new energy technologies issue 18

1New Energy Technologies #4(19) 2004

Magazine

CONTENTS• Renewable energy. Yu.S.Potapov 2• Kondrashov’s fuel less motor 4• New about Tilley car 5• Bessler machine 6• Water instead of oil. N.V. Kosinov 14• Nature of time. L. Price. 22• Magnet motor. A.E.Rumin 25• Transformation of magnet energy. V.D.Dudishev 29• Celvin drop machine. Yu.N.Novizilov 41• Vortex technologies. A.Akay 42• Time control by means of scalar waves. G.Roberts. 44• Electromagnetic engine by Ignatyev 48• Electromagnetic drive. R.Cornwall 49• Magnet motor. A.A.Kalinin 51• News about Perenved motor 54• Global energy sources. Ph.M.Kanarev 55• High efficiency electrolysis by Stanley Meyer 66• Magnet motor TS2000 67• Water vortex heat generator (product for sale) 68• Autonomous power plant (product for sale) 70• Ball lightning. N.G. Shabanova and G.D.Shabanov 71• News from LUTEC 77• Antigravity research 78• Time control experimenal device 85• Perpetuum mobile of 18 m diameter 86• RQM technology 88• News from Faraday Lab Ltd 90

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #4 (19) 2004

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd

Editor�in�Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., St�Petersburg 197376 Russia,Tel/fax: 7 (812) 380�3844, [email protected], http://www.faraday.ru2005 subscription $49. All the back issues as PDF files on CD $29.

Printed in Russia. Copyright © 2004�2005 by Faraday Lab Ltd.Circulation: 500 printed copies

New Energy Technologies

2 New Energy Technologies #4(19) 2004

Today the necessity of using new methods ofgenerating heat and electric energy is becomingthe barest. There is power shortage that is rathernatural when so many country�houses are beingbuilt around. It becomes more and more difficultto cope with irregularity of load, surges andpeaks of current even if you have up�to�datecontrol and discretization systems. That is whypower supply to country�houses is oftenrestricted to 5�6 kW whereas it is necessary tohave about 25�30 kW for the heating and hotwater systems and other household appliancesto operate properly.

So, the demands for electric energy cannot bemet by the capabilities of power industry. Inmany countries there are regulations readingthat an owner of autonomous energy sources isexempt from taxes and that capital outlays arecompensated partially for mini�producers ofpower. In the USA power producing companiesare obliged to buy electric power from ownersfor favorable prices. The UK government hasalso made a decision to repay part of taxes toowners of power mini�stations. In the FRGthere is a law about privileges for owners of localpower plants; besides, centralized electricitysupply networks buy surplus of electric powerfrom mini�producers for beneficial prices.

In Russia the federal law "On energy�saving"(of 03.04.1996, #28�ФЗ) has been passed. Thislaw passed the State Duma on the 13�th ofMarch 1996 and was ratified by the FederationCouncil on the 20�th of March 1996. There is asimilar governmental regulation of the 15�th ofJune, 1998, #588. These laws and regulationsdescribe virtually all the possible measures forenergy�saving including internationalcollaboration in this field. In the law #28(chapter IV, item 14) privileges for consumersand producers of electric energy are clearlydescribed. Furthermore, for electric power

Renewable energy

Yu.S. Potapov

[email protected]

plants that use renewable energy sources andare constructed according to the programs forenergy�saving the prices of electric energyshould ensure payback of capital investment inbuilding of these plants in time agreed with aregional Energy Commission. And what is more,building and running of energy plants usingcertified equipment and having the efficiencyof heat energy up to 300 kW or electric powerup to 100 kW can be performed without alicense. The Ministry of Power Engineering ofthe Republic of Belarus passed the Regulationreading that rates for heating and hot water supplyby vortex heat�generators running on watershould be equal to rates for residential lighting.

Thus we can see that many countries have passedlaws on energy�saving and promotion ofenvironmentally friendly renewable energy sources.

The development of new energeticinfrastructure basing on small autonomousenergy plants seems to influence positively thestate's economics and should help consumers tosolve the problem of power shortage.

According to mass media, in the USA more than100 public companies are going to useautonomous gas�turbine power mini�stationswith the capacity between 30 and 60 kW. Manyenterprises in Russia are going to use newautonomous energy sources too. That is why thedecision was made to activate research anddevelopment activity on gas�turbine powerstations with molecular engines in Russia.

Vortex heat�generators with a molecularengine for heating and hot water supplypurposes should get further development(Fig.1). According to our calculations, amolecular engine as a drive for a vortex heat�generator can increase tenfold the efficiencyof an autonomous heating system.


Fig.1.1 – vortex chamber2 – molecular engine3 – exhaust4 – reducer5 – vortex heat�generator6 – mounting

For purposes of autonomous power supply forvortex generators it is now possible to use powermini�stations based on a molecular engine withthe efficiency between 37 and 100 kW (Fig.2).

Fig.2. An autonomous power plant (37 kW) under testing

This power plant Fig.2 consists of an electricgenerator, mechanical reducer, a molecularengine and air compressor (pump).Another modification of the vortex heat�generator drive is usable (Fig.3). In this case themolecular engine operates like a closed cycleand the vortex generator is mounted on thesame axis. The new modification of a vortexgenerator is still under testing, with the electricmotor of 11 kW so far (Fig.3).

One more way of utilizing renewable energyfrom a molecular engine is the development ofa wind�powered station using approach windflow. Such stations are independent from the

wind speed and can operate continuously in apreset mode (Fig.4).

Fig.4.1 – electric generator2 – reducer3 – vortex turbine4 – electric motor5 � cover6 – blast7 and 8 – air intake9 – reducer10 � basement11 – grid and protective case

12 – vortex heat�generator

That is why the perspective of renewable energyin Russia can be considered as satisfactory.

References

1. Yu.S. Potapov, S. Yu. Potapov. Energy fromwater and air. Kiev, 1999 (97 pages).2. A.V. Frolov. Air burning without fuel. NewEnergy, #1, 2004, p. 17.3. Yu.S. Potapov. Patent of the RussianFederation #2045715 "The heat�generator and theliquid heating equipment", priority of 26.04.1993.4. Yu.S. Potapov. PCT WO 01/96793A1. Themethod of heat generation. 20.12.2001.5. The Federal Law of the 3�rd of April 1996.#28�FЗ. "On energy�saving".

Fig.3.


In a given article it has beendemonstrated that the pulse modeof the air jet creates conditions forusing the environmental energythat permits to obtain highefficiency of the motors which canoperate without any fuel.Full version of the article is on thefollowing web-site:

www.eprussia.ru/tech/articles/1.htm

Author: B.M.Kondrashov Moscow, Russia, e�mail:

[email protected]

Non�uniform heating of gases having beencompressed due to the gravitation results inpressure changes in the atmosphere and itinfringes its equilibrium condition. Whenrestoring it the air potential and thermal energyare being converted into kinetic energy of theair flows accessible for usage. The action of thewind motors which perform mechanicaloperation without oxygen consumption neithercombustion products generation is based on thisprinciple. However such motors have theirfaults: low energy density per unit of workingsurface and uncontrollability of the process.

However it is also possible to disturb theequilibrium condition of the atmosphere inorder to convert the potential energy of the airmasses into kinetic one at the expense ofcontrollable effects. For example it is possibleto perform it in ejector devices. When affectingby pulsating active jet the rarefaction is beingcreated in the ejector nozzle periodically atwhich the air is accelerated after each pulse ofactive jet due to unbalanced force of thebarometric pressure.O.O. Kudrin who is one of the authors of theinvention “Phenomenon of abnormally high

Kondrashov’s fuel�less motor

propulsion increase in gas ejection process withpulsating active jet” patented in 1951,conducted experimental researchesdemonstrating the effectiveness of this process.Unfortunately the invention is not in wide use.Probably because initially the purpose of theresearches was to obtain jet propulsion(additionally to the propulsion of the aircraftpiston engines propellers).

The periodical disturbing of the equilibriumcondition of the atmosphere in ejector nozzleby affecting with pulsating active jet creates thepressure potential difference with specifiedfrequency in it and it provides, if theequilibrium condition is restored, theacceleration of air masses being added andincreasing of the active jet velocity.

As a result the joint mass influences on theturbine blades with the increased ( comparing with kinetic energy of the active jet)kinetic energy, increasing the torque on its shaft.

The conducted experiments have demonstratedthat the optimal value of the active jet velocityof combustion products which is required forincreasing kinetic energy of the joint massduring joining process is within range ofvelocities which can be obtained without usingadditional heating (fuel combustion) before itsexpansion in the jet nozzle.Hence the combustion products can besubstituted with the compressed air and thecombustion chamber –with pneumaticaccumulator (air storage tank).Also in this case the kinetic energy of the jointmass will be more than the kinetic energy ofactive jet minimum by 2.4 times and inaccordance with the law of conservation ofenergy � more than potential energy requiredfor obtaining working medium – thecompressed air forming this pulsating active jetwhen expanding.It is absolutely evident, that such energy


balance permits to compress the atmospheric airin the compressor at the expense of the powerobtained as a result of the atmosphere energyconversion processes during the previousperiods, i.e. use the reverse Carnot cycle(machine cycle), driving compressor at theexpense of atmosphere energy conversion.

The total process power consumption and lossesduring the process of conversions in the turbineand air compression in the compressor do notexceed 25% from the kinetic energy of thecombined reactive mass. In general the value ofthese values depends on turbine efficiency andcan be 15 – 20%: as for the share of losses in thecompressor it is insignificant.The temperature of the high�potential workmedium as well as of the low potential air whenexpanding and carrying out operation is beingdecreased. Controlling the quantity of theatmosphere and cold used air being returned toejector nozzles as added masses of thesubsequent periods it is possible to obtain theused air mass at the required temperature – forexample for usage in air conditioning systems.

If the air used in one joining device or in ejectornozzle is being directed to another device ornext nozzle apparatus as the masses being added,it can be cooled down to extremely low temperatureswhich are used in cryogenic equipment.

The given fuel�less method of the atmosphereenergy conversion differ from the method of itsconversion in traditional wind motors bycontrollability of the process of creating air jetwhich acts on the blades (vanes) and highenergy density per unit of the working area. Thearrangements for implementing this method arethe atmospheric fuel�less jet motors.

If at the expense of the power obtained as aresult of environmental low potential energyconversions we generate electric power foraccelerating active jet and simultaneously forexternal usage we will get the universal electricpower source with non�limited field ofapplication. The principal advantage of suchmethod – the simplicity of construction, reliability

and high power�to�weight ratio of motors.

From <[email protected]>To: <[email protected]>

Dear Sir,I thought you might be interested in knowing that Carl Tilleyhas built another car despite the fact that none of hisoriginally confiscated equipment/vehicles was given back bythe state of Tennessee. Adrian

Preliminary Test CompletedDespite Government Attempts to Suppress andDisrupt Tilley Electric Vehicle Project.“Another electric car built and is being tested outsideTennessee to protect the technology from beingsuppressed or seized,” Carl Tilley, Inventor.Despite rumors, false statements, threats andGovernment attempts to suppress and disrupt theTilley Foundation, Inc in its quest to offer an allelectric vehicle and a alternative power source tohomes for public use, the Tilley Foundationcontinued on at a highly accelerated pace.The state of Tennessee with some 20 to 25 armed

New Tilley carpeople seized all the inventions, paperwork and bankaccounts, over a year ago (March 28, 2003) and hasyet to return the seized items and have not filed anycharges.“It has now been almost a year and a half andthe State of Tennessee still has not returned theitems,” said Carl Tilley, President and CEO of theTilley Foundation. Less than a week after the stateseized the items Tilley was in the process of buildinganother electric car and two home power units outof the state to protect the technology. Preliminarytesting of the new electric vehicle prototype has beencompleted and results are listed below. Thisinformation was verified by several engineersconnected with interested concerns for the rights tothe technology. Test results focused around theamount of DC amps being produced by theTilley Device. Unlike the 1981 DeLorean Electriccar, that the government seized, the converted 1991Geo Storm 5 speed required only one charging unitto maintain battery condition of the 144volt system.The DeLorean required two Tilley charging units because

of weight and powering the Automatic Transmission.


Experiments and natural phenomena suggestthat there may be a counter�gravitational orbuoyant action in nature. The possibility ofmaintaining a state of disequilibrium in adynamic, mechanical system through theprinciple illustrated by Cook's cycle is worthyof exploration. The nature of gravity, centrifugaland centripetal force, buoyancy, impact andimpulsive force are important to a discussion ofthe Orffyrean Wheel developed in Germanyduring the 1700's. The following account of thewheels of Orffyreus, the only carefullydocumented case of mechanical perpetualmotion, is compiled from five main sources:

1. Perpetuum Mobile (second series 1870)by Henry Dircks.2. Strangest of All 1962 by Frank Edwards3. Oddities, A Book of Unexplained Facts(1965) by Rupert Gould.4. Physics for Entertainment (1975) by YaPerelman.5. Nature Engine (1971) by DipankarR.Dutta.

The inventor, Johann Ernest Elias Bessler, wasborn in the German town of Zittau in theKingdom of Saxony in the year 1660. (There isa discrepency here in that some sources mentionZittan, Franch. The inventor’s writings onlymention his origin as being from Saxony).

We know little about his early life except thathe was considered a trouble maker, stirring upthe people, being banished from a number oftowns because of his abrasiveness and boasting.He especially upset clergymen, apparentlybecause of his unconventional theological

THE BEST CASE FOR MECHANICALPERPETUAL MOTION

THE ORFFYREAN WHEELSSourse: R.A.Ford, “The Perpetual Motion Mystery”, 1987, USA

Published by Lindsay Publications, Inc.

PO Box 12 Bradley, IL 60915-0012, USA

views. It is said he was studying theology, butalso had an interest in medicine and painting.

As a young man he acquired an expertise inclockworks and soon was considered amechanical genius. Because of his boasting an(lthe enemies he created, he found it difficult tofind employment. He took to the road,travelling at times as an unkempt beggar.

The first known exhibition of a "self moving"wheel was at Gera, in the province of Reussin the year 1712. Thin wheel, 3 feet indiameter and 4 inches wide, turned on ahorizontal axle and would accelerate to a fixedmaximum speed of 60 revolutions per minute,and could lift a weight of several pounds.

Young Bessler derived no benefit either inreputation or money from this wheel at Gera.But Bessler had a unenviable knack for makingenemies. Because his wheel's inner constructionwas concealed and because people could onlyview it from outside through a window,witnesses accused him of fraud. Some felt thatthe wheel was turned by a hidden cord passingthrough a hollow bearing support and over theaxle. Others said than an animal or clock springin the wheel was the power source.

Next, the inventor moved on to Draschwitznear Leipzig and there in 1713 exhibited anew wheel 5 feet in diameter and 6 Incheswide. This model accelerated to a self�limitingspeed of 50 revolutions per minute and wasable to raise a weight of 40 lbs. It should bestated that the raising of weights wasaccomplished by the use of pulleys and a rope


wrapped around the wheel's horizontal axle.

On the move again, Bessler soon reachedMerseburg, Germany about 1715. In that year,he constructed a third and still larger machine.The new wheel measured 6 feet in diameter, 12inches wide, and turned at a natural speed of 42revolutions per minute. Its inner mechanismwas concealed an before. Little information isavailable on any tests performed on these firstthree self moving wheels but the news of thewheels had spread throughout much ofGermany. Bessler was increasingly becoming atarget for his detractors. He was accused ofbeing a fraud both orally and in print.

Attempts at staging more revealingdemonstrations generally brought only moreridicule. In an effort to silence his opponents,Bessler invited a committee of elevennoblemen and professors to examine hisinvention on October 31, 1715. On December4th, a certificate was signed by the committeestating that these men considered It a trueperpetual motion, having the ability to turnin either direction, easily started butrequiring great effort to stop its motion andgenerating enough power to raise a 70 poundbox of stones to a height of 8 ells.

This report brought fresh ridicule not only tothe poor Inventor but to those who signed thereport as well. Clearly, the climate of publicopinion was not in his favour.

Before the year 1715 was out, for reasonsunexplained, Bessler assumed a new nameOrffyreus. It was said he arrived at this nameby first arranging the letters of the alphabet ina circle. He then picked out the letterdiametrically across to those of B�E�S�S�L�E�R. In this way, the letters O�R�F�F�Y�R�E wereobtained and when Latinized gave Orffyreus.Was this symbolic of how he imagined his wheelto move? Did it have a theological significance?

