SW/1420/2015

Eminent Members of Editorial board

Dr. Rajendra Kumar Director General UPCAR Lucknow ,U.P. India [email protected] www.upcaronline.org www.iari.res.in

Dr. Gadi V.P. Reddy Professor Montana State University MT 59425, USA [email protected] http://agresearch.montana.edu

Dr. Rajveer Singh Dean Colege of Veterinary Sc. S.V.P.U.A. T,Meerut, U.P. India [email protected] www.svbpmeerut.ac.in

Dr. Ashok Kumar Director Research S.V.P.U.A.& T Meerut U.P. India [email protected] www.svbpmeerut.ac.in

Dr. Youva Raj Tyagi Director & Head GreenCem BV Netherland, Europe [email protected] http://shineedge.in/about-ceo www.researchgate.net/profile/YouvaTyagi

Dr. S. K. Sachan Professor & Head S.V.P.U.A.& T. Meerut,U.P. [email protected] www.svbpmeerut.ac.in

Dr. Shobhana Gupta Dy.Director Extension RVSKVV Gwalior, M.P.India [email protected] www.rvskvv.net

Dr. Gaje Singh Professor S.V.P.U.A.& T. Meerut,U.P. [email protected] www.svbpmeerut.ac.in

Dr. S.N. Sushil Principal Scientist ICAR-IISR Lucknow,U.P. [email protected] http://www.iisr.nic.in

Dr. Vinay Kalia Principal Scientist ICAR-NCIPM New Delhi [email protected] www.iari.res.in

Dr. Sumitra Arora Principal Scientist ICAR-NCIPM New Delhi [email protected] www.ncipm.org.in

Dr. R.R.Burman Sr. Scientist ICAR-IARI New Delhi, India [email protected] www.iari.res.in

Dr. Renu Singh Sr. Scientist ICAR-IARI New Delhi [email protected] www.iari.res.in

Dr. R. S. Bana Scientist ICAR-IARI New Delhi, India [email protected] www.iari.res.in

Dr.Hema Baliwada Scientist ICAR-CTRI Andhra Pradesh [email protected] www.ctri.org.in

Dr. Shuchi Agarwal Research Scientist,EWTCOI Ngee Ann Polytechnic Singapore www.natureindex.com

Gunjan Maheshwar Post Doctorate Fellow Deptartment of Reserach & Consltancy Hindustan University, Chennai [email protected] www.hindustanuniv.ac.in

Dr. Navdeep Bal Resaerch Scholar RMIT University Australia [email protected] www.rmit.edu.au

Dr. Tulika Tyagi Resaerch Scholar University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India www.uniraj.ac.in www.researchgate.net/profile/Tulika_Tyagi

Dr. Tulsi Bhardwaj W. Scientist, S.V.P.U.A.& T. Meerut Post Doctoral Fellow (EndeavourAward, Australia) www.svbpmeerut.ac.in www.researchgate.net/profile/Tulsi_Bhardwaj2 scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=1JBN-mwAAAAJ&hl=en

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

New Age Mobilization

New Delhi.110043

EXECUTIVE COMMITTE

President : Smt. Jagesh Bhardwaj

General Secretary : Mr. Anuj Kumar

Tressurerer : Mrs. Shashibala Tyagi

Coordinator : Mr. Parmanand Vikal

Head Office : New Delhi- New Delhi.110043

Northern Branch : Muzaffarnagar, UP. 251001


ABOUT THE SOCIETY

NEW AGE MOBILIZATION SOCIETY is established in 2016 as a non-profit

professional society aimed to strengthen the different sectors like health and hygiene, agriculture,

education, medical etc. To boost up country’s economy as well as targeting the backward and poor

masses of our society into the main stream and thus contributing towards formation of New India.

NAMO is determined to empower Nation’s progress and economy by assisting the implementation

of government schemes to target people. The society is also working continuously at grass root

levels to help the down trodden and neglected masses.

Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy and many others sectors also deepened

upon agriculture sector. In the field of Agricultural sector and to mobilize researchers,

academicians, planners, grass root agri-workers, the society is publishing the NAMO International

Journal of Agricultural Research and Development. Society works on following objectives

To accelerate the growth of nation in different sectors by application of the Government policies

and supporting the units in implementing them.

To help the down trodden of society and ensuring the transfer of benefits of the Government scheme

to the candid and eligible masses

To document the on-farm and adaptive research experiences in multi-disciplinary agri-bio sciences

and extension education.

To offer a platform for sharing the empirical experiences of development professionals, community

mobilizers, academicians, multi-sectoral researchers, students etc. for the benefit of ultimate users.

To facilitate close and reciprocal linkage among the institutions for sustainable rural development.

Promoting potential and practicing entrepreneurs.

To disseminate the documented knowledge to the global partners through approach abstracting and

indexing.

I hope the society would accelerate the progress growth in our nation.

Sincerely,

Jagesh Bhardwaj

President


NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT Halfyearly

Published by : New Age Mobilization, NAMO

New Delhi. 110043

New Age Mobilization offers life-memberships; details are as follows

MEMBERSHIP

Life Membership Rs. 2,000 Institutional Membership Rs. 5,000 Corporate Membership Rs. 50,000 Foreign Membership USD 500

Online Indian Subscription Individual/Institutional Rs. 600

Online and Print Indian

Subscription

Individual/Institutional Rs. 900

Online for Foreign Subscription Individual/Institutional USD 60

Online and Print for Foreign

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Individual/Institutional

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ABOUT THE JOURNAL

NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development (print ISSN; online ISSN)

is published by NAMO, NEW AGE MOBILIZATION, every six months in a year. The main

mandate of the journal is –

-to accentuate R and D in the field and to network the scientific community around the world.

The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development

is also available on our website www.namo.res.in and the process has been initiated for the

registration with www.indianjournal.com for national and global abstracting and indexing.

NAMO; IJARD will modernize the scholars and researches by informing about the latest

innovation, R&D, training, extension-activities

The aim and scope of the journal are:

To share the innovative and recent research in agriculture and allied fields among the

scientific community and the scholars

To motivate the application and extension of available technology at grass root level

To disseminate the experiences and success stories by providing them a global forum

To sensitize the different stakeholders about the knowledge and innovation management

system in pluralistic agri-rural environment.

To developing network among the related partners for convergence of their efforts for

sustainable academic

It aims to present leading-edge academic argument in a style that is accessible to

practitioners and policymakers.


All correspondence may be made at the following address:

Dr. Tulsi Bhardwaj (Endeavour Fellow, Australia)

W. Scientist-DST WOS-B

Editor-in-chief, NAMO-IJARD

Department of Entomology

SVPUA&T, Meerut

U.P. India

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Soft copy of Journal avaialbale at-

Website: www.newagemobilization.org


EDITORIAL

“Journey from laboratory to fields”

Agriculture is an eminent sector of Indian economy as well mother of most of the others

sectors thus very important for accelerating country’s GDP. Government expending considerably at

R&D in the field of agriculture but any how the application and of the recent technologies in the field

is lagging behind.

The global agri-research is today equipped with high yielding and efficient inputs (seeds and

fertilizers etc), high profile techniques, models of extension with latest approach of agribusiness. It’s

is mandatory to implement these technologies among the actual agri-practitioners for boosting the

growth of Country. The R&D and the extensionary-bodies in India have got a face lift since last

decade but no doubt the actual implementation has been ignored.

In the current global scenario of changing agri-research, role of technology delivery system is

very important as the basic laboratory research. Laboratory to field is just a bookish concept without a

well planned dynamic delivery system. To achieve the significant results, a focussed and well planned

strategic research is required. While implementing at grass root levels, multidisciplinary approach is

critical so a paradigm shift from single discipline oriented to multi-oriented approach is required.

The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development stimulates the multi-

sectoral stakeholders viz., researchers and extension professionals, agri-workers, innovative farmers,

development practitioners and students for motivating and igniting their passion through different

activities like bringing out research by providing them a common platform.

We are happy to bring out inaugural issue of September 2017 and the issue has enveloped the

research domain in the areas of instructional effectiveness of online content, development of scales

and indices for measuring behavioural changes, yield gap analysis, training needs, promotion of

pulses production, traditional folk media, impact assessment, extent of entrepreneurial success,

contextualizing community mobilization, adoption behaviour, capacity building and similar other

aspects.

I hope to add the other important issues like bio-pesticides; current techniques, hazardous

pesticides problems, women empowerment, gender mainstreaming, and agri-entrepreneurship as well

as ICT application in agriculture to cover in the following issues of the Journal.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to the members of the editorial team, who meticulously edited

the papers to maintain the quality as well to bring out the issue on time. I also express my sincere

gratitude to the authors for making their contribution while providing the journal current shape.

I wish all the best to them.

Tulsi Bhardwaj

Editor-in-chief

1 The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, Inaugural Issue, Dec. 2017

Potential of bioslurry generated from various raw materials to supplement

phyto-nutrients to tomato crop

Renu Singh*, R.K. Yadav2, Monika Srivastava

3, Ritu Tomar

4

*, 3 & 4 Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-IARI, 2.Div. of Veg. Sc. ICAR-

IARI, New Delhi, India, 110012

Abstract To investigate the effect of biogas slurry (BGS), kitchen waste slurry (KWS) and ethanol slurry (ES) on

growth, yield and nutritional characteristics of tomato plant, a pot experiment was conducted in a Complete

Randomized Design with three replications. 20 different treatment combinations of BGS, KWS and ES were prepared

and they were compared by analyzing the different growth and nutritional qualities of tomato plant. The results

revealed that the morphological characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves and yield attributes such as

number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight is maximum in biogas slurry treated tomatoes while nutritional

qualities such as ascorbic acid, lycopene, β-carotene and total carotenoids is maximum in kitchen waste slurry

treatment. Hence, the present research works proved that the bio slurries are economical and an excellent source of

plant nutrients and can be utilized as a manure for enhancing tomato fruit quality and productivity.

Keywords: Tomato plant, Bio slurry, Yield attributes, Fruit quality

Cite this article: Singh R et.al., 2017. Potential of bioslurry generated from various raw materials to supplement phyto-nutrients

to tomato crop, The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, 1(1) 01-07.

Published: September 2017

Introduction

Biological wastes are generated every

day in large quantities which comes from

everywhere including household, restaurants,

shop, factories, sewage-plants, biogas plants

and poultry and livestock farms. To dispose

such large quantities of wastes, an effective

method of disposal is needed in order to

protect the environment. One of the methods

to use these wastes is to convert it into

manure for crop production. The use of

municipal solid wastes as bio-solids for crop

production has been investigated extensively

and accounted for increased yields of

vegetable crops such as okra (Abelmoschus

esculentus) (Bryan,1991), beans (Phaseolus

coccineus L.) (Ozores-Hampton,1 993)

tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)

(Obreza,1994) and pepper (Capsicum

annuum L.) (Roe, 1993). Organic manure

enhances the growth, yield and quality of

crops (Sreenivasa, 2010). According to

Deksissa et al., (2008), poultry manure

contains high nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P)

and potassium (K) and it is an excellent

source of organic fertilizer. Adediran et al.,

(2003) had conducted a field experiment to

evaluate the effect of compost prepared from

organic waste material on two vegetable

crops, tomato and amaranthus and concluded

that compost could be used as a high quality

growing media and soil conditioner.

Use of bio-slurry is a cheap source of

plant nutrients and can offer extra benefits to

soil fertility and fruit quality of tomato (Yu,

2010) The improvement in nutritional quality

of fruit includes increase in the contents of

amino acids, protein, soluble sugar, β-

carotene, tannins and vitamin C. Besides

these advantages, application of liquid

organic manure not only increases crop

production but, also overcome the problem

of their disposal (Nileemas, 2010) Different

types of organic manures such as farm yard

manure (FYM), animal wastes, crop

residues, urban organic wastes are used for

enhancing soil fertility. Sewage sludge,

municipal wastes and industrial wastes are

also utilized for crop production. Yu et al,

2010 concluded that application of

Potential of bioslurry generated from various raw materials to supplement phyto-nutrients to tomato crop

concentrated bio gas slurry could increase

the amino acids, protein, β- carotene, soluble

sugar, vitamin C and tannins in tomato fruit

and thus, enhanced the tomato quality.

Therefore, in the present study objectives

were (i) To explore manurial potential of

biogas slurry, kitchen wastes slurry and

ethanol slurry alone as well as their different

combinations for enhancing tomato

production (ii) Impact of different slurries on

growth, yield and nutritional quality of

tomato crop.

Materials and methods

Experimental location and treatments

Biogas slurry (BGS), Kitchen waste

slurry (KWS) and ethanol slurry (ES) were

collected from the institute’s biogas plant,

post graduate hostels and ethanol

experimental setup respectively. The slurries

were analyzed for N, P, K and other elements

(Table 1). Twenty different treatment

combinations of BGS, KWS and ES were

prepared (Table 2). The respective treatments

were given at the time of filling of pots

containing 15 kg of sieved soil. 25 days old

uniform seedlings of tomato variety ‘Pusa

Rohini’ were transplanted in these pots.

Basal dose of P and K were applied as 1.42 g

single super phosphate and 0.38 g murate of

potash respectively. N was applied in two

splits with 50% of urea (0.53 g) for 10% of

(BGS, KWS and ES), 0.47 g for 20% of



(BGS, KWS and ES) and 0.30g for 50% of

(BGS, KWS and ES) and 0.30g for their

different combinations. The second dose of

N was given one month after transplantation.

Standard agronomical practices were

followed for plant nutrition and pathogen

prevention. Experiments have been

performed in triplicates and average values

have been considered. Fruits from each

treatment were harvested when 90% of the

attained maturity. After harvesting they were

kept refrigerated for analysis of anti-oxidant

properties. Parameters analyzed for

antioxidant properties were lycopene,

ascorbic acid, total phenols, β-carotene and

total carotenoids. Sampled tomatoes were cut

into small pieces and consecutively

homogenized in a domestic blender for 2

minutes and analyzed for various

antioxidant/biochemical constituents.

Growth and developmental Parameters

Plant height at first harvest was

measured with the measuring tape and

average of triplicates was computed. Number

of leaves per plant was recorded. Pericarp

thickness was measured with the measuring

tape or scale and number of locules was note

down. Average of triplicates was calculated

and analyzed. Root morphology was

determined using (Wiz Rhizo) software

model EPSON EXPRESSION 1680. It

determined root surface area (cm2), volume

(cm3) and diameter (mm). Phenology

features included number of days to

flowering, maturity and harvesting has been

recorded. Fruit weight of plants after

harvesting was recorded with the help of

digital balance and mean fruit weight per

plant was expressed as grams per plant.

Numbers of fruits/plant, yield per plant was

recorded and mean values were computed

and analyzed.

Determination of lycopene, total

carotenoids and β-carotene content

Lycopene, total carotenoid and β-

carotene was analyzed through

spectrophotometer. The absorbance was

measured at 503 nm for lycopene and at 452

nm for total carotenoids and β-carotene

respectively (Ranganna,1976). The result

was expressed as for lycopene mg lycopene/

100g sample, total carotenoids as mg total

carotenoid/100g sample and β-carotene as

µg/ 100 g sample.

Determination of Ascorbic acid and Total

phenols

Singh et.al.

Ascorbic acid was quantified by 2, 6

di-chloro-phenol indophenols titration

method. The result has been displayed as mg

ascorbic acid/ 100g sample (AOAC,1970).

Total phenolics were estimated

spectrophotometrically using Folinciocalteu

reagent (Singleton,1999). The absorbance

was measured at 650 nm against a reagent

blank. The result was expressed as mg

phenols/100 g material.

Statistical design and analyses

The experiment was performed in

Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with

three replications. All statistical analysis was

performed using Analyses of Variance

(ANOVAs) SAS Version 9.2.2 (SAS

Institute, Inc, Cary, NC, USA). It analyze

differences among the treatments for change

in plant height, number of leaves, fruit

number, total fruit weight, root weight, root

length and for chemical characteristics.

Before running ANOVAs, Levene’s

homogeneity of variance test was carried out

to check if any dependent variable

transformations were required. For a

significant F-test obtained from ANOVA

analysis, pair wise treatment mean

differences were obtained using differences

of least squares means with a Bonferroni

adjustment at p < 0.05. The Dunnett’s test at

the 0.05% significance level was performed

to calculate least significant differences

(LSDs) for chemical and physical properties.

Result and Discussion

The present research work was

conducted to evaluate the effect of different

doses of biogas slurry, kitchen waste and

ethanol slurry alone and in different

combinations on the growth and

development as well as on biochemical

characters of tomato plant.

Growth and developmental Parameters

It involved analysis of change in

plant height, number of leaves, fruit weight,

root morphology, number of days taken to

flowering, fruiting and harvesting etc.

Statistical analysis showed that the plant

height, no. of leaves and side branches are

significantly (p<0.05) affected by different

types of bio-slurries and their combinations.

The plant height is highest in treatment of

biogas slurry ranging from 21- 28 cm. The

plants grown using different percentage of

ethanol slurry had shown minimum height

(10-15 cm) (Table 3a). The maximum

number of leaves (98) was observed in

treatment 5 and it was followed by treatment

19 (90). The least number of leaves were

found in plants grown using ethanol slurry

(26-48). The number of days required for

flowering, fruiting and harvesting for

different treatments is reported in Table 3a

and Anova analysis proved that all these

parameters are significant (p<0.05) (Table

3b). The result showed maximum number of

days to flowering (79) in treatment 16

followed by 61 and 62 days in treatment 18

and 19 respectively. The least number of

days to flowering 38 was taken by treatment

2. Maximum number of days to fruiting 118

was observed in treatment 15 and minimum

was taken by treatment 3. The number of

days to harvesting was ranged from 126-143

and maximum time was taken by treatment

18 and minimum was treatment 2, 3 and 10.

The maximum root surface area is shown by

plants utilizing treatment 10 and minimum

by treatment 15. The root volume and

average diameter is observed in range of

0.82- 2.18 cm3

and 0.527-0.70 mm. Pericarp

thickness and number of locules has been

recorded maximum in biogas slurry treated

tomatoes and least in ethanol slurry treatment

(0.50 mm, 3) and (0.30 mm, 2) respectively.

Average fruit weight, no. of fruits and yield

are significant at (p<0.05). The average fruit

weight was computed maximum in biogas

slurry treatment (37 g) followed by kitchen

waste slurry (32 g) while in control it was 22

g. Compared to all the treatments, number of

fruits per plant has been recorded highest in


biogas slurry treatment i.e. 17 while in

control it was 8. Yield per plant has been

computed maximum in biogas slurry

treatment 2 kg/ plant followed by kitchen

waste slurry 1.6 kg/plant while in control it

was recorded 1 kg/plant.

