new cultivation systems for outdoor vegetable production · new cultivation systems for outdoor...
TRANSCRIPT
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New cultivation systems for
outdoor vegetable production
Is Soilless Cultivation Profitable and Sustainable?
Janjo de Haan, Tycho Vermeulen, Joanneke Spruijt and Annemarie Breukers
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Content
Current Crop Production
New Cropping Systems
Profitability and Sustainability
Conclusions
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Outdoor horticulture in the NL
Flower bulbs
Tree nursery crops & flowers
Fruit crops
Field vegetables
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Growers Problems: Financial Return
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Growers Problems: Labour
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Growers Problems: Soil Quality
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Societal Problems: Water Quality
N groundwater N and P surface water
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Nitrate directive can not be realized
within current cropping systems
Nitrate concentration groundwater (mg/litre)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
GI BIO
Balance (euro/ha)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
GI Hoog GI Laag PraktijkConventional Organic Experiment Farm Manure Chem fert Average
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Growers initiated research
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Research program
Objective
Develop and implement profitable new cultivation systems that can comply with EU-regulations for water quality
Outdoor horticulture
Duration: 2009-2013
Execution: Researchers, growers, advisors, suppliers
Financed by
● Government
● Product boards of growers
● Various other parties
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Program activities
Systematic design, testing and improving of cultivation systems
Advice to growers who start with these systems
Sustainability assessments
Societal aspects
● Consumer perspectives
● Laws and regulations (Spatial planning)
Together with growers, suppliers, government and NGO’s
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First experiments in 2007
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Deep Flow Systems
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Lettuce and other planted leaf crops
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Lettuce and other planted leaf crops
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Lettuce and other planted leaf crops
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Development DF-system leaf crops
Disease control
● Microdochium panattonianum
Long term use nutrient solution
Pesticide accumulation
Composition plant plugs and position in floater
Fertilization strategies
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Leek
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Cauliflower
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Sown leaf crops: rocket leaf or spinach
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Profitability and Sustainability
Yields
Profitability
● Cost price
● Profitability
Labour demand
Sustainability Planet
● Pesticide use
● Emission reduction
● GHG-emissions
Societal aspects
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Yield levels
soil
bound
deep flow
system
factor unit
Leek 65 286 4.4 tons/ha/year
Head
lettuce 170 684 4.0
1 000
heads/ha/year
Spinach 114 125 1.1 tons/ha/year
Cauliflower 21 40 1.9 1 000
heads/ha/year
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Relative cost price
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
soil DF soil DF soil DF soil DF
leek head lettuce spinach cauliflower
capital goods
land
labour
transport
seed, fertilizers, pesticides, energy
Leek Head lettuce Spinach Cauliflower
?
?
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Labour demand
0
20
40
60
80
100
soil DF soil DF
leek lettuce
harvesting
crop care
planting
tillage
Leek Lettuce
Hours/10 000 kg Hours/10 000 pieces
?
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Relative pesticide use
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
leek head lettuce spinach cauliflower
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Water management and emissions
Focus point Solution
• Pests and diseases • ‘Vital systems’
• Mismatch nutrients • Na+ accumulation
• Fertiliser choice • Water management
• Rainfall surplus management
• Cover the system • Water level management
Potentials for emission reduction are high
• Goal of 50-70% reduction possible to reach
• Exact estimations are difficult
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Solutions for rainfall surplus
management
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Relative green house gas emissions
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
leek lettuce spinach cauliflower
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Proved Indication
Better
• Land use
• Labour
conditions
• Pesticide use
• Nutrient & pesticide
emissions
• Adaptation to
climate change
• Water use
Comparable • Labour hours
• Profitability
To improve /
worse
• Energy use and
GHG-emissions
• Financial risks
Overall sustainability
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Consumer perspectives
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Communication and landscaping
important
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Laws and regulations:
Spatial planning
Current legislation impede the realization of new cultivation systems at large scale
Municipalities/provinces have difficulties to follow new developments
● Fear to loose control
Communication of advantages of the systems important
● Delineate the advantages of the system
● Connect picture with regional challanges
Accept that systems have to be concentrated in specific locations
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Conclusions
Vegetables can be grown well on DF systems
● Some technical problems still to solve
Potential for large emission reduction
Large production increase needed for
● Profitability
● Bulk production yet not profitable
● Development via niche markets
● Sustainability
● GHG-emissions
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Further outlook
Guidance of growers in implementing cultivation systems
Further improvement of cultivation systems
● Resilient systems
● Closing cycles (water, nutrients, energy, materials)
Dialogue with society
● Communication on advantages
● Adapting systems to wishes of society
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Thank you for
listening