The change of name obviously was beneficialto the inventor. In 1716, C. Steinbruckpublished a pamphlet in which he madeOrffyreus an offer of 1000 thalers todemonstrate that his device could really run fora month continuously, or raise 70 pounds asclaimed. A Leipzig mathematician, C. Wagner,

issued a pamphlet in which he claimed the wheelwas an offense against nature’s laws, and thatthe inventor was punishable for his experiments.Less charitable was the lampoon published in atreatise in Leipzig by J. G. Borlach:

Considering the times and the attempts at theassassination of his character, Orffyreusshowed remarkable perseverance andcommitment to his idea. But his bitternessdue to rejection would later show itself.

Moving on, the despised drifter settled in late 1716In Hesse Cassel, a semi independent state withinGermany. Here, events were to turn for the betterin the help Orffyreus was to receive. By this time,news of the self moving wheels had not onlyreached Influential members of the Germanaristocracy, but had also spread throughoutEurope as far east as Russia. In fact, much of theaccurate historical records of Orffyreus' discoverywere preserved by Russian historians.

At Cassel, the circulating stories attracted theattention of Karl, the reigning Landgrave [Prince]of Hesse Cassel. Not being able to find work, themechanic was soon arrested for a disturbance andfound himself in the prison at the Ft. Weissensteinof Prince Karl. Today this is a part of the CastleWilhelmshoehe in the city of Kassel.

Perhaps this was just a ploy by which PrinceKarl could meet with the well known inventor.The Landgrave proved to be a kind man withan open mind who was willing to consider thepossibility of perpetual motion. After releasingof the inventor, the Prince and the inventordiscussed at length the possibilities. The resultwas a joint venture. Orffyreus was made a guest,provided with food, clothing, shelter, and givenemployment as "town councillor", an importantpost at that time. Best of all, he was suppliedwith materials, tools and a gardener's shed inwhich to fashion what was to be his largest andlast wheel. Orffyreus underwent a considerableimprovement in his appearance and attained hisfirst taste of stability and dignity.

In addition to the help already provided, PrinceKarl informed many scientists and scientificinstitutions throughout Europe about theproject. Something of Karl's influence can berealized when it is noted that the historian


Eugene Schuyler in his work on Peter the Greatmentions that the Landgrave of Hesse Casselin June 1716 served as an envoy carringmessages of peace from the Swedish governmentto the Tsar of Russia. Russian historians record1715 to 1716 as the time in which the Tsarbecame aware of the invention of Orffyreus, andwho, some years later, would be interested Inpurchasing Its secret.

DOCUMENTED EXAMINATIONS

Early in 1717, the new wheel was completed inthe small shed on the castle grounds. Because ofthe previous accusations that power was suppliedin some concealed manner, Prince Karl had themechanic in late October transfer the large, bulkywheel to a large hall in the middle of the CastleWeissenstein. This hall, having been designed fordefense, had walls four feet thick and only oneentry door, making it easy to seal up and guardwhile extended tests were conducted.

In November, 1717, Karl and invited officialsbegan their tests on the wheel. In the dark room,their lanterns revealed a huge drum 12 feet indiameter and 14 inches wide. The wheel waslightly constructed of oak wood and estimated toweigh at least 200 lbs. The end of the drum wascovered with an oil cloth tightly stretched to hidethe mechanism. The wheel rested on two woodenposts set on the floor in the centre of the room,well away from any wall. A one inch horizontaliron axle turned on brass plates set in the posts.

At each end of the axle was found a crank,lever and pendulum. The purpose of the twopendulums, the designer explained, was tokeep the motion of the wheel from beingerratic and to limit the speed of the wheel.

Here we get a glimpse of the clever and yetsimple mechanical devices employed by theinventor. The natural period of the pendulumscoincided with the maximum operating speedof his wheel and since the two pendulumsopposed each other, they did not greatlyimpede the starting of the wheel.

Two distinguished examiners accompanying thePrince were Baron Fischer, the court architectof the Austrian Emperor and Professor W. J.Gravesande of the University of Holland at

Leyden – a close friend of Isaac Newton. Theycould detect no evidence of trickery. They askedthat the wheel be started. Orffyreus gave the bigwheel a gentle push. It began to accelerate. In onlytwo or three revolutions, it reached its maximumnatural, self limiting speed of 26 revolutions perminute. At each revolution, the witnesses heardabout eight weights falling gently against thedescending side of the wheel. The professor placedhis ear against the support posts and could not hearany sounds such as a spring drive might make. Twodays were taken to examine the machine. Thewheel and framework were pushed to differentplaces in the room and the plates on which theaxle rested were carefully examined.

On November 12th, the wheel was put intomotion after which the hall was locked andofficially sealed with wax. Two guards wereposted outside the entrance. On November26th, the seals were broken and upon enteringthe room, the examiners found the wheel stillspinning at 26 revolutions per minute. It wasstopped inspected and restarted; the room wasagain locked and sealed and guarded. OnJanuary 4th, 1718, those conducting the testssuddenly requested entry to the room. The sealshowed no signs of tampering. On entering theroom, the group found the huge wheel spinning.By Baron Fischer's watch, they found its speedto be 26 revolutions per minute.

Baron Fischer and Professor Gravesande werestumped. They asked how much would berequired in payment to reveal the secret. PrinceCharles, who was authorized by the inventor tobe negotiator, said that twenty thousand poundswas the price. It was stipulated clearly that nomoney need be paid if fraud could be discovered.

The Professor asked Orffyreus if the innermechanism was very complex. Orffyreusquickly replied that the mechanism was sosimple that any carpenter would be able to makeone if he could study it for five minutes. TheProfessor said he would write a letter to Newtonto try and arouse his interest in the discovery.He finally wrote: ". . . The inventor has a turnfor mechanics, but is far from being a profoundmathematician, and yet his machine hathsomething in it prodigiously astonishing, eventhough it should be an imposition. Thefollowing is a description of the external parts


of the machine, the inside of which theinventor will not permit to be seen, lestanyone should rob him of his secret.

"It is an hollow wheel, or kind of drum, about14 inches thick and 12 feet diameter; being verylight, as it consists of several cross pieces ofwood framed together; the whole of which iscovered over with canvas, to prevent the insidefrom being seen. Through the centre of thiswheel or drum runs an axis of about 6 inchesdiameter, terminated at both ends by iron axesof about three quarters of an inch diameter uponwhich the machine turns. I have examined theseaxes, and am firmly persuaded that nothing fromwithout the wheel in the least contributes to itsmotion.* When I turned it but gently, it alwaysstood still as soon as I took away my hand; butwhen I gave it any tolerable degree of velocity, Iwas always obliged to stop it again by force; forwhen I let it go, it acquired in two or three turnsits greatest velocity, after which it revolved twentyfive or twenty�six times in a minute."(Source: "Perpetuum Mobile" by Dircks)

In addition to this letter from Gravesande toNewton, there was a descriptive letter fromBaron Fischer to his friend Dr. J. T. Desaguliers:"I do myself the honour of writing the presentletter to mark my esteem for you, and also togive you news of the Perpetual Motion atCassel, which has been so much recommendedto me since I have been in London. Although Iam very incredulous about things which I donot understand, yet I must assure you that I amquite persuaded that there exists no reason whythis machine should not have the name ofPerpetual Motion given to it; and I have goodreasons to believe that it is one, according tothe experiments which I have been allowed tomake by permission of His Serene Highness,who is the most amiable and gracious of princesthat I have known in my life; and who had thepatience to be present at the trials which I madeduring two hours. “It is a wheel which is 12 feetin diameter, covered with oil cloth.* At everyturn of the wheel can be heard about eightweights, which fall gently on the side towardswhich the wheel turns. This wheel turns withastonishing rapidity, making twenty six turnsin a minute when moving freely. Having tied acord to the axle, to turn an Archimedean screwfor raising water, the wheel then made twenty

turns in a minute. This I noted several times bymy watch, and I always found the sameregularity. “I then stopped the wheel with muchdifficulty, holding on to the circumference withboth hands. An attempt to stop it suddenlywould raise a man from the ground. "Havingstopped it in this manner, it remainedstationary; and (here, Sir, is the greatest proofof it being a Perpetual Motion) I restarted itvery gently, to see if it would of itself regain itsformer rapidity – which I doubted, believing,as they had said in London, that it onlypreserved for a long time the impetus of theimpulse first communicated. But, to my greatastonishment, I observed that the rapidity of thewheel augmented little by little until it hadmade two turns, and then it regained its formerspeed, until I observed by my watch that it madethe same twenty six turns a minute as before,when acting freely; and twenty turns when itwas attached to the screw to raise water. "Thisexperiment, Sir, showing the speed of the wheelto augment, from the very slow movement thatI gave it, to an extraordinary rapid one,convinces me more than if I had only seen thewheel moving a whole year, which would nothave persuaded me that it was perpetual motion,because it might have diminished little by littleuntil it ceased altogether; but to gain speed insteadof losing it, and to increase that speed to a certaindegree in spite of the resistance of the air and thefriction of the axles, makes me unable to see howanyone can deny the truth of so describing it.

“I also turned it in a contrary way, when thewheel performed as before. I carefully examinedthe axles of the wheel, to see if there was anyhidden artifice; but I was unable to see anythingmore than the two small axles on which thewheel was suspended at its centre."

"I said to His Highness that I had no doubt acompany might he formed in London topurchase the secret. The Prince would beexceedingly happy if such a company wouldconsign into his or other hands 20,000 infavour of the Inventor – then the machineshould be examined and the secretcommunicated. If the movement were foundto be a perpetual one, the 20,000 would begiven up to the inventor; and, if not, themoney would be returned. This would bestipulated by proper legal documents.


"I told His Serene Highness that no one couldinstitute such a company better than yourself,for you are always working for the instructionof the public. Consider under what obligationyou would lay the most enlightened nation inEurope, if you procured for it the knowledge ofthe principle of this perpetual motion....

"As I shall not long remain here, I must beg ofyou to correspond with Mr. Roman,Superintendent of Works to His Highness. Hewill show all your letters to the Prince, andwill come to an understanding with youtouching this matter, which well merits yourhighest consideration, as it is not well to leavethis treasure buried. Will you alsocommunicate with your friend Mr. Newton,and tell him my opinion of the machine? Ihope that you will soon hear from our friendM. 's Gravesande, of Leyden, who is soonexpected here by His Highness.. .”

*Not the modern "linoleum", but thin cloth oiledor waxed to give it a smooth surface, like gluedcalico. (Source: "Perpetuum Mobile" by Dircks)

If Newton ever replied to Gravesande, no letterwas ever publically disclosed.

The day following the tests, Orffyreus was afraidthat he might still be branded a fraud and that thesecret might be stolen because of the publicity.Disappointment over the silent response to hisasking price turned into a fit of rage during whichhe smashed the wheel to pieces.

On May 27, 1718, the Landgrave Karl gaveOrffyreus a parchment to certify that his"perpetual motion machine did 26 revolutions perminute, could lift 16 kilograms to a height of 1.5meters and could also work a grinder and bellows."

His fame spread quickly, reaching the palace ofPeter the Great. The Tsar was very interestedin mechanical innovations, especially fromWestern Europe. He had earlier requested hisdiplomat A. I. Ostermann to gather whatinformation he could on the self moving wheel.From the years 1715 to 1722, a considerableamount of correspondence on the wheel wasaccumulated by Peter's librarian, Mr.Schumacher, along with other rare and oddtreasures picked up in Western Europe.

Orffyreus' price to the Tsar for his secretwas fixed at 100,000 rubles. In January1725, Peter the Great decided to go againto Germany, this time to see "perpetualmotion" himself, but being in poor health,he died at the end of the month in Russia.

Little is known of the inventor's activities atthis point. A letter from Roman, an official inservice to Prince Charles of Hesse Cassel,written to W. J.'s Gravesande dated May 18,1727 claimed that Orffyreus was engaged inbuilding a new wheel. There is no further recordof any public exhibit. Orffyreus died a bitterwanderer in November, 1745, generallyregarded by historians as an swindler.

Before Orffyreus and Prince Karl parted ways,by some means the Prince was able to inducethe suspicious mechanic to let him see the innermechanism of one wheel. Karl was the onlyperson besides Orffyreus ever to see inside oneof these enigmatic wheels. After this disclosure,Karl quickly returned to his quarters and wrotean account of what he saw. He wrote that themechanism was so simple, a “carpenter's boy"could make it. We can reasonably concludethat it was made largely of wood. He saw noevidence of fraud in the mechanism.

The source for the next piece of the puzzlecannot be traced, being mentioned only inFrank Edward's book (see the bibliography).When the oil cloth was removed from the wheel,Prince Karl found himself staring at a simplearrangement of levers and weights. Orffyreusexplained that he had conceived a systemwhereby weights on one side of the wheel werefarther from the axle than weights on theopposite side. The continual imbalance resultedin wheel rotation. The secret appeared to lay inthe ingenious way by which the weights on theascending side of the wheel were prevented fromfollowing their normal path next to the rim. ThePrince wrote that those weights were blockedby small pegs which swung back out of the wayas the weights passed over the zenith position.

The only other description is the meager andobscure one provided by the inventor in a smallpamphlet published while in Cassel duringOctober 1719. In "Das TriumphirendePerpetuum Mobile Orffyreanum..." the


translation reads in part: (Quote Source:"Perpetuum Mobile" by Dircks) "The internalstructure of the machine is of a nature accordingto the laws of mechanical perpetual motion, soarranged that certain disposed weights, once inrotation, gain force from their own swinging,and must continue this movement as long astheir structure does not lose its position andarrangement..." "Unlike all other automata,such as clocks or springs, or other hanging,weights which required winding up, or whoseduration depends on the chain which attachesthem, these weights, on the contrary, are theessential parts, and constitute the perpetualmotion itself; since from them is received theuniversal movement which they must exerciseso long as they remain out of the centre ofgravity; and when they come to be placedtogether, and so arranged one against anotherthat they can never obtain equilibrium, or thepunctum quietus which they unceasingly seekin their wonderfully speedy flight, one or otherof them must apply its weight at right angles tothe axis, which in its turn must also move."

As far as the possibility of fraud is concerned,three basic means were suggested.

1. Concealed drive cord in a hollow axle support.This was ruled out because the frame workcould be moved about the room and the axlebearing plates themselves were examined.

2. A person was in the wheel. This was ruledout because of the prolonged tests in a sealedroom. The examiners could enter suddenly atany time to check on the wheel's speed, whichwas found to be always constant. This wouldgive too little time to get the wheel up to speed.In addition, the smaller wheels would not havehad room inside to hide a human being.

3. Because the inventor had worked with clocks,he used a spring drive in the hub of the wheelitself. First, we have the respected testimonyfrom Prince Karl that he saw no evidence offraud in the mechanism. Second, although anumber of clockmakers boasted that they couldduplicate the Orffyrean wheels, no one evercame forward at that time and publicallydemonstrated their claims. Third, noclockdrive would be capable of acceleratingthe wheel so quickly to maximum speed and

then be able to sustain that speed for severalweeks. The unannounced entry by theexaminers would not allow enough time for astopped wheel to reach top speed.

We are left with Orffyreus' explanation that thewheels were powered by "swinging weights"which might be interpreted as a harmonious blendbetween gravity, centripetal and centrifugal forces.As referred to early in our discussion, there isevidence suggesting that Newtonian mechanicsoffers an incomplete description of natural forces,specifically gravity and the relation betweenaction and reaction events.

Here we pose some tests for interested studentsof physics, tests which we have not seendescribed in physics literature.

The most interesting experiments performed byCharles F. Brush during the years 1914 to 1929show a relation between rate off�all and thediamagnetic (or dialectric) properties of materials.

Bearing in mind what has been said aboutkinetic theories of gravity, one set ofexperiments should compare periods forpendulums (in a vacuum chamber) which havebobs in the form of long running, pivotinggyroscopic rotors – each rotor tested being castfrom different diamagnetic elements or dielectriccompounds. In addition, pendulums constructedwith bobs shaped as tuning forks, vibrating or not,cast of different elements should be compared.

The natural phenomenon of slow falling hallsuggests experiments be performed in whichspheres of different elements, cast according tomethods described by Brush in 1925, aredropped in a vacuum chamber and caused tobounce once on a step before continuing the fall.The initial rate of fall for each should becompared with the rate after the bounce, thepurpose being to see if molecular disturbanceaffects the rate of�fall.

And, of course, more devices like the Cook andBull inventions should test Newton's third law.The Cook discovery shows that it is possible tokeep a seemingly "closed" system in a conditionof dis equilibrium, which would be required forself moving wheels.For experimenters wanting to try their hand


with the mechanical wheels, we offer thefollowing guide lines and free speculation.This is not a trivial pursuit, since many aperpetual motionist has come to a betterunderstanding of dynamic systems andoccasionally made important discoveries bothmechanically and mathematically.