Biochemical Parameters

Lycopene, β-carotene and total

carotenoids Analysis

Lycopene content, β-carotene and

total carotenoids was observed in the range

of 26-34 mg/100g, 11.61-12.87µg/100g and

23-26 mg/100g respectively. Maximum

lycopene content, β-carotene and total

carotenoids was shown in treatment 1, 10

and 11 respectively. All these parameters

did not have a significant difference with that

of control and with the different types of

treatments.

Ascorbic acid and Total phenol Analysis

Ascorbic acid plays an important role

in various aspects of plant life and also

beneficial for human health. It is a powerful

water-soluble antioxidant and plays a vital

function in the suppression of free radicals.

The ascorbic acid content is highest in

treatment 10. Ascorbic acid is significantly

affected by the different types of treatments

and showed a significant difference with that

of control. Fresh tomato possesses a

significant amount of phenolic compounds

(Re R- Bramley,2002) The total phenol

content is ranged from 130-160 mg/100g and

it is significant at p<0.05. The phenol content

is highest in treatment 10 followed by

treatment 1 and treatment 11.

Conclusion

The current study demonstrates that use of

different slurries as manure for tomato

production is very beneficial as it enhances

the tomato fruit quality, yield and other

properties. The morphological qualities such

as plant height, number of leaves and yield

attributes such as number of fruits per plant,

average fruit weight are highest in tomato

plants treated with biogas slurry while

nutritional qualities such as ascorbic acid,

lycopene, β-carotenene and total carotenoids

are maximum in kitchen waste slurry

treatment. Biogas slurry, kitchen wastes and

ethanol slurry are rich in nitrogen and other

nutrients, their use as manure not only

protects the environment from the adverse

impact of fertilizer, but also saves the

farmer’s income spent on buying it. All these

materials are waste products and their

utilization for tomato production overcome

the problem of their disposal.

References

1. Bryan, HH, Lance, CJ: Compost

trials on vegetables and tropical

crops. Bio Cycle. 27, 36-37(1991).

2. Ozores-Hampton, M, Bryan, HH:

Effect of amending soil with

municipal solid waste (MSW)

compost on yield of bell peppers and

eggplant. Hort. Sci. 28, 463(1993).

3. Ozores-Hampton, M. Bryan, HH:

Municipal solid waste (MSW) soil

amendments: Influence on growth

and yield of snap beans. Proc Fla

State Hort. Soc. 106, 208-210 (1993).

4. Obreza, TA, Vavrina, CS: Using

municipal solid waste compost as a

soil amendment. Citrus Veg

Magazine. 57, 8, 8-10 (1994).

5. Roe, NE, Stoffella, PJ, Bryan, HH:

Utilization of MSW compost and

other organic mulches on commercial

vegetable crops. Compost Sci Util. 1,

3, 73-84 (1993).

6. Sreenivasa, MN, Nagaraj, MN, Bhat,

SN, Beejamruth: A source for

beneficial bacteria. Karnataka J.

Agric. Sci. 17, 3, 72-77 (2010).

7. Deksissa, TI, Short Allen, J. Effect of

soil amendment with compost on

growth and water use efficiency of

Singh et.al.

Amaranth. In: Proceedings of the

UCOWR/NIWR annual conference:

International water resources:

challenges for the 21st century and

water resources education, July 22 –

24, Durham, NC (2008).

8. Adediran, JA, Taiwo, LB, Sobulo,

RA: Effect of organic waste and

method of composting on compost

maturity, nutrient composition of

compost and yield of two vegetable

crops. J. Sustain. Agri. 22, 95-109

(2003).

9. Yu, FB, Luo, XP, Song, CF, Zhang,

MX, Shan, SD: Concentrated biogas

slurry enhanced soil fertility and

tomato quality. Acta Agric. Scand.

Sect B. Soil Plant Sci. 60, 262-268

(2010). DOI:

10.1080/09064710902893385.

10. Nileemas, G, Sreenivasa, MN:

Influence of liquid organic manures

on growth, nutrient content and yield

of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum

Mill) in the sterilized soil. J. Agric

Sci. 24, 153-157 (2011).

11. Ranganna, S. Handbook of analysis

and quality control for fruits and

vegetable products. (2Edn), pp. 545

(1976). Tata Mc. Graw Hill

publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

12. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis

of the Association of Official Edition,

Washington, D. C (1970).

13. Singleton, VL, Orthofer, R, Lamuela-

Ranventos, RM: Analysis of total

phenols and other oxidation

substrates and antioxidants by means

of Foline Ciocalteu reagent. Method

Enzymol. 299, 152-178 (1999).

14. Re R- Bramley, PM, Rice-Evans, C:

Effects of food processing on

flavonoids and lycopene status in a

Mediterranean tomato variety. Free

Rad Res. 36, 803-810 (2002).

Received on June, 2017, Revised on

August, 2017


Table 1 Characteristics of different types of manure

S.No. Biogas slurry

(BGS)

Kitchen waste

(KWS)

Ethanol

slurry (ES)

1 Total Nitrogen (N)

(%)

2.22 1.82 0.47

2 Potassium (K) (ppm) 4335.5 5465.5 516

3 Lead (ppm) 9.1 0 0

4 Calcium (ppm) 5379.55 4482.05 1190.55

5 Copper (ppm) 16.45 8.55 0

6 Iron (ppm) 1329.3 1118.8 109.5

7 Magnesium (ppm) 18.1 18.1 28.5

8 Manganese (ppm) 143.8 113.9 22.45

Singh et.al.

Table 2 Different treatment conditions for tomato production

Treatments

code

Amount added to soil (g pot-1

)

1 5.09

2 10.18

3 15.27

4 20.36

5 25.45

6 6.22

7 12.44

8 18.67

9 24.89

10 31.11

11 22.40

12 44.80

13 67.20

14 89.60

15 112

16 BGS (12.73g) + KWS (15.56g)

17 BGS (12.73g) + ES (56g)

18 KWS (15.56g) + ES (56g)

19 BGS (8.65g) + KWS (10.58g) + ES (38.08g)

20 13g FYM + 0.6g urea + 0.38g MOP + 1.42g SSP

Table 3a Effect of different treatments on morphological characteristics of tomato plant

Treatments

Code

Plant height

(cm)

Number of

leaves

Days to

flowering

Days to

fruiting

Days to

harvesting

1 21.0 62.7 49 104 142

2 17.3 57.3 38 100 126

3 24.0 74.7 40 88 126

4 24.7 87 42 103 130

5 24.7 98 52 104 137

6

15.7 36.7 49 111

142

7 20.0 50.3 48 105 141

8 17.7 57.0 41 105 142

9 19.0 57.3 41 108 131

10 16.0 69.7 46 108 126

11 14.0 37.0 49 108 142

12 14.3 42.3 44 108 142

13 12.3 34.7 50 106 140

14

10.0 45 42 114

141

15 15.0 48.0 40 118 136

16 16.7 52.3 79 103 142


Table 3b F-ratio and level of significance for different parameters in Tomato

Sample Column Interaction

Plant height, side

branches, no. of leaves

863.60 16.51 5.12

Root surface area, root

volume, root diameter

2679.8 10.52 11.55

Days to flower, fruit,

maturity

2615 5.14 3.46

No. of fruits, avg. fruit

weight

2085.5 42.63 22.63

Lycopene, β-carotene,

total carotenoids

9853.5 20.75 12.94

Total phenol, ascorbic

acid

79310.4 1108.5 1509.62

Level of significance: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ns: not significant.

17 16.0 50.0 40 104 142

18 17.0 57.5 61 104 143

19 20.5 90.3 62 105 140

20 28.3 93.7 44 104 137

8 The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, Inaugural Issue, Dec. 2017

Integrated Insect Pests Management in Organic Farming Gaje Singh

Department of Entomology,

S.V. P. University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.), India 250110

Abstract The big challenge of the 21st century is the need to feed a fast growing population. There are other challenges

like improving the productive capacity of agricultural ecosystems, and the health and integrity of surrounding

environments for future generations. Organic farming is gaining popularity worldwide as it minimizes

dependence on chemical inputs, thus safe the natural resources and environment. In organic farming, insect

pests are the greatest challenge since genetically modified crops and synthetic chemical pesticides are not

allowed in organic agriculture production. The principle of integrated pest management (IPM) in cultivation of

organic production involves application of ecologically sound strategies. Major emphasis should give on

integration of various tactics and incorporated into the cropping system to prevent the damage caused by the

insect pests. The key strategies of IPM of organic farming are selection of resistance/tolerance varieties, planting

trap crops, following crop rotation, conservation and use of biological agents to manage the pest below

economic injury level (EIL).

Key words: Pest Management, Organic farming, IPM

Cite this article: Singh G. 2017. Integrated Insect Pests Management In Organic Farming, The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, 1 (1): 08-16.

Published: SEPT 2017

Introduction

The insect pest management in organic

farming involves understanding of basic

ecological principles using in an

agricultural ecosystem. The insect pests

management in organic farming dependent

on preventive methods of control rather

than curative methods which are based on

the ecologically safer management

methods. The priority should be given to

maintain the health of the ecosystem thus

plants should be resistance to attack by

insect pests. Sound management of

ecosystem through little modification in

the cultural practices such as trap crop,

sowing time, crop rotation, soil quality

management through the addition of

organic materials constitute the first

defence against the attack of insect pests

followed by use of the curative methods

like use of predators, parasitoids, plant

products and ecologically safer chemicals

forms the next line of defence against the

insect pests. ---*Corresponding Author’s Email Address:

[email protected]

Insect Pest Management Strategies:

Modification of cultural practices: Cultural practices are among the oldest

techniques used for pest suppression, and

many of the preventive practices used in

conventional and organic farming today

have their roots in traditional agriculture.

Slight modification in the cultural

practices will have an impact on the whole

ecosystem. The practices such as the crop

rotation, intercropping, soil management

with the addition of the organic

amendments will enhance the agricultural

biodiversity and thus have a greater role to

play in the management of insect pests as

well as the pathogens. The insect pests

which have an obligate relationship with

host plants can be controlled by adopting

crop rotation. Use of resistant host plants

forms another cultural method to reduce

the damage caused by insect pests. Trap

crop and intercrops will reduce the

incidence of insect pests on the main crop

that help in reducing the pest damage.

These methods have certain limitations

viz., have to be planned well in advance

and these are preventive in nature thus not

Gaje Singh

helpful in case of a severe outbreak of

insect pests.

Conservation of natural enemies: Many

pest populations can be managed by

enhancing the efficacy and augmenting

local abundance of the existing natural

enemies through modification of the

environment or existing practices, a

practice known as conservation biological

control. This practice is of immense

importance in case of organic farming thus

natural regulation of pest population can

be obtained through enhancement of the

activity of already existing natural enemies

in the production system. The practices

such as provision of the nectar providing

plants as hedge rows and shelter belts will

improve the efficacy of parasitoids and

predators in controlling the insect pests.

The production strategies such as

intercropping and trap cropping also

reported to augment the natural enemies by

providing alternative host as well as source

of chemical cues that enhance the activity

of biological control agents in the cropping

system. The planting of perennial flower

bearing plants around field has been found

to beneficial in increasing the activity of

the natural enemies in plantation crops.

Shelter belts increase the survival

percentage of natural enemies in the

absence of natural host by providing

alternate habitat.

Use of biological control agents: Inundative and inoculative release or

applying biological control agents such as

insect predators, parasitoids and bio-

pesticides (insect pathogens) have a

greater role to play in controlling the insect

pests in an insecticide free environment.

These agents can be used as curative

control methods in case of sudden

outbreak in the insect population. Some of

the commonly used and potential

biological control agents and bio-

pesticides for pest management in organic

crop production are listed below:

Bio-agents:

Predators-

They are free living, and they are usually

as big as or bigger than their prey. They

consume several too much prey over the

course of their development. Some

predators, including certain syrphid fly and

the common green lacewing, are

predaceous only as larvae. Other predators

are found in the field in different cropping

system are lady beetle, rove beetle, damsel

fly, dragon fly, mired bug, ground beetle,

and praying mantis, Conobertha, spiders,

etc.

Figure 1 Parasitoids

Parasitoid:

Parasitoid means parasite like. Although

parasitoids are similar to true parasites,

which are generally much smaller than

their hosts. As they develop, parasites

usually weaken but parasitoids really kill

their host.

Egg parasitoids: Trichogramma

spp.,Tetrasticus spp., Telenomus

spp.,Ooenocytus pyrillae, Epiricania

melanoleuca)

Larval parasitoids: Bracon hebetor,

Apanteles spp., Stenobracon spp.

Pupal parasitoids: Xenothopimpla spp.

Trichogramma spp.

These are small size insects which use

eggs of different borers and leaf folder

Integrated Insect Pests Management in Organic Farming

insects as a host. The adult female wasp

deposited her eggs inside the host eggs and

completes all stages in it. From parasitized

eggs the adult wasp emerged and searches

the host eggs to complete her life cycle.

One adult female wasp can damage 100

host eggs. This parasitoid available as

trichocard bears 18000-20000 eggs per

trichocard.

Figure 2Trichogramma spp. On host eggs

Figure 3Trichocard Using method

Trichocard Using method

Note : Trichocard should be cut in to 10

pieces before adult wasp emergence and

stapled at lower surface of leaf .

Bio-pesticides:

Biopesticides are certain types of

pesticides that are derived from natural

materials like plants (Botanical origin),

bacteria, fungi and virus (Microbial origin)

and certain minerals. When used as a

component of Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) programs these bio-pesticides can

greatly decrease the use of conventional

pesticides, while crop yields remain high.

The Bio-Pesticides control pests

selectively or with broad spectrum

approach. Bio-pesticides are usually

inherently less toxic than conventional

pesticides. Bio-pesticides are generally

target specific and affect only the target

pest and closely related organisms.

Bacteria: Bacillus Thuringiensis (B.t.):

Bt is a ubiquitous gram positive soil

bacterium. It has been isolated from soil,

stored grain, insect cadavers and the

phylloplane. Thus, 3 prevailing niches of

B.t. can envisaged:

(i) entomopathogen

(ii) phylloplane inhabitant

(iii) soil microorganism

B.t. is recognized by its parasporal body

that is proteinaceous in nature and

possesses insecticidal properties. It is a

bacterium which infected the insect and

produced disease. When B.t. treated crop is

ingested by insects the B.t. produce a

protein i.e. endo-toxin at mid gut (High

pH-9.0) . Withinminute the toxin bind with

specific receptors in mid gut wall.

Withinhours mid gut wall broken down

and allowing spores to enter in the body

cavity (Hemocoel). After 1-2 days larvae

die from septicemia. Affected larvae

become inactive – stop feeding –

regurgitate or watery excrement Head

capsule become large than body size and

larvae become flaccid & die. Body content

turn towards black as they decompose.

Use of B.t. species:

• Lepidoptera (B.t. Kurstaki &

aizawai)

• Coleoptera (B.t. tenebrionis)

• Diptera (B.t. israeliensis)

Figure 4 B.t. infected larvae

Fungi:

Beauveria bassiana (White muscardine

fungus)

Metarhizium anisopliae (green muscardine

fungus)

Gaje Singh

The entomopathogen invades the insect

body. The fungal hypha secretes enzymes

and attached to the insect cuticle and offer

germination, the hyphae penetrate the

cuticle and proliferate in insect’s body.

Once inside, the fungus replicates and

consumes the insect’s internal organs and

blood like fluid, the haemolymph. After

the insect dies, an antibiotic oosporein) is

produced that enable the fungus to out

compete intestinal bacteria. When

conditions are favourable the fungus grows

through the softer parts of the insect body,

producing the characteristic ‘White bloom’

appearance. High humidity or free water is

essential for conidial germination and

infection establishes between 24 and 48

h.The infected insect may live for 3 to 5

days after hyphae penetration and after

death the conidiophores bearing conidia

are produced on cadaver. The fungus is

insect specific.

Figure 5 Fungus as bio-control

B. bassiana is used as foliar spray.

Application rates depend upon the crop

and the pests to be controlled. The normal

application rate on commodity crop is 750

to 1,000 ml of product per hectare.

Formulation should contain conidia of B.

bassiana at a conc. of 2.3 107 spores/ml

or ~ 5 108 spores/g. The formulation

may be kept up to one year if stored below

20 oC. The product may be used alone or

tank mixed with other product such as

sticking agents, insecticidal soaps. Not

used with fungicide and if used then 48 h

is awaited before applying fungicide.

Virus:

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV):

Infection of baculovirus generally occur by

ingestion of occluded or free virion.

Ingested virion infect mid gut – occluded

bodies dissolve by protease enzyme and

free virion reach hemocoel, circulatory

system and respiratory system and attack

there. Symptoms: occur after 5-7 days of

infection Gradual change in colour

(infected larvae change light to dark brown

) heamolymph turns cloudy and milky

Larvae become less active and losses

appetite Shortly before dying larvae move

away from food and climb on elevated

location to hang. Prior to death integument

fragile and easily torn when handled and it

is typical system of NPV.

Figure 6 NPV

NPV infected larvae at least 250 larval

Equivalent (L.E.) of NPV is recommended

for every hectare. It contains 1x109 PIB

per ml. NPV may be mixed with water

along with jaggry and soap powder. It is

sprayed in the infested crop preferably in

the evening. The caterpillars while feeding

on the plant ingest the virus. The virus

multiplies rapidly within the body of the

caterpillars and kills them within 6 days.

The spray should be done during evening

hours on 1st and 2

nd larval stage of insects.

Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN):

These nematodes enter in the body of

insects and kill them, which causes disease

in insects called Entomopathogenic


Nematodes. The two genera of EPN i.e.

Steinernema and Heterorhabditis carry

Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria

respectively. Nematode relies on

bacterium for killing insect host and

creating suitable environment for its

development by producing antibiotics that

suppress competing econdary microbes.

Breakdown of host tissues into usable

nutrients Serve as a food source for

nematodes. Bacterium requires

nematode for protection from external

environment and penetration into host

haemocoel. It also inhibit the host’s

antibacterial proteins. EPN of the genus

Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are

symbiotically associated with bacteria

Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus,

respectively. They are lethal obligatory

parasites of insects, yet pose no threat to

plants, vertebrates and many invertebrates.

This has generated intense interest in the

development of these nematodes for use

against insect pests. Therefore, EPN are

promising biocontrol agents alternative to

chemical insecticides. It can provide

effective control of some of the

agriculturally important lepidopteran,

coleopteran and dipteran pests.

