New Awesome Features in MySQL 5.7

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More than 5 years experience in database use and management Proficient in synchronizing data between heterogeneous database

Skilled in designing and optimizing database Install and configure MySQL cluster and high-availability cluster environment

Synchronize and merge data from Oracle to MySQL

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MySQL5.7 Released Versions

❖ MySQL 5.7.9 was GA on 2015-10-21

❖ MySQL 5.7.10 was GA on 2015-12-07

❖ MySQL 5.7.11 was GA on 2016-02-05

New Features in MySQL 5.7

❖ Performance Improvements❖ Performance Schema❖ SYS Schema

❖ Optimizer Improvements❖ Optimizer Cost Model❖ JSON Explain❖ New and Improved Optimizer Hints❖ Query Rewrite Plugin

❖ Replication Improvements❖ Multi-Source Replication❖ Transaction Based Parallel Replication❖ Online Replication Changes❖ Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements❖ Enhanced Monitoring❖ Group Replication

❖ InnoDB Improvements❖ InnoDB Online Operations❖ InnoDB General Tablespaces❖ Transparent Page Level Compression ❖ InnoDB Native Partitioning❖ InnoDB Native Full Text Search❖ InnoDB Cache Retention

❖ Security Improvements❖ AES 256 Encryption❖ Password Rotation Policies❖ MySQL Secure Installation❖ Comfortable User Account Management

❖ Native JSON Support❖ Generated Columns❖ High Availability Improvements

❖ GIS Improvements❖ GeoJSON❖ GeoHash❖ Spatial Aware Client Tools

Performance Improvements

❖ 3x Faster than MySQL 5.6: SQL Point Selects

Performance Schema Enhancements

❖ Metadata Locking

❖ Stage Tracking

❖ Transactions

❖ Memory Usage

❖ Stored Programs

❖ Prepared Statements

SYS Schema

❖ MySQL sys schema is included by default in 5.7.7

❖ What's its role? ❖ Who is taking up all the resources on my database server?

❖ Which hosts are hitting my database server those most?

❖ Which objects are accessed the most, and how?

❖ Which statements are using temporary tables on disk?

❖ Which tables take the most space in my InnoDB buffer pool?

❖ Where is all the memory going on my instance?

❖ Where is the time being spent the most within my instance?

Optimizer Improvements

❖ New MySQL Parser & New MySQL Optimizer

Optimizer Improvements

❖ The Optimizer Cost Model

❖ JSON Explain

❖ Optimizer Hints

❖ Query Rewrite Plugin

Optimizer - The Optimizer Cost Model

❖ The cost based optimizer has been improved to make dynamic, intelligent, and ultimately better cost based decisions

❖ These estimates are stored in the server_cost and engine_cost tables within the mysql system database.

❖ Dynamically reload or execute FLUSH OPTIMIZER_COSTS statement

Optimizer - The Cost Model Project

❖ Relate cost to more things

❖ Make the cost model aware of the underlying hardware

❖ Make use of the cache information

❖ Improve the precision of the statistics

❖ Prioritize histograms

❖ Add networking cost to the model

Optimizer - JSON Explain

❖ Use EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON to extend query execution plan

❖ See Visual Explain in Workbench

Optimizer - JSON Explain

Optimizer - Optimizer Hints

❖ The disadvantage of optimizer_switch:❖ It needs an extra step to change it's value

❖ It affects the entire statement

❖ New parser rules to support hint syntax

❖ Server side statement timeouts

Optimizer - Hints Rules

❖ Comment syntax /*+ */ is used for the new hints

❖ Multiple hints can be specified within the same comment

❖ A query block can have only one comment containing hints

❖ Incorrect and/or invalid syntax within a hint will cause a warning

❖ The first conflicting hint will take effect

❖ Multilevel hints are supported

Optimizer - Query Rewrite Plugin

❖ Why Query Rewrites?

❖ How Query Rewrites?

