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Slide 2 New Directions in Thought and Science Slide 3 Paxton (1801-1865), Crystal Palace, 1852-54 London, then Sydenham Slide 4 Eiffel Tower, 1889. The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883. Slide 5 Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939 VeteransToday.com Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936 Age-of-the-Sage.org Slide 6 An illustration by H Strickland Constable in Harper's Weekly (1899) shows an alleged similarity between "Irish Iberian" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic.. Slide 7 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, 1844- 1900 Wikipedia Flaubert, 1821-1880 (portrait by Eugne Giraud, ca 1856) Wikipedia Slide 8 World premiere of A Dolls House at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, directed by H P Holst, Betty Hennings as Nora, 1879. Slide 9 Manet, Edouard (1832-1883), Olympia (1863) Paris, Musee d'Orsay Arnold Shnberg (1874-1951), Suite for Piano, op 25 (1925-23), Maurizio Pollini, piano Slide 10 Pius IX, Pope 1846-1878. Syllabus of Errors, 1864. Leo XIII, Pope 1878-1903. Rerum novarum, 1891. Slide 11 Charles Darwin. Photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1868. Origin of Species, 1859. Descent of Man, 1871.