SYNTHESIS OF THE WHEEL'SCHARACTERISTICS

First, it is important to assemble the relevantconstruction details and operatingcharacteristics of an Orffyrean wheel intabular form.

1. The wheel was made mostly of wood; oakspecifically mentioned. We allow the use ofmetal pins for pivots in the mechanism.

2. The mechanism was so simple a carpenter'sapprentice could make it. State of�art 18thCentury technology!

3. Wheels were designed to turn either oneway only or both directions.

4. The wheel was powered by "swingingweights" continually maintained in a state ofdis equilibrium.

5. Wheel motion was smoothed out and topspeed was limited by two opposed, triple�bobpendulums (see photo elsewhere).

6. There was a relationship between wheelsize and natural speed.

7. The mechanism was such that a certainminimum impetus was needed to cause theswinging weights to begin to act.

8. The mechanism was such that the wheelacquired in two or three turns its maximum,free wheeling speed.

9. When running, about eight weights wereheard to fall gently on the descending side ofthe wheel.

10. The mechanism was of such a design that,if the speed became too great, disorderresulted, causing a loss of power thus the need

for a speed governor.

11. Small pegs were used to prevent "swingingweights" on the ascending side of the wheelfrom taking their normal path next to the rim.These pegs swung out of the way after thezenith position was reached.

12. When running, no discernible soundswere noticed from the ascending side of thewheel. One challenge is to design the peg and"swinging weight" system (Item #11) so thatno cams, cranks, or levers are needed tooperate the pegs, i.e., no power is extractedfrom the axle.

DEDUCING A SYSTEM

Reasoning from these tabulatedcharacteristics, assuming item #11 isauthentic, I speculate on a possible design inthe form of a sketch:(Note: Speed control pendulums are left outfor clarity).

Fig.1

Eight pendulums are shown, an arbitrarychoice. The eight wedge shaped pegs are free toswing 360 degrees around their pivots. Betweenquadrants I and II, each pendulum bob willlightly contact the wheel rim, as required byitem #9 in the table. At the zenith position, eachpeg will be again free to swing out of the way.Should the speed of the wheel become excessive,centrifugal force will cause pegs entering


quadrant #4 to lose their proper position andfail to obstruct their pendulum's fall; thus theneed for a speed governor. In action, swingingweights entering quadrant #4 are caused bygravity to move centripetally toward axle. Thismovement is arrested at its inner most position.

Item #12 presents an interesting mechanicalpuzzle. Why was there no sound from theimpact between the pendulum lever and itsrestraining peg at the quadrant #4 position?

Burgi's cross beat escapement in diagrammaticform. The dotted vertical lines indicate themean position of the arms about to cross.Position 1: the pallet on the shaded arm engageswith the tooth of the escape wheel, whileswinging in the direction of the arrow. Position2: the pallet is liberated and the arms swingfreely until at Position 3 the pallet of the otherarm engages and causes a check. Because of theflexibility of the arms, there is no jarring impact.The restoration of the flexed arm to its normalshape provides an impulse for the return in theopposite direction. In the figure this flexure hasbeen exaggerated for clarity.(Source: A History of Technology, Vol. III bySinger 1957).

I offer three possible explanations:

1. A lever contacts its peg at a fairly lowspeed.

2. The sound was masked by the sound on thedescending side of the wheel.

3. The pendulum levers may be flexible. Thismay or may not be a requirement. But, thehistorial development of clock pendulums andescapements can offer some intriguing designconcepts such as the ingenious solutionsdeveloped by the Swiss instrument makerJobst Burgi (1552 1632) who developedabout 1585 an improved escapement forclocks used for astronomical purposes.

Amazingly, Burgi began his career at Hesse Cassel!It is therefore possible that young Bessler, inlooking for a mechanical innovation to help himin his design work, knew about this peculiar useof elasticity to assist a mechanical movement.It is sometimes noted by historians that almost

no perpetual motion devices make use ofelasticity, but these pendulum levers may be inthe form of thin, resilient wood slats.

Why would they be needed? Besides reducingwear, a flexible lever would permit the swingingweights to impact and rebound upward while inquadrant #4. This might momentarily change thecentre of gravity for the wheel, resulting in disequilibrium. A flexible pendulum lever would notproduce a sharp sound on impacting its peg.

CONCLUSIONS AND INSIGHTS

Please note that I make no claims for thisparticular design, one worthy of investigation.Experimenters are advised to make woodenmodels of sufficient size and of such design sothat the number, placement and size of all partscan easily be changed. It would be wise to treatthe subject of perpetual motion as a hobbyrather than as an obsession. Creativity isnecessary for innovation in this wide openfrontier. Fresh approaches are needed.

Books documenting the history of the Orffyreanwheel occasionally pose a most interestingquestion about the inventor and his peculiardiscovery. How is it that a simple, unschooledvagabond who showed a scorn for mathematicalreasoning and formal education in general,could have discovered such a fundamentalprinciple which has so far completely escapedthe sagacity of many a scientific authority?

First, Orffyreus was completely obsessed withthe subject of perpetual motion, having spenttwenty of his last 32 years in his quest. Whatdrove him on in such persistent activity?Apparently, he was inspired by the claims ofanother famous student of perpetual motion, theEnglish inventor, the Second Marquis ofWorcester (Edward Sommerset) whose book"Century of Inventions" (1663) described a selfmoving wheel. In fact, the two inventor's wheelswere similar in concept and outer appearance.

Second, as many scientists of that day wereinclined to do, Orffyreus had hope his life woulddemonstrate the workings of Divine Providence.His booklet, written in both German and Latinbegins with a dedication to God, to the public, tomen of learning, and to himself as discoverer. In


other words, his work had great theologicalsignificance, personally speaking.

Even though all who knew him considered hissocial behaviour foolish and whimsical, westill see evidence that he sincerely believedin his discovery. Besides the peculiarcharacter of the man himself, orthodoxscientific thinking must also be re examined.

We need to begin reviewing classical mechanics,the bedrock on which much of today's physicsrests. Are the laws of mechanics truely universalfor all forms of motion? The foundation ofclassical mechanics, because of the detailedcollective experience as well as the immensesocial prestige which society places on itsaccumulated scientific knowledge, is assumedto be complete. This assumption expresses theattitude of Omniscience, that is, that all thebasic knowledge we have is all there is to be had.This position is further complicated by theclaim of infallibility. Yet the real pioneeringwork that opens up new vistas must begin by acareful re examination of subtle foundationalassumptions. In this case, no real progress can

be made on the problem of mechanical perpetualmotion without first reviewing the subjects ofgravity, centripetal and centrifugal motion andNewton's third law.

What caused Newton's Principia to win out overmany other competing explanations of the day?Most observations confirmed it, and the use ofmathematical reasoning fascinated the scientificcommunity. What lost out to these new ways oftechnical thinking was the use of intuition and theability to visualize abstract phenomena.

Today, the spiraling pace of technology towardever increasing levels of complexity andfragmentation as well as the inherent ravagingof the earth's resources and the growingapprehension over toxic wastes should force usto reconsider our fossilized, homogenized andsterile modes of thinking. Assuming thatOrffyreus' wheel involved a genuinefundamental discovery, it appears that the real"high frontier" is still very much on earth ratherthan space in the form of a challenge: to rethinkand rexamine the laws of science.

Summary

In this article a new method of power generationis suggested which is several tens times moreeffective than the controlled nuclear fusion.The basis for this method is a new physicaleffect, namely, the induced proton decay. Theinduced proton decay can turn water into aninexhaustible and the most effective energycarrier and clears the way to solving the energyproblem. Water can become the most effectivefuel capable to replace oil, coal, natural gas anduranium. Many substances traditionally whichwere not considered as being energy carrierscan become most effective ones.

Water as an energy sourceto replace oil

N.V. Kosinov([email protected], [email protected])

Introduction

Oil, coal and natural gas are the main energycarriers now and no substitute for them has beenfound so far. All of them are produced by theSun that has been effecting the Earth formillions years. Burning these energy carriers forpower generation is the main factor of theenvironment pollution. Resources of carbonicenergy carriers whose formation took somemillions years are depleting swiftly. In thisconnection, as the energy demand of the humansociety increases the problem of energy supplyis becoming more and more sharp. The existingmethods for both thermal and electrical powergeneration basing on burning natural energy


carriers are destructive for the Earth'sbiosphere. As for nuclear�power engineering,it has not solved the problem of dangerouswaste disposal. The hopes for successfulrealization of the controlled nuclear synthesisprogram are waning. The terms for thesolution of this task were postponed manytimes and today scientists expect it not to besolved before 2050. The practice of the sunlight accumulation has not received wideapplication. That is why it cannot beconsidered as an alternative to burningnatural energy carriers.

So, it is evident that environmentally friendlyenergy sources have not been found yetalthough vast sums of money have been spentto reach the purpose. The reason is that searchis being carried out in conventional directionswithin prevalent approaches which could givejust slight improvement of existing practicesand are unable to make a breakthrough. Abreakthrough solution should be able to find aninexhaustible source of energy to replace oil,coal and natural gas which (unlike all of these)wouldn't pollute the environment. Swiftdepletion of natural energy carriers brings tothe fore the problem of inventing fundamentallynew methods of power generation.

While analyzing the most effective practices ofpower generation used nowadays one can see adefinite mechanism the essence of which is thefollowing. For all existing power generationmethods, at the end of the chain of energytransformations a new substance appears andthis substance is, as a rule, more dangerous forthe biosphere than the initial energy carrier.This is the general feature of the existing powergeneration methods. This is true both forburning natural fuels and for nuclear powergeneration as well as for nuclear fusion. Theworld got used to the idea that we should actupon a substance to generate power and at theend of that process get another substance as aninevitable evil. Furthermore, such approach isconsidered actually to be the only possible one.But is it true? The task is to find a new energycarrier and quite new methods of powergeneration beyond the conventional schemethat is "a substance in the beginning oftransformation = power + a new substance atthe end". It is evident that the alternative to

existing methods of power generation can beonly those methods within which there wouldbe no dangerous substance or no substance assuch at the end of the process. The task like thissome scientists have already set for themselves.The National Aeronautic and SpaceAdministration of the USA shows specialinterest in this problem. NASA sets tasks thatcould seem fantastic at first sight. In 1997 aworking group meeting was held whichdiscussed new approaches to reachbreakthrough in space exploration basing onproducing engines that do not require fuel stockon board. New methods of power generationwere considered including the energy ofphysical vacuum that could providebreakthrough in the field of rocket enginesbasing on new principles (14, 15).

1.Comparative efficiency of existingmethods of power generation

The main existing methods of power generationare based on chemical or nuclear reactions.Table 1 represents approximate values of thespecific power efficiency for various methods ofpower generation.

Table 1. Specific power efficiency for variousmethods of power generation

1. Burning carbonic energy carriersC + O

2� ��> 0.0046 MeV + CO

2

2. Nuclear decayU235 ��> 0.85 MeV + nuclear waste3. Nuclear fusionD + T ��> 4He + 17.6 MeV

Methods basing on burning fuels are the lesseffective. Nuclear�power engineering rates areseveral orders of magnitude greater. Nuclear fusionis considered to be the most effective methodnowadays. In all these methods, power generationprocess is accompanied by generation ofsubstances rather dangerous for the biosphere.Initial chemical elements do not disappear but aretransformed into other chemical or nuclearcompounds emitted to the atmosphere or storedas waste. So we can see that the most commonmethod basing on burning energy carriers has verylow power efficiency and, moreover, it pollutes theenvironment very much. The other methods are


far from ideal also. The solution of environmentalsafety problem seems to be reached through useof hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogenseems helpful because when burned it istransformed into quite a safe substance as water.Hydrogen is considered to be beyondcomparison for its environmental safety. Butrealization of this task is suppressed by the factthat very high power inputs are required to obtainhydrogen from water. When oil, natural gas andcoal are ready for use, there is no hydrogen just asit is on the Earth. Hydrogen can be produced fromwater but the process would take much power thatshould be generated by burning the sameconventional energy carriers. That is why to beable to use environmentally friendly hydrogen weshould first generate power by the harmful methods.

Fig.1 represents the diagram of power conversionwhen producing and burning hydrogen.

Fig.1. The diagram of power conversion when producing andburning hydrogen

For successful realization of hydrogen powerengineering it is necessary that the energygenerated by burning hydrogen would be muchbigger than the energy consumed for producinghydrogen. This task hasn't been solved so far.

So we can see that all conventional methods ofpower generation agree with the above�mentioned scheme, that is "a substance in thebeginning of transformation = power + anothersubstance at the end". "Another substance" is aserious problem because of the environmentpollution. The hydrogen technology is no idealin this respect either. Taking into account that

the specific power efficiency of processes based onchemical reactions is extremely small it is rather clearthat we should search for the energy problem solutionin other directions. The task is to find new ways ofpower generation without any shortcomings typicalfor the conventional methods.

2. The internal structure of the proton

In the latter half of the XX�th centurytheoretical physics came to conclusion thatproton decay is possible (2, 3). Proton decayseems very attractive in the view ofenvironmentally appropriate power generation.

The proton was discovered in the early 1920sin the experiments with alpha particles. Theexperiments on scattering of electrons andgamma�ray photons from protons proved thatprotons have the internal structure. In 1970specialists of Stanford linear accelerator centermanaged to gain direct proof that protons dohave the internal structure (1).

However, there is no clear understanding so farwhat are the principles of this structureformation. That is why protons still have somany secrets. The origin of the proton isobscure, the cause of its stability is unknown.It is not clear why its mass equals to1836.1526675(39) electron mass. The proton isthe only long�lived particle of all heavy ones.This particle is the basis of all complicated realtransformations in the Universe. The worldowes its existence to the proton. There arestrong grounds to believe that if we discover theproton internal structure it will open access tonew methods of power generation. Masteringof the proton energy can become the mostimportant thing in solving energy problems.

The theory of the internal proton structureis presented in (6, 8, 10). It is shown therethat the proton structure is a fractalconstruction. Fractal revealed in the protoninternal structure proves that the protonformation is a deterministic process.

The discovery of fractal type of the protonformation made it possible to calculate veryimportant characteristics of elementaryparticles. In (6, 8, 10) fractal structures forvarious elementary particles are given and


mathematical description of the protonfractal i s represented.

The stages and the rule of the proton formationare represented in Fig.2. The complete protonstructure formation consists of ten steps. Thisis shown in the "fractal triangle" (10).

Fig.2. Ten steps of the proton structure formation

For Fig.2 Pn is the number of fractal branchesadequate to charge�conjugate real formations.The proton fractal has some overlapping self�similar structures of various sizes. The completestructure is an interlacing pattern in which thelast fragment of a low�order substructure is atthe same time the first one of the next, higher�order substructure (Fig.3). It is impossible toseparate or to withdraw a seriate self�similarsubstructure from the complete structurewithout destroying the whole interlacingpattern (Fig.3). The proton has ten self�similarinternal substructures that are scale copies of aprimary fractal cell.

Fig.3. A fragment of the self�similar internal proton structure

The proton internal structure is formed by thesystem of sequential nestings based on the singlealgorithm. On each structure level a fractal

substructure is a copy of the previous levelfractal. The investigation of the proton fractalhas revealed that the proton internal structureof the proton is quantized, spatially ordered andhas the hierarchy of the internal configuration.The hierarchy of characteristic frequencies isintrinsic to the internal structure of the proton.Thus, together with the spatial orderingshowing itself in the fractal structure of theproton there is also the time ordering showingitself in the characteristic frequencies.The proton fractal made it possible to find out(by calculations) the fundamental constant ofthe proton, i.e. m

p/m

e = 1836.1526. This is

consistent with the experiments on the protoninternal structure (6, 8, 10). The discovery ofpatterns of the proton internal structure givesa clue to the reason why the proton is soexceptionally long�lived. It also opens the wayto new methods of power generation.

3. The induced proton decay

The theory of the proton internal structuresuggests the possibility of the induced protondecay. There are conditions under which theproton loses its stability. If an external energyimpact exceeds the internal proton energy(causing the proton stability) then destructionof the proton becomes possible. This process to berealized it is necessary that the proton would begiven energy higher than a certain threshold (8).

The proton fractal shows that the proton energyconsists of two parts. The first component is thetotal self�energy of the real formations includedinto the proton structure. The secondcomponent is a set of addends that set theenergy value determining the proton stability.The fractal nature of the proton internalstructure made it possible to discover a newdimensionless physical constant (P) characterizingthe proton internal structure (6, 11, 13).

This constant of the proton fractal structureshows a degree of the proton stability. It equalsto P=210.8473325(39). P is a ten�componentsequence of discrete numbers. The sequence ofdiscrete proton internal energy valuescorresponds to P. This energy determines thedegree of the proton stability. The energy equalsto 107.7427553(65) MeV that is about 11.5%of the self�energy of this article (6, 8, 11).