❖ Install Query Rewrite Plugin

❖ A glance with a demo

Replication Improvements

❖ Multi-Source Replication(Flexibility)

❖ Transaction Based Parallel Replication(Slave Throughput)

❖ Online Replication Changes(Convenience)

❖ Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements(Consistency)

❖ Enhanced Monitoring(Monitoring)

❖ Group Replication(HA)

Replication - Replication Components

SESSION DUMP I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

❖ Session thread

❖ Dump thread

Master Log

Binary Log

❖ I/O thread

❖ SQL thread

❖ Binary log

❖ Master log

❖ Relay log

Replication - Why Use Replication

❖ Read Scale-Out

Replication - Why Use Replication

❖ Write Scale-Out

❖ MySQL Fabric helps sharding you data with MySQL

Replication - Why Use Replication

❖ Switching Masters During Failover

❖ Use STOP SLAVE & CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='Slave1'

Replication - Why Use Replication

❖ Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves

MySQL Slave1

Master Database

MySQL Slave2

MySQL Slave3

Replication - Multi-Source Replication

❖ Complex queries for analytics purposes

❖ Data HUB for inter-cluster replication

❖ Merge table shards

❖ Integrated backup

Replication - Multi-Source Replication

❖ A server(slave) can replicate from multiple sources(masters)

❖ Multiple channels(channel:connection thread, relay log, applier threads) that can be stopped/started individually

❖ Virtually no limit on the number of sources(capped to 256, but can be changed if server binary is rebuilt)

❖ Able to manage each source separately

CHANGE MASTER TO [...] FOR CHANNEL = 'name'

Replication - Multi-Source Replication

❖ Integrated with GTIDs

❖ Integrated with Multi-threaded Slave❖ each channel has its own multi-threaded applier set of threads

❖ Integrated with the new P_S tables❖ replication_execute_status_by_coordinator shows multiple entries, one per

channel/source applier

❖ replication_connection_status shows multiple entries, one per connection to different sources

❖ Integrated with crash-safe tables❖ Progress state is stored in these tables for recoverability purposes

Transactions logged in sequence

Transactions applied in parallel

Replication - Transaction Based Parallel Replication

❖ Before MySQL5.6:Single-Threaded Slave

SESSION DUMP I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

Transactions applied in sequence

Bottleneck

Replication - Transaction Based Parallel Replication

❖ MySQL5.6:Multi-Threaded Slave by database❖ Different databases go to different threads

❖ Great for some applications, BUT:

❖ No improvement if there is only one database

❖ May break cross-database consistency

Transactions logged in sequence

Transactions applied in parallel

SESSION DUMP I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

Transactions applied in parallel

DB3DB2

DB1

Replication - Transaction Based Parallel Replication

❖ MySQL 5.7.2: Multi-threaded slave by master concurrency❖ Transactions that were prepared at the same time on master

cannot conflict

❖ Master stores a logical timestamp in the binary log

❖ Slave applies transactions with same timestamp in parallel

❖ Works always

❖ Even for one-database applications

❖ Consistent

❖ To enable:slave> SET GLOBAL slave_parallel_type = logical_clock(DEFAULT)(database for MySQL5.6);

Replication - Transaction Based Parallel Replication

❖ Multi-threaded slave by master concurrency

Replication - Online Replication Changes

❖ This procedure is suited to use in production

❖ Pre-conditions❖ All servers in your topology must use MySQL 5.7.6 or later

❖ All servers have gtid_mode set to the default value OFF

Replication - Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements

❖ By default, replication is asynchronous❖ In parallel: Master acks to app and sends transaction to

slave

❖ Fast

❖ Changes lost if master dies

❖ MySQL 5.5: semi-synchronous replication possible❖ In sequence: slave receives transaction, then master

acks to app

❖ Slower: Master waits for slave

❖ Less risk for lost updates

Replication - Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements

SESSION DUMP I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

1

2

46

3

5

SESSION DUMP I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

1

2

34

4

Replication - Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements

❖ MySQL 5.5: semi-synchronous replication

❖ Master commit

❖ Slave receive

❖ Client ack

❖ If master crashes between 1 and 2, committed data is lost

❖ Concurrent clients may have seen the transaction

❖ MySQL 5.7.2:❖ loss-less semi-sync replication

❖ Slave receive

❖ Master commit

❖ Client ack

❖ If master crashes, all committed data is on slave

Replication - Semi-Sync Replication Enhancements

❖ rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point❖ AFTER_SYNC(Default)