Figure 7EPN infected larva

For spraying of EPN 2.5-5.0 x 109

IJs

per hectare are used three times against

insects on crops. The 2.5-5.0 x 109

IJs per

hectare are used for soil application and

followed by irrigation. These biological

control agents will be useful when there is

a sudden outbreak in the pest population

unlike the earlier control measures which

are to be planned well in advance.

However, slow mode of action,

susceptibility of these bio agents to

environmental conditions and in ability to

control the pest below the economic

threshold level will hinder the large scale

use of bio control agents in organic

farming.

Use of botanicals and other bio-

chemicals: The use of botanicals and other

insecticides of mineral origin for the

control insect pests and application of

pheromone traps for monitoring, mass

trapping and mating disruption were used

as last options in the organic agriculture if

all the earlier methods have been failed.

Strict regulation of the chemicals that are

allowed for pest management in organic

cultivation is monitored by NPOP

(National programme for organic

production) for India and similar

organizations existed in different countries

to look after registration of chemicals for

use in organic cultivation of the crops.

The crude extracts as well as commercial

formulations from plants like neem,

pongamia, and tobacco that showed

efficacy in conventional agriculture for the

management of insect pests were allowed

in organic farming because of their less

residual action and ecological safety.

Neem: Neem is an ever green shade tree

grown in all parts of India. It bears flowers

in Feb-April and its fruit mature after four

months (generally 3rd

week of May-mid of

August). All plant parts

(stem,bark,leaves,twings, flowers and

fruits) are important and use for different

purposes. About 40 percent seed of the

seed weight consists of the kernel which

cotains 25-35 percent oil and 65-75

percent neem cack. One neem tree gives

50-100kg of seeds per year.

Plant products have been found to have

insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, and

antiviral properties. Plant products play an

important role in evolving an ecologically

sound and environmentally safe insects

Gaje Singh

and diseases management system. They

are safer to non target organisms also.

Fig 8; Dried neem seed

Fig 8; Dried neem seed

Pass a heavy roller over dried neem seed.

Winnow and separate kernel from the seed

coat. 5 kg or 3 kg kernel of neem seed is

required to prepare 100 lit. of spray fluid.

Grind 5 kg or 3 kg of kernel with 20 lit of

water to get a fine paste. This fine paste is

kept for 12 hours and repeatedly filtered

and squeezed through a rough cloth and

made up to 100 lit, which is used for

spraying. About 800-1000 liters of spray

solution is required to spray one hectare of

different crops.

The microbial based insecticides such as

spinosad 45 SC was also approved for use

in organic agriculture in USA and UK. A

broad array of pest-repellent products,

including homemade herbal teas, plant

extracts, and fermentation products, and

industrial clay and rock powder products

(e.g., kaolin) are authorized for use in

organic agriculture: Nevertheless, the use

of homemade products has declined in

recent years because of the

Commercialization of standardized

industrial products.

Dashparni extract is the commonly used

homemade extract used to control the

insect pests in organic farming in India. It

is prepared by mixing the crushed neem

leaves 5 kg, Vitex negundo leaves 2 kg,

Aristolochia leaves 2 kg, papaya (Carica

papaya) 2 kg, Tinospora cordifolia leaves,

2 kg, Annona squamosa (Custard apple)

leaves 2 kg, Pongamia pinnata (Karanja)

leaves 2 kg, Ricinus communis (Castor)

leaves 2 kg, Nerium indicum 2

kg,Calotropis procera leaves 2 kg, green

chilli paste 2 kg, garlic paste 250 gm, Cow

dung 3 kg and Cow Urine 5 lit in 200 lit

water ferment for one month. Shake

regularly three times a day. Extract after

crushing and filtering. The extract can be

stored up to 6 months and is sufficient for

one acre.

Use of pheromone traps for mass trapping

and mating disruption for the management

of lepidopteron insect pests in commercial

crops and coleopteran pests in plantation

crops is largely encouraged in organic

farming as suitable alternative for the

insecticides.

Some of the commonly used animal

product based concoctions in organic pest

management in India are panchagavya and

dasagavya. Panchagavya, an organic

product has the potential to play the role of

promoting growth and providing immunity

in plant system.Panchagavya consists of

nine products viz. cow dung, cow urine,

milk, curd, jaggery, ghee,banana, Tender

coconut and water. When suitably mixed

and used, these have miraculous effects.

This product is known to have a

deleterious effect on the many insect pests

attacking various crops when used at the

dosage 3% solution.

Dasagavya is a variant of panchagaya

prepared by adding certain plant extracts to

panchagavya. Foliar extracts of weeds

such as Lantana camara, Leucas aspera,

Datura metal, Phytolacca octandra, and

Artemisia nilgirica, are then soaked in cow

urine in the ratio 1:1

(1kg chopped leaves in 1 litre cow urine)

for ten days were then added to

panchagavya.

Dasagavya may be sprayed once every

week for all vegetable and plantation

crops. Spraying dasagavya is effective in


controlling diseases such as leaf spot,

blight, and powdery mildew, rust of

vegetables and cut flower crops and tea

blister blight. Dasagavya also controls

pests such as aphids, thrips, white flies,

mites and also foliar caterpillars. Three

times spraying dasagavya on vegetable

crops @ 3% solution recorded higher

yields. These animal based products have

to be scientifically validated for their use

in the organic pest management.

Integrated Pest Management in Organic

Farming

Encouraging predatory beneficial

insects to control pests by serving

them nursery plants and/or an

alternative habitat, usually in a

form of a shelterbelt, hedgerow, or

beetle bank.

Encouraging beneficial

microorganisms.

Rotating crops to different

locations from year to year to

interrupt pest reproduction

cycles.

Planting companion crops and pest

regulating plants that discourage or

divert pests.

Using row covers to protect crops

during pest migration periods.

Using biological pesticides and

herbicides.

Using no-till farming, and no-till

farming techniques as false

seedbeds.

Using sanitation to remove pest

habitat.

Using insect traps to monitor and

control insect populations.

Using physical barriers, such as

row covers.

Conclusion

Pest management in organic farming is a

challenging task without the use of

insecticides. It involves careful planning in

advance through a slight modification in

the cultural practices as primary methods

of pest control. The use of environment

friendly tactics such as use of biological

control agents and other plant based

products as second line of defence

againstinsect pests. When these products

used alone or in combination with other

tactics as integrated pest management have

potential role to control insect pests and

increase the economic yield in organic

farming.

References:

1. Alexander D, Rajan S, Rajamony

L, Ushakumari K and Sajan

Kurien, 2009. The Adhoc Package

of Practices Recommendations For

Organic Farming. Kerala

Agricultural University 2009

2. Pujara D, Bhattacharya B and Das

M, 2013. Insect pest management

in organic agriculture. International

journal of plant protection. 6(2) :

467-472.

3. Selvaraj N, Anitha B, Anusha B

and Guru Saraswathi M, 2007.

Organic Horticulture.Horticultural

Research Station, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University,

Udhagamandalam.

4. Venkateshwarulu B, Balloli SS and

Ramakrishna YS, 2008. Organic

Farming in Rainfed Agriculture:

Opportunities and constraints,

CRIDA, Hyderabad.185

5. Yadav AK, 2011. Organic

Agriculture: Concept, Scenario,

Principals and Practices, National

centre for Organic Farming.

Ghaziabad; 60.

6. Zehnder G, Gurr GM, Kuhne S,

Wade MR, Wratten SD and Wyss

E, 2007. Arthropod Pest

Management in Organic Crops.

Annu. Rev. Entomol . 52:57–80.

Received on July, 2017, Revised on

August, 2017

Gaje Singh

Table1. Use of different trichogramma spp. against different crop insect pests

S.

No.

Insect pests Trichogramma

spp.

Releasing time and quantity

1 S. cane Top borer T. japonicum Start after 60 days after planting or occurrence of

insects, 100000-150000 eggs per ha. 4-6 time at

10 days interval

2

3

Rice stem borer

Rice leaf folder

T. japonicum

T. japonicum

Start after 30 days of transplanting or occurrence

of insects, 100000 eggs per ha. 6 time at 8- 10

days interval

4

5

Bhindi shoot and

fruit borer

Pod borer of

veg.pea

T. japonicum

T. Chilonis

Start after 30 days of transplanting sowing or

occurrence of insects, 100000 eggs per ha.4- 6

time at 8 days interval

6 Maize stem borer T. Chilonis

Start after 15 days of sowing or occurrence of

insects, 100000 eggs per ha.4- 6 time at 8 days

interval

7 S. cane Early

shoot borer

T. Chilonis

Start after 45 days of planting or occurrence of


10 days interval

8

9

10

S. cane Stalk

borer

S. cane inter node

borer

S. cane

gurdashpur borer

T. Chilonis

T. Chilonis

T. Chilonis

Start after 90 days of planting or occurrence of


8 days interval

11

12

13

American boll

worm

Pink boll worm

Spoited boll worm

T. Chilonis

T. Chilonis

T. Chilonis

Start after 45 days of sowing or occurrence of

insects, 100000-150000 eggs per ha. 6time at 8

days interval

14 Tomato fruit borer T. bressiliensis Start after 45 days after transplanting or

occurrence of insects, 100000 eggs per ha. 6 time

at 8 days interval

15 Diamond back

moth

T. bressiliensis Start after 20 days after transplanting or

occurrence of insects, 100000 eggs per ha.4-6

time at7- 8 days interval


Table 2: Crop wise application and dose against different insect

Crop

IInnsseecctt DDoossaaggee ((KKgg.. ppeerr hhaa..))

Cauliflower and Cabbage

DDBBMM,, CCaabbbbaaggee bbuutttteerrffllyy 11..00--11..5500

Brinjal

SStteemm bboorreerr,, FFrruuiitt bboorreerr 00..55--11..5500

Tomato, Okra Chickpea,

Cotton and Sunflower

FFrruuiitt bboorreerr 11..00--11..5500

Cauliflower ,Cabbage and

Cotton

TToobbaaccccoo ccaatteerr ppiillllaarr 11..0000

Table 3: Use of different entomophagous fungi against different crop insect pests.

Fungi Dose Crop Insects

Beauveria

bassiana

(White

muscardine

fungus )

Soil- 5-7 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg FYM

Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with

jaggary

Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre

along with jaggary

Chick pea,

Pigeon pea,

Cotton,

Tomato, Rice,

Cabbage

Fruit borer, Tobacco

cater pillar, Semilooper,

Termite, BPH, Grass

hopper, Leaf folder,

DBM, Aphid

Metarrhizium

anisopliae

(Green

muscardine

fungus)

Soil- 5-7 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg FYM

Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with

jaggary

Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre

along with jaggary.

Sugarcane,

Cotton,

Pigeon pea.

Tomato

Pyrilla, Fruit borer,

Grasshopper, Pod borer,

Rice bug

17 -28 The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, Dec. 2017

Corresponding author’s email Address: [email protected]

Terminal heat stress in wheat: adaptation strategies to address

the impact on crop productivity

Sumitra Devi Bamboriya1, R.S. Bana2, Shanti Devi Bamboriya

3, Santosh

Ranva4, Jitender Singh Bamboriya

5 and Madhu Patial

6

1 Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan), 2,3 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research

Institute, New Delhi, 4Amity University, Jaipur, Rajasthan,5SKNAU, Jobner, Rajasthan,6ICAR-Indian

Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Shimla, H.P. India

Abstract Heat stress during the grain filling stage is an emerging limiting factor for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

productivity in South Asia as about a third of the wheat area in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is sown late. More than

50 per cent of wheat yield can be reduced by this stress, thereby; adaptation to heat stress demands an urgent

need and longer-term priority for ensuring food security. Common heat stress adaptation strategies include: (i)

stress avoidance by ensuring flowering during a relatively cooler period (either agronomically through changing

planting dates or genetically by modifying phenological patterns); (ii) reduce exacerbation of heat stress effects

by avoiding nutrient or water deficiency through improved resource management protocols and (iii) using

location-specific genetic adaptation strategies.

Key words: Adaptation strategies, Climate change, Conservation agriculture and Heat stress,

Cite this article: Bamboriya S. D. Bana R.S. Bamboriya S D, Ranva S, Bamboriya J S and Patia M., 2017. Terminal heat

stress in wheat: adaptation strategies to address the impact on crop productivity, The NAMO, International Journal

Agricultural Research and Development, 1(1) 17-28.

Published: Spt. 2017

Introduction

The increasing threat of the

changing climatic conditions is causing a

substantial impact on agricultural

production worldwide. No doubt, India has

made a spectacular progress in

accelerating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

production from 6.5 million tonnes in

1950-51 to 97.4 million tonnes in 2016-17

(GOI, 2017 but, the increased temperature

can significantly cause yield reduction and

risks for future global food security

(Choudhary et al., 2014). Significant part

of India comprising North Western Plain

Zones, North Eastern Plain Zones, Central

Zones and Peninsular Zones receives

terminal heat stress during wheat growing

season. Approximately, 3 m ha area in

north eastern and north-west plain zones is

exposed to terminal heat stress, which at

reproductive and grain filling stage blocks

the synthesis and mobilization of

photosynthates, resulting in considerable

yield penalty (Gupta et al., 2013). Mishra

et al. 2015) reported yield loss of 33.6% in

wheat cultivars due to heat stress under

late sown conditions. Heat stress causes

multifarious, and often adverse, alterations

in plant growth, development,

physiological processes, and yield. So,

today, wheat production in India is gamble

in temperature. Continue rise in ambient

temperatures under changing climatic

conditions may impose a severe threat to

wheat production in India. Therefore,

increasing crop yield, while

simultaneously reducing the adverse

temperature impact is a major challenge

before wheat production. The growing

food demand and the threat of heavy crop

losses due to global climate change impose

Bamboriya et.al.

the urgency for development of strategies

to substantially improve wheat production.

Heat stress and its effect on the different

stages of wheat production

Heat stress has a number of

negative effects on crop growth and can

result in considerable yield reduction in

major cereals including wheat due to

reduced photosynthesis, pollen sterility,

kernel abortion and earlier senescence

resulting in lower grain number (Rezaei et

al., 2015b and Porter & Gawith 1999).

Due to climate change there will be an

increase in the number and severity of heat

waves (Gourdji et al., 2013b; Schar et al.,

2004 and Trnka et al., 2014) which may

negatively affect crop yield (Asseng et al.,

2015; Deryng et al., 2014 and Semenov

and Shewry, 2011).

Increased frequency of extreme high

temperatures of short duration, without

much difference in the average

temperature is more devastating. This alter

plant functioning resulting in reduced

photosynthetic area, plant biomass, seed

set and harvest index. Since, flowering and

pollination stage in wheat are the most

temperature sensitive stages (Gupta et al.,

2013), thereby supra-optimal temperature

occurring at these growth stages can result

in ≥10% yield loss (Reynolds et al., 2016).

In the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains

like Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, heat

stress is major threat as the cool season is

of short duration (Mishra et al., 2015). In

these regions during early March the crop

often gets hit by high temperatures stress

which coincides with grain filling stage. In

western Indo-Gangetic Plains under

transplanted basmati rice-wheat, cotton-

wheat, sugarcane-wheat, potato-wheat and

pigeon pea-wheat cropping systems,

generally wheat planting gets delayed

which consequently leads to terminal heat

stress.

Ambient temperature above optimum

temperature (22-25°C) reduces the

vegetative growth and seed setting in

wheat. High temperature at sowing causes

inhibition of seed germination and

seedling growth. Emerging seedlings can

rapidly become desiccated with dried or

dead leaves if soil temperature is

considerably higher. Elevated temperature

during pollination stage leads to decreased

level of pollen shed, pollen reception on

stigma, pollen tube growth, pollen sterility,

fertilization and seed set. Even short

period of high temperature in the middle of

the day can reduce grain yield

considerably, when it occurs during the

flowering and thereafter. During crop

establishment, heat will accelerate

development and reduce leaf area, which

reduces the capacity to intercept light.

Heat stress through metabolic limitations

and oxidative damage to chloroplasts

triggers premature leaf senescence with

concomitant reductions in photosynthetic

rate, dry matter accumulation and grain

yield (Mathur and Jajoo, 2014).

During grain filling, as temperature

rises, development accelerates faster and

thereby shortens grain filling period.

Further, as a consequence of heat stress

inhibition of starch synthesis, increased

starch breakdown and premature rapid

increase in senescence cause reduction in

grain size and weight (and therefore HI).

Even a short exposer to heat stress during

reproductive stage has potential to reduce

the crop yield by a quarter. Terminal heat

stress can cause yield losses to the tune of

190 kg/ha for every one degree rise in

Terminal heat stress in wheat: adaptation strategies to address the impact on crop productivity

average temperature. Further, in water

scarcity conditions this yield reduction

may be even more severe (Modarresi et al.,

2010 and Garg et al., 2013). Even under

optimum or good management there may

be a decline in yield by 3-4% for every

1°C rise in mean temperature during grain

filling period. So, management aspects

which prevent grain filling stage to

coincide with heat stress are very crucial.

Effects of heat stress on different periods

of wheat ontogeny are given in Table 1.

Agronomic adaptation strategies to

address terminal heat stress effects in

wheat

1) Optimum sowing date

Sowing date is a non-monetary input and

is easiest pathway to alleviate the thermal

stress effect in wheat. The optimum time

of sowing for wheat crop in most of the

wheat growing tracts of India is first

fortnight of November. The sowing of

crop is delayed up to first fortnight of

January mainly because of late harvest of

paddy crop, delay in field operations and

climate changes. Delayed sowing exposes

the maturing crop to the terminal heat

stress. Wheat yield is reduced

approximately 50 kg/ha per day if planting

occurs after mid November. So,

advancement in wheat sowing date (before

November 15) is most promising and low-

cost mechanisms for farmers to avoid

terminal heat stress (McDonald, 2015. and

Aryal et al., 2016). Many times farmers

cannot plant before November 15 because

their crop has not yet been harvested. To

combat heat stress, cultivation of short and

medium duration varieties of Kharif

season crops and mechanical harvesting to

facilitate early wheat sowing are the major

suggested pathways. Davinder, (2010)

reported the superiority of early sown (25

November) wheat crop compared to late

sown (10 December) crop with respect to

growth parameters like plant height, dry

matter accumulation and tillers per meter

row length . Jat et al. ( 2013) reported that

the wheat sowing on 20 November

achieved maximum plant height, dry-

matter accumulation per plant and number

of tillers than delay sowing as the

availability of growing period length in 20

November sown crop leads to greater

accumulation of growing degree day and

photo thermal unit. High temperature also

found to decrease grain numbers (up to 56

%) and individual grain weight (up to 25

%) (Prasad et al., 2011). Samra et al.

(2002) observed significantly maximum

grain yield from 15 November sown crop

as compared to crop sown in December or

early January.