Investigations have shown that this energy is asequence of discrete levels and consists of tenc o m p o n e n t s :E = 54.9 + 20.35 + 13.35 + 8.23 + 4.84 + 2.84 +1.62 + 0.87 + 0.48 + 0.26 (MeV) = 107.74 MeVThis is the most important characteristic of theproton that gives a clue to realization of the newmethod of power generation. If the proton issupplied with additional energy (108 MeV) itwill become unstable and decay into somelight particles having very small lifetime. Thiswill result in the complete conversion of theproton into energy.An important feature of the induced protondecay caused by its fractal structure should bementioned. If the proton is directly suppliedwith energy of 107.74 MeV (for example, if it isaccelerated) it won't decay because for thistakes place the additional energy should bestructured according to the fractal pattern ofthe proton internal configuration.The proton structure includes charge�conjugateparticles (4,8,10). The process of the protondecay also conforms to the recursive algorithm.As follows from the proton fractal, during theproton destruction some charge�conjugateparticles will appear as a result of decay ofintermediary particles.Fig.4 represents the "inverted fractal triangle".

The decay takes ten steps and follows the fractalalgorithm. All intermediary real formationswhose mass falls in the range between electronmass and proton mass are unstable and arecharacterized with limited lifetime.

Fig.4. The inverted fractal triangle showing the order of the

induced proton decay

The proton experiences the process ofdestruction through the ten�steptransformation chain producing intermediary

real formations until charge�conjugate particlesof minimum structural complexity appear. Afterthat the complete conversion of substance intoenergy is finished (6, 8, 12).

The scheme of the induced proton decay can berepresented as (Fig.5):

Fig.5

The induced proton decay is a new physicaleffect closely connected with the physicalconstant of the proton fractal structure, i.e. P.In the induced proton decay there is nosubstance dangerous for the biosphere at theend of energy conversion.

In this conversion scheme there is no fusionreactions. Instead, the substance destructionoccurs by the induced proton decay. As a result,the energy enclosed in the proton is released.

This energy is enormous! Conversion ofsubstance into energy makes it possible toobtain extremely high energy values and bythe environmentally friendly method. Thenew scheme of energy transformation is asfollows: "substance at the beginning oftransformation – energy at the end of it".

4. Chain reaction of theinduced proton decay

As mentioned earlier, the portion of energy givingthe proton its stability is about 11.5% of its self�energy. The calculations show that the energy ofjust one decaying proton is enough to start decayof 8 more protons. Under certain conditions thechain reaction of the induced proton decay ispossible to happen which can be supported anddeveloped at the cost of substance destruction.

As this takes place, charge�conjugate particleswhose mass is less than that of the proton will beproduced. The necessary condition for the chainreaction of the proton decay to start is that thereshould be supplied 107.74 MeV for a proton.


All intermediary charge�conjugate particles areunstable. If the quantity of charge�conjugatecouples is big enough the total recombinationenergy for them can exceed 107.74 MeV that isenough to trigger another proton decay. As thistakes place, self�sustaining reaction of theinduced proton decay becomes possible. Fig.6represents the scheme of the chain reaction ofthe induced proton decay.

Fig.6. The scheme of the chain reaction of the induced proton

decay

The chain reaction of the induced proton decaycan be realized in hydrogenous medium. Theideal medium for this purpose is water. Fig.7represents the scheme of energy conversion ifpower is generated by the induced proton decay.Oxygen will be released as a residual substance.

Fig.7. The diagram of power transformation in the method ofpower generation by the induced proton decay

5. A new energy concept

In fission and fusion nuclear reactions from 0.1to 0.5 % of the substance is converted into heatand radiation. For chemical reactions thisportion is just 10 – 7 (5). During decay eachproton emits about 938 MeV. Besides, in thiscase protons are converted into energycompletely and no residual substance is formed.

Table 2 represents approximate values of powergeneration efficiency for various methods, withrespect to chemical methods.

Table 2

Method of power generation Efficiency Excess ratioThe induced proton decay P+ ��> 938MeV 105

Thermonuclear fusion D+T��>17.6MeV 103

Nuclear decay U235 ��> 0.85MeV 102

Burning energy carriers C+O2 ��> 0.0046MeV 1

Efficiency of power generation by the inducedproton decay is about 2 orders of magnitudehigher than thermonuclear fusion and 5 orders(!) higher than the conventional method of fuelburning. Because burning 1 kg of oil productsgives off 39�44 MJ of energy and 1 kg ofhydrogen can give off 1027 MeV in decay itmeans that 1 kg of water is as energetic effectiveas 105 t of oil. As a result, water can become thecheapest and inexhaustible energy carrier.

1 kg of water equals to 100000 t of oil

Fig.8. Water is the most effective energy carrier

Such unprecedented possibilities of the newenergy carrier allow us to define a new energyconcept in which water shows itself as a substitutefor conventional energy carriers. The new methodof power generation is based on the induced decayof protons of hydrogen atoms contained in water.Fig.9 shows the diagram for the method ofpower generation from water based on theinduced decay of hydrogen protons. In thenew method of power generation the inducedproton decay is realized instead of fusionreactions. Hydrogen protons are effected byquantized energy. This impact corresponds tothe 10�step structure of energy levels. Protonsdecay to form elementary particles that areunstable. So, this scheme doesn't result indangerous substance formation at the finalstage of energy transformation.


Fig.9. The method of power generation from water based onthe induced decay of hydrogen protons

The residual substance is just oxygen. Thus wecan say that this method is environmentallyfriendly. Another advantage of the new methodis its extremely high efficiency. Its specificefficiency by more than 1000 times exceeds therate of atomic power engineering and severaltens times exceeds that of nuclear fusion. Thismethod makes possible heat and electric energygeneration. Water is an energy carrier and aconsumed substance at the same time.

6. The concept of a power generator based onthe induced proton decay

Realization of the above�mentioned energyconversion scheme is fulfilled by the properconstruction of a reactor of the generator andproper electronic impact on an electro�conductive liquid. The induced proton decaycreates conditions to obtain more energy at theoutput than the amount spent by the primaryenergy source to initiate the proton decay. Extraenergy does not come from nowhere, it is theinternal energy of hydrogen protons that isreleased. As discussed above, this energy isenormous. The necessary condition for theproton decay is creating a very high energydensity in a particular area so that 107.74 MeVof energy would correspond to a proton. Thesufficient condition is the impact to be inconformity with the 10�step energy diagram. Togenerate electric power, the division of charge�conjugate particles in energy�saturatedparticular zone of the reactor is made.Both the necessary and the sufficient conditions

are provided by the proper design of thegenerator's reactor and the electronic control unit.

Fig.10. The diagram of the power generator based on the inducedproton decay

1 – reactor2 – accelerating cones3 – mixer4 – electronic assembly unit5 – control unit

To create necessary energy density the reactorof the spherical shape has been chosen. Highenergy density required for proton decay isrealized in the center of the sphere. A water�base electro�conductive liquid is used in thegenerator. The liquid serves two functions.

The liquid is at the same time an energy carrierand a medium where hydrogen protons areimpacted in order to release energy stored inthem. The new method solves both the problemof generation of extremely big energy amountsand that of making the power generationprocess environmentally friendly.


The diagram of the generator is representedin Fig. 10. The generator constitutes anelectronic�mechanical system whose unitsthrough their embodiment create conditionsfor the induced proton decay.

The power engineering of tomorrow will notdirect its efforts toward building energy giantsconsuming minerals and polluting thebiosphere. Oil, natural gas, coal and uraniumwill be over. Then autonomous and compactpower generators which can be installed inimmediate proximity to a consumer and usewater as a fuel will make it possible to obtainenergy required and ensure that the powergeneration is environmentally friendly.

Resume

1. A new method of power generation issuggested which is several tens times moreeffective than the controlled nuclear fusion.2. The basis for this method is a newphysical effect, i.e. the induced proton decay.3. The method basing on the induced protondecay makes water an inexhaustible and themost effective energy carrier and opens up theway to solving the energy problem.4. Water can become the most effectivefuel capable to replace oil, coal, naturalgas and uranium.5. Many substances that weretraditionally considered not to beenergy carriers can theoreticallybecome most effective ones.

References

1. M. Jacob, P. Landshoff. The internal structureof the proton. UFN ("Progress of physicalscience"), v.133, n. 3, 1981.

2. Ya.B. Zeldovich. The vacuum theory mightsolve the problem of cosmogony UFN, v.133,number 3, 1981.

3. A.D. Sakharov. The violation of CP�invariance. C�symmetry and baryon asymmetry ofthe Universe. Letters to JETF ("Journal ofExperimental and Theoretical Physics"), vol.5,p.33�35, 1967.

4. A.V. Anisimov. Information science. Creativework. Recursion. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1988.

5. A. Protsenko. The energy of tomorrow.Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya, 1985, p.222.6. N.V. Kosinov. Substance emanation byvacuum and the laws of structure formation,Physical vacuum and nature, 1�1999. p.82�104.7. N.V. Kosinov. Physical vacuum andgravitation. Physical vacuum and nature, n.4, 2000.P. 40�69.

8. N.V. Kosinov. The origin of the proton.Physical vacuum and nature, 3, 2000. P. 98�110.

9. N.V. Kosinov. Five universal superconstants atthe basis of all the fundamental constants, laws andformulas of physics and cosmology. The pressingproblems of natural science at the beginning of thecentury (materials of the conference held from 21to 25 of August, 2000 in Saint�Petersburg, Russia).SPb, "Anatolia", 2001, p.176�179.

10. N.V. Kosinov. How many physical constantsare really universal? (materials of the VII�thinternational conference "Space. Time.Gravitation" held in Saint�Petersburg, Russia from19 to 23 of August 2002) SPb, "TESSA", 2003. P.522.

11. N.V. Kosinov. The laws of the unitron theoryof physical vacuum and new fundamental physicalconstants. Physical vacuum and nature, n.3, 2000.P. 72�97.

12. N.V. Kosinov. Fractal patterns in the physics ofmicrocosm. Physics of perception and life,cosmology and astrophysics, n.4, 2003. P. 45�56.

13. N.V. Kosinov. The constant basis of physicaland cosmological theories. Physical vacuum andnature, n.5, 2002. P. 69�104.

14. M. Millis. Challenge to Create the SpaceDrive, Journal of Propulsion and Power, 13:577�582, 1997.

15. M. Millis. "Breakthrough Propulsion PhysicsWorkshop Preliminary Results", NASA LewisResearch Center, http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWWbpp/BPPWkshp/.


Owners and editors of scientificpublications are increasingly publishingnew theories that may challenge olderones. The owners and editors of NewEnergy Technologies have been foremostamong these. We thank them for theiropen�minded attitude and for theircourage in disseminating new ideas.

Time is a word depicting concepts whichare not seen as easily as are objects in ourthree dimensions of space. It connotes amystery that is known to have intriguedand entertained us for hundreds ofgenerations. Stories have been written oftime travel. Many years ago, when I wasflying to different parts of the globe, Ifound that time travel is a reality. My timemachine was the airplane which invariablydeposited me into the future of each placeI had previously visited � but never into the past.

Yet, "time" is a word that can have manymeanings. Often, when two people arediscussing time they fail to realize that oneperson is thinking of a particular type oftime, while the other person is thinking ofanother type of time. Furthermore, thepassage of time may vary from one place toanother. Physicists may think of time as apassage of events which are occurring moreslowly under some conditions than underother conditions. This effect is usuallycalled "Time Dilation" and was originallypart of Einstein's theory of relativity.What follows is my own understanding oft ime types and how they af fect us .

"Time Type One" may be called "Duration"because it is necessary if the universe is toexist or endure. Duration is the eternal "NOW".

THE NATURE OF TIMEby Lew Paxton Price

From the theory developed by Lew Price and Mart Gibson

Duration is measured by using relativemotion. The earth rotates one time relativeto the sun in twenty�four hours. The moonorbits the earth in approximately onemonth. The earth orbits the sun in oneyear. We use pendulums, wheels withsprings, or crystal wafers in motion to causeour clocks or our wrist watches to keepproper "time". When the hour hand movesaround once, twelve hours have passed.When the minute hand moves around once,one hour has passed. When the secondhand moves around once, one minute haspassed. These are all examples of the waywe measure time with one motion relativeto another motion.

To measure time with relative motion, theremust be change from one moment to thenext. This indicates that there must besome means of allowing change to occur. Amotion picture camera records events thatare frozen on a celluloid film strip. On thisstr ip , the f i rst photo"freezes" an event as it has been seen at aparticular point in time. In a subsequentfraction of a second, this event is frozen onthe same film strip as it appears at a laterpoint in time. This process continues withsuccessive photos of the event at differentpoints in time. There is a passage of timebetween each consecutive frozen scene. Iftoo much t ime passes between theseconsecutive scenes, the movie that resultsshows "jerky" motion. Smoother motionresults when less time passes betweenconsecutive photos of events .

The above paragraph is analogous to whatmight be termed our "flow" of time. Just asthe film strip must pass through a motionpicture projector to allow the illusion ofmotion, we must have flow of time formotion to occur in this universe. If the time


between each photo in the film strip werereduced until it had become infinitelysmall, it would more closely resemble oursmooth flow of time. Another analogy isthat of our universe of three spatia ldimensions moving along a time line. Asour universe moves along this time line,movement within the three spatia ldimensions is possible. If there were nomovement along this time line, then allmotion within our universe would be frozenjust as if it were only a single photo in thestr ip of motion picture f i lm.This movement along a time line createssomething that may be called "Time TypeTwo", "Sequential Time", because eventshappen in a linear or sequential mannerwith cause preceding effect. SequentialTime di f fers f rom the measured f lowbecause it is merely a way to relate oneevent to another without any thought ofthe rate of t ime passage .

"Time Type Three" may be called "RealTime" because it is the dimension which isperpendicular to our three spatia ldimensions and the dimension that we seeonly in memory and in projections ofpossible futures. It is the fourth dimensioninto which nether (dynamic ether) mayflow to create subatomic entities � into thepast to create matter, and into the futureto create anti�matter (see the article on theelectron in Issue N2(17)2004 of this magazine).

Without the motion of our universe along thetime line, there would be no time of any kindbecause there would be no motion of any kindwithin our three spatial dimensions. Therelative motions we use to measure time arewhat provide us with the illusion of our sensesthat we call "existence". This may be called"Time Type Four".

The passage of time is measured by rates ofmotion within our universe of three spatialdimensions � and, to us, it actually is thepassage of t ime. Nuclear react ions ,chemical reactions, biological processes,sociological processes , and al l otherprocesses in our universe of threedimensions are consequences of motion anddepend upon "Time Type Five" which may

be called "Submicroscopic Time". If thepassage of time within our local vicinity ofthe universe is slowed, then the motionwithin this vicinity is slowed. Likewise, ifthe motion within our local vicinity of theuniverse is slowed, then the passage of timewithin this vic inity is s lowed.

"Time Type Six" is psychological and may becalled "Subjective Time". First, the passageof time seems to be greater when one has livedfor only a short time and less when one haslived longer � which means that an event thatoccurs in an hour's time is longer for a childthan it is for adult. Second, the passage oftime is longer when one dislikes what ishappening and shorter when one enjoys anexperience. Einstein is credited with saying:"When you sit with a nice girl for two hours,you think it is only a minute. But when yousit on a hot stove for minute you think it is two hours."Einstein obviously understood this time type.

In two previous articles published in thismagazine, it was shown how gravity andelectromagnetism can be explained whenthe existence of dynamic ether (which I call"nether") is acknowledged. The speed oflight is a consequence of the reactive speedof the dynamic ether. Subatomic entitiessuch as the electron, the proton, and theneutron must "signal" one another usingthe dynamic ether as the medium forcommunication. Otherwise , nuclear,chemical, biological, and other processescannot occur. These processes are possibleusing forces which operate at speeds whichare always proportional to the speed oflight. If the speed of light is reduced, thenthe speeds of these processes are reducedalso. These processes are forms of motion.So the passage time is reduced when thespeed of l ight i s reduced.

The speed of light relative our environmentis reduced whenever we l ive in anenvironment in which the nether (dynamicether) is moving relative to us. Because thespeed of light is the highest possible speedwithin the nether (it is based upon thereactive speed of the nether), when thenether is moving relative to us a portion ofthe speed of l ight i s used


in countering the relative movement of thenether. Thus, to an outside observer thespeed of light is reduced and so is thepassage of time. But for those of us withinthe environment where nether has relativemovement, our time has been slowed andwe do not see any variation in the passageof t ime or in the speed of l ight .

