NEW EMERGING AND

REEMERGING DISEASES •

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Definitions •New Emerging infectious diseases newly identified or previously unknown infections

•Re-emerging infectious diseases re-appearance of, or increase in number of, infections from a disease previously known

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New Emerging Infectious Diseases:

Definition Diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future,

including: previously unknown infectious diseases; known but appearing in new geographic areas; or increase abruptly;

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Infectious Diseases: A World in Transition

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•The human species Continues to change and to change its surroundings: the ways we live, work, relax; the places we go; the foods we eat ...

•The changing nature of our interactions with each other and with our environment alters the dynamics of disease epidemiology and exposes us to new threats.

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ENVIRONTMENT

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EMERGING DISEASES ARE NOT NEW TO MANKIND

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1973 Rotavirus 1975 Parvovirus B19 1976 Cryptosporidium parvum 1977 Ebola virus, Legionella pneumophilia, Hantaan virus, Campylobacter jejuni 1980 HTLV-1 1981 Staphylococcus toxin 1982 E. coli O157, HTLV-2, Borrelia burgdoferi 1983 HIV virus, Helicobacter pylori 1988 HHV-6, Hepatitis E 1989 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Hepatitis C

NEWLY IDENTIFIED PHATOGENS(1973- 1989)

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1990 Guanarito virus 1991 Encephalitozzon hellem 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 1992 Bartonella henselae 1993 Sabia virus 1995 Hepatitis G virus 1995 Human herpesvirus-8 1996 TSE causing agent (nvCJD) 1997 Avian influenza (Type A H5N1) 1999 Nipah virus, Avian Influenza H9N1, Stealth viruses

Newly identified pathogens (1990 - 1999)

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•1998 Nipah encephalitis •2003 SARS •2004 Avian influenza H5N1 •2006 Chikungunya- re-emergence •2009 Pandemic influenza A H1N1

Newly identified pathogens (1997 – 2009)

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Since 1973 39 newly identified pathogens, examples :

1973 Rotavirus 1977 Ebola virus, Hantaan virus 1980 HTLV-1 1983 HIV virus H pylori 1988 Hepatitis E 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 1996 Avian influenza A (H5N1) 1999 Nipah virus 2003 SARS

Others re-emerged

Dengue/DHF Cholera Malaria Chikungunya J. Encephalitis Leptospirosis N.meningitidis

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Current estimates- 1,415 microbes are infectious for human.

Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic.

70% of newly recognized pathogens

are zoonoses.

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Current estimates- 1,415 microbes are infectious for human.

Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic. 70% of newly recognized pathogens are zoonoses.

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Risk factors for emerging zoonoses: close human animal interface in Asia

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Examples of recent emerging and re-emerging diseases

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Emergence of HPAI (H5N1) 2003-June 2008 a total of 385 cases with 243 deaths

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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PROBABLE CASES

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SARS: THE FIRST EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE 21ST CENTURY

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EMERGENCY DENGUE FEVER/DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER

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