❖ AFTER_COMMIT

SESSIONDUMP

I/O SQLNETWORK

Master Database

Salve Database

Binary Log

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

1

2

56

3

4ACK

Replication - Enhanced Monitoring

❖ Traditional replication monitoring: SHOW SLAVE STATUS❖ Simple

❖ Not SQL friendly – no WHERE, no joins, etc

❖ Multi-source has per-source status

❖ Multi-threaded slave has per-applier status

❖ Performance_Schema tables for replication slave in 5.7.2

Replication - Enhanced Monitoring

I/O SQLNETWORK

Salve Database

Relay Log

Master Log

Binary Log

execute status execute

configuration connection configuration

connection status

execute status by coordinator execute status

by worker

❖ 6 tables in performance_schema database:❖ replication_connection_configuration

❖ replication_connection_status

❖ replication_execute_configuration

❖ replication_execute_status

❖ replication_execute_status_by_coordinator

❖ replication_execute_status_by_worker

❖ Consistent semantics across tables

❖ Consistent naming across tables

Replication - Enhanced Monitoring

❖ Example:Connection status

mysql> select * from performance_schema.replication_connection_status\G *************************** 1. row ***************************

CHANNEL_NAME: CHANNEL1 SOURCE_UUID: 7cff7406-23ca-11e3-ac3e-5c260a83b12b THREAD_ID: 13

SERVICE_STATE: ONRECEIVED_TRANSACTION_SET: 7cff7406-23ca-11e3-ac3e-5c260a83b12b:1-4

LAST_ERROR_NUMBER: 0 LAST_ERROR_MESSAGE:

LAST_ERROR_TIMESTAMP: 0000-00-00 00:00:00 *************************** 2. row ***************************

CHANNEL_NAME: CHANNEL2 . . .

Replication - Group Replication

❖ Introduction

Replication - Group Replication

❖ Monitoring and Inspecting the System Through Performance_Schema

❖ Self-healing, Elasticity, Redundancy

❖ Update Everywhere

❖ It's available on labs

Replication - Group Replication

❖ vs Percona XtraDB Cluster

High Availability Improvements

❖ A new data migration tool❖ mysqlpump

❖ Backup Examples

❖ Restore Example

Generated Columns

❖ The syntax

❖ As a materialized cache for often used expressions

❖ Function based indexes

❖ Limitations:❖ Only use native functions

❖ Can’t refer to itself or to other that are later defined

Generated Columns

InnoDB Improvements

❖ InnoDB Online Operations

❖ InnoDB General Tablespaces

❖ InnoDB Transparent Page Level

❖ InnoDB Native Partitioning

❖ InnoDB Native Full Text Search

❖ InnoDB Cache Retention

InnoDB - Online Operations

❖ Resizing the InnoDB Buffer Pool Online

❖ Truncating Undo Logs Online

❖ Renaming Index Online

❖ Enlarging VARCHAR column size Online

InnoDB - Resizing the InnoDB Buffer Pool Online

❖ Activing transactions MUST be completed and waited

mysql> SET GLOBAL innodb_buffer_pool_size=<chunk_size*N>;

❖ Configuring InnoDB buffer pool

❖ Modifing InnoDB buffer pool chunk size

❖ Configuring InnoDB buffer pool chunk size

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ‘innodb_buffer_pool_size’;

❖ Command line:

❖ Configuration file:

./mysqld --innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size=134217728

innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size=134217728

InnoDB - Resizing the InnoDB Buffer Pool Online

❖ Monitoring online buffer pool resize progress

[Note] InnoDB: Resizing buffer pool from 134217728 to 4294967296. (unit=134217728)[Note] InnoDB: disabled adaptive hash index.[Note] InnoDB: buffer pool 0 : 31 chunks (253952 blocks) was added.[Note] InnoDB: buffer pool 0 : hash tables were resized.[Note] InnoDB: Resized hash tables at lock_sys, adaptive hash index, dictionary.[Note] InnoDB: completed to resize buffer pool from 134217728 to 4294967296.[Note] InnoDB: re-enabled adaptive hash index.

mysql> SHOW STATUS WHERE Variable_name='InnoDB_buffer_pool_resize_status';+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+| Variable_name | Value |+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+| Innodb_buffer_pool_resize_status | Resizing also other hash tables. |+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

❖ Buffer Pool Resizing Internals(Increasing)❖ 1.Adds pages in chunks

❖ 2.Coverts hash tables, lists, and pointers to use new addresses in memory

❖ 3.Adds new pages to the free list

❖ 4.While these operations are in progress, other threads are blocked from accessing the buffer pool.