Our gravity is caused by netheraccelerating from "space" into our planet.The velocity of the nether at the surface ofthe earth is equal to the escape velocity ofa rocket. This relative motion of nethercauses light to move more slowly eventhough we are not able to perceive thisslowing of light. This same relative motionalso causes the passage of time to slow. Thegravity of the planet Jupiter is greater than ourown and the velocity of nether moving into thesurface of Jupiter is also greater. Therefore, timeon Jupiter passes more slowly than it does onearth. On the moon, gravity is less and so is thevelocity of the inflowing nether at the lunarsurface, so time passes more quickly on themoon than it does on earth. Gravity causes timedilation. This dilation is often very small �almost too small to be measured. Yet it is muchlarger when one measures the difference in thepassages of time between that created by ourgravity and that created by the gravity of a blackhole. If we were on a spaceship moving throughthe nether, the relative nether passage wouldcause the passage of time to slow. The faster wewould move through the nether, the greater theeffect of time passage being slowed. Motionthrough the nether causes time dilation.

The rate at which time is slowed can beexpressed by a mathematical formula derivedby using the Pythagorean Theorem. We canmake a diagram showing relative nethervelocity ("v"), as a vector pointing upward onour paper, the speed of light ("c") as a vectorthat is pointing diagonally upward and to theright, and the maximum speed possibleperpendicular to our direction of motion ("v"sub "p") as a vector pointing to our right. Thefirst and third of these three vectors create arectangle in which the sides are of a magnitude"v", and the top and bottom of a magnitude "vsub p". The vector labeled "c" is the diagonalacross the rectangle or the hypotenuse of a

triangle formed with the sides of the rectangle.(See the accompanying illustration with thetitle "Time Dilation Using Nether Theory" andits associated math which comes from page 38of Book Five of the series of books called BehindLight’s Illusion by this author.)

Fig.1

Vector "v" varies with the relative speed of thenether. Vector "c" remains constant. Vector "vsub p" adjusts as "c" rotates to accommodate thelength of "v". The final step in the algebrabeneath the vectors is the same Lorentztransform for time dilation that Einstein foundto apply in his theory of relativity. However,the only relativity used in this derivation isrelativity in regard to the nether (dynamicether) � which shows that time dilation mustbe a consequence in a universe in which a formof dynamic ether is the substance of space andthe medium for light to travel as a wave.

Most of the other conclusions of Einstein'srelativity (mass increase and foreshorteningparticularly) are the result of time dilation.They are also present in a nether universe as aconsequence of time dilation.

In summary, (1) there are several types oftime and discussions of time should bepreceded by defining the type or types beingdiscussed, (2) the existence of a dynamicether creates time dilation, (3) the foregoingimplies that some of the conclusions ofEinstein's relativity are correct even if notall of his precepts are correct, and (4) thepassage of time varies from one place toanother in our universe.


The invention is to be from the field of machinebuilding and particularly motor building and canbe applied in different fields of industry, aerospacetechnologies and in everyday life. The essence isfollowing: the rotor and stator with the permanentmagnets being placed on them. Novelty of theinvention is following: the vector of magnetic fieldstrength of the rotor and stator permanentmagnets is located at the angle from 25 to 45degrees depending on the rotor diameter relativeto working surface of the magnets.

The permanent magnets in other invention(patent RU2128872) are placed in a such a waythat their magnetic poles of the same polarityare along external peripheral surface in thedirection of the rotation and the magnetic polesof other polarity are located along internalperipheral surface, with each pair of thecorresponding magnetic poles of both polaritiesbeing located with some angle to the radial line.

In patent RU2117379 one more magneticmotor containing the permanent magnets beinginstalled rigidly and in series at least in two rowson two non�magnetic elements which aremovable relative to each other, is described. Thebig permanent magnets with verticalmagnetization of the first element are faced withtheir like poles in the direction of the permanentmagnets with horizontal magnetization of thesecond element; the unlike poles of thepermanent magnet with horizontalmagnetization of the above mentioned secondelement are located in one row parallel with therow of the like poles of the big permanentmagnets with vertical magnetization of the firstelement being faced to them. The connectionof the magnetic fields of the permanent magnetsof both elements is performed via air gap withthe deformation of the magnetic fields andturning of the neutral sections of the permanentmagnets at specified angle being possible.

Magnetic MotorA.E. Ryumin

99 �254, Voskresenskaya str., Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia

However in a given construction the discs arebeing used and it does not permit to obtain highpower and efficiency of the motor.

My invention is to simplify design and toincrease power and efficiency of the motors.

This task can be achieved by the following: thestator is being used as the first element and therotor as the second one. Also the vector of themagnetic field strength of the permanentmagnets of the first and second elements isdirected anti�clockwise and located at angle 25– 45 degrees depending on the rotor diameterrelative to the working surface of the magnets.

Fig.1 Magnetic motor (first version), front view.

Fig.2. The same , longitudinal section


Fig.3, Fig.4

Fig.5, Fig.6

Fig.7, Fig.8

Fig.9


Fig.10 Fig.11, Fig12, Fig.13

It was billed as the "team of dreams" when in2003 Shell, the world's second's largest oilcompany, linked with General Motors (GM),the largest car maker, to invest up to a billiondollars over 10 years to develop the world's"hydrogen economy". Yesterday, in a smallceremony near Washington DC, one of thefruits of the relationship was shown off.In front of US department of energy andindustry leaders, Shell opened its first Americanhydrogen service station. A prototype GMminivan powered by a fuel cell � a devicethat combines hydrogen and oxygen tomake electricity � filled up with hydrogenat a conventional�looking pump and droveoff into what some believe will be a cleaner,less oil�dependent future. Car and chemicalmanufacturers as well as governments arepumping money into hydrogen and fuel cellvehicle research and the infrastructure for ahydrogen economy. New interest in what is

Tomorrow's petrol is a gasShell's first US hydrogen station is open now, reports John Vidal. But will we all be filling up soon?

Thursday November 11, 2004, The Guardian

called "tomorrow's petrol" follows PresidentBush's December 2003 decision to put hydrogenat the centre of US renewable technologies.

Jeremy Bentham, Shell's head of hydrogen, wasupbeat. "The opening of this station marks anew phase of development of the infrastructurefor the hydrogen economy. In the next few years,perhaps 2010 or 2012, fuel cell vehicles will becommercialisable. By 2050 we believe thathydrogen will be playing a significant role asan energy carrier, increasingly made fromnon�fossil fuels," he said.

The decision may be linked to September 11,American love of technology or US foreign oildependency, but, says Bentham, it's also aboutmaking money. Shell's Benning Road fillingstation in Washington is one of some 22 newstations for fuel cell and hydrogen�poweredvehicles built in the past year, making about 90


worldwide, but critics say solving problems ofproducing, distributing and storing the gas willrequire hundreds of billions of dollars.

But the hydrogen fuel cell route has seriousscientific critics. A committee of the USNational Academy of Sciences earlier this yearsaid it will not solve energy problems, that fuelcell vehicles only marginally reduce greenhousegases, and that there are big safety, cost anddistribution barriers to overcome. "In the bestcase scenario, the transition to a hydrogeneconomy would take many decades, and anyreductions in oil imports and carbon dioxideemissions are likely to be minor during the next25 years," said the authors.

Dr . Joe Romm, assistant energy secretary toBill Clinton and now director of the Centre forEnergy and Climate Solutions, was in chargeof the US hydrogen programme for five years.He says the hydrogen economy is beingoverhyped, and touting it as a clean energypanacea is diverting money from simplerconservation technologies and kidding thepublic that hydrogen is "green" while the gaswill most likely be produced using fossil fuels.

"GM have denigrated and downplayed hybrids[electric/petrol combination cars]. They seehydrogen as terrific PR. It makes them look likethey are environmentally [friendly] while theystave off fuel economy regulations. I think it willbe seen as a major blunder."

More than $7bn (3.98bn) is earmarked by US,EU and Japanese governments and industry forhydrogen/fuel cell R&D. The US energydepartment is putting up $1.7bn; Japan $4bnover 15 years with a goal of 5m fuel cellvehicles by 2020. Nissan is committing $500mand DaimlerChrysler $1bn. GM says it wantsto be the first car company to sell a millionhydrogen/fuel cell vehicles while California'sgovernor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, promisesa $100m "hydrogen highway" with more than200 stations by 2010.

"Pursue it or rue it," said one car industryexecutive this week. "The momentum isgrowing," says Bentham. "It's facts, notfiction now. We actually have the nodes of ahydrogen economy. Investment is on a serious

scale". He compares the nascent industry'ssituation with mobile telephony in the 1980s."We're in the 'clunky' phase, but we know thatthis technology is going to be very attractive."

Producing hydrogen and handling largequantities are not the problem, he says. Shellalone produces 7,000 tonnes a day from itsrefineries and world annual hydrogen outputis about 50 million tonnes and growing 10%a year. It is largely used to make nitrogen�based fertilisers and to convert low�gradecrude oil into transport fuels.

Hydrogen can be extracted from biomass oreven seawater, but the primary source todayis natural gas � which is not asenvironmentally friendly as the car companieswant people to think because it breaks downinto hydrogen and greenhouse gases.Bentham says that in combination with a fuelcell engine, it is far cleaner than conventionalfuel. "The energy content of a kilo of hydrogenis about the same as a gallon of petrol, but theefficiency of the fuel cell is far higher than theinternal combustion engine," he says.

What is overlooked, says Romm, is thathydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energysource. "You use a lot of fossil fuels at the frontend to get to hydrogen at the back end. It'sdiscouraging for me as a clean energy advocatethat people are putting claims out that aren'tbased on reality." The cost of producinghydrogen from renewable sources, he says, isbetween $10 to $20 a gallon of petrolequivalent. "They tell you that the future ispollution�free but for the next few decades youwill have to subsidise research into hydrogenand fuel cells.

"No alternative energy vehicle makes muchsense in the US for 20 years at least. Of allof them, the fuel cell car is the least likelyand most implausible." Shell says the claimthat it's just good PR is too cynical. "Therewas a lot of hype in the late 1990s. But it isa very realistic view that by 2010�2012vehicles will be commercialisable," saysBentham. "Whether they will be mass�produced depends on governments andcar manufacturers ."


In connection with the aggravation of problemsin power engineering and fuel appreciation inthe world the relevance of alternative powerengineering is being increased. Earlier theauthor has already proposed and researched theeffective methods for energy and fuel savingusing strong electric fields of low power whichcan be applied in all without any exception“flame” technologies (6 � 9). Besides the newpromising electric field process of electro�osmosis decomposition of water solutions intofuel gases has been proposed and developed {10}.However the extremely chip and effective directconversion of the electric and magnetic fieldsinto chip mechanic and electric energy is themost promising and relevant one {1, 2}.Unfortunately nowadays there is no generaltheory of energy conversion of these fields intodifferent kinds of energy and it representsconsiderable obstacle for theirdevelopment and perfect ion.

In a given article I have made the first attemptto classify and systematize the new proposedoperational principles of magnetic motorsoperation and to lay down the conditions whichare required to provide their operability. Fromthis point of view several new types of magneticenergy converters based on permanent magnets(PM) have been proposed and considered.

Permanent magnet – energy pump andconcentrator of the air energy flow.

Though the permanent magnets are widely usedin engineering , for example in electricmachines, the nature of magnetism and powerinteraction of permanent magnets (PM) has notbeen discovered fully yet. Let us think a littlebit about physical aspect and energy of thepermanent magnets operation in magneticmotors (MM) similarly to other natural

METHODS OF CONVERSIONof the permanent magnets energy

V. D. Dudyshev, Samara, [email protected]

http://www.ntpo.com/invention/invention2/13.shtml

phenomena and power plants. Why does themagnet keep at certain conditions its energy aslong as you like? The concept of global air hasnever disappeared from physics and almost allthe physicist agree that it exists but it has notdetected yet. It is most likely that the energy ofPM is being replenished with the air energy andthe PM itself represents the energy pump of thisair. In order to simplify it one can imagine thatthe magnet is the analog of the tube into whichthe certain energy pump is built in. This pumpoperates in permanent magnet with constantpumpage. The magnet poles assign the directionto the air flow as the input and output. Theparticles of the air are being pumped in one poleand pumped out from another pole. The flowsof air particles being pumped in and pumped outalong magnetic lines of force of PM (further inthe output of PM) diverge in opposite directionswith the distance from poles being increased.

In what way can we use effectively this energysaturated air flow passing through PM?

It would be reasonable to draw a parallel withwater – power engineering. If on the way of flowwe put the empty tube without any pump(magnetic pipeline), then, passing throughempty tube this flow will be concentrated in thistube, closed and will not diverge. More thediameter of this energetic tube and closer theend of this tube to the pole , bigger part of theair flow can be transferred at large distancewithout losing its intensity. It is quite clear thatif we put the tube being inclined upward, thewater will not flow in it, it means that themagnetic pipeline should pass along lines offorce. If not far from two magnets the third oneis available, in this case it will take the part offlow to itself, decreasing interaction forcebetween magnets. How can we make the PMoperate, these energetic pumps in favor of


humanity? Here it would be reasonable to drawup parallel with water wheel and water flow.The flow energy benefits if only half a wheel islocated under falling water. If the whole wheelis under the water it will be useless. It meansthat it is necessary to use this principle of waterturbine also for creating effective MM. As amatter of fact, the permanent magnets are theeffective energetic pumps, converters of the airenergy and concentrators of the air flow intotheir lines of force. This phenomenon of natureresembles the waterfall. If the source of almostfree of charge energy is available in PM weshould only think out how to use it effectivelyso that similarly to water wheel only the half amagnetic energetic wheel operates from thisone�direction air flow through the system ofpermanent magnets in MM.

Classification of magnetic energy convertersand MM based on permanent magnets intoother types of energy.

Earlier the author in article {1}has alreadyproposed and considered some new types andconstructions of MM. Let us classify these MMas well the new ones being proposed in a givenarticle according to different features andcriteria (kind of movement, MM, type of outputenergy, operational principles and so on ). Theexamination of the technical solutions proposedby me as well as of the known ones concerningmagnetic motors and other magnetic field energyconverters with permanent magnets (PM) permitsto distinguish the following principal classes:

1. According to kind of MM rotor movement:a) MM with periodical mechanicaloscillations (oscillating pendulums, reciprocal,vibration motors) and rotation MM .b) Static magnetic triode�amplifier withcommutation of magnetic field by PM.

2. In accordance with kind of the outputenergy, useful functions and field of application:a) generation of PM movement mechanicalenergy; converters of PM magnetic field energy intomechanical (kinetic) energy (magnetic motors).b) Generation of electric energy; converters ofPM magnetic field energy into electric energy(phenomenon of magneto�dynamic induction),magneto�mechanical generators of electric power.c) Simultaneous generation of mechanical and

electric power – combined and concurrentmagneto�mechanical motor�generator plants.d) Reduction of PM magnetic field energyinto other types of energy (for example, forregulating velocity, force and torque; convertersof PM magnetic field energy into force effect(magnetic bearings and magnetic reductiongears of force, torque and rpm on PM), Fig.1�3 of article [1].e) generation of thermal energy frommagnetic energy when degaussing PM;converters of PM magnetic field energy intothermal energy (magneto � thermal generators).f) Converters and generators of force�velocity of PM movement.3. In accordance with operational principlesand physical effects being used in converters ofpermanent magnets magnetic field energy inclosed cycle into other types of energy:a) generation of kinetic energy of PMmovement based on the combination andalternate usage of gravitation forces and forceinteraction of PM magnetic fields in closedcycle of magneto�gravitation motor, i.e. ofoscillation and rotation type.

The meaning of magneto�gravitation motor(MGM) operational principle is in alternateusage in closed cycle of gravitation force andmagnetic forces of repelling�attraction of PMand repeated alternation of gravitation forcewhich acts on the rotor magnets when shieldingthe PM magnetic field by blinds�screens ofpermanent magnets magnetic fields whereforces of PM magnetic repelling act on MMrotor when such magnetic shield between PMis absent. These are the magneto�gravitationmotors (MGM) (Fig.6 in article [1]).