2) Irrigation management

Elevated temperature injury is commonly

connected with water stress, so proper crop

water management is vital. Field crops

provided with sufficient water can

transpire freely. So, as a consequence of

evaporative cooling, canopy temperature

may be 5°C lower than ambient

temperature. The plants with enough water

availability can cope up with high

temperature. Providing irrigation with

sprinklers may replenish soil moisture as

well as modify micro-climate and have

cooling effects on wheat. It was reported

that crops can withstand temperatures up

to 40°C by supplying sufficient water

because of meeting the transpiration

demand under heat stress, whereas under

limited water condition 40°C will kill

leaves (Kajla et al., 2015). Olsen et al.

(2000) found that the application of

irrigation water affects wheat yield mainly

due to increased transpiration, while water

use efficiency and harvest index was not

Bamboriya et.al.

found to be affected by irrigation. The use

of sprinkler irrigation under heat stress

conditions when the plant reached critical

temperature helps in reducing high soil

temperature stress and irrigating the crop

during evening time helps the crop to

recover from day time heat stress. Water

availability in soil profile is an important

factor to reduce heat stress. Long-term

observations (Bonfils and Lobell, 2007;

and Mahmood et al., 2006) and climate or

land surface modeling (Haddeland et al.,

2006; and Kueppers et al., 2007) efforts

have also shown that irrigation can

consistently reduce maximum daily

temperatures by up to 7.5°C.

3) Genotypic or varietal adaptation

The adversities of heat stress can be

minimized through cultivation of early

maturing or heat stress tolerant wheat

varieties. Bread wheat genotypes GW 190,

HI 1418, HUA 543, Raj 4014, Raj 4000,

Raj 4027, HD 2285, PBW 497, etc. are

promising under heat stress condition.

Durum wheat cultivar HI 8498, HI 8381,

and Raj 1555 produces higher yield than

bread wheat when sown very late (heat

stress conditions). Varieties such as PBW-

373 and HW 2045 possess terminal heat

stress tolerance character which can

overcome the adverse effect of high

temperature on wheat crop (DWR

Perspective Plan Vision, 2025). Since

wheat has a narrow genetic base so use of

available landraces from heat prone areas,

exploration of wild relatives and use of

generas like Agroyron, Thinopyrum,

Elymus etc. which has been proved to be

an excellent genetic resource can be used

for developing heat stress resistant

varieties. The important heat stress

resistant late sown varieties are mentioned

in Table 2.

4) Adoption of conservation agriculture

Conservation agriculture – consisting of

minimal soil disturbance and permanent

soil cover combined with sustainable crop

rotations – enhances farmers’ income and

helps crops to adapt to heat and water

stresses. Residues left on the surface

conserve soil moisture by reducing soil

evaporation and ensure continuous water

supply to crop. This ultimately ensures

enhanced transpiration and cooling effect

on crop canopy – thus avoiding terminal

heat stress. Secondly, sowing of wheat

seed directly into untilled soil and crop

residues in a single tractor pass, allows for

a drastic reduction in tillage intensity,

resulting in significant cost savings as well

as potential gains in wheat yield through

earlier planting of wheat. About one-third

of the wheat area in the Indian Indo-

Gangetic Plains (IGP) is sown late—often

linked to late maturing Basmati rice in the

north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains and

generally late rice harvesting. In these

regions zero till wheat planting potentially

would alleviate late wheat sowing problem

by allowing for timelier establishment.

No-till systems with plant residues

retention protect seedlings from high

temperature during initial growth period

and keep soil temperature down during the

day and reduce cooling at night. Further,

due to ample availability of moisture the

crop can cope up with the demand of

increased transpiration which in turn keeps

the canopy temperature lower and reduces

the terminal heat stress (Jena et al., 2017).

Mulching has been proved to increase the

productivity of wheat due to its role in

moisture conservation by reducing runoff

and evaporation as well as modification of

soil temperature (Cakraborty et al., 2008;

Huang et al., 2005; Li et al., 2005; Raman

et al., 2005 and Verma et al., 2004). In a

long-term trial in rice-wheat system at


IGP, Jat et al. (2009b) found that retention

of rice residue in rice-wheat system

reduced the canopy temperature in wheat

by 1–4°C than atmospheric temperature

between 138–153 days after sowing. Such

differences were reported due to

evaporative cooling effect on canopy

which is facilitated by soil moisture

conservation with residue mulching. Straw

mulching treatments was found to be

effective in mitigating reduction of 1000-

grains weight due to high temperatures at

the late grain filling stage, especially in

conventional tillage (Tang et al., 2013).

Adoption of zero tillage in cereal cropping

system in the IGP has been reported to

advance the planting time (Erenstein et al.

2012) and increase the thermal window for

wheat thus escaping from terminal heat

effect. Increase in 1% yield of wheat was

recorded with the practice of reduced

tillage as compared to conventional

method (Tendon, 1985).

Conservation agriculture specific wheat

cultivars are also available now, which can

help in a big way to mitigate the

temperature driven stress. The important

characteristics of the conservation

agriculture specific varieties are as

follows:

a) CSW 18: This variety is suitable for

early sown irrigated conditions under

conservation agriculture. It is resistant to

high temperature at seedling stage. It

escapes high temperature at maturity due

to early seeding. Average yield of this

variety is 6.28 t/ha.

b) HD 3117: It is suitable for late sown

irrigated conditions under conservation

agriculture environment. Average yield of

this variety under late sown (after 15

December) is 4.78 t/ha under tilled

condition and 4.79 t/ha under conservation

agriculture condition.

5) Nutrient management

Plant nutrients play a greater role in

improving the temperature stress tolerance.

Nutrients like K and Ca improve intake of

water which helps in stomata regulation

and enhances the temperature stress

tolerance by maintaining the plant body

temperature (Waraich et al., 2012).

Temperature stress induces the production

of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as

superoxide radical (O2.-) and hydrogen

peroxide (H2O2) (Xu et al., 2001). The

accumulation of ROS, damages membrane

lipids and can lead to the death of plant

cells (Molassiotis et al., 2006). Plants

possess enzymatic and non-enzymatic

antioxidants in order to scavenge ROS.

The enzyme antioxidants are superoxide

dismutase, catalase, glutathione

peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and

glutathione reductase, while non-

enzymatic antioxidants include reduced

glutathione and ascorbate. Under heat

stress, Ca2+ requirement for growth is

high to mitigate adverse effects of the

stress (Kleinhenz and Palta, 2002).

Nitrogen in the form of nitric oxide (NO)

act a signal molecular mediating

responses to abiotic and biotic stresses

such as drought stress, salinity, UV-B-

radiation and heat stress (Crawford and

Guo, 2005 ). Nitric oxide may protect

plant against stress by acting as an

antioxidant directly scavenging the

reactive oxygen species generated under

high or low temperature stress

(Wendehenne et al., 2001). In addition,

Uchida et al. (2002) in northern blot

analysis demonstrated that NO protected

the chloroplast against oxidative damage

under heat stress by inducing expression of

Bamboriya et.al.

gene encoding small heat shock protein-26

(HSP26). Boron application improves the

CHO metabolism and decreases the

phenolic compounds in leaves. This in turn

reduces the production of ROS species,

enhances the photosynthetic rate and

reduces the cell damage (Waraich et al.,

2011). Manganese is reported to involve in

the activation of many enzymes in plant

systems, mostly in oxidation (Marschner,

1995) hence may play a role in

detoxification of ROS. Recently, it has

been reported that Mn has a crucial role in

diminution the production of oxygen free

radicals and increase the anti-oxidative

compounds and enzymatic activities

(Aloni et al., 2008) under temperature

stress. Freeman et al. (2010) reported

Selenium to delay leaf senescence and

increase the carbon supply for developing

grain under high temperature stress mainly

because of its anti-oxidative and defense

gene expression role. Xue et al. (2001)

reported that plants grown under high

temperature stress showed less senescence

related oxidative stress and maintained

green leaf color for a longer period when

treated with selenium. Foliar spray of zinc

increased the growth and yield attributes

under heat stress conditions as it provides

thermo tolerance to the photosynthetic

apparatus of wheat (Graham and Donald,

2001; Shahramlack et al., 2011).This may

also may be attributed to the increased

activity of superoxide dismutase which

helps in maintaining membrane thermo

stability by scavenging the free radicals

(Singh and Singh, 2011).

Conclusion

Global warming leading to heat stress is

one of the major factors affecting the

production of wheat in India and is getting

more severe with change in climate. High

temperature stress has a wide range of

effects on plants in terms of physiology,

biochemistry and gene regulation

pathways. However, strategies exist to

cope with the devastating effect of heat

stress by adopting improved agronomic

management protocols and exploiting

genetic advances. Although biochemical

and molecular aspects of heat tolerance in

plants are relatively well understood,

further studies focused on phenotypic

flexibility and assimilate partitioning

under heat stress and factors modulating

crop heat tolerance are imperative.

Nevertheless, the long-term solution to

heat stress cannot be found in any single

technology; it must draw from several

approaches, including adjustments to

management practices, selection of heat

tolerant varieties, residue application cum

zero till farming, efficient irrigation and

nutrient management technologies, and

mechanization.

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Table 1 Effect of heat stress on wheat growth, productivity and quality

S.No. Heat stress effect Reference

1. Reduction in dry mass and length of shoot as well as root, chlorophyll content

and membrane stability index

Gupta et al. (2013)

2. Detrimental effect on flower initiation, ovary and pollen development, below

average fertilization and subsequently yield loss due to reduced sink potential

Barnabas et al. (2008)

3. Significant decrease in grain yield (46.7%), thousand grains weight (20.6%),

grain filling duration (20.4%), kernel per spike (23.6%) and spikelet per spike

(11.7%) due to heat stress

Modarresi et al. (2010)

4. Reduction in thousand grain weight due to reduction in grain filling duration and

grain growth rate with increase in temperature

Garg et al. (2013)

5. Significant increase in grain protein content due to post anthesis exposure to heat

stress, whereas, a reduction in the glutenin/gliadin ratio having negative effect on

flour quality

Ashra, (2014)

Bamboriya et.al.

Table 2: Wheat varieties suitable for late sown conditions

Name of variety State(s) for which

released

Key characteristics

Kaushambi

(HW 2045)

North Eastern Plain Zone

(Eastern Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa,

Sikkim, West Bengal,

Assam and Plains of far

Eastern States)

Suitable for irrigated late sown conditions

Average seed yield is 41.0 q/ ha

Early maturing and possesses terminal heat

tolerance,

Poorva

(HD 2824)

North Eastern Plain Zone

(Eastern Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa,

West Bengal, Sikkim and

Plains of far Eastern

states)

Suitable for timely sown irrigated conditions

Average seed yield is 46 q/ha

Plasticity to delayed sowings making it suitable

for rice-wheat cropping system.

Urja

(HD 2864)

Central Zone (Gujrat,

Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Jhansi

Division of U.P. and Kota

Division of Rajasthan)

Suitable for late sown irrigated conditions

Average seed yield is 42 q/ha

Pusa Gold

(WR 544)

National Capital Region of

Delhi

Suitable for irrigated late and very late sown

conditions

Average seed yield is 37.3 q/ha

Possesses genes for thermo tolerance and for

leaf rust resistance,

Fits well in intensive cropping systems

Pusa Tripti

(HD 2833)

Peninsular (Maharastra

and Karnataka) zone

Suitable for late sown irrigated conditions

Average seed yield is 38.9 q/ha

High degree of adult plant resistance to leaf and

stem rust,

Pusa Wheat 111

(HD 2932)

Central (MP,

Chhatishgarh, Gujrat, Kota

& Udaipur divisions of

Rajasthan) and

Penninsular (Maharastra

and Karnataka) zones

Suitable for late sown conditions

Average seed yield is CZ – 41.7 q/ha, PZ - 43.3

q/ha

High zinc content

Wider adaptability

Pusa Basant

(HD 2985)

North eastern Plains Zone Suitable for irrigated late sown

Average seed yield is 35-40 q/ ha

It has the lowest reduction in the 1000-grain

weight under very late sown conditions.

(Source: http://www.iari.res.in)

29-38 The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, Dec. 2017

*Corresponding author’s E mail address: [email protected]

Media Selection and Integration Shilpi Verma & Shobhana Gupta*

KVK, Neemuch & RVSKVV, Gwalior, M.P. India

Abstract

The new technological advances on the eve of the end of the 19th century, a multitude of intrinsic and

extrinsic instructional media became available to both teachers and pupils. For effective use of the available

instructional media it became increasingly necessary to become both audio and visually literate in order to

interpret and understand messages from audio-visual materials/instructional media. This, however, confronted

teachers with the urge to become more acquainted with the ways of how to address media selection and

integration in a proper way. Appropriate selection of instructional media can improve the quality of teaching and

learning. It can help facilitate an effective teaching based on the learning objectives. As appropriate

instructional media are chosen in the delivery of the course content, students will be guided to improve their

learning, performance rate and achievement.

The paper deals about media/teaching materials that offer teachers powerful to make their teaching effective to

achieve specific classroom objectives. The paper throws light on effective media selection, its need and

importance, media as well as multimedia integration techniques. Instructional shed more light to curriculum

content and increase understanding of content. The whole point of instructional media is to improve the quality

of teaching and learning and therefore there is need to select and prepare media that meet this goal.

Key words: instructional media, teaching and learning

Cite this article: Verma S & Gupta S, 2017. Media Selection and Integration , The NAMO, International Journal

Agricultural Research and Development, 1(1) 29-38. Published: September 2017

Introduction

Using instructional media without

prior thinking of the implications to

learning is like shooting in the dark.

Effective teaching and learning requires

consideration of various factors among

which there is class size, composition and

learners’ backgrounds. Selection and

preparation of instructional media should

facilitate teaching and learning, help the

lecturer to clarify and emphasize taught

concepts and to motivate learners through

arousing their interest in the content

among other issues.

With the new technological

advances on the eve of the end of the 19th

century, a multitude of intrinsic and

extrinsic instructional media became

available to both teachers and pupils. For

effective use of the available instructional

media it became increasingly necessary to

become both audio and visually literate in

order to interpret and understand messages

from audio-visual materials/instructional

media. This, however, confronted teachers

with the urge to become more acquainted

with the ways of how to address media

selection and integration in a proper way.

Media and instructional Process

A medium (plural media) is a

channel of communication, derived from

the Latin word meaning “between”. The

term refers to anything that carries

information between a source and a

receiver. According to Dewdney & Ride,

2006, Flew, 2004, Heinich, 1996 definition

of media focuses on application of

technologies plus concepts and contexts.

Media are the means for transmitting or

delivering messages and in teaching-

learning perspective delivering content to

the learners, to achieve effective

instruction.

Instructional Technology/media for

learning-teaching process provide with the

tools to engage learners powerfully in the

learning process. It greatly enhances the

effectiveness of communication. If it is

properly designed, skilfully produced and

effectively used have great influence on

Shilpi Verma & Shobhana Gupta

teaching & learning because it produces

impact of:

• Save time

• Increase interest

• Hold attention

• Clarify ideas

• Reinforce concepts

• Add tone

• Prove a point

• Aid memory (Mohan, T. et al, 2001)

Media can be used effectively in

formal situation where students are

working independently or teacher is

working with other group of students.

Media play a significant role in the

education of students with exceptionalities

children with disabilities in particular need

special instructional treatment which is

supplemented with adaptation and

specially designed media for effective

instruction of such students. The most

common use of media in an instructional

situation is for supplemental support of the

instructor in the class room to enhance

learning. (Heinich, et al.1996). Every

application of media is somewhat unique

but in any case it must be guided by both

general principles of learning and the

context in which these principles are

employed. For the instructional use of

media programs are designed intentionally

to make the teaching-learning environment

more interesting and effective (Locatis &

Atkinson, 1990).

Instructional media encompasses all the

materials and physical means an instructor

might use to implement instruction and

facilitate students' achievement of

instructional objectives. This may include

traditional materials such as chalkboards,

handouts, charts, slides, overheads, real

objects, and videotape or film, as well

newer materials and methods such as

computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the

Internet, and interactive video

conferencing

Need of Media selection

Appropriate selection of

instructional media can improve the

quality of teaching and learning. It can

help facilitate an effective teaching based

on the learning objectives. As appropriate

instructional media are chosen in the

delivery of the course content, students

will be guided to improve their learning,

performance rate and achievement.

Whether traditional or newer

instructional media/materials, these are

indeed relevant to the process of teaching

and learning. Most notably, teachers also

have to take into consideration the students’

learning styles and preferences. Their

learning characteristics will also help

determine what and how to use them

effectively in instruction.

Figure1. - Lists media that you can use to

demonstrate certain phenomena.

Media have important advantages:

allow easy and repeated

reproduction of an event or

procedure

provide visual access to a process

or technique

provide a common framework of

experience to a large number of

learners

promote an Illusion of reality;

gain and hold the attention of the

learner

focus attention or highlight key

points

save time by avoiding wordy

explanations

create impact and facilitate the

understanding of abstract concepts.

Media Selection and Integration

Factors affecting Media selection

instructional method

type of learning task (objectives)

subject matter and required student

performance

learner characteristics (learning

style, skills)

target population – location, size

teachers’ attitudes/preferences,

skills etc.

physical attributes of the media

(sensory channels)

teaching space, lighting, facilities

(physical environment)

practical constraints – economic

(money) and administrative time ,

what’s available

Just as the educational process is

influenced by many factors, so is the

selection of instructional media.

Among these factors are: Characteristics of

the learners such as their experiences,

interests, motivations; characteristics of

the lecturer such as that persons' skills,

attitudes and preferences;

material factors including economic and

political constraints as well as cost, time

availability, ease of use and maintenance

of the medium chosen.

These factors are all inter-related as is

shown in Figure. However, for purposes of

this chapter, we shall discuss them in turn.

Figure 2 - Factors affecting the selection of

instruction media

Selection of Media

Media selection is also called

media planning. Media plan decides how

advertising time and space in various

media will be used to achieve

the advertising objectives and marketing

objectives of the company. The basic goal

of media plan is to find out that

combination of media which enables the

advertiser to communicate the ad-message

in the most effective manner at lower cost.

An advertising plan is decided by the

advertiser to achieve advertising

objectives. Advertising objectives are

decided keeping in view the marketing

objectives of the company. Media plan is

based on advertising plan. In other words

media plan is a part of the overall

advertising plan. In media plan following

main media decisions are taken:

Selecting suitable media to serve

the advertiser’s need i.e., selecting

media which can reach the target

audience.

Selecting best combination of mix

of media which is within the

advertiser’s ad-budget.

