new digital earth ethics: a modest proposal · 2015. 8. 12. · privacy “arguing that you don’t...

Digital Earth Ethics: A modest proposal

Yola Georgiadou ITC - University Twente

[email protected]

PRIVACY

“Arguing that you don’t care about the right to privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don’t care about free speech because you have nothing to say.” Edward Snowden

Advancing Digital Earth - beyond the next generation

“[…] development of a DE code of ethics that ensures privacy, security and confidentiality [...] Without solving this critical dilemma and allowing people to decide whether or not they want to be connected and how much of their thoughts and emotions they want to share, the dream of a wonderful virtual future may well turn into DE nightmare.”

(Ehlers, Woodgate, Annoni and Schade, 2013)

The DE Society should …

1. …raise awareness regarding “what do my data say about me?”

2. …define location-based informational privacy, and illustrate the consequences of its breach on related types of privacy

3. …encourage the development of and advocacy for technical and legal solutions to regain personal and group informational privacy



Thomas Hofmann (2014) Die Hermeteutik von Ortsdaten - oder: Was verraten meine Daten über mich?

• Prof. Dr. Thomas Hofmann, Professor für Data

Analytics, Departement für Informatik an der ETH diskutiert mit dem Datenschutzbeauftragten des Kantons Basel-Stadt (4. November 2014)

http://www.dsb.bs.ch/ueber-uns/Veranstaltungen/content/02/text_files/file0/document/14_0232_15_Folien_'Was_sagen_meine_Daten_ueber_mich'_(20141104).pdf



Hofmann‘s step model

1. Geometric raw data

2. Time stamps

3. Observation over time

4. Geometry -> Geography

6. Social Data

7. Predictive Models

5. Semantic Maps

Where?

When?

Habits Repetition

Addresses and Locations

Businesses, Organisations, Points of interest

Other persons

Predictions

Raw data

Background data

Collective data

Persistent IDs

© Thomas Hofmann 2014



2. Time stamps

Where?

When?

Raw data


Geometric raw data


What do my data say about me?

„I moved along a trajectory (measured in discrete intervals) on the globe from A to B.“ A = +47.6612222, +9.176919 B = ...

What is my action radius?

Straight ahead or round about?


+ Time stamps

?


2. What do my data say about me?

„I moved with an average speed of 14 km/h from A to B. Possibly on a bike.“

How athletic am I? How fit am I?

Do I own a bike? Did I get lost?

Did I stop?




2. Time stamps


Where?

When?


Raw data


+ Streetmap



„I rode (probably) on my bike in Zürich from Universitätsstraße 6 via Central Station to Seestraße 19. I departed at 17:32 hrs on 5. Mai 2014. Duration 10min 25sec “

I was in Zürich.

Am I familiar with the locality?

Am I on the way back from work?

Did I stop on my way ?

Do I respect traffic lights, one-way-streets, etc.?




2. Time stamps



Where?

When?

Habits Repetition


Raw data

Persistent IDs


+ Identifiers

2b6f0cc904d137be2e1730235f5664094b831186.

Identification via Login or App

Identification via Browser Cookies


+ Identifiers


What do my data say about me? „As usual every Tuesday I rode my bike in Zürich my workplace in the Universitätsstraße 6 via Central to my residence in Seestraße 19. On 5. Mai 2014 I rode 10.2 minutes and was 1.5 minutes quicker than average

Where do I live? When do I leave my house When do I return?

Am I regularly at work?

Do I often go out at night?

Where do I go on weekends?

Where do I work?

Do I wake up early?

Which addresses do I seek out?

Did I move house?

Did I change jobs?

Duration of data collection / Observation




2. Time stamps



5. Semantic Maps

Where?

When?

Habits Repetition



Raw data

Background data

Persistent IDs


+ „Semantic“ Maps


+ „Semantic“ Maps

Starbucks Cafe at Central

Citybad Zürich, Swimming Pool

Club at Rennweg Residence

Kino Arthouse Le Paris

Globetrotter Travelservice

Medical Practice XY



„This week I visited my house doctor XY three times.“ „This week I spent 3 hours at Café Henrici.“ „I spent 30 minutes at Ochsner Sport in the Bahnhofstrasse.“ „On Friday at 7:00 I saw the movie Still Life in Arthouse.“ „This week I went to the City Pool for swimming twice for approx. 50 minutes.“ „Saturday evening I was at Club Hive until 3:00am.“ „Monday to Thursday I stop at 8:00am at Kindergarten XXX.“ „Within 3 Tagen I visited the Police Stattion in Pfäffikon twice.“




2. Time stamps



6. Social Data

5. Semantic Maps

Where?

When?

Habits Repetition



Other persons

Raw data

Background data

Persistent IDs


+ Social Graph

Assumptions: • Wall-to-wall data collection for large

part of population • Essential addresses inferred for every

user • Data connected via Social Graph =(e.g.