There is some other method for implementationof this principle: simple MGM with verticalplane of the rotor magnet rotation in closedcycle and sequent alternation of thecombination according to acting forces(gravitation forces and forces of magneticrepelling of PM on starting part of trajectoryof magnetic rotor with subsequent secondbreaking semi�cycle of MGM operation), inwhich the forces of magnetic attraction of thestator and rotor magnets against gravitationforce are being used (See Fig.5 in article [1]).

b) generation of PM movement kinetic energy


based on the combination of the effect of PMrepelling� attraction and the effect of simultaneousaccumulation of PM movement kinetic energy inmechanical or electromagnetic energyaccumulators in this interval and its secondaryrelease in the interval when shielding or whenhaving mutual perpendicularity of the PM of theMM rotor and stator (magneto�accumulatingmotors (MAM), see Fig.4 in article [1].c) Generation of PM rotation kinetic energyrelative to each other by means of magnetic fieldforce interaction (attraction�repelling) ondifferent sections of trajectory of MM rotorusing non�uniformity of the PM magnetic fieldsand its conversion into PM rotation kineticenergy relative to each other (polar magneticmotors, Fig. 7–9 in article [1].d) Generation of PM movement kineticenergy in closed cycle by means of mechanicalor other commutation of PM magnetic fields foraccelerating rotor magnet on differenttrajectory sections (segmental magnetic motor�generators, Fig.1 of the given article).e) Direct generation of electric energy fromPM magnetic field energy in magneticconverters with initially closed PM magneticpipeline by means of cyclic mechanicalcommutation of the magnetic flow in PM, forexample, by cyclic breaking of the closedmagnetic pipeline itself into segments withsimultaneous inducing of electromotive force(emf) in inductive winding placed on thiscircular PM with cyclic changing of circularPM magnetic flow in it – induced Faradayelectromotive force (combination of magneto �mechanical and electromagnetic inductioneffects). The evolution of this operationalprinciple of the magneto�electric generator isthe usage of positive feedback by emf (voltage)to mechanical segmental commutator of PMclosed magnetic pipeline and application of thepart of electric energy obtained from thisinductive winding for a given electromechanicalcommutator of circular PM magnetic flow.f) Direct generation of electric energy fromPM magnetic field energy in polar MM bymeans of inducing emf in inductive windingsfixed along the trajectory of polar MM magneticrotor (combination of non�uniform magneticfields force interaction and electromagneticinduction effects (Fig.1 of the given article).g) Generation of thermal energy from PMbased on the effect of combination of PM

thermal degaussing (Curie effect [5]) and theirquick magnetization up to temperature whichis below Curie point (effect of Barkgaussenmagnetic flip�flop [3].h) Generation of mechanical kinetic energyfrom PM by means of cyclic intermittentdegaussing – magnetization of at least one oftwo PM in MM.

Generally speaking the method of creatingoperable MM is to create magnetic field non�uniformity in it and to commutate the magneticfield in time and space.For demonstration of the above mentionedoperational principles of magnetic energymagnetic converters let us consider their severalnew types in more details, for example , forgetting chip electric and mechanical energyfrom PM.The simplest magneto�mechanical pendulum asan example of implementation of creationprinciples of different types of MM.The given simplest magneto�gravitationalmotor (Fig.1) can be constructed using differentphysical magnetic effects in combination withgravitation effect. In order to compensate lossesfor friction and creation of continuousoscillations in ordinary gravitational pendulumit is proposed to use additionally the forceinteraction of two permanent magnetsalternately. The behavior pattern of forceinteraction of magnets 1, 2 is carried out withthe help of converter 6. It should provide theattraction of pendulum permanent magnets 1,2 on trigger swing one�half period of thependulum and their force repelling after havingpassed the lower trajectory point of thependulum. This magnetic converter�pendulumcan be constructed based on different principlesand physical effects:

a) using mechanical turning of fixed magnet 1at 180o when the pendulum passes through thelower point, for example of spring type with a cam.b) By means of intermittent reversal ofmagnetization of fixed magnet 1 in the lowerpoint of magnet 2 (Barkgaussen magneticeffect); the electric energy and magnetic fieldsufficient for magnet 1 reversal of magnetizationis being received from inductive windinglocated on magnet 1 and connected withelectric energy accumulator.c) Using combination of Barkgaussen effect


and Curie thermo�magnetic effect. In this case� in the lower point of magnet trajectory ofpendulum1 degaussing magnet1 above Curiepoint with pulse heating and its pulse reversalof magnetization (Barkgaussen magnetic flip�flop effect) when magnet 2 reaches the upperpoint of trajectory.d) Mechanical magnetic shielding of one ofthe magnets at certain sections of the pendulummagnet swinging trajectory.e) Electromagnetic control of magnet 1magnetic field (amplification�attenuation);magneto�electric mechanical pendulum –addition to the inductive winding facility,winded around fixed magnet 1 with capacitorat circuit oscillation frequency which is equalto the mechanical oscillations frequency andoscillation phase being regulated by thisoscillatory electric circuit by means ofinductance of counter�magnetic field whichcompensates magnetic field of magnet 1 onbreaking sections of trajectory andamplification of its magnetic field onaccelerating trajectory of magnet 2 pendulum.

Magneto�mechanical generator ofelectric energy based on PM.

The phenomenon of electromagnetic inductionis well known and widely used in powerengineering and it consists in the following:while changing the value of magnetic fieldthrough conductor ( in time or space) , in thelatter one the electromotive force ( inductionemf) is being induced (further only theabbreviation “emf” will be used [4]). Themajority of the electric generators in the worldoperate based on this principle. [4].

However this electromagnetic principle ofelectric energy generation is connected withhigh consumption of mechanical energy sincein a given case the power of electromagneticgenerator is determined by the mechanicalpower supplied to its shaft. The new directmagneto�mechanical method of electric energygeneration by means of inducing emf inductionin inductive winding located on circular orother closed PM with the help of mechanicalcyclic commutation of its magnetic flow(completely or partially), for example, bycyclic movement of movable segment of thisPM, is proposed.

Since the flow of magnetic induction piercingthis inductive winding wound around the PM,will be changing with the time, in a given caseat mechanical commutation of PM magneticflow (complete or partial) in inductive windinglocated on PM the induction emf will be alsoinduced and it has been confirmed experimentally.

Fig.A

1. Lower magnet rotating around the axis2. Pendulum magnet3. Rod of magnet – suspension4. Upper support of pendulum5. Rotation axis6. Magnetic field converter, for example, shield, inductivewinding etc.7. Lower rotational platformF1 –gravitation forceF2 – magnet interaction forceF3 – force of suspension reaction –support 4

As a result it is possible to get the useful electricenergy by means of usage and conversion PMenergy from the given inductive winding if theelectric circuit of the given winding is closed toelectrical load. The reserve of PM magneticenergy is considerable and practicallyinexhaustible because it is being continuouslyreplenished from the air as it has beenascertained in the beginning of this article. Theeffectiveness of electric energy generation usingthe proposed method is also provided by the factthat the segmental commutation of PM


magnetic field is extremely low energyconsuming , because on this segment, whenwithdrawing the poles , the polarities which areopposite to the main magnet are formedautomatically , and that is why the automaticforce of extruding of this segment from circularmagnet exists. In a case if such second segmentis available it is possible to form magnetic swingfor their interrelated opposing movement viakinematics. In this case the introduction of oneof the segments of magnet magnetic pipeline issimplified. The frequency of electric energy isdetermined by the frequency of magnetic flowcommutation inside PM. This commutation ofPM magnetic field by its segments can beperformed both at reciprocal segmentmovement and by means of rotation of severalsegments which dimensions are equal ones andfixed on non�magnetic disc in plane which isperpendicular to the plane of permanentcircular magnet through this slot in it. As aresult the high frequency magneto�mechanicalgenerators can be created. In actual fact in suchmagnetic generator based on PM , severalphysical effects and phenomena are being used:phenomenon of magneto�mechanical induction,phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, theeffect of spontaneous cyclic ejection of PMsegment and some others.

There is different model of implementation ofmagneto�electric generator (MEG) in non�contact construction: usage of magnetic flip�flop effect (Barkgaussen effect) for cyclicreversal of magnetization of this magneticsegment. The operational principle of magneto�mechanical generator of electric energy(MMEG) is clarified on Fig.B. The simplestconstruction of MMEG consists of circularpermanent magnet 1 with radial or axialmagnetization with narrow sector slot in it(sector of 2 – 5 degrees is sufficient) and withits movable segment 2 (the quantity of them canbe more, for example, two), being moved in slot3 in PM with as minimal as possible gap, withmulti�turn inductive coil 3, placed and woundon circular magnet 1 itself and connected withelectric load 5. In the construction of MMEGit is required also to have a drive for cyclicmovement of PM segment, which in special casecan be made in a form of vibration electromagneticdrive (VEMD) based on solenoid with movablepin 6, stock – pusher 9, rigidly connected with

Fig. B. Magnetomechanical generator of electric energy based

on permanent magnets.

movable magnetic segment 2.Winding of solenoid 7 is connected tooperational inductive winding 2 throughregulated voltage converter 6, being controlledfrom processor 10 with positive coupling viavoltage sensor 11 and sensor of frequency andtravel stroke 12 of solenoid stock 9. Windingsof solenoid and generator are grounded viaterminal 13. Initial start of such generatorrepresents primary movement of PM segment2, for example, from VEMD with electric powerfrom primary source of electric energy 14, forexample , from low power storage battery .Further the operation of this simple magneto�mechanical generator plant is fully autonomous.

The regulation of output power of MMEGfrom output of winding 4 is performed bychanging parameters of load 5, as well as valueand frequency of PM magnetic flowcommutation, frequency and length ofmovement of magnetic segment 2 and theassigning of operational mode is beingmonitored by control system 10. The outputpower of such unusual magneto�electricgenerator is provided with properties anddimensions of permanent magnet, dimensionsand quantity of segments 1 and at highparameters of modern magnets can reach fromtens to hundreds kilowatts .


Part 2Segmental magnetic motors with magnetic

flow commutation

For magnetic machines the general principle ofreversibility of their operational modes is alsotrue, i.e. any operable magnetic machine is ableto operate both in generator ( electric energygeneration if the inductive winding is available)and in motor modes. Besides, in such segmentalmagnetic converter�machine the combinedmotor�generator operational mode is possibleand it is their principal difference from knownelectromagnetic machines. The generator modeof the segmental magnetic converter isdescribed above. As the experiments with ringmagnets being cut for segments, show, thesesegments are being pushed out spontaneouslyfrom the ring magnet and as a result the burst(commutation) of magnetic field occurs.

The operational principle of the simplestsegmental magnetic motor consists incommutation – interruption of ring magnetmagnetic flow by cyclic movement(withdrawing� sliding out) of the movablemagnetic segment of the ring (Fig.1).

Fig.1

Let us clarify in a simplified way the operationalprinciple of such segmental magnetic motor. Insuch unusual MM the effect of spontaneous

pushing of magnetic segment out the circularpermanent magnet is used. For this purpose wemanufacture the ring magnet with one orseveral segments being cut in advance and placethe ring with the same cut segment over it. Sincethe ring will be magnetized with the magnet wewill get the system consisting of two magnetsbeing located one over another one in parallelplanes (the ring is indicated) from the first part.Such system, Fig.4 (Fe) has two stable positionsB and D and two unstable ones A and C, fromwhich the magnet�rotor tends to turn intoposition D or B. As it is seen from Fig.3, theiron ring over the magnet is cut into segments.The procedure of magnetic field commutationcontrol in such MM is rather simple one. Whilerotating magnet from unstable position intostable one , being close to stable position, weextract next segment (if we see in rotationdirection) and insert the extracted one back (onFig.3 such sequence diagram is shown). So themagnet again comes to unstable position andaccelerates to come to the next stable point. Inorder to have continuous rotation of the mainmagnet this process should be repeated in acyclic way, i.e. the MM segments are to becommutated alternately (pull out – insertmagnet segments) according to rotation directionusing special mechanical facilities. Let us explainthe construction of this MM in more details.

Fig.2

Magnet1 is cut in advance into four equalsegments (Fig.2), then the ring assembled fromsegments is placed above the half�ring magnet.


As a result, besides of mutual attraction ofsegmented metal ring and permanent half�ringmagnet (turning will not occur, because thesystem is symmetric one; the segments areshifted to each other) we will obtain the secondforce, because the permanent magnet is facedto the ring by one side and by correspondingpolarity and all the segments having magnetizedby one polarity will be repelling each fromanother and , if we let only one segment tobecome free, it will be pushed out by inducedmagnetic mono�pole from the circle (Fig.3).The force vectors of mono�pole opposition areconventionally indicated with the arrows. Now,when one segment is pushed out by inducedfield of half�ring magnet the symmetry of thering is infringed and it , at the expense ofopening the common magnetic line by air gapsA and B (see Fig.3) , is transformed into linearbended magnet which has the maximal fieldstrength on the edges, i. e. in gaps A and B. Theminimal field strength is in point C (see Fig.3),i.e. now the system “magnet – cut ring” is non�symmetric one and the magnet on the coolerbearing will be turned up to the point of thesystem equilibrium, spending its energy. Themagnet will be trying to put its sine of fieldstrength of magnet body in cosine of themagnetic field being induced on the cut ring.

Fig.3

Now let us consider the sequence diagram offorce magnetic interactions of these twomagnets with segments (Fig.4) during onerevolution of magnet1. If we place the metal

half�ring , combined of two 45o segments abovemagnetic half�ring, four positions of the systemequilibrium will arise (Fig.4): two stablepositions B and D and two unstable positions(peaks) A and C. Naturally, the system willprefer the stable positions. According to theprinciple of La�Chatelier any energetic systemin Nature with all its forces tend to becomestable with minimal energy of state.

Fig.4

If we give the magnet in position A on Fig.4 ahitch from magnetic hump, it will be trying tocome to the position of stable equilibrium andhence doing work, turning , for example, toposition B on Fig.4. Manipulating thecontinuity of metal ring with the help of segments,we make the magnet work when reinstalling it. Ifthe segments on Fig.3, position 1 and 2 are put onthe place one by one, pushing each other out, thepoint of stable angular equilibrium will be changedfrom C for D (Fig.3) and so on, making themagnet rotating by circle.

Now our task is to minimize our energyconsumption, making segments 1 and 2 (Fig.3)come alternately on their place in the ring,making indirectly (via change of positioning ofthe induced magnetic field of force) cause thework of the magnet in this system.

Let us consider principal motive andcounteracting forces in this construction of MM(Fig. 3) in gaps A and B. Thus in total in gaps Aand B (Fig.3) the principal induced magneticfield is concentrated, then in order to insertsegment 2 in its place (Fig.3) and at the expenseof it to push segment 1 out (Fig.3), it is requiredto consume as much energy as the magnetgenerates minus losses for friction etc. In thiscase where is the saving of energy?

The sequence diagram of segment operation isthe following one (according to Fig.5). Let usmake segments 1 and 2 active ones (Fig.5), thensegment 2 with all its forces is being attracted


to the half�ring and segment 1 hangs at adistance of equilibrium of fields forces. As aresult we have non�balanced magnetic system(magnetic flip�flop), but if the active segmentsare being connected with the lever 3 (Fig.5),then in order to have complete balance of thesystem it is necessary to have a damper�accumulator of pulse in a form , for example, ofintermediate spring 4A and 4B (Fig. 5) withnon�linear square�low characteristic ofcompression. We have compensated the non�linear characteristic of magnetic field of gaps byinverse characteristic of compression of springs4A and 4B (Fig.5), so in total as for energyconsumption we have linear balanced andcounter�compensated system for controllingsegments and in its turn extremely lowconsumption control of magnetic field of forceof the permanent half�ring magnet with the helpof, for example, solenoid – setter of outputrevolutions (position 5 on Fig.5).

Fig.5

As a result we provide extremely long�termmagnet rotation at the expense of its internalpotential energy. A simpler method forcontrolling segments is shown on Figure 6.

Here the side view is shown, where 1 – half�ring magnet, 2 – active segments, 3 – lever madeof spring wire, i.e. it performs a role of lever�spring of control pulse accumulator, 4 – thrustcoils of controlling solenoid, 5 – supporting axesof lever swing.

It is also possible in a simple way to provide

control of segments at the expense of crank�connecting rod gear being installed on theprincipal shaft. In this version ofimplementation of facility of MM segmentscommutation it is required to under compensatethe return spring in such a way that the flip –flop effect is left a little, it means that thesegments must reverse the positionabruptly.The practical usage shows that thepropulsive magnet of rotor should have, in idealcase, the form of trapezoid and its planes of facesshould coincide with the radius lines of themagnetic ring. For experiments it is possible touse magnet having a form of parallelepiped.

Magnetic segmental motor with cyclicrotation of magnet segment

In a given segmental MM, which represents theimproved first version, it is proposed to changethe interruption of magnetic field by means ofextraction�insertion of magnet segments�sectors for their circular movement towards theside which is opposite to the rotation ofmagnetic shield rotor, provided that themagnetic ring is entire.