Selecting most suitable

media schedules. Media planning

helps to control wastage in

advertising. It ensures the optimum

utilization of resources spent on

advertising.

Definition:

According to Fryburger, “Media–

planning involves selecting appropriate

media for carrying advertising message to

target audience and deciding how much to

spend on each media and scheduling when

the advertisement is to run.” “Media-

planning is a decision process regarding

use of advertising time and space to assist

in the achievement of marketing

objectives.”

Concept of 5 Ws:

Wells Burnett In brief, media planning

includes the answer to following 5 Ws:

Whom: Whom do we want to reach? i.e.,

identifying target audience


Where: Where the potential customers

located? i.e., identifying geographical area.

What: What type of message is to be

communicated? i.e., either the message is

informative or demonstrative in nature.

Which: Which media is to be selected for

communicating with our

potential consumers?

When: When is the ad need to be issued?

i.e., deciding month, day and time of

advertisement.

Factors affecting Media Selection: Following are the main considerations in

media selection

1) Nature of product: product to be

advertised can be industrial /technical

product or consumer product. Industrial

and technical products can be better

advertised in specific trade journals and

magazines. Consumer products can be

better advertised through mass media such

as television, newspapers, outdoor

advertising etc.

2) Nature of customers: an appropriate

media plan must be considered in its type,

no. of consumers, for whom the

advertising is to be done. Different

consumers differ in the age group, sex,

incomes, personality, educational level,

attitude etc.

3) Distribution of products: if the

product is to be distributed locally or

regionally then media with local coverage

and reach should be considered like local

newspapers, cable-network. If the product

is to be distributed on national level, then

media with national coverage will be

suitable.

4) Advertising objectives: The main

objective of every advertising campaign is

to get favorable response from customer,

but the specific objectives can be different.

If the objective of advertising campaign is

to get immediate results then fast media of

communication such as newspapers,

banners, pamphlets will be considered.

5) Nature of message: if the message is informative in nature,

then newspaper will be suitable. If ad-

message is to persuade consumers then

they need to be given emotional appeal,

rational appeal, demonstration of product,

then television is suitable.

6) Size of ad-budget: if amount of

advertisement budget is more, then costly

media like television, national dailies,

and popular magazines can be selected.

7) Media reach and coverage: such

media should be selected which has wider

reach and can cover out target customers.

8) Media cost: advertiser should compare

the cost of each media by considering the

no. of audience covered by such media. It

is possible that a media seems to be costly,

but if it can cover large no. of audience,

then cost per audience will be less.

Process and steps in media selection: Media planning involves following steps:

1. To know about target audience

2. To consider various factors

affecting media planning

3. To identify the geographical area

4. Establishing media objectives

5. Selecting suitable media

6. Selecting optimum media-mix

7. Media scheduling

8. Executing advertising program

9. Follow up and evaluation

Media selection is an integral part

of the Instructional Systems Design

process. In that role, media selection

ensures that a specific instructional

medium can support the attainment of a

given learning objective. The different

authors (Borich, 2002, Brown, Lewis,

Harcleroad, 1998, Kemp, 1998, Mehra,

1992, Chandra, 1989, McArtney, 1973)

give classifications of media in different

ways on the basis of those classifications a

common grouping/types of media may be

made as:

1. Print Media i.e. News Paper,

Magazines, Digest, Journals,

Bulletins, Handouts, poster etc.

2. Graphic Media i.e. Overhead

transparencies, Charts, graphs

Models, dioramas, Maps, globes

3. Photographic Media i.e. Still

Pictures, Slides, Filmstrips, Motion

pictures, Multi-images etc.


4. Audio Media i.e. Audiotape,

Audiocassettes, Records, Radio,

Telecommunication etc.

5. Television/Video i.e. Broadcast

television, Cable television,

(Videotape Video cassettes,

Videodiscs, Tele text, Video text

etc.

6. Computers i.e. Minicomputer,

Microcomputer etc.

7. Simulations and Games i.e.

Boards, Written, Human,

interaction, Machine etc.

The impact of use of media may increase

by applying the following principles.

Select material with appropriate

attributes.

Introduce material to learner by

relating it to prior learning and

indicating its relationship to

present objectives.

Present material under the best

possible environmental conditions.

Get feedback from

viewers/learners.

Evaluate inertial impact (Heinich

et al. 1996, Brown, Lewis,

Harcleroad, 1998, Kemp &

Daylon, 1998).

A teacher can make more effective

use of media if he/she understands

underlying concepts about teaching-

learning process. Behaviorists stress

external control over a learner’s behavior,

so specify behavioral (performance)

objectives; instructional design and media

are highly structured. While cognitivists

stress internal or learner control over

mental process, so specify cognitive

objectives, allow learners to employ their

own cognitive strategies. Instructional

design and media is less structured

(Hoban, 2002, Klein, 2002, Wisker &

Brown, 1996, Ausubel, Novak and

Hanesian 1978).

Teaching and learning are considered

complex processes, influenced by different

multiple factors, including use of media or

instructional aids, which results active

involvement of learners and makes

teaching more interactive. The importance

of interactive learning or academic

engagement is reflected from the following

quote from Killen Roy:

“Instructional activities must be arranged

so that students have appropriate

opportunities to engage in meaningful

learning (as opposed to rote learning).

Academic engagement will be evident

when students are on task, focused on

important issues and consciously striving

to learn. Students need to be seriously

engaged in learning in order to achieve

deep understanding. Academic

engagement is closely linked to students

commitment and motivation and to the

nature of interactions within class room

social systems” (Killen, 2003:19).

In order to make the learning experiences

of the learners more concrete and realistic,

teachers has to use and prepare specific

teaching materials. These instructional

gadgets help teachers to clarify, establish

and correlate concepts of learners. It also

help to teach abstract concepts in a

meaningful way.

“Teaching aids certainly amplify teachers’

effortful presentation more into

influencing instructions. The use of variety

of teaching aids has successfully

transformed most classrooms from

traditional setup, where teachers do most

of the talking and students are passive

listeners, into participatory learning

centers facilitating productive learning.

(Thomas, 2008:106)

Selection of Media: Five steps of

selection are:

1. Write an objective.

2. Determine the domain in which the

objective can be classified: Cognitive,

Affective, and Psychomotor.

3. Consider various factors affecting media

selection.

4. Consider various methods/techniques to

be adopted.

5. Select appropriate media.

(1) Write an Instructional Objective: The

first step in the selection of media is to

write an instructional objective. A good


instructional objective has four

distinguishing characteristics. These are:

1. It describes something which the learner

performs or produces.

2. It stales an observable behaviour of a

product of the learner's behaviour.

3. It states the conditions under which the

behaviour is to occur.

4. It states the standard which defines

whether or not the objective has bee,

attained.

(2) Determine the Domain in which the

Objective can be Classified Cognitive,

Affective, Psychomotor: Once you have

specified or written the objective, you

determine the domain in which the

objective can be classified

(3) Consider various Factors Affecting

Media Selection:At this step, you are

expected to consider the various factors of

media selection in terms of the written

objective. Looking at the earlier example,

you can think of various media. Out of the

available media, a video programme

depicting a typing skill is more

appropriate. A learner can get command

over the video programme. He/she can

learn the typing skill on his/her own by

switching on and switching off the video

programme and then actually practicing on

a typewriter.

(4) Consider various Methods/Techniques

to be adopted: At this step, you are

required to consider various

methods/techniques to be adopted. For

example, you are following the lecture

method to discuss a new concept. In this

case, you can think of using OHP

transparencies to support your main points

in the lecture; even summarizing whatever

you have discussed in your lectured, in the

illustration of typing which we gave

earlier, you can think of demonstration as

method. For that, you may choose a video

programme which demonstrates the typing

skill. Hence, decisions of

methods/techniques also determine the

process of media selection.

(5) Selecting the Media: After comparing

the appropriate need of different media,

you can select the media. In this case, the

video programme depicting typing skill is

selected to help practice the methods on a

typewriter.

The factors affecting the selection of

media. All the factors which contribute to

the media selection may be categorized

into the following:

1. Pedagogical Utility

2. Human Factors

3. Availability and Accessibility

4. User Friendly

5. Cost

6. Effective Communication

7. Infrastructural Facilities

8. Time

9. Hardware

Need of Media Selection: We see that media have an

important role in the instructional process.

But, all media are not suitable or

appropriate for all types of instructional

tasks. Each medium has its own

capabilities or attributes. Attributes are

pictorial (representation, Size enlarged,

reduced or real), Colour (black and white,

limited colours, full colours), Movement

(still, semi-motion, full motion), Language

(print or oral sounds) and Sound-picture

relationship (silent or with sound).Each

instructional task also requires media with

specified characteristics or attributes. It is,

therefore, considered that media selection

is an important part of instructional design

and delivery. But it is very difficult on the

part of a teacher to judge which medium

out of the available media is the best for a

given instructional task. A teacher,

therefore, takes into considerate various

factors which affect media selection for the

transaction of learns experiences.

Media Integration

We see that the use of a single

medium fulfil the requirement of any

instructional activity. Various media have

to be used in combination. Although one

of the media could be the 'Master

Medium', other media should be used so

that the quality of presentation becomes


maximally effective. Media also can be

combined with appropriate methods so that

instructional activity becomes Effective.

Let us take an example of a class on

geography wherein the teacher Caches

about ''Environmental Pollution". The

class period is 40 minutes. He divides the

class of 40 minutes as in Table.2 below.

Teacher's

Activities

Media to be used Time

Introduction

to the Topic

Uses chalkboard

and shows

transparency.

Uses lecture -

cum- discussion

method.

10

minutes

Teaching the

main

Content

Uses lecture -

cum- discussion

method writing on

chalkboard or

showing 4 -5

transparencies.

13

minutes

Citing

Examples

Showing a 10

minutes video

sequence on

"Environmental

Pollution" or

showing a set of

10 slides on

"Environmental

Pollution", or

showing 10

pictures on the

topic.

10

minutes

Summary Explaining

verbally or by

showing a

transparency or by

writing on a chart.

5

minutes

Table No. 2 Teacher Cache’s period division:

An Ideal example

Multiple Media and Multimedia: When we integrate more than on, medium

into our teaching, we call it media-mix or

use of multiple media o multimedia. But,

due to the advancement of technology, one

may not take the help of a number of

media to be integrated with teaching.

A single medium consist of features of

more than one medium. Such media are

called multimedia For example, the

advanced computers are called Multimedia

computer. These computers comprise text,

data, sound, animation, visual, picture,

graphics and interaction. Therefore, the

use of a single multimedia computer in the

instructional process fulfills the

requirements of many media. The

components of a multimedia are as follows:

1. Text

2. Picture

3. Graphics

4. Animation

5. Visual

6. Audio

Availability and Accessibility: Whenever a teacher decides to use

any media for instructional purposes,

he/she should consider their availability

both inside and outside the institution. In

schools, there are learning resource centers.

These resource centers are equipped with

various teaching and electronic media. The

teacher can make sure that the intended

media are available there If not available,

he/she should explore the possibility of

their availability outside the institution.

Sometimes, certain media may not be

available to a teacher. I" such situations,

the teacher can look for substitutions. For

example, the book substitutes the age-old

teacher, a TV programme substitutes a

film. Therefore the teacher should not be

desperate if a particular medium is not

available. But think of alternatives to

achieve the desired objectives.

Very often the availability of media even

does not ensure selection of media.

Available media should be accessible to

the users. Accessibility means that the

teacher is able to access the media for


teaching purpose and the learner for

learning purpose. Now-a-days, many

schools are provided with televisions and

computer sets.

Though they are available in schools," they

cannot be accessed either by teachers or

the learners due to some reason. For

example, the head of the institutions may

not allow others to use their gadgets.

Cost determination Cost is an important consideration

in media selection. The instructional

objective for an instructional task may be

achieved with the help of alternative media.

But, the choice of media depends on how

much the user can afford to get such media.

For example, a teacher can buy/rent a film

on how Indian Parliament functions

provided he/she has the budget to do that.

Otherwise, he/she has to depend on the

print medium. Costs related to media are

capital costs, production costs, recurrent

costs and variable costs.

1. Capital Costs: Capital costs are initial expenditure the

institution incurs for the establishment of

either a studio or a computing network or

obtaining necessary hardware equipment.

2. Production Costs: These costs are related to the production of

instructional material. Production costs

vary from one instructional material to

another.

3. Recurrent Costs: These costs are required to maintain and

manage media For example;

teleconferencing requires a high cost of

maintenance as the production staff is

required to operate the equipment.

4. Variable Costs: These costs are linked with the increase or

decrease in the use of media. For example,

if the audio cassettes are used by many

people their costs come down. Audio

cassettes and radio have low fixed and low

variable costs whereas broadcast television

has high fixed cost and low variable costs.

Conclusion -

The instructional-aids assist

educators to transmit the knowledge in an

impressive way giving diversity to

classroom teaching and making learning

more effective. Following are the

conclusions drawn on the basis of review

literature about media/teaching materials

that offer teachers powerful means to make

their teaching effective to achieve specific

classroom objectives:

• It helps students in greater acquisition of

knowledge and ensures longer retention of

the gained knowledge. This is mainly

because it provides interactive learning

environment due to which learning

experiences becomes more meaningful and

satisfying.

• It easily motivates the learners because it

enhances a multisensory interest and

thereby learning becomes more immediate

and productive.

• It gives classroom instructions a more

scientific base and enables teachers to

transfer the knowledge in an organized

way and more systematically.

• They are appropriate teaching tools

which helps teachers to draw and fix the

attention of students towards teaching.

Attention and concentration betters

students learning and improves classroom

discipline.

• It enhances comprehension skills and the

clarity of communication can be greatly

enhanced by using them.

• It helps in stirring the imaginational,

thinking process and the reasoning power

of the students.

• It helps the teachers to save their time

and energy. Since these effective materials

can clarify the concepts easily, lots of time

and energy can be saved by it.

• It also serves as ideal tools to review the

learning outcome and to evaluate the

completeness of certain learning.

• They open out greater scope for

interactive learning and offers

opportunities of individual learning.

Recommendations

All in all it can be concluded that

when selecting and preparing instructional

media it is important to ensure that the

media leads to a better understanding of


concepts and relates to students’

experiences and is at their level of

comprehension. Selected media should

also be accurate and give up to date

information. In summation, instructional

media should shed more light to

curriculum content and increase

understanding of content. The whole point

of instructional media is to improve the

quality of teaching and learning and

therefore there is need to select and

prepare media that meet this goal.

Keeping in view the importance and

impact of media on communication,

teaching and learning in class, it is

suggested that Government should allocate

special budget provision to provide

media/instruction material and gadgets to

the schools both at elementary and

secondary level. The teachers or schools

may be provided opportunity of in-service

training for media use in classrooms.

Teachers Education institution should put

more emphasis on the practical training for

prospective school teachers in addition to

theory courses i.e. teaching methods,

instructional technology etc.

Media/Instructional technology resource

center may establish in teacher training

institutions.

References –

1. Ausubel, D. P., Novak, J. D. &

Hanesian, H. (1978). Educational

Psychology: A Cognitive View,

New York: Rinehart and Winston.

2. Chandra, A., Shah, A & Joshi, U.

(1998). Fundamentals of Teaching

Home Science. New Delhi:

Sterling Publishers, Private

Limited.

3. Dewdney, A. & Ride, P. (2006).

The New Media Handbook.

London & New York: Routledge.

4. Flew, T. (2009). New Media an

Introduction. Oxford University

Press.

5. Heinich, R. et al. (1996).

Instructional Media and

Technologies for Learning. New

Jersey: Prentice Hall, inc.

6. Hoban, G.F. (2002). Teacher

Learning for Educational Change.

Buckingham: Open University

Press.

7. Kemp, J. E. & Daylon, D. K.

(1998). Planning and Producing

Instructional Media New York:

Harper & Row Publishers.

8. Killen, Roy (2003). Effective

Teaching Strategies: Lessons from

Research & Practice. Melbourne:

Australia. Thomson, Social Science

Press South.

9. Leedham, J., Gibson, T &

McArtney T. (1973). Educational

Technology: A first Look. Bath

UK: Pitman Publishing,

10. Locatis, C. N. & Atkinson, F. D.

(1990). Media and Technology for

Education & Training. Columbus,

Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing

company.

11. MEHRA, V. (1992). Instructional

System Design an Innovation in

Educational Technology. Delhi: S.

S. Publishers

12. Mohan, T. et al. (2001).

Communicating Theory & Practice

Australia: Thomson,

13. Thomas, M. (2008). Effective

Teaching: a Measure of

Excellence. New Delhi: S.Chand &

Company.

14. Wisker. C & Brown, S. (1996).

Enabling Student Learning: System

and Strategies. London: Kogan

Page.

15. Ahsan Akhtar Naz and Rafaqat Ali

Akbar, Use of Media for Effective

Instruction its Importance: Some

Consideration , Journal of

Elementary Education Vol. 18(1-2)

35-40

16. International Journal of Humanities

and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 2;

February 2015 245 A Window

which lets in Light: The

Importance of Selecting and

Preparing Instructional Media in

Tertiary Education Itayi Mariko


*Corresponding author’s E mail address: [email protected]

Table No.1 General examples of Media using

Reasons for media use General examples

To form a clear idea of something Real object, model

To stress the essential and leave the non-

essential in the background

Model, scheme

To give visual access to something which may

be inaccessible

Model, picture, photo, poster,

film

To clarify abstract information which may be

difficult to communicate verbally

Diagrams, columns of figures

To condense large quantities of information Diagrams, handouts

To promote mental activities of students Handouts, textbooks, films, pictures

To give feedback to the teacher about student

progress/achievement

Tests, study guides with

assignments, handouts with

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Corresponding Author Email Address: [email protected]

Economic Empowerment of Women Through Embroidery And

Needle Work: A Study Of Rajasthan Mission On Livelihoods

(Rmol) From Udaipur (Rajasthan) Anuprita Purohit

1, Simple Jain

2 and Asha Godawat

3

2. College of Home Science, MPUAT, Udaipur,1 ASPEE College of Home Science, SDAU, SK Nagar,

Gujarat.3 College of Home science, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajisthan

Abstract The present study was undertaken to find out the usefulness of Embroidery and Needle work training

programme and adoption of it as an enterprise by the women. The sample of the study consist twenty rural

women who had taken training of Embroidery and Needle work under Rajasthan Mission on Livelihoods

(RMoL) programme. The data was collected through personal interview technique using self-developed

interview schedule. Frequency and Percentage were calculated for analysing the data. The findings show that

thistrainingwas perceived very useful and increased participants knowledge, skill and efficiency about

Embroidery and Needle work. Only five respondents out of 20 had adopted it as an income generating activity.