❖ Buffer Pool Resizing Internals(Decreasing)❖ 1.Defragments the buffer pool and withdraws (frees) pages

❖ 2.Removes pages in chunks

❖ 3.Converts hash tables, lists, and pointers to use new addresses in memory

❖ 4.Of these operations, only defragmenting the buffer pool and withdrawing pages allow other threads to access to the buffer pool concurrently.

InnoDB - Resizing the InnoDB Buffer Pool Online

InnoDB - Truncating Undo Logs Online

❖ Truncating Undo Logs That Reside in Undo Tablespaces

❖ innodb_undo_tablespaces=2

❖ innodb_undo_logs=35(or greater)

mysql> SET GLOBAL innodb_undo_log_truncate=ON;

❖ Enabling Truncation of Undo Tablespaces

❖ Expediting Truncation of Undo Tablespace Files

❖ Performance Impact of Truncating Undo Tablespace Files Online

mysql> SET GLOBAL innodb_purge_rseg_truncate_frequency=32;

InnoDB - Renaming Index Online

❖ Three processes❖ Renaming in InnoDB data dictionary (SYS_INDEXES)

❖ Renaming in InnoDB data dictionary cache (the dict_table_t/dict_index_t objects)

❖ Renaming in InnoDB persistent stats storage

❖ Online DDLmysql> ALTER TABLE <tbl_name> RENAME INDEX xxx to yyy;

InnoDB - Enlarging VARCHAR column size Online

❖ Enlarging VARCHAR column size Online

❖ InnoDB Tablespace Types:❖ InnoDB System Tablespace

❖ InnoDB File-Per-Table Tablespace(Single)

❖ InnoDB Undo Tablespace

❖ InnoDB General Tablespace

InnoDB - General Tablespaces

“A tablespace consists of a chain of files. The size of the files does not have to be divisible by the database block size, because we may just leave the last incomplete block unused. When a new file is appended to the tablespace, the maximum size of the file is also specified. At the moment, we think that it is best to extend the file to its maximum size already at the creation of the file, because then we can avoid dynamically extending the file when more space is needed for the tablespace.”

InnoDB - General Tablespaces

❖ Shared tablespaces that can store data for multiple tables

❖ General tablespaces support both Antelope and Barracuda file formats

❖ Data files may be placed in a directory relative to or independent of the MySQL data directory

❖ Have a potential memory advantage over file-per-table tablespaces

mysql> CREATE TABLESPACE `ts1` ADD DATAFILE 'ts1.ibd' Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> CREATE TABLESPACE `ts1` ADD DATAFILE '/path/ts1.ibd' Engine=InnoDB;

mysql> CREATE TABLESPACE `ts1` ADD DATAFILE '../path/ts1.ibd' Engine=InnoDB;

InnoDB - General Tablespaces

❖ Adding tables to a general tablespace

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY) TABLESPACE ts1 ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;

❖ Moving tables between tablespaces using ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE tbl_name TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name;

mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 TABLESPACE ts1;

ALTER TABLE tbl_name ... TABLESPACE [=] innodb_system;

ALTER TABLE tbl_name ... TABLESPACE [=] innodb_file_per_table;

InnoDB - General Tablespaces

❖ General Tablespace Limitations❖ A generated or existing tablespace cannot be

changed to a general tablespace

❖ Creation of temporary general tablespaces is not supported

❖ General tablespaces do not support temporary tables

❖ ALTER TABLE ... DISCARD TABLESPACE and ALTER TABLE ...IMPORT TABLESPACE are not supported for tables that belong to a general tablespace

InnoDB - Transparent Page Level Compression

Database

Logical Physical

Tablespace Data file

Segment

Extent

Pages

Storage System • SAN • NAS • File System

• NFS • RAW

OS block

❖ Logical and Physical Database Structures in InnoDB

InnoDB - Transparent Page Level Compression

❖ InnoDB table & page level compression

❖ Zlib & LZ4 compression algorithmsEnable:CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT) COMPRESSION="zlib";