It is proposed to perform this movement ofsector with the help of the system of levers�cams�connecting rods being fixed on rotormagnet. In order to simplify the commutationof magnetic flow and increase the power of MMapproximately by two times at the expense ofmore complete usage of internal energy of ringmagnet , it is possible to use the ring magnetwith axial magnetization but by changing MMconstruction transform it into toroidal magnetwith radial polar magnetization. For this

Fig. 6.


purpose firstly we assemble the following simpleconstruction of MM (Figure 7).

Fig. 7

It is a side view, where 1 – shaft, 2 –plasticdome, 3 – iron dome – concentrator ofmagnetic field, 4 – ring magnet with axialmagnetization, 5 – turnbuckle nut.

Then we transform the magnetic shield in thisoriginal construction , as it is shown on Figure8. For this purpose we cut metal dome 3 by itsrotation axis and one of its halves and install itat 180o at the bottom of ring magnet as it isshown on Figure 8.

Fig. 8

On Figure 8 it is conventionally shown:

1–half of metal dome–shield,2–the second half of shield – another pole,3–concentrated field of one pole,4–the same for another pole,5–torroidal permanent magnet,6–axis of rotation.

Cups – concentrators should be left entire ones(full disc) and it will permit to concentrate themaximal field strength of magnet 1 on theirlateral and end�face surfaces and shield themagnet field in required directions. Besides ina given case the magneto�mechanical systemwill become more balanced when rotating

around axis 6. The top view of a givenconstruction is shown on Figure 9.

Fig. 9.

Here: 1� torroidal magnet, 2 – half ofconcentrator�shield of magnet 1, 3 – the secondhalf of concentrator�shield, 4 and 5 –operational magnetic field of force of magnet 1.

It is required only to install the ring made ofmaterial with high magnetic permeability in theassigned (necessary) sectors. Roughly speaking,to short�circuit cyclically the field of permanentmagnet by this closed ring: it is given on Figure10 as a version.

Fig. 10


Where 1 and 2 –ferromagnetic short�circuitingferrules, 3 – ring torroidal magnet; in such a systemthe minimal strength of magnetic field will be inpoints B and D and in points A and C –maximalstrength. Generally speaking, there is a lot of waysof controlling….

Note concerning keeping segments in theirsectors. It is possible to simplify kineticsconsiderably, if we do not slide them in and out,but simply turn them a little on the place aroundtheir axes, as it is shown on Figure 11.

Fig.111–non�cut sector of the ring�concentrator,2–common axis of system rotation,3�commutating segment.

On next Figure 12 one of variety of versions forcontrolling kinematics without any solenoid at allis shown. In the previous versions the solenoid isrequired only for complete (from zero tomaximum) regulation of revolutions, i.e. for digitalcontrol of system power, but it is possible to do itas it is shown on Figure 12. (1 is crank–connectingrod gear, 2 is compensating spring, 3 iscommutating segment, 4 is commutated magneticgap, 5 is rotational axis of force, 6 is example ofdirection of magnet with axis rotation, 5, 7 arethrust base.)

The segmental MM are very complicated onesfrom the point of view of the construction, low�power ones and they have low rpm (revolutionsper minute). Their fault consists in usage of rathersmall part of potential energy of magnetic field,because the magnet attraction occurs in tangentialdirections which is much weaker than attractionin normal direction. Also the fault of this

segmental MM is in rather complicatedmechanics. However they are already checkedduring experiments and operable. Further let usconsider several new versions of magneticconverters based on PM, implementing the abovelisted principles of PM magnetic energyc o n v e r s i o n .

Jet�vortex magnetic engine

It represents combination of bar permanentmagnet 2 and ring magnet 1, located at some angleto each other, Figure 13.

Fig. 131. Stator ring magnet with radial magnetization.2. Rotor bar magnet inclined to stator magnet.3. Movable rim.4. Rim stiffener.5. Facility for turning rotor bar magnet around its axis.6. Axes of rotation.

Y. Angle of inclination of rotor magnet to stator magnet.

The operational principle of a given MM consistsin creation of thrust vector of rotor 3 from barmagnet by means of its inclination relative to ring

Fig.12


magnet 1. It is quite understandable that , whenhaving radial magnetization of ring magnet ofstator 1 and location of bar magnet 2 at acute angleto it and placing their like poles towards eachother, the tangential rotation force of rotor magnetalways exists and consequently the rotor torquedoes. More the quantity of bar magnets beingplaced on rim 3, higher the torque of such jet MM.Regulation of torque and rpm of rotor magnet 2in such simple MM is performed by changingangle of bar angle inclination relative to ringmagnet 1, for example, by facility 5 of axial magnet2 around its axis. Regulating angle of bar magnetsinclination relative to stator magnetic ring, it ispossible not only change the rotor torque but evenreverse rotor rotation , provided that the directionof magnets repelling is changed for opposite one.Naturally it is possible to make the bar magnet ofrotor 2 as a stationary one and ring magnet 2 –asa movable one.

Magneto�solenoid reversible machine(motor�generator) of polar type

The system (Figure 14) comprises central solenoid1 with winding 2, 4 of permanent magnets (3, 4)with axial magnetization, located in parallel pair�wise in quadrature, two stationary generatorwindings 6, 7 fixed on rim 5 with voltageregulators 8, 9, 10 , position pickups 13, 14.

MM also consists of mechanical unit for mountingmagnets, which comprises horizontal axis 15 withrotation bearing 16, vertical rotation axis 17,basement 18. The system contains also the startingelectric power source 11 and magnetic pipeline 12,passing through inductive generator windings 6,7 .

This magneto�electric converter implements theprinciple of magnetic field commutation usinglow�consumption electromagnetic method ofelectric current inversion in the central solenoidand is able to operate in fully autonomous modesimultaneously or independently, both ingenerator and motor modes after its starting. Afterinitial run up of such unusual autonomous MMmotor�generator and its putting into operationalmode, as in vehicle ICE (internal�combustionengine) , the accumulator is required for startingand the central solenoid 2 will be used as starter.Due to availability of non�uniform magnetic fieldof solenoid 2 and alternative change of its electric

magnet polarity the magnets 3, 4 acquire torqueand begin rotating. When rotating the magnetsinduce emf in windings 6, 7, and the electric energycomes to the central solenoid and load from them.Thus the given polar magnetic converter providesPM energy take�off and combined motor�generator operational mode.

Ring magnetic motor

The construction of such simple magnetic motor(MM) is shown on Figure 15. This MM consistsof the central stationary ring magnet with radialmagnetization 1 and two ring magnets with axialmagnetization 2, 3, fixed on rod 4 co�axially withring magnet 1. Magnets of rotor 2, 3 at selected

Fig.14

Fig. 15. Front view


location of their poles interact with ring magnetin a different way and create magnetictorque of rod 4 .

It is known that the mechanical torque of the magnetin external magnetic field is equal M={P,B), where Pis a vector of magnet magnetization, B –externalmagnetic field , piercing magnet. Having placed themagnetic ring with radial magnetization in the centerand fixed magnets 2, 3 on it , as it is shown on Figure1, we create conditions for magnets 2, 3 rotationaround magnet 1. The rotor magnets are in the sameplane with the ring and consequently with the fieldof stator Bc. According to our formula the torques Mwill act on the magnets (and, consequently, on therod), on the rotor magnets – Mp and total torque –on the whole rotor – rod. The distance between polesof disc rotor magnet must be more than the distancebetween rotor pole and surface of the central fixedmagnet. In this case all the lines of force of the requiredpole of rotor magnet will benefit for creation of torque.

Fig. 15B

Conclusion:The present research is basic to theoryof conversion of PM magnetic field energy intoother types of energy, to theory of magneticmachines and methodology of their designing. It isquite understandable that the known and proposedconstructions of magnetic motors�generators andtheir energy is not perfect yet. However theiroperational principles being formulated in thepresent article and their classification on base ofusage of different physical effects for creation ofclosed cycle of MM operation , evidently representconsiderable scientific and real practical interest asthe general methodology and cardinal way tocreate effective magnetic motor�generator withoutany external electric energy source at all.

Conclusions

1. The main principles of direct conversion ofmagnetic fields energy of permanent magnetsinto other useful types of energies and workhave been formulated.2. The initial classification of these converters

of PM magnetic fields energies according todifferent signs and criteria has been carriedout.3. The combination and successive applicationof different physical effects to provide MMoperability in closed operational cycle hasbeen proposed.4. The principal condition of MM operationconsists in availability of PM non�uniformmagnetic field in space and time even oncertain interval of sequence diagram of MMoperation.5. The magneto�mechanical principle ofcommutation (changing and regulating) ofmagnetic field of ring permanent magnet fordirect generation of mechanical and electricenergy from them and different facilitiesbased on it have been proposed.6. The principle of non�contact commutationof PM magnetic field based on effect ofmagnetic flip�flop (Barkgaussen effect) andmagnetic motor�generator of polar typeimplementing such principle have beenproposed.7. The method of direct conversion of PMmagnetic field energy into thermal energy hasbeen proposed in this article.

References:

1. V.D.Dudyshev “Phenomenon of direct conversionof permanent magnets magnetic fields energy into othertypes of energies” – New Energy Technologies, №3,2004.2. V.D.Dudyshev “New methods of extraction andconversion of stealthy potential energy of electric fieldinto kinetic energy and electric energy.” –New Energytechnologies, №4, 2003.3. Barkgaussen magnetic effect. GrandEncyclopaediac dictionary., M., “SE”, 1991,vol. 1, p.108.4. Electromagnetic induction. Grand Encyclopaediacdictionary., M, “SE”, 1991, vol.2, p.688, 690.5. Curie thermal�magnetic effect. GrandEncyclopaediac dictionary., M, “SE”, 1991, vol.1, p.680.6. V.D.Dudyshev “New electric high fire technology “–New energy technology”, №1, 2003.7. V.D.Dudyshev, “Electric –fire of oil�petroleumslags”, “Ecology and industry of Russia”, may, 2002.8. V.D.Dudyshev New electric field fire preventionand extinguishing., “Ecology and industry of Russia,december,2003.9. V.D. Dudyshev. Fuel saving and toxicity reductionof gasoline engines., “Ecology and industry of Russia,may, 2003.10. V.D.Dudyshev “New effect of cold evaporation anddissosiation of liquids based on capillary electro�osmiceffect. “New energy technologies”, №1.2003.


The Kelvin dropperYu. N. Novozilov

25 Bratislavskaya Str. aprt. 6, Raysan, 390035, Russia

This article is example of simplest and highefficiency method of electricity generation.

Fig.1

This article describes the Kelvin dropper. It is adevice to provide generation of electrostaticcharge up to 15000 V. The device is based on theeffect of water drops polarization and theconsequent charge storage on components of thedevice. The information on the Kelvin dropper hasbeen obtained from the book: J. Walker. Physicalfirework. "Mir", Moscow, 1989.

It sometimes happens that interesting solutions,effects and devices discovered or invented earlierremain far apart from the main line of thedevelopment of technology and can be forgottenfor a while. But at a later time they can prove tobe worthy of special attention. This is true aboutthe Kelvin dropper. This very simple device providesgeneration of electrostatic charge up to 15000 V.

As a matter of fact, this simple device (Fig.1)constitutes two couples of tins, (tins 1 and 3, 2and 4). The left upper tin (1) is connected with awire (5) to the right lower tin (4); the right upperone (2) through the wire (6) is connected to theleft lower tin (3). There are branch pipes (7 and8) above the upper tins (1 and 2). From thosepipes drops can come down through the upper tins(1 and 2) to the lower tins (3 and 4). To let dropsthrough the bottoms of the tins 1 and 2 are cutout. It is essential that the tins should be insulated,for example, by putting them onto dry glass plates.The valves 9 and 10 should be adjusted so thatwater from the branch pipes 7 and 8 would breakup into drops at the height of the upper tins 1 and2. At the beginning, just after water has beensupplied one of the tins is slightly more negativelycharged than the other. Which of them has greatercharge is a matter of chance, initial charge of tinsbeing caused by natural radioactivity or cosmicradiation. Assume that the left lower tin 3 hasgreater negative charge. So, the right upper tin 2has greater negative charge than the left upper tin3 (because the tins are connected to each othercrosswise). The right sheet of water will be

polarized when passing through the right tin. Ifdrops are formed at the level of this tin then theywill be charged positively, because negative chargewill be repelled from the negatively charged tin 2up the sheet. These positively charged drops godown to the right lower tin 4 and add to its positivecharge. In spite of the negligibly small initialelectric potential, some self�made Kelvin dropperscan give potentials as high as 15 kV. Onecouple of tins get charged positively and theother one – negatively.

A neon glow lamp 11 can be connected to thelower tins. While the device is operating the lampwill flash periodically as charge is accumulated onthe tins. It is amazing that at home, having justsome empty tins and pieces of wire one can makea real electric generator, and a very effective onewhose potential can reach 15000 V.

One more thing is amazing too that electric energyis generated by converting the energy of commondrops of water in the simplest construction.


Dr. Lewis Carr of the poultry Eastern ShoreResearch Facilities has tested the TNC (Tornadoin a Can) otherwise known as TNT (Tornado in aTank) invented by 73 year old wheat and milo(drought resistant sorghum) farmer in Hays,Kansas, Frank Polifka. The inventor calls it a"Windhexe" after the winds that blow across theflat plains. Its 8 foot tall inverted cone with nomoving parts inside uses vortex technology tochange solid and liquid substances into powder.

It is an invention based upon the Hilsch Tubenamed after a German physicist Rudolph Hilshchwho published a paper describing the discoveryin 1928 of George Ranque, a French physicsstudent. A vortex is defined as a fluid that rotatesabout an axis. The tube used by Ranque created avortex from compressed air and separated it intoa hot stream and a cold stream like a kind of aMaxwell's Demon. The molecules spinning atspeeds up to 1,000,000 rpm in the inner part ofthe spiral have less kinetic energy than in outsidepart because of the diameter of the tube so thatthe temperature outside is higher than inside.

Originally, Polifka intended to design a portablemachine to mill grain for a grain buyer. With ahigh school diploma and a certificate from a dieselengine school, he spent 15 years on the project butcould not find the grain buyer when it wascompleted. A video tape of the machine somehowended up with a poultry business in Maryland.

The US poultry industry generates about 4 millionpounds of chicken byproducts (feathers, entrails,heads and feet) which must be processed each yearfor use other than the super�market. About 300million tons of egg shells are worked into the soiland much of 50,0000 tons of dissolved solids suchas fat are sprayed on farm fields as fertilizer eachyear. A number of the poultry companies thoughtenough of the test results to donate equipment toa start�up company, Vortex Deyhdrationbecause they find that recently passed

Commercialization of Vortex Technology inthe United States

by Adrian Akau, USA, [email protected]

environmental laws have made land disposal ofthe chicken wastes more difficult in some areas.

The air from two 1500 cubic foot per minute aircompressors is preheated by a 80 kW heaterbefore being sent through four openings at thetop of an air tight metal cone hundreds of milesan hour to generate a powerful miniature vortexwhich Dr. Carr is testing as an industrialmachine for the interested poultry processors.Total power used is 200 kW per hour.

What is most important for the food industry isthat whatever animal or vegetable matter is sentthrough at the top of the TNT ( by conveyor belt),the 0.00004 particle sized dry but cool powder thatemerges at the bottom has kept its full nutritionalvalue and could be used as a flavoring agent,nutritious additive to pet foods or as a fertilizer.Value would be added on and it would be worthmore than the original material. It acts as adehydrating as well as pulverizing machine.

Eggshells can be processed and collagen powderseparated out to be used for medical applicationssuch as skin grafts for burn victims or heart�valve sleeves. It may be used to dry Australianlignite coal, leaving a powder free of pollutantswhen burned. Animal, human and industrialwaste could be turned into a powder taking upone�tenth the space in a landfill. When glassbottles are sent in, the glass particles producedare the size of beach sand, round and will notcut the skin if rubbed between the fingers.

Aluminum cans may also be quickly processed andthe use of the TNC may offer a new way of miningprecious metals since it can readily pulverizechunks of stone. It may also grind concrete into apowder that can be formed into concrete again byjust adding water. Whatever you put in theWindhexe — shoes, rocks, sludge, concrete,industrial waste — comes out the bottom as asuperfine powder. It's a clean way to dispose of


almost anything safely and cheaply, because thereare virtually no polluting emissions.

As compared to the lost Richard Clem's motorwhich used liquid oil spiraling outward to producethe heat, the Windhexe in contrast, usessuperheated hot spiraling air to weaken the bondsholding materials together. It is doubtful if theaction is singularly mechanical in nature but theresults are clear, it works and it works sufficientlywell to be used as an industrial machine. The veryfact that it powders the calcium part of an egg shellwhile leaving the membrane intact may point to agreater effect upon ionic bonded materials ascompared to those covalently bonded.