Facebook) Then motion data at a social level can be interpreted


+ Social Information

Brainstorming …. • Bluetooth Sensing & Proximity – which Smartphone

was „ seen“ in the vicinity of which other device? • Querying „Big Data“ Location databases: which other

users have a statistically significant overlap related to location (family, colleagues, friends, ...)

• Reconstruction of social Graphs from commnucation data (phone calls, email, ...)



„How often do I meet my son, when and where?“ „With whom do I often go hiking or biking ?“ „How much time do I spend with my spouse? How does my marriage fare? „Who are my colleagues?“ „Do I still see friends from school?“ „Are there persons, who I meet very often lately?“ „Did I make any friends during vacation?“ „Am I active in clubs or other organisations (e.g. political parties)?“ „Is it possible to derive from all my traces, that you are here and are listening to this presentation?“




2. Time stamps



6. Social Data


5. Semantic Maps

Where?

When?

Habits Repetition



Other persons

Predictions

Raw data

Background data

Collective data

Persistent IDs


What do my data say about my future me?

„How probable is it that I react to an advertisement? ..., that I conclude a purchase?“ „Which could be my next travel destinations?“ „When will I be on the road with my car?“ „Am I receptive to religious or political propaganda?“ „How interesting could another person be for me?“ (Dating, Partnering) „Am I trustworthy?“




2. Time stamp



6. Social Data


5. Semantic Maps

Where?

When?

Habits Repetition



Other persons

Predictions

Raw data

Background data

Collective data

Persistent IDs




Luciano Floridi (1999) Information Ethics: On the Theoretical Foundations of Computer Ethics, Ethics and Information Technology 1999, 1.1, 37-56. in L’Agora, 1998, 5.4, 19-20. • Professor of Philosophy and Ethics of Information at the University of

Oxford, Director of Research and Senior Research Fellow of the Oxford Internet Institute http://www.philosophyofinformation.net/

http://www.philosophyofinformation.net/publications/pdf/ieotfce.pdf

http://www.philosophyofinformation.net/publications/pdf/ieotfce.pdf

http://www.philosophyofinformation.net/

Informational Privacy

Definition

Breach

Utilitarian I assess my privacy in terms of a cost-benefit analysis of its protection or violation

Abuse of my freedom to decide for myself

Ownership-based

I have a property right to my information

Unauthorized invasion of private property

Constitutive of the self

Each person is constituted by his or her information

A form of aggression towards one’s personal identity

Informational Privacy

Definition

Breach


Abuse of my freedom to decide for myself

Ownership-based


Unauthorized invasion of private property


I am constituted by my information

A form of aggression towards one’s personal identity

Informational Privacy - METAPHOR

Definition

Breach


Abuse of my freedom to decide for myself TRESSPASSING

Ownership-based


Unauthorized invasion of private property TRESSPASSING



A form of aggression towards one’s personal identity KIDNAPPING

Define Informational Privacy - METAPHOR Definition

Breach


Abuse of my freedom to decide for myself TRESSPASSING

Ownership-based


Unauthorized invasion of private property TRESSPASSING



A form of aggression towards one’s personal identity KIDNAPPING

Privacy • Physical privacy: Freedom from sensory interference or intrusion,

achieved thanks to a restriction on others’ ability to have bodily interactions with me or invade my personal space.

• Mental privacy: Freedom from psychological interference or intrusion, achieved thanks to a restriction on others’ ability to access and manipulate my mental life.

• Decisional privacy: Freedom from procedural interference or intrusion, achieved thanks to the exclusion of others from decisions— especially but not only those concerning education, health care, career, work, marriage, and faith—taken by me and my group of intimates.

• Informational privacy: Freedom from informational interference or intrusion, achieved thanks to a restriction on facts about me/us that are unknown or unknowable.

Privacy

Decisional privacy: Freedom from procedural interference or intrusion, achieved thanks to the exclusion of others from decisions— especially but not only those concerning education, health care, career, work, marriage, and faith—taken by me and my group of intimates.

Informational privacy: Freedom from informational interference or intrusion, achieved thanks to a restriction on facts about me/us that are unknown or unknowable.

Technical & legal solutions

• Self-regulation • Legislated transparency: Who collects location

data about me? Who does what with my data?

• Group data sovereignty in the EU:

• (Mobile phone) group data sovereignty in developing nations

Hermeneutics of digital data

Hermeneutics (Schleiermacher, 1838): the art of understanding correctly the discourse, especially written, of somebody else Hermeneutics of digital data (Hofmann, 2014): the art of understanding correctly the the data, especially digital, of somebody else

Die Hermeteutik von Ortsdaten

new digital earth ethics: a modest proposal · 2015. 8. 12. · privacy “arguing that you don’t...

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