They were doing the activity as per order and demand of the customers. They earned an average income of Rs.

28200/- per year. They have utilized earned money for fulfilling requirement of their family, purchase of house

hold material and equipment, education of children and clearing of debts and credit. The reasons for non-

adoption of enterprise might beembroidery work leads to various health problems like weak eye sight, backache,

headache etc, not getting right price of the prepared items, lack of time etc. The Embroidery and Needle work

enterprise was a beneficial enterprise.

Key Words: Training, Enterprise, Usefulness, knowledge, skill, efficiency.

Cite this article: Purohit1,A Jain S and Godawat A. 2017. Economic Empowerment Of Women Through Embroidery And

Needle Work: A Study Of Rajasthan Mission On Livelihoods (Rmol) From Udaipur (Rajasthan), The NAMO, International

Journal Agricultural Research and Development, 1 (1) 46-52.


Introduction

Skill building and a supportive

policy environment are essential for

women in rural areas to become successful

entrepreneurs and contribute to a dynamic

rural economy. Harnessing the

entrepreneurial talents of women was an

effective strategy to fight unemployment

and poverty in rural areas. Rajasthan

initiated a mission i.e. Rajasthan Mission

on Livelihoods (RMoL) on September 4,

2004 to promote livelihood and provide

gainful and sustainable employment to the

poor and vulnerable people of the state. It

focuses on need based short term skill

training where people learn from hands on

practices. Directorate of Extension

Education, MPUAT, Udaipur is one of the

implementing organization of RMoL

activities in the Udaipur district.

Directorate of Extension Education

organized trainings on Embroidery and

Needle work for women participants under

RMoL.

One of the objectives of Rajasthan

Mission on Livelihoods is to create a large

number of livelihood opportunities to

solve the problem of unemployment. A

number of training programmes on

different entrepreneurial activities have

been organized under RMoL to improve

economic status of the people. Success of

any programme depends on the effective

participation of the people in the

programme and further adoption of

activities in future. Thus the present study

was undertaken to study usefulness of

embroidery and needle worktraining

organized under Rajasthan Mission on

Livelihoods (RMoL) as perceived by

beneficiaries and their expectations and

adoption of embroidery and needle workas

an enterprise by the women. Study also

focuses on utilization of income generated

from the particular enterprise by women

entrepreneurs and constraints faced by

them in running this enterprise.

Purohit et al.

Methodology

Directorate of Extension

Education, MPUAT, Udaipur is one of the

organization implementing Rajasthan

Mission on Livelihoods activities in the

Udaipur district. Directorate of Extension

Education organised training programmes

on Cutting and Tailoring, Fruit and

Vegetable Preservation, Embroidery and

Needle work and Food Processing for

women participants under RMoL scheme.

Embroidery and Needle work training was

selected for the present study. The total

numbers of women beneficiaries of these

trainings were 20. Interview technique was

used for data collection. Frequency and

percentages were used for analysis of data.

Results and Discussion

Reasons for attending Embroidery and

Needle work training programme:

In spite of having busy schedule women

participated in training programme of 36

days duration. Therefore an effort was

made to know the reasons that motivate

them to attend training programme.

Reasons for participating in ‘Embroidery

and Needle work’ training by the

respondents are as follows:

Visualization of Table 1 indicates

that nearly three fourth of the respondents

attended training to improve their skills in

Embroidery and Needle work. A good

number of the respondents (70%)

mentioned that training can be a better way

to utilize leisure time. It was also found

that 65 per cent women had attended

training due to their own interest.

Establishment of their own enterprise and

increasing their family income were the

other reasons expressed by half of the

respondents (50%). Further, learning of

new things and motivation by the friends

and neighbours were the reasons expressed

by 45 and 35 percent respondents,

respectively.

Findings are supported by Sharma

(2007) that respondents of sericulture,

mushroom cultivation, tailoring, weaving

and embroidery, knitting, food processing

& preservation and manufacturing of

bamboo articles had obtained training to

acquire proficiency, about product

knowledge, and its preparation as reported

by 15 to 63.4 percent of the respondents.

Opinion of respondents towards different

aspects of Embroidery and Needle work

training programme

Referring Table 2 indicates opinion

of the women participants regarding

different aspects of the Embroidery and

Needle work training programme. During

investigation it was observed that training

duration and marketing facilities were only

the areas in which dissatisfaction was

expressed by 30- 35 per cent participants.

With respect to technical guidance

provided during training programme three

fourth of the respondents were satisfied,

whereas one fourth of the respondents

were somewhat satisfied and stated that

most of the time trainer focused only on

selected participants and information about

the machine embroidery was totally nil.

In case of financial assistance

provided to the participants eighty five per

cent of the women were satisfied and 15

percent respondents were satisfied to some

extent only. During discussion with the

women it was found that they had not

enough amount of money for initial

investment of enterprise viz. procuring raw

materials, advertisement, publicity and

marketing etc. It was encouraging to note

that cent per cent of the respondents were

satisfied with training time, materials,

place, methods, content and practical

orientation.

The findings of the study are in

consonance with the results of Bharti

(2007) who stated that in case of financial

assistance majority of the respondents

were highly satisfied with assistance given

by KVK scientist in getting loan from

bank. Overall opinion of respondents

regarding ‘Embroidery and Needle work’

Data presented in Table 3 indicates

that majority of the respondents (75%) felt

Economic Empowerment Of Women Through Embroidery And Needle Work: A Study Of Rajasthan Mission On

Livelihoods (Rmol) From Udaipur (Rajasthan)

that training programme on ‘Embroidery

and Needle work’ was good, 15 per cent

participants perceived that it was very

good and there were only 10 per cent

respondents who rated the training as

average. Benefits perceived by

respondents through Embroidery and

Needle work training

It is evident from Table 4 that

training was beneficial in terms of

increasing the knowledge of the

participants about embroidery work. The

training also helped them to learn different

stitches and work of embroidery like chain

stitch, herring bone stitch, stem stitch, kaj

stitch, bakhiya, motikasab work, nakatiki

work, aaritari work, shadow work, jardoji

work, crochet work, block printing,

bandhej on table mates, sofa backs, table

cover, seat cover, saree as reported by 85

and 75 per cent respondents respectively.

Similarly half of the respondents acquired

efficiency in Embroidery and Needle work

after attending the training. One fourth of

the respondents reported that training

helped them in clarification of doubts and

establishment of an enterprise. Findings

are supported byRao (2003) who reported

that for the economic empowerment of

women training helped them to improve

their knowledge in traditional sectors like

agriculture, animal husbandry, dairying,

handloom, handicrafts, sericulture etc.

Adoption of embroidery work

Table 5 revealed that training in

‘Embroidery and Needle work, helped

women to acquire proficiency in preparing

different utility items viz. table mates, sofa

backs, table cover,saree, seat coverand

hanker chief. Women also acquired

proficiency in different stitches and needle

work. Women were trained to prepare

motikasab work, block printing, naka-tiki

work, bandhani, chain stitch, herring bone

stitch, aaritari work, stem stitch, shadow

work and kaj stitch. Women also acquired

efficiency in preparing jardoji work,

bakhiya, and crochet work.

With regard to time of initiation of an

enterprise out of total 5 women (25%)

initiated this enterprise. In case of place of

running the enterprise it was found that

cent percent of the respondents were

running the enterprise from their homes.

During an informal discussion it was

found that ‘Embroidery and Needle work’

did not require much capital, infrastructure

and other inputs and can be easily carried

out from home. Further it was found that

three women (60%) spent 4 to 5 hours per

day for 25 daysper month whereas, one

respondent (20%) was engaged in this

work for the whole month for 4 to 5 hours

per day. Similarly same number of the

respondent (20%) was involved for 20 to

22 days for 3 to 4 hours. In case of mode

of running the enterprise all women were

running their enterprise on individual

basis. According to table 6 The findings

are in consonance of findings of Seema et

al. (1998) who reported that average

production of five embroidery units was

498 pieces per month and the net returns

from this was Rs. 8,360.40.

Women prepared different

embroidery articles for their family

members. They prepared table cover,

mobile cover, hanker chief, pillow cover

andbed sheets for their family members.

women also preparedsarees for their own

use. Likewise for selling, cent-percent

women who had adopted Embroidery and

Needle work enterprise were preparing

salwar suit for their customers. Bed sheets

and sarees were also prepared for their

customers. Income generation from

Embroidery and Needle work enterprise:

Regarding Embroidery and Needle

work enterprise, the Table 6 reveals that

women were doing the embroidery on

suits, sarees, bed sheets approximately on

82 articles/ year. They were preparing it

on customers demand or on order basis.

The average annual investment was Rs.

16620 /- with an average income of Rs.

28200/- They were earning net profit of

Rs.11,580/- each year. The selling price of

embroidered suits, sarees and bed sheets

Purohit et al.

were ranging from 300-500 per piece. The

prices were fixed as per the intricacy of

embroidery done.

Critical examination of Table 7

portrays that 40 per cent women earned

profit ranging between Rs. 8000/- to

9000/- annually, While 20 per cent women

earned 12,000 to 13,000/- annual profit

from their enterprise. Out of total 5 women

adopters one woman was earning profit

ranged between Rs. 13,000- 14,000 and

one woman earned profit ranged between

Rs. 14,000-15,000.

Utilization of income by women

entrepreneurs

The utilization pattern of income

by the respondents (Table 8) indicates that

majority of the respondents (88.46 %)

have utilized money to fulfill requirement

of their family viz. food, clothing, shelter

etc. Similarly 57.69 per cent women

utilized it for purchase of house hold

material and equipment. Children

education is also one of the area in which

women were spending their income as

reported by 46.15 per cent respondents.

More than one third of the respondents

(38.46%) have utilized money for

promotion of established enterprises.

Savings of earned income was done by

30.76 per cent women for future needs.

Some of the respondents (15.38%) were

using their earned income for clearing of

debts and credit. The results are in

conformity with the study of Verma

(2006) who reported that majority of the

respondents (94%) utilized the money to

fulfill family requirements. Nearly half of

the women utilized the money for

establishing their enterprise, 19 per cent

utilized it for education of their children

and 7 per cent women opened bank

accounts and saved the additional income

for future requirement.

Findings are also supported by the findings

of Upadhyay (2007) that majority of the

respondents (92%) utilized income to

fulfill the family requirement and most of

them (73%) saved it for future. More than

half of the respondents (53-55%) spent the

income for purchase of agricultural inputs

and raw materials. Constraints faced by

Embroidery and Needle work

entrepreneurs

Women entrepreneurs of

Embroidery and Needle work were doing

entrepreneurial activity as per order and

demand of the customers. Majority of the

respondents (80%) faced problem in

getting right price of the items they had

prepared and high commission to

wholesaler. Hence, they were not getting

good returns of their products. It was

revealed by more than 60 per cent of the

respondents that the enterprise required too

much concentration. During informal

discussion it was found that long duration

involvement in embroidery work may lead

to various health problems like weak eye

sight, backache, headache etc. Lack of

time due to house hold task was other

difficulty as reported by 40 per cent

respondents. Respondents mentioned that

due to study and house hold work they

were unable to spare time for embroidery

work.

Findings are in line with findings of

Randhwana and kaur (2006) who stated

that most of the problems faced by women

entrepreneurs were personal and technical

in nature. Most frequently experienced

personal problems included over

burdening with responsibilities, lack of

time for recreational activities and

excessive stress and tension and dual

responsibilities.

Conclusion

On the basis of the findings it can be

concluded that the training was beneficial

in terms of increasing the knowledge on

embroidery and needle work. The women

were satisfied with the whole training

programme except two aspects i.e.training

duration and marketing facilities where

they expressed dissatisfaction.Thus it

could be inferred that training organized

by DEE under RMoL scheme helped

women in empowering them economically



References

1. Bharti, A. 2007.Role of

KrishiVigyan Kendra in Promotion

of Entrepreneurial Activities

among rural Women.An

unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College

of Home Science, MPUAT,

Udaipur.

2. Randhwana.V., and Kour, K. 2006.

Problems of rural women

entrepreneurs running micro

enterprise.Indian Journal of

Agriculture Research and

Extension1:1: 10-12

3. Rao, V.M. 2003.Women Dairy

Cooperatives in

Rajasthan.Kurukshetra66:19-20.

4. Seema, Grover, I. and Panghal,

B.S. 1998. Empowerment and

entrepreneurial development of

women through financial

institutions.In groverr, I and

grover, D. (eds.) 2002

empowerment of women.Agrotech

publishing house.

5. Sharma, C. 2007. Knowledge and

benefits gained by women

beneficiaries of SGSY. An

unpublished M.Sc. thesis, College

of Home Science, MPUAT,

Udaipur.

6. Upadhayay B. 2007. Income

generation from selected

entrepreneurial activities among

tribal women.An un published

M.Sc. thesis, M.P.U.A.T, Udaipur.

Rajasthan.

7. Verma, H. 2006 Adoption of agro

based enterprise by tribal women.

An unpublished M.Sc. thesis,

College of Home Science,

MPUAT, Udaipur.

Purohit et al.

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents on the basis of reasons for attending Embroidery and

Needle work training programme n = 20*

S.No. Reason f %

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

To acquire skills

To utilize free time

For their own interest

To establish an enterprise

To increase family income

To learn new things

As per the advice of friends and neighbours

15

14

13

10

10

9

7

75

70

65

50

50

45

35

*Multiple responses

Table 2: Opinion of respondents towards different aspects of Embroidery and Needle work

training programme n=20*

S.No. Training aspects Satisfied

f (%)

Somewhat

satisfied f (%)

Not satisfied

f (%)

A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

TrainingTraining time

Training duration

Training Materials

Training Place

Training Methods

Training Content

Practical orientation

20(100)

14(70)

20(100)

20(100)

20(100)

20(100)

20(100)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6(30)

-

-

-

-

-

8 Technical Guidance 15(75) 5 (25) -

9 Financial assistance 17 (85) 3 (15) -

10 Marketing Facilities 13 (65) - 7 (35)

*Multiple responses

Table 3: Distribution of the respondents on the basis of their overall opinion regarding

training on Embroidery and Needle work n=20

S.No. Opinion regarding training f %

1

2

3

Very Good

Good

Average

3

15

2

15

75

10

Table 4: Benefits perceived by respondents through Embroidery and Needle work training

programme n=20*

S.No. Perceived benefits f %

1

2

3

4

5

Increased knowledge

Learned to prepare new things

Acquired efficiency

Helped in establishment of self-enterprise

clarification of doubts related to enterprise

17

15

10

5

5

85

75

50

25

25

*Multiple responses



Table 5: Adoption of embroidery and needle work as income generation by the women

n= 20

Training Adoption

f (%)

Non adoption

f (%)

Discontinuance

f(%)

Embroidery and needle work 5 (25) 15(75) -

Table 6: Income generation from Embroidery and Needle work enterprise n=5

Average no of

items prepared in a

year

Average

expenditure (Rs/

yr)

Average annual

income (Rs./yr)

Net profit (Rs./yr)

82 16620 28200 11580

Table 7: Range of annual profit earned from Embroidery and Needle work enterprise

n= 5

S.No. Profit range (Rs.) f %

1.

2.

3.

4.

8000-9000

12,000-13,000

13,000-14,000

14,000-15,000

2

1

1

1

40

20

20

20

Table 8 : Utilization of income by women entrepreneurs n=26*

S. No. Area of use f %

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

To fulfill family requirement

Purchasing of household material and equipment

For children education

For promotion of established enterprise

Savings

For clearing debt/ credit

23

15

12

10

8

4

88.46

57.69

46.15

38.46

30.76

15.38

*Multiple responses

Table 9: Distribution of the respondents on the basis of constraints faced by Embroidery and

Needle work entrepreneurs n = 5*

S.No. Problems Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

High commission to the wholesaler

Not getting right price of things

Problems related to weakness and fatigue

Heavy house hold responsibilities

Lack of time

4

4

3

2

2

80

80

60

40

40

*Multiple responses


Corresponding Author email Address: [email protected]

Socio Personal Characteristics and Attitude of Farmers Towards Bt

Cotton Production Technology Sumit Yadav

1, Godara A.K.

2 and V.P.S. Yadav

3

1, 2 and 3 C.C.S.H.A.U, Hisar, Haryana

Abstract

Cotton being a cash crop, plays a key role in the National economy in terms of direct and indirect

employment and income generation in the agricultural and industrial sectors. The production of cotton increased

31.20 million bales during 2010-11in Haryana state because of an exponential increase in Bt cotton area

approximately 92 per cent of the total cotton area in country. Cotton is attacked by several insect pests reducing the

crop yield to a greater extent. The insect pests that attack cotton crop may be classified into sap sucking insects

(aphids, Jassids and white fly) or chewing insects (bollworms, leaf eating caterpillars etc.) of the total pesticides

used in Indian Agriculture, about 45 per cent is sprayed on cotton crop alone. To reduce pesticide usage in the crop,

several strategies like use of Genetic Resistance to insect pests, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Insecticide

Resistance Management (IRM) etc. are advocated. In recent times, Bt cotton technology is found to be one of the

best strategies to manage bollworms, the most important pest of cotton. The present study was conducted during

2014-2015 in Haryana. Two districts Hisar and Sirsa were purposely selected for the study because they have largest

area of production under Bt cotton. In this study, socio personal characteristics and attitude of Bt cotton growers

were assessed from 160 respondents selected from 20 villages. The study revealed that majority of farmers belonged

to medium socio- economic profile and moderate attitude level about Bt cotton production technology.

Key words: Socio personal characteristics, attitude of Bt cotton growers, Bt cotton production technology.

Cite this article Yadav S,Godara A.K.and Yadav V.P.S., 2017. Potential Socio Personal Characteristics and Attitude of Farmers

Towards Bt Cotton Production Technology, The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, 1(1) 53-

59.


Introduction:

Cotton is a major fiber crop and used for

textile purpose by about 75 percent of

world’s population .. Textiles and related

exports of which cotton alone comprised

nearly 65 per cent and accounts for nearly

33 per cent of the total foreign exchange

earnings of our country which at present is

around 12 billion dollars. In India, Bt cotton

since its release in 2002 by Genetic

Engineering Approval Committee replaced

more and more conventional cotton area.

There Cotton plays a key role in the

National economy in terms of direct and

indirect employment and income generation

in the agricultural and industrial sectors.

Textiles and related exports of which cotton

alone comprised nearly 65 per cent and

accounts for nearly 33 per cent of the total

foreign exchange earnings of our country

which at present is around 12 billion dollars

with a potential for a significant increase in

the coming year. Cotton is cultivated in

three distinct agro-ecological regions (north,

central and south) of the country

(Anonymous, 2014).