Fig.1 TNT with conveyer belt (Eastern Shore ResearchFacilities)

Fig.2 TNT with air compressor (foreground).

Editor: From this short article we can conclude that vortex technologies in USA aredeveloping but it is not planned as energy source. Practical application of vortextechnologies can be more useful in power engineering, please read arcile by Yu. Potapov.

CD “New Energy Technologies”

All the back issues of 2001–2004 areavailable on a CD as PDF files.

The price is $29.00. Airmail deliveryincluded. You can order the CD here:

http://www.faraday.ru/net.htm

Contact information:

Faraday Lab Ltd,New Energy Technologies magazine,

Lev Tolstoy Str. 7,St.Petersburg, 197376, Russia.

Tel/fax 7�812�380�3844


Dear Mr. Frolov,

Greetings! I was greatly interested in yourpage http://www.faraday.ru/lwgl.htmlespecially, and also in all your projects ingeneral. The above is similar to what I havewritten about in the attached doc.file, whichyou may publish if you, as you pulished aprevious one of mine called “KeyConcepts...” 2 years ago. I am working onits implementation in my spare time,

Regards,Glenn [email protected] 22, 2004

Dear Guys,

I simply repeat some earlier work and add somerelated stuff for hopeful clarification.

I’m quite aware that most of us are busy andtired of too much confusing detail, and believethat we’ve already worked out what to do, justneed to focus and make time to work at it.The fellow Aussie inventor John Davey told meof his technique for tapping into the ZPE and“Steve” and I worked out how to apply it � focusa double set of scalar waves into a locally definedarea/space and set up a load set to take offenergy electrically. It so “happens” that thephysical set�up for this closely resemblesdescriptions quoted below regarding thePhiladelphia experiment, BUT we are nottrying to shift TIME here, just transduceenergy! Also a recently discovered/inventedantenna arrangement has similar features too –the “Crossed Field type Antenna”! � practical"hams" should see this: http://www.antennex.com/preview/cfa/cfa.htm This

very important principle, that artificiallysuperimposed E and H fields at right angles cancreate a suitable wavelength for broadcastingwithout the need for tall antennas of quarter�wave height, is a rediscovery from Maxwell’sequations – which tell us that an electric fieldarises from a collapsing magnetic field & viceversa – an orthogonal magnetic field with anengineered 90 phase lag already is “virtually”an electric field in relation to the field it lags! Itshould be noted here that such an arrangementcan be just as suitably described as a producinga “rotating electromagnetic field”, and similarly,a magnet spinning the right way could alsoimitate such an alternating field effect!However the next point to note is that thiswhole scheme involves VECTOR spinningfields only, whereas the non�conventionalscheme I describe above/below involvesSCALAR fields produced by the super�positioning of 2 counter�rotating magnetic orelectric fields. For clarification, we can evenstop talking about “a pair of electric fields atright angles” and replace this term (and its realimplementation) with a substitute pair ofmagnetic fields at right angles also having a 90degree TIME/PHASE lag!Together, the 2 pairs then constitute a doubleset of alternating scalars!(note: the MAGVID of Stefan Marinov wassimilar, but still only involved vector fields,quod vide at http://www.fortunecity.com/g r e e n f i e l d / b p / 1 6 / m a g v i d . h t m )

See also the keen insights presented on: http://www.geocities.com/cadduceus/files.html

The CAD I sent called “Radical GRLC” showsjust 1 way of producing such a set of wavesElecro�mechanically, but as i said, it can be doneelectronically too, such as outlined belowquoted from an old email from Tom.

Time controlby means of scalar waves

Glenn [email protected]


"T. Akin" <[email protected] wrote (in2003) "How to generate a Rotating Field"http://www.tricountyi .net/~randerse/rotating.htm & http://www.tricountyi.net/~ r a n d e r s e / o r t h o 1 . h t m

Many of the sources in the alt�scienceunderground relate that PhiladelphiaExperiment�type setups rely on a rotating(usually magnetic) field as the key mechanismfor producing space�time shifts. We should beable to accomplish this without the need forbulky, expensive 1940's electromechanicalequipment such as synchro�motors andgenerators. Indeed, it can be done quite simply(at least the basic waveform control) usingtoday's fast digital signal processing chips andsoftware. For you hobbyists, however, there'salso a relatively simple way to do it usinganalog circuitry built from readily availableparts. First, we need an oscillator or wavefunction generator, which can be built using afew parts that you can buy from Radio Shack.(We are assuming audio frequencies in thisdiscussion, up to about 10 KHz maximum.)

1) Using the example of the simplest periodicwave, the sine wave, the first step is to generateboth the sine wave itself, and simultaneously,a cosine wave (a sine wave shifted in time by+/� 90 degrees with respect to the sine wave)at the same frequency.

2) These two waveforms must then betransmitted into an area together, with a 90degree spatial separation between theantennas/coils/speakers/transducers. Inother words, they're perpendicular or"orthogonal" to one another.

3) Across from each of the above, at the oppositeside of the central focal point for all thistransmitted wave energy, we need anothertransducer whose waveform is inverted orphase shifted 180 degrees from our sine andcosine waves, above. (vector zero effect) Thusour 4 transducers' outputs form a "cross" withone transducer at each point of the cross, or"compass," in a horizontal plane: the "North"one projects the reference sine wave; the"South" projects an inverted sine wave; the"East" projects a cosine wave; the "West"projects an inverted cosine wave. All four

transducers are aimed at the central focal pointwhich they surround. Now what you mustunderstand is that the above will only work ifyou have complete control over that 90 degreephase separation at each and every frequencyof interest. If you decide to change the referenceoscillator frequency, the cosine wave must"track" and maintain the quadrature (90degree time�) relationship. If you want to dothis with more complex waveforms, such assawtooth or square or even white noise, thiscan be very problematic.. .”

Now I will simply paste in Tom’s and my earliercomments to jog people’s memories:(Sun 2nd Nov, 2003 (AD)) Hi Glenn.This is 'scalar field work'. If you can join thebeam (several beams)into one stream , youmight get 'time distortions'. If you do, try torotated or accelerate it in say a circle track. Putrecording instruments inside to watch for 'timedistortions'. I will be interested to know yourprogress. This will be a good one for our centerafter we get set up. Thanks. May we give GODthe Praise and GLORY.Your friend in Christ.Tom. (wram_tech)

This is based on SCALAR effects � alreadyproven and done by the local (Brisbane)inventor i spoke with. (but i've been too busyto try it myself) (updated 12th Nov. 03)

The physical arrangement here is due to the factthat each cone/core has of course an inductanceWITHIN itself, whilst also having a mutualinductive capacitance with its opposite of the pair,that is � the material BETWEEN the pair ofconic(or pancake) coils is affected with a scalarpressure, while the material/air INSIDE the coilsis affected with normal inductance. Thus overall,we can say that it is a matter of SCALARsin(wards) and VECTORs out(wards).

Impedance Matching is still to be achieved bymaking the transformer winding impedanceinto the GEOMETRIC MEAN of the sourceand load impedances, and the transformerwindings ratios should also cascade downfollowing the Golden Ratio, that is: 0.618/1,whilst also the final impedance should be asubharmonic (by the same ratio) of the


impedance of Free Space (377 Ohm).

Thus: Zo = 377 Ohm Zs = 233 Ohm Zt = 144 Ohm Zl = 89 Ohm ZRL=ZGC= 55 Ohm

Equipment (Fig.1): Signal Generator, orRotating Magnet Pair in centre , then ConeSets arranged geometrically as shown in theCAD consisting of: 16 (or 8, if Auto�Transformation is used) CONIC plasticformers for conic windings, filled withpowdered ferrite/air, 4 of these will be drivingcoils, 8 will be (auto)transfomer coils, 4 willbe driven focusing coils, as per sketch.

Procedure: it is based on the principle that 2

crossing scalar beams will produce constructive/destructive interference at the point when/wherethey cross, if their signal are phased at 90 degreeswith reference to each other. (similar to whenmatter/antimatter are recombined to produce alarge amount of energy – truly O/U)!

SAFETY NOTE:This procedurehas been proven toWORK, and canbe dangerous.

Fig.1


Make windings on CONIC formers (it isassumed that the readers know what bifilarmeans – if not, just look it up elsewhere) Theideal vortex angle will also be related to theGolden Mean in this way: = 2(atan(1/v?))These can be wound in a normal fashion, exceptthat here the cores are cones instead of rods.Proven theory states that when pulsed this willproduce a DIRECTIONAL scalar beam in thedirection of the cone core. However, in this case,we are directing both waves into the CENTRE.

INPUT SIGNAL(s): The signal itself can bepulsed d.c. OR a.c. in sine or square mode, andas stated by the local inventor, the higher thefrequency, the more power will be manifested!(thus no particular frequency, which is why Isuggest the mechanical magnet “regulator”method below, going at “ELF’ or at least(s)low speeds.

The following scheme is my suggestion,additional to what he said:Arrange 4 Conic Coils with perimeterstouching so that rotor may partially spinINside them;The polarities are such that there are 2 pairsof contra�wound coils facing each other, eachof which will be set at 90 degrees to the other(to put the 2 signals 90 out of phase with eachother) it can be done 2 ways:

1) Actually it could also be done directly �electronically using phase shifting circuitry,within the sig.gen. or more simply:2) Physically using a spinning/driven magnetset/pair as a “regulator” in the centre betweenthe 4 driving coils, which are of course at 90degrees to each other. This ensures that 1transformer pair’s current is then 90 out of phaseto the other pair at right angles.(see RADICAL GRLC Design!)This way may be more reliable, or at least morevisual in terms of 4 x 90.

The output is said to produce a large amountof energy/heat at the junction/nexus point(or crossing) of the 2 scalar beams thusproduced. In this case here, it is in the centreof the receiving core material. This can beconverted to other forms, of course includingelectricity, as it can be here, where a balanced/matched (prepared) load set can be attached.

an online and publishedmagazine about Electric,Hybrid, Fuel Cell Vehicles,advanced batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells,microturbines, free energysystems, events andexhibitions worldwide

63600 Deschutes Mkt Rd,Bend Oregon, 97701

541�388�1908fax 541�388�2750

[email protected] $13/3 issues

Editorial note:next article (page 48) about similar

technology can be interestinganalogy with Glenn Roberts’ ideas.Russian Acad. Gennady F. Ignatyev

developed drive (propulsion unit) forspace craft. This device uses

rotation of ExH fields to produce theaether flow, which can be described

as Poynting vector.


This device is based on the principle of creationof propulsion force from interaction betweenelectric and magnetic fields. The interactionbetween electric and magnetic fields producesenergy�flux, determined by the Poyting vector:

P=ExH, F=P/c, P=mc2

There are many versions for exciters dispositionand feed, and in particular case it is radial andcircular dispositions. We can say that electricand magnetic fields act on the ether with forceF=P/c, forcing the ether to move. But theenergy�flux that is produced by alone fragmentof the exciter, compensates the incoming andoutcoming quantity of ether. We must makesome asymmetrical construction fordiscompensation of these fluxes. For example,if we take two fragments with differentdiameters these are disposed at a distance h fromeach other, but with equal P, and disposite them

Space craftbased on pondemotor effect

Academician of Russian Academy for Sciences Ignatyev G.F., Krasnoyarsk State University, Russia

(This article is short version of the report made by Acad. Ignatyev for scientific congressNew Ideas in Natural Sciences, 1996, St.Petersburg.)

coaxially then the ether will moves asymmetricallydue to the law of conservation of momentum, andwe’ll get the propulsion force Ft.

At the present time a third model of thefragment of the engine (Fig.1) and its maintechnical parameters are measured. So, for thefrequency of 80 kHz :

� the electric intensity E=105 V/m,� the total electric intensity E=106 V/m,� the magnetic intensity H= 2x104 A/m,� the Poyting's vector P=1010 J/(m2 s)� the propulsion force F= 60 N

with input power to one arm at 10 kW.

In the near future we'll start experiments withengine of 40 meters diameter to fly in space.This device will create vector P=1014 (J/(m2s))and force about F

t=3x104 N.

Fig.1. Device of 4 m diameter. You can see two crossed coils and 4 toroidal capacitors


Editorial note: Please compare theideas with previous articles aboutscalar waves and Poynting vector tosee the importance of the aetherconception for modern physics.

A new means of non�photonic electromagneticpropulsion is discussed based on the FeynmanDisk. It is found possible on using two such diskssharing a common electret to leave the craft withangular and linear momentum. The problem ofhidden momentum is not an issue here. Two suchunits of two disks can work together to leave thecraft solely with linear momentum. We show thatthe electromagnetic field photon flux representingthe Poynting field of the electret and magneticfield loses its momentum to the zero�point photonfield by Compton scattering, Conservation Lawsare not violated.

Fig. 1

Electromagnetic PropulsionBy pushing against The Zero-point Field

(Review)

Remi CornwallEngineering Research Center

University of BrightonEast Sussex BN2 4GJ

UK

Published in short. Full text version:

http://luna.brighton.ac.uk/~roc1/ElectromagneticPropulsion ZPE.pdf

Intriguingly, though, the Poynting termimplies the existence of field momentum instatic situations such as when a steadymagnetic field impinges on an electret. Thewell known Feynman disk thoughexperiment (Fig. 1) illustrates this. Thedisk is formed from plastic or anotherinsulating material, and is provided with anumber of charged metal spheresdistr ibuted near the r im. The disk issupported on an elongated spindle passingthrough the centre about which it is freeto rotate. On the disk a coil of conductingwire is placed around the spindle and abattery or other current source drives acurrent around the coil. If the currentf lowing through the coi l i s suddenlyswitched off, a tangential electric field actsaround the coil and this generates a torquearound the spindle when acting on themetal spheres. The disk undergoes angulartranslat ion even in vacuum. Themomentum balance is achieved by equaland opposite momentum going to themechanical (the disk etc .) and theelectromagnetic aspects of the system.

Various schemes to utilize the momentumfrom static field (i.e. just a magnet opposingon an electret) and generate simple linearmomentum have been dispelled; they areprohibited by a relativistic effect of the staticelectric field on the charge carriers of thesolenoid that give them exactly equal andopposite momentum to the field momentum.


Fig. 2 (a dual sided device too) shows a schemewhereby the thrust (2a) and cancellation (2b)solenoids can act on different centers. It is notnecessary to project the field outside of the craftbut this shows one possibility.

A method of electromagnetic propulsion notreliant on expulsion of propellant has beenpresented. The physical phenomena it is basedupon is the field momentum as exemplified bythe Feynman disk though experiment and realexperiments on the angular momentum of theelectromagnetic field in static situations. It wasshown how to convert the purely angular

Fig.2a, Fig. 2b

momentum into linear momentum and to getaround the net�zero torque by a system of twosolenoids acting on an electret setting updifferent torque fields; the unbalanced forceshad a linear element. Two such devices coupledtogether cancelled any angular momentumleaving a linear force.

We showed that this device does not fall into thehidden momentum trap or other “conventional”means of electromagnetic propulsion. Amechanism was put forward to explain how thezero�point background took up momentum by ascattering, maximal entropy argument.


In a proposed motor the ability of the magneticfield to be insulated by means of ferromagneticshield is used. This motor is patented RU34826.

Simple experiment: if we lean a steel plateagainst the magnet, in this case the magneticfield is absent behind the plate. However theplate should be thick enough in order to shieldthe field.

Secondly: from physics as well as from everydaylife we know that if the force being applied tothe body is perpendicular to the bodymovement, this force does not carry out anywork at a given movement.

Hence we can conclude: if in magnetic field wemove the ferromagnetic shield perpendicularlyto magnetic field lines of force, the magneticfield will not resist movement of the shield. Atthe same time the shield having overlapped thewhole transversal area of magnet will let tobring the second repelling magnet closerwithout overcoming forces of magneticrepulsion and even vice versa the second magnetwill be attracted to the shield. When themagnets are brought closer it will be sufficientto extract the shield and the magnets willscatter in opposite directions.

I would like to clear up just at once: there areseveral practical nuances, because in real lifethe lines of force are not parallel ones andconsequently they are not alwaysperpendicular to the shield. However it ispossible to create the systems which are veryapproximated to the ideal ones.

I have made the given experiments and carriedout calculations and the information given inthis article is confirmed. I adduce the results ofexperiments made on the super strong magnets.

It is one of the models where the strong negative

Magnetic motorA.A. Kalinin, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

influence on the shutter movement has takenplace; I will avoid it on the next model.

And now, look at the facts…

In Table 1 I give the value of torque on themotor shaft which is a result of the magnetsrepelling and in Table 2 I adduce the dependenceof the resistance force on the shield movement.

Table 1

Torque on the motor shaft

Angle position Torque