Disable:ALTER TABLE t1 COMPRESSION="None";

❖ 32K & 64K page sizes❖ The extent size is 2M for 32k page sizes

❖ The extent size is 4M for 64k page sizes

❖ Only support file_per_table tablespace

InnoDB - Native Partitioning

❖ Background❖ Tables

❖ Storage engines

❖ Handlers

❖ Saving up to 90% memory

❖ Parallel query processing

❖ Foreign key support

❖ Partition pruning improvement

❖ Global secondary indexes

❖ Full-text searches

InnoDB - Native Full Text Search

❖ Supporting external parsers

❖ N-gram parser plugin for CJK

❖ MeCab full-text parser plugin for Japanese

InnoDB - Cache Retention

❖ Displaying Buffer Pool Status

❖ Saving the Buffer Pool State Now

InnoDB - Cache Retention

❖ Displaying Buffer Pool Dump/Load Progress

❖ Restoring the Buffer Pool State Now

InnoDB - Cache Retention

InnoDB - Cache Retention

❖ Monitoring Buffer Pool Load Progress Using P_S Tables

mysql> SELECT EVENT_NAME, WORK_COMPLETED, WORK_ESTIMATED FROM events_stages_current;+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+| EVENT_NAME | WORK_COMPLETED | WORK_ESTIMATED |+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+| stage/innodb/buffer pool load | 5353 | 7167 |+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+

mysql> SELECT EVENT_NAME, WORK_COMPLETED, WORK_ESTIMATED FROM events_stages_history;+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+| EVENT_NAME | WORK_COMPLETED | WORK_ESTIMATED |+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+| stage/innodb/buffer pool load | 7167 | 7167 |+-------------------------------+----------------+----------------+

Native JSON Support

❖ Native JSON data type was introduced in MySQL 5.7.7

❖ It provides some major benefits compared with TEXT or VARCHAR column❖ Document Validation

❖ Efficient Access

❖ Performance

❖ Convenience

❖ You can seamlessly blend RDBMS and NoSQL in a single tool

Native JSON Support - Document Validation

❖ Insert valid data

❖ Insert invalid data

Native JSON Support - Efficient Access

❖ Add a column within JSON, and update the value

❖ Retrieve data from JSON column

Security Improvements

❖ AES 256 Encryption

❖ Password Rotation Policies

❖ MySQL Secure Installation

❖ Comfortable User Account Management

Security - AES 256 Encryption

❖ Supporting multiple AES Encryption modes

❖ Deprecating ENCODE()/DECODE() and replacing by AES based functions❖ AES_ENCRYPT()

❖ AES_DECRYPT()

❖ Supporting for larger key sizes

Security - Password Rotation Policies

❖ MySQL5.6❖ validate_password plugin

❖ password expiration mechanism

❖ MySQL5.7.4❖ password lifetime policy

❖ default_password_lifetime=360

❖ New Columns❖ authentication_string

❖ password_last_changed

❖ password_lifetime

❖ password_expired

Security - MySQL Secure Installation

❖ MySQL deployments installed using mysqld --initialize are secure by default.❖ Random account passwords on install

❖ Deploy without tests and demos

❖ No anonymous accounts

❖ Limit the scope of the FILE privilege

❖ Stricter permissions on installation files

❖ Remove Server Package’s Perl Dependencies❖ mysql_install_db converted to a C program

❖ mysql_secure_install converted to a C program

❖ mysql_upgrade now doesn’t need to call external binaries

Security - Comfortable User Account Management

❖ Fully functional ALTER USER

❖ IF [NOT] EXISTS clause to user account statements

❖ Temporarily disable user accounts

❖ Authentication plugin that disables logins

❖ Time-based password expiration policy

❖ “Offline” server mode

❖ User account names now 32 characters long

GIS Improvements

❖ New & Improved Spatial Extensions

❖ InnoDB Spatial Indexes

❖ GeoJSON❖ ST_GeomFromGeoJson()

❖ ST_AsGeoJson()

❖ GeoHash

❖ Spatial Aware Client Tools

GIS Improvements

Thank you for using MySQL!

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