In Haryana cotton is grown during Kharif

season. Cotton accounts for an area of 610

thousand ha in Haryana with total

production of 24,000 thousand bales and

yield of lint is 664.50 kg / ha (Anonymous

2014). Cotton is attacked by several insect

pests reducing the crop yield to a greater

extent. The insect pests that attack cotton

crop may be classified into sap sucking

insects (aphids, Jassids and white fly) or

mailto:[email protected]

Yadav et.al.

chewing insects (bollworms, leaf eating

caterpillars etc.) of the total pesticides used

in Indian Agriculture, about 45 per cent is

sprayed on cotton crop alone. To reduce

pesticide usage in cotton, several strategies

like use of Genetic Resistance to insect

pests, Integrated Pest Management (IPM),

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)

etc. are advocated. In recent times, Bt cotton

technology is found to be one of the best

strategies to manage bollworms, the most

important pest of cotton. The desperate

situation faced by many cotton farmers

(suicides among cotton farmers have

become a commonplace occurrence) has led

to a search for solutions. Research in

biotechnology has led to the development of

genetically modified crops like Bt cotton,

with a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis

transferred to selected host cotton hybrids. A

few Bt hybrids have been released in India

as well. The seed companies claim that the

Bt hybrids have inbuilt resistance to the

bollworms. The transgenic hybrids were

developed by Maharashtra Hybrid Seed

Company Limited in collaboration with

Monsanto. Presently, 1340 Bt cotton hybrids

have been released and recommended for

cultivation in India (Bharud, 2014), which

has created a confusing situation for the

farmers for choosing the appropriate hybrid.

Methodology: The socio personal

characters of Bt cotton growers were

selected based on review of literature and

discussion with scientists and were

measured using the earlier developed scales.

The required data collected by personal

interview method with the help of pre-tested

interview schedule was quantified and

analyzed using simple statistical methods

such as mean, and percentage. Two districts

Hisar and Sirsa were purposely selected for

the study because they have largest area of

production under Bt cotton. Two blocks

from each district were selected randomly.

A random sample of 20 Bt cotton growers as

respondents from eight randomly selected

villages from these two districts were

chosen. Thus, total number of 160 farmers

constituted the sample for the purpose of the

study.

Results

Socio personal characteristics of the Bt

cotton growers

According to their age, measured as

chronological in years, the selected farmers

were classified into three groups as young

(less than 38 years), middle (38 to 55 years)

and old (more than 55 years) and the details

are presented in table. The result presented

in table revealed the majority of the

respondents belonged to middle age groups

were (51.25%) followed by old (28.13 %)

and young age group (20.62%). These

findings indicate that middle aged farmers

were among those practiced Bt cotton

production.

The data revealed that a more than

half of the respondents (52.50%) had

possessed intermediate to graduate level of

education. It was found that 21.88 per cent

of the respondents were educated less than

intermediate. However, 25.62 per cent of

farmers were found to be post graduate and

above.

Land is a major form of property and

influence not only economic but social

position of an individual in any rural

community. The data contained in table

shows that 45.62 per cent of respondents

were having medium size (6-10 acres) of

land holding followed by large size (more

than 10 acres) of land holding to the extent

of 31.87 per cent. Only 22.50 per cent were

having small size of land holding (less than

5 acres.)

The table 1 shows that less than half

of the respondents (46.87%) having socio-

economic status of medium category, about

one-fourth (26.87%) of the Bt cotton

Socio Personal Characteristics and Attitude of Farmers Towards Bt Cotton Production Technology

growers were having low socio-economic

status and 26.25 per cent of them having

high socio-economic status. A total of 73.12

per cent of the farmers were having socio-

economic status from medium to high

category.

It is clear from the Table - 1 that a

slight majority (45 %) of the respondents

having medium level of irrigation facilities.

As much as 28.75 per cent Bt cotton growers

were having low irrigation facilities,

followed by 26.25 per cent of them were

having adequate irrigation facilities.

It is evident from table that half of

the respondents (50 %) were having medium

level of mass media exposure followed by

27.50 per cent of the respondents fall under

the high category of mass media exposure

and 21.67 per cent of the respondents who

belonged to the category of low mass media

exposure, respectively.

Table - 1 shows that as much as

39.37 per cent Bt cotton growers had

extension contact of medium level, followed

by 31.87 per cent having extension contact

of high category and 28.75 per cent having

low level of extension contact, respectively.

The data in Table - 1 showed that

maximum percentage of the respondents

(43.75%) fall under medium risk bearing

capacity category whereas 34.37 per cent of

the respondents were placed in low category

of risk bearing capacity. The data further

indicated that only 21.87 per cent

respondents showed high risk bearing

capacity.

The data in Table - 1 revealed that

almost equal percentage of the respondents

belonged to medium 40.63 per cent and high

40 per cent category of economic

motivation, followed by low economic

motivation i.e. (19.37%). The data revealed

that majority of the respondents (80.63%)

were having high to medium level of

economic motivation to increase their farm

income from the Bt cotton cultivation.

It was found that majority of the

respondents (54.37%) had medium level of

scientific orientation, whereas 30.00 per cent

of the respondents were placed in low

scientific orientation category. The

remaining 15.63 per cent of the respondents

belonged to high scientific orientation.

The data contained in Table - 1

shows that 45.62 per cent of respondents

were adopting the cotton-wheat cropping

pattern followed by 43.13 per cent cotton -

mustard cropping pattern. Cotton - barseem

cropping pattern was adopted by 8.12 per

cent and 3.13 per cent cotton growers

adopted the cotton-chickpea cropping

pattern.

Discussion: The study highlighted that there

were majority of the respondents belong to

middle to old age group, educated up to

intermediate to graduate level, about nearly

half of the respondents have six to ten acres

of land holding followed by one third of the

respondents having more than ten acres of

land The similar situation of small holdings

distribution was also noticed in the findings

of Srinivasreddy (1995), Karpagam (2000)

and Shashidhara (2003). Level of media

exposure of Bt cotton farmer studied in

terms of extension contact and mass media

exposure showed that most of the

respondents had medium to high level of

extension contact and mass media exposure

These results were in accordance with the

findings of Shashidhara (2003). Half of the

respondents were having medium level of

mass media exposure and twenty seven

percent respondents were having high level

of mass media exposure. These findings are

in line with findings of Vedamurthy (2002)

and Ramanna et al. (2000) who reported

middle-aged respondent with medium to

high socio-economic status and mass media

exposure engaged in horticulture farming.

Majority of the respondents had medium to

low level of risk orientation as well as and

Yadav et.al.

scientific orientation. It was revealed that

majority of the respondents had medium to

high level of economic motivation. These

findings are in line with findings of Kumar

(2004) and Kumar (2011) who reported

middle-aged respondent with medium to

high level of risk orientation and economic

motivation. The study revealed that a huge

majority of respondents had medium to high

overall attitude towards Bt cotton production

technology.

Attitude of farmers towards Bt cotton

production.

A. Aspect wise attitude of the farmers

towards Bt cotton production technology

The Bt-cotton production technology

was divided into four aspects viz.,

environmental, economic, social and

technology, respectively. According to Table

-2 attitude of the practices such as

environment 30.62 per cent of the respondent

were having unfavourable attitude followed by

15 per cent of them were having in the

category of favourable attitude and 54.38 per

cent of the respondents fall under netural

attitude. In case of economic, the majority

(56.88%) of the respondents fall in the

category of neutral attitude followed by

favourable (10.62%) and unfavourable

(32.50%) of the respondents in economic

case.

B. Overall attitude levels of farmers about

Bt cotton production technology.

The data from Table - 3 revealed that about

56.87 per cent respondents were having

moderately favourable of overall attitude

followed by 26.25 per cent respondents having

highly favourable of overall attitude and 23.12

per cent of the respondents having least

favourable overall attitude.

Discussion: Farmers have favourable and netural attitude

towards environment, economic, social and

technological aspect regarding Bt cotton

production technology. The results of these

findings also in line with the findings given

by Gandhi and Namboodiri (2006) and

Ceddia (2008).

Conclusion:

The study concluded that there are

majority of the respondents belonged to

middle to old age group, educated up to

intermediate to graduate level, about nearly

half of the respondents have six to ten acres

of land holding followed by one third of the

respondents having more than ten acres of

land .Level of media exposure of Bt cotton

farmers studied in terms of extension contact

and mass media exposure showed that most

of the respondents had medium to high level

of extension contact and mass media

exposure . Half of the respondents were

having medium level of mass media

exposure and twenty seven percent

respondents were having high level of mass

media exposure. Majority of the respondents

had medium to low level of risk orientation

as well as and scientific orientation. The

study also concluded that majority of

farmers belonged to medium socio-

economic profile and moderate attitude

level about Bt cotton production technology.

References:

1. Anonymous, (2014). Annual Report.

All India Co-ordinated Cotton

Improvement Project. CICR, Nagpur

2.

2. Bharud, R.W. (2014). Cotton

developments in India. All India Co-

ordinated Cotton Improvement

Project, Mahatma Phule Agricultural

University, Rahuri, Maharashtra,

India.

3. Ceddia, M.G., Gomez, B.M.and

Rodríguez, C.E. (2008). An ex-ante

evaluation of the economic impact of

Bt cotton adoption by Spanish

farmers facing the EU cotton sector


reform. Ag. Bio. Forum. 11 (2) : 82 -

92.

4. Gandhi, V.P. and Namboodiri, N.V.

(2006). The Adoption and

Economics of Bt Cotton in India :

Preliminary Results from a Study.

International Association of

Agricultural Economist (IAAE), Gold

Coast, Australia, August 12-18,

2006.

5. Karpagam, C. (2000). A study on

knowledge and adoption behaviour

of turmeric growers in Erode district

of Tamil Nadu state. Unpublished

M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, Univ. Agric.

Sci., Dharwad .

6. Kumar, A. (2004). Problem &

prospects of horticultural growers in

diversified Agri. Unpublished Ph.D.

Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.

7. Kumar, R. (2011). Problems and

prospects of kinnow production

under drip irrigation. Unpublished

M.Sc. Thesis, CCSHAU, Hisar.

8. Ramanna, K.N., Chandrakandan, K.

and Karthikeyan, C. (2000).

Motivation factors and constraints of

hybrid sunflower seed growers.

Journal of Extension Education.

11(3): 2840-2844.

9. Shashidhara, K.K., (2003). A study

on socio-economic profile of drip

irrigation farmers in Shimoga and

Davanagere district of Karnataka.

Unpublished M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis,

Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad .

10. Srinivasreddy, M.V., (1995). A study

on knowledge and adoption of

recommended mango cultivation

practices among farmers of Kolar

district. Unpublished M.Sc.(Agri.)

Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Bangalore .

11. Vedamurthy. (2002). A study of

arecanut management practices in

Shimoga district in Karnataka.

Unpublished M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis,

University of Agricultural Sciences,

Dharwad.

Yadav et.al.

Figure1: Aspect wise attitude of the farmers towards Bt cotton production technology

Table: 1 Socio personal characteristics of the Bt cotton growers ( N= 160 ).

Sr. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage

1. Age

Young (less than 38) 33 20.62

Middle (38-55) 82 51.25

Old (above 55) 45 28.13

2. Education

Low (less than 4) 35 21.88

Medium (4-5) 84 52.50

High (above5) 41 25.62

3.

Land holding

Small (less than 6 Acres) 36 22.51

Medium(6-10 Acres) 73 45.62

Large(above10 Acres) 51 31.87

4. Socio-economic status


Medium (15-30) 75 46.87

High (more than 30) 42 26.26

5. Irrigation facilities


Medium (2-3) 72 45.00

High (more than 3) 42 26.25

6. Mass media exposure


Medium (4-6) 80 50.00

High (above 6) 44 27.50

7. Extension contact


Medium (7-10) 63 39.37

High (above10) 51 31.87

8. Risk orientation


Medium (23-26) 70 43.76

High (above26) 35 21.87

9. Economic motivation Low (less than 23) 31 19.37

24

87

49

17

91

52

12

81

67

29

89

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Less than 4

4 to 8 More than 8

Less than 6

6 to 12 More than 12

Less than 9


Less than 9


Environment Economic Social Technological

Fre

qu

en

cy

Variables


Medium (23-25) 65 40.63

High (above25) 64 40.00

10. Scientific orientation

Low(less than 17) 48 30.00

Medium (17-26) 87 54.37

High (above 26) 25 15.63

11. Cropping pattern

Cotton-Wheat 73 45.62

Cotton-Mustard 69 43.13

Cotton-Berseem 13 8.12

Cotton-Chickpea 5 3.13

Table: 2. Aspect wise attitude of the farmers towards Bt cotton production technology

Sr.

No.

Attitude Score Range Frequency Percentage

1. Environment

Favourable (Less than 4)

Neutral (4-8)

Unfavourable (More than 8)

24

87

49

15.00

54.38

30.62

2. Economic


Neutral (6-12)


17

91

52

10.62

56.88

32.50

3. Social


Neutral (9-18)


12

81

67

7.50

50.62

41.88

4. Technological


Neutral (9-18)


29

89

42

18.12

55.62

26.25

Table: 3 Overall attitude levels of farmers about Bt cotton production technology N=160

Sr. No. Category Score range Frequency Percentage

1. Least favourable Less than 28 37 23.12

2. Moderately favourable 28-56 91 56.87

3. Highly favourable More than 56 42 26.25


*Corresponding Author’s email Address: [email protected]

Institutional Arrangements for Food and Nutrition Security in

India: Retrospects and Prospects Tulsi Bhardwaj

1, J.P.Sharma

2, Hema Baliwada*

3 and Premlata Singh

4

1, 2, 3 &4 ICAR- IARI, New Delhi, India IARI, New Delhi, India

Abstract The need for achieving food security is felt significantly in the recent years due to enormous pressure

from the ever-increasing population in India. Owing to the change in preferences in crop production techniques

over a period of time, several new challenges draw attention to food security. Chronic food insecurity still

persists as reflected in the low energy intake and high incidences of malnutrition. The overall improvement in

nutritional status being very slow and chronic for approximately half of the population, particularly among the

vulnerable groups of children. India is one of the few countries which have experimented with a broad spectrum

of programmes for improving food security. However, despite a significant reduction in the incidence of poverty,

chronic food insecurity persists in a large proportion of India’s population. The government needs to supplement

the provision of food security with a mix of short- and long-term policies. This will require improvements in

infrastructure and time-limited targeted policies to improve rural farm and non-farm productivity. Special care

should be taken in laying down the guidelines for the policies and programmes so that the money and labour

expended result in durable and visible assets benefiting the whole community and ensuring food security for all.

Research should be targeted to emphasize on bio fortification to ensure nutritional security in the diet. Prioritize

the demand-driven and nutrient-based research programmes. Concerted efforts should be made to ensure

involvement of social sciences in research prioritization, and technology development, targeting and

dissemination. This paper deals with food and nutritional security status, interventions of government and the

other institutions and the roles to be played by policy makers, researchers and extension agents in overcoming

food and nutritional challenges in India.

Keywords: Food security, nutrition security, malnutrition, bio fortification, chronic food insecurity and policies.

Cite this article: Bhardwaj T, Sharma J.P. Baliwada H. and Singh P. 2017. Institutional Arrangements for Food and Nutrition Security in India: Retrospects and Prospects, The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, 1 (1) 60-67.

Introduction

With a population approaching almost

1.2 billion, India is likely to be the most

populous country on this planet by 2030 with

1.6 billion people. It currently accounts for

more than 17 per cent of the global population

(census 2011). Ensuring food and nutrition

security is thus a challenge for India. Article

47 of the Constitution of India states that, “the

State shall regard raising the level of nutrition

and standard of living of its people and

improvement in public health among its

primary duties”. India's Five-Year Plans

enunciated the policies, laid down multi-

pronged strategies, outlined multi-sectored

programmes to improve food security and

nutritional status of the population, laid the

goals to be achieved in a specified time frame,

and provided the needed funds to implement

the interventions.

Food security is a situation that exists

when all people, at all times, have physical,

social and economic access to sufficient, safe

and nutritious food that meets their dietary

needs and food preferences for an active and

healthy life (FAO 2001). Food security was

formerly considered essentially in terms of

production. It was assumed that adequate food

production would ensure adequate availability

of food in the market as well as in the

household. The concept rests on three pillars:

food availability, food access, and food

absorption. Availability refers to the physical

availability of food stocks in desired

quantities. This depends on the domestic

production, changes in stocks, and imports

along with the distribution of food across

territories. Access stands for physical and

economic reach of population. This ability to

acquire the requisite quantum of food depends

upon income levels, purchasing power and

Bhardwaj T, Sharma J.P. Baliwada H. and Singh P.

effective distribution network. It was this

pillar of food security which shifted the focus

to poverty reduction. Absorption is defined as

the ability to biologically utilize the food

consumed. This is related to several factors

such as nutritional knowledge, safe drinking

water, and availability of stable and sanitary

physical and environmental conditions. All

this allows effective biological absorption of

food in a human body (Swaminathan 2009).

Food security status At the global level, the South Asian

region is home to more chronically food

insecure people than any other region in the

world. The number of hungry persons in South

Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and

Sri Lanka) rose from 290.4 million in 1992 to

298.5 million in 2003 (FAO, 2004). The

National Family Health Survey 2005 – 06,

highlights some very disturbing truths about

the prevailing situation in the country: 56 per

cent of the women are anaemic; 30 per cent of

new born babies are of low birth weight

(LBW); and 47 per cent of the children are

underweight. India ranks 63rd

in Global

Hunger Index (GHI) 2013 as per International

Food Policy Research Institute. India has the

highest prevalence of underweight in children

under five which is more than 40 per cent

(IFPRI 2013). Though, the position of India is

marginally improving, it is still categorized

under ‘alarming levels’ list of nations across

the globe. As per IFPRI data, undernourished

population for 2010-12 was 17.5 per cent (21

Crore); Underweight children below 5years

were 40.2 per cent and mortality rate of

children under 5 years was 6.1 per cent which

was dismal by any standards.

Nutrition security status

Nutrition Security implies ‘Physical,

economic and social access to balanced diet,

clean drinking water, safe environment, and

health care’. India has among the highest

incidence of under-nutrition in the world.

Almost 50 per cent of children under 5 were

under weight and stunted. Over 30 per cent of

adults were also undernourished (UNICEF,

2010). Besides deficiency of calories and

protein, deficiency of micronutrients (vitamins

and minerals) was rampant (NNNB 2006).

Micro Nutrient deficiency is referred to as the

hidden hunger since often times it is not an

obvious killer or crippler, but extracts heavy

human and economic cost. India is home to 25

percent of the world’s hungry population. An

estimated 43 per cent of children under the age

of five years are malnourished (WFP 2012).

Improvement in food consumption is a

necessary but not a sufficient condition for

overcoming the problem of malnutrition in

India. Apart from inadequate food

consumption, the other important causes of

malnutrition are high incidence of

gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and

behavioural factors such as faulty child

feeding and weaning practices, all of which

contribute to the low absorption of nutrients

from the food consumed. The overall

improvement in nutritional status has also

been very slow. There is chronic under-

nourishment in about half of the population,

particularly among the vulnerable groups of

children, women and elderly from the lower

half of the expenditure class.

There are even differences of

nutritional status in inter states of India. The

state-level mismatch between food intake and

nutritional status could be attributed to the

differences in education, health, availability of

safe drinking water, environmental sanitation

and personal hygiene which intervene between

the food intake and nutritional status. Micro

nutrient deficiency is equally common among

the population, more so in the vulnerable

groups such as women and children. These

two groups are more prone to certain

deficiencies than the adult male population.

Iodine deficiency is common among the

populations living in the sub- Himalayan

region and other hill regions of the country.

Vitamin-A deficiency, which leads to

preventable blindness in the children, is more

common among the children from the rural

Institutional Arrangements for Food and Nutrition Security in India: Retrospects and Prospects

households.

An iron deficiency was widely prevalent

among the pregnant women. About half of the

pregnant women suffer from iron deficiency

and consequent anemia; 35 per cent suffer

from mild anemia, 15 per cent from moderate

and 2 per cent from severe anemia (NFHS

2005).

Low dietary intake is the major factor

responsible for under nutrition. Vegetables

intake which is essential to provide the needed

micronutrients continued to be low. Pulses

critical to meet protein needs in populations

subsisting on vegetarian diets, are expensive

and consumption had come down. Pulse

production in the last two decades, has

remained stubbornly low. The urgent need for

a technological breakthrough to increase the

yield potential of pulses is widely

acknowledged. Potable water supply and

sanitation are critical for prevention of

infections. Health care for early detection and

effective management of infections can reduce

under nutrition due to infections.

Initiatives to improve food and nutritional

status of India

India is one o the few countries which

have experimented with a broad spectrum of

programmes for improving food security. It

has already made substantial progress in terms

of overcoming transient food insecurity by

giving priority to self-sufficiency in food

grains and through procurement and public

distribution of foodgrains, employment

programmes, etc.

Earlier programmes:

1. Mid Day Meal Programme: In 1925,

a Mid Day Meal Programme was

introduced for disadvantaged children

in Madras Municipal Corporation to

improve the nutritional status of

school-age children nation wide. In the

post-independence period, today the

scheme is being implemented in most

states. It would also have impact on

school attendance and enrolment.

2. Food Corporation of India (1965): It

involves in effective price support for

the farmers, distribution of food grains

throughout the country for Public

Distribution System and maintaining

buffer stocks of food grains to ensure

national food security.

3. Special Nutrition Programme (1970-

71): It provides supplementary feeding

to the extent of about 300 calories and

10 gm. of proteins to pre-school

children and about 500 calories and 20

gm. of protein to expectant and nursing

mothers for 300 days a year. At present

SNP is operated, as a part of the

Minimum Needs Programme.

4. Balwadi Nutrition Programme (1970-71): It is for the benefit of

children, consists of 300 calories and

10 gm. of protein per child per day for

270 days a year.

5. Integrated Child Development

Services (1975): Today, ICDS

Scheme represents one of the world’s

largest and most unique programmes

for early childhood development. The

package of services is supplementary

nutrition, immunization, health check-

up, referral services, pre-school non-

formal education and nutrition &

health education. Government of India

partners with the international agencies

like United Nations International

Children’ Emergency Fund (UNICEF),

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief

Everywhere (CARE), World Food

Programme (WFP) to supplement

interventions under the ICDS.

The Ministry of Women and

Child Development and Ministry of

Health had adopted the New WHO

(World Health Organisation) Child

Growth Standard in India on 15th

of

August, 2008 for monitoring the

growth of children through ICDS.

There has been significant progress in

the implementation of ICDS Scheme

during X five year Plan and during XI


Plan in terms of increase in number of

operational projects, Anganwadi

Centres and coverage of beneficiaries.

6. Wheat based Supplementary

Nutrition Programme (1986): It

consists of supply of free wheat and

supportive costs for other ingredients,

cooking, transport etc.

7. National Programme for Nutritional

Support to Primary Education

(1995): Launched with a view to

enhancing enrollment, retention ,

attendance and simultaneously

improving nutritional levels among

children.

Current programmes:

1. National food security mission

(2007): Aim is to increase the

production of rice by 10 million tons,

wheat by 8 million tons and pulses by

2 million tons to the end of eleventh

plan. The Mission is being continued

during 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17)

with new targets of additional

production of food grains of 25 million

tons of food grains comprising of 10

million tons rice, 8 million tons of

wheat, 4 million tons of pulses and 3

million tons of coarse cereals by the

end of 12th Five Year Plan. Various

interventions proposed in NFSM is

demonstration of improved package of

practices at farmers' fields to create

awareness about the improved

practices and action plans proposed for

additional area coverage of crops.

2. National food security bill (2013): It

is an initiative for ensuring food and

nutritional security to the people. It

gives right to the people to receive

adequate quantity of food grains at

affordable prices. The Bill has special

focus on nutritional support to poorest

of the poor, women and children. In

case of non-supply of foodgrains now

people will get Food Security

Allowance. The bill provides for

grievance redressal mechanism and

penalty for non compliance by public

servant or authority.

3. Food fortification programmes

Iodised salt for reaching out

iodine to the poorest of the

poor

Iron fortified Iodised salt

Iron fortified wheat flour (Atta)

and rice

Fortification of Cereal Products

with Folic Acid to combat

vitamin B12

DBT network project on bio

fortification of rice, wheat and maize is

currently being implemented by ICAR

Institutions and state agriculture universities

and National Institute of Nutrition.

4. Transgenic technologies

Golden Rice rich in pro-vitamin A;

high- iron rice (high ferritin gene from

mangrove); are examples of transgenic

technologies.

Pulses Development Programmes in India:

Changing Patterns

As pulses play a major role in

nutritional security, several policy initiatives,

projects and programmes with respect to

pulses were undertaken in India viz.

All India Coordinated Pulses

Improvement Project (AICPIP)

National Pulses Development

Programme (NPDP)

Technology Mission on Pulses

(TMOP)

Centrally Sponsored Integrated

Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm

and Maize (ISOPOM), etc.

These policies and programmes hardly

led to improvement in pulse production of

India. In order to raise pulses production, the

existing pulses related programmes were

replaced by (National food Security Mission

2007) NFSM-pulses.


Role of institutions in breeding for

nutrition:

There are many institutes in India

breeding for nutrition in the diet. The major

ones are Indian Agricultural Research

Institute, Indian Institute of Pulses Research,

Directorate of Mushroom research etc. The

interventions of pioneer institute i.e Indian

Agricultural Research Institute in nutritional

security is explained here

Indian Agricultural Research Institute:

IARI developed many improved crop varieties

and techniques for securing nutritional

security in the diet. Examples are:

i) Varieties:

Rice: Golden rice is a genetically

modified crop developed for its

nutritional value i.e. provitamin A;

Golden Swarna has high beta carotene

content.

Wheat: HI 8627 (Malavkirti) variety is

rich in vitamin A; HI 8663 (Poshan)

variety is more nutritious and suitable

for dalia, suji and pasta making; HD

2967 has high protein (12.7%); HD

3043 has higher zinc, copper,

manganese and high protein content

(12.76%).

Maize: Single cross maize hybrids,

Quality Protein Maize help in reducing

protein malnutrition

Vegetables: a) Chick pea, Pusa 5023 has high protein

content

b) Vitamin A enriched carrots, pumpkins,

spinach

c) Vitamin C enriched bitter gourd,

tomato, mustard

d) Calcium and iron enriched spinach

e) Protein enriched beans and garden peas

f) Carrot, Pusa Vasuda rich in total

carotenoids, lycopene, TSS and

minerals; other carrot variety Pusa

Rudhira is a rich source of total

carotenoids

g) Radish, Pusa Jamuni is anthocyanin

rich radish variety; Other radish variety

Pusa Gulabi contains high carotenoids

and anthocyanins

h) Beta carotene rich orange cauliflower

i) High lycopene tomato breeding

selections: Sel 1,2,3,4,5,6.

Mustard: Pusa Mustard 30 (LES-43)

is a low erucic acid mustard variety;

Pusa Karishma is the first single zero

(<2% erucic acid) variety of Indian

mustard

ii) Value addition of cereals and

pulses

Pearl pop snack: The product is rich

in protein, crude fibre, antioxidants,

iron and zinc. It also helps significant

reduction in phytic acid content.

Pusa Nutri Cookies: Protein enriched

product (7.89% protein). It is fortified

with soy flour to increase protein

content. Good source of iron and

calcium.

Roasted soya nuts: It is protein rich

product and rich in antioxidants

Protein rich crackers: It is healthier

alternative to commercial biscuits as it

is made with chickpea and QPM

(Quality Protein Maize). Super foods

like aonla and beetroot have been

incorporated to provide antioxidants

and flavonoids besides fibre.

iii) Other Value added products:

Ripe mango powder to combat

vitamin A deficiency; Pusa fruit

drinks contains natural oxidants,

vitamins and minerals; Antioxidant

rich functional food from aonla.

Roles to be played

There is an urgent need of the different

role players to address all these issues for

securing nutrition secure food in the diet.

Mainly policy makers, researchers and

extension agents play a crucial role in food

and nutritional secure India.


1. Policy support

India adopted the National Food

Security Act 2013 that stockpiles food for

release into the market to mitigate prices

spikes. The National Food Security Act covers

75 per cent of India’s rural population and 50

per cent of its urban population, highlighting

the scope of the challenge and the ambition of

the program.

The government needs to supplement

the provision of food security with a mix of

short- and long-term policies. In the short

term, there needs to be a recognition that food

insecurity stems from lack of opportunity.

There is a need to ensure employment

opportunities for at least one able-bodied

member of a household. For children, the

midday meal scheme should be implemented

in lagging states as soon as possible. In the

long term, food security will result from the

wider tackling of poverty. This will require

improvements in infrastructure and time-

limited targeted policies to improve rural farm

and non-farm productivity.

There is a need for procuring pulses

under public distribution system to reduce

market risk for farmers and ensure supply for

their increased consumption. A protein rich

crop like soybean has to be looked in a

comparative context. The scope for pulses or

other sources of protein has to be looked in a

situation where special interests can be taken.

There is an urgent need for creating a strong

mechanism to focus on nutrition security

through improved pulse value chains, and

efficient processing sector.

The policies should be in such a way

that the Corporate Social Responsibility fund

should be used for nutrition programmes of

the country.

There is an urgent need to strengthen

the existing Public Distribution Network

(PDS), Food for Work Programmes,

improving agricultural productivity and

enhancing rural non-farm employment.

Nutrition programmes, particularly for the

children, should be expanded on a significant

scale. There is a strong requirement to ensure

the fullest implementation of minimum wage

laws for farm labour. Special care should be

taken in laying down the guidelines for the

policies and programmes so that the money

and labour expended result in durable and

visible assets benefiting the whole community

and ensuring food security for all.

2. Research support Earlier, the focus was on breeding for

production, now there should be a change in

the paradigm of breeding for nutrition.

Research should be targeted to emphasize on

bio fortification to ensure nutritional security

in the diet. Prioritize the demand-driven and

nutrient-based research Programmes. The

research should target on medicinal plants and

also the neglected plants for nutritional

security. Concerted efforts should be made to

ensure involvement of social sciences in

research prioritization, and technology

development, targeting and dissemination.

For ensuring food security, the

research should focus on; to develop

promising technologies and management

options to raise productivity; to meet growing

food demand in a situation of deteriorating

production environment at the lowest cost; to

develop appropriate technologies; create

required infrastructure and to evolve

institutional arrangements for production;

post-harvest and marketing of high-value and

perishable commodities and their value-added

products (Vision 2030 of ICAR). There is a

need to develop organizational policy and

guidelines aimed at enhancing inventions and

accelerating innovations in agriculture to

harness opportunities by integrating modern

and conventional research approaches.

3. Extension support

Extension in our country basically focusing on

production aspects of agriculture, its role is

very dismal as far as food and nutrition

security is concerned. To address these issues,

the new role of extension should be to focus


on nutrition security in the people. The

changing role of extension should be:

Nutrition literacy and leadership at all

levels is needed to understand and act.

So creating awareness about the

consequences of under nourishment is

the first and foremost thing.

Developing modules on nutritional

aspects like what to eat, how much to

eat, what should to eat to avoid health

problems etc should be covered

Sensitization of people through Self

Help Groups (SHGs)

Innovative strategies need to be

developed and tested not only to

improve knowledge and attitudes but

practices as well.

Promoting Dietary Diversification

through para-extension workers

Establishment of nutrition clubs

Conducting training programmes and

demonstrations on nutritional security

Behavioural modification modules

should be developed

Establishment of model kitchen

gardens to address nutrition security

Empowering women in agriculture:

Resources targeted to women and

women’s groups significantly

improve agricultural productivity,

women’s control of resources or

assets, and health and nutrition

outcomes. Women’s groups,

including SHGs can become

instrumental in meaningful

convergence of health, nutrition,

education and other broad-based

schemes addressing the deep-rooted

causes of under-nutrition. Even the

cooking practices of women can be

changed through advisory services.

Public-private-NGO partnership may

have a role in improving the outreach.

Impact studies in extension research

should be given high priority to

examine the effectiveness of

nutritional security programmes of

India

Research is needed to find out socio-

cultural, behavioural factors and

administrative bottle neck to improve

the efficiency.

Course curriculum on nutritional

security should be introduced in

schools

Evolve a lean-and-efficient

administration by employing

information and communication

technology

Promote innovations and improve

human resource capacity by involving

all stakeholders in the food-supply

chain.

Strengthen institutional capacity for

attaining sustainable food, nutrition,

and livelihood security, and also for

global competitiveness.

Act as a catalyst in reclaiming

degraded resources for agriculture,

and conserve and enhance national

wealth of natural resources and

biodiversity.

Improve knowledge management

system in agriculture and allied

sectors.

The extension programmes should

focus on nutritional security

programmes and those experiences

need to be replicated to other areas.

Conclusion

Agriculture is fundamental to India’s

inclusive and sustainable structural economic

transformation. It must therefore play a more

significant role in promoting nutrition

security. The government can maximize the

potential of existing architectures across

sectors to make them more pro-nutrition

oriented and to promote meaningful coherence

and convergence across sectors. Pumping

cereals alone to quench hunger will not ensure

nutrition and health. The goal should be to

ensure a balanced diet adequate in macro- and

micronutrients.


The micro-nutrient deficiency can be

cost effectively rectified by supplementary

nutritional programmes to the children and the

expectant and lactating mothers. There is a

need to intensify and accelerate efforts to

realize the potential of bio fortified crops.

Locally produced and procured coarse grains

made available through the Targeted Public

Distribution System (TPDS) at a subsidized

rate may substantially bring down the subsidy

cost without any reduction in calories

provided. This will also improve targeting as

only the neediest are likely to buy these coarse

grains. Millets are rich in minerals and

micronutrients and hence increased

consumption will improve the intake of these

vital nutrients by the poor. Now it is a great

opportunity for everyone to enlarge the food

basket and look at grains which are nutritious.

On the other hand, the area under

pulses cultivation is coming down. There is a

need for effective procurement policies for

pulses along with effective long and medium

term trade policies to promote supply and

consumption. As the pulse production is low,

there is a an urgent need with the required

investment in research and development and

effective extension services to ensure the poor

and vulnerable have access to pulses. Protein

rich foods like soybean should be encouraged

and the value addition should be given higher

priority.

Here the task of extension has to be robust.

Media support for creating awareness and

compliance is important. Accelerating under-

nutrition reduction requires realigning

agriculture and rural development policy to

empower women in agriculture and here the

extension plays a big role in mobilization.

Reference

1. FAO World food summit 1996 Final

report Part 1. [accessed on March 13,

2012]:www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3548

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2. Food and Agriculture Organisation

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World, Rome, www.fao.org/docrep/

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2009 “How to Feed the 20. World in

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http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/indi

a/resources

http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3548e/w3548e00.htm

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818606/#ref4

http://www.fao.org/docrep/

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/

http://www.ifpri.org/ghi/2013

The NAMO, International Journal Agricultural Research and Development, Dec. 2017

CONTENT

Title Authors

Page

(1) Potential of bioslurry generated from various

raw materials to supplement phyto-nutrients

to tomato crop

Renu Singh, R.K. Yadav,

Monika Srivastava and Ritu

Tomar

1-7

(2) Integrated insect pests Management in

Organic Farming

Gaje Singh

8-16

(3) Terminal heat stress in wheat: adaptation

strategies to address the impact on crop

productivity

Sumitra Devi Bamboriya, R.S.

Bana, Shanti Devi Bamboriya,

Santosh Ranva and Madhu

Patial

17-28

(4) Media Selection and Integration Shilpi Verma & Shobhana

Gupta

29-45

(5) Economic Empowerment of Women

Through Embroidery And Needle Work: A

Study Of Rajasthan Mission On Livelihoods

(RMOL) From Udaipur (Rajasthan)

Anuprita Purohit, Simple Jain

& Asha Godawat

46-52

(6) Socio Personal Characteristics and Attitude

of Farmers Towards Bt Cotton Production

Technology

Sumit Yadav, Godara A.K. &

V.P.S. Yadav

53-59

(7) Institutional Arrangements for Food and

Nutrition Security in India: Retrospects and

Prospects

Tulsi Bhardwaj, J.P. Sharma,

Hema Baliwada & Premlata

Singh

60-67

Printed and Published by Mrs. Jagesh Bhardwaj, President, New Age Mobilization, NAMO

Head Office: New Delhi.110043

Published by: “New Age Mobilization”, at Northern Office-Rohana House, 111 A 112,

Gher Kale Rai, Hanuman Chawk, Shamli Road, Muzaffarnagar, U.P., India, Printed &

Publisher- Mrs. Jagesh Bhardwaj, Printed at: Pragati Press, 35/2, Civil lines South,

Prakash Talkies Road, Muzaffarnagar, U.P., India, Editor: Dr Tulsi Bhardwaj, Scientist

DSI-WOSB-SVPUAT , Meerut, U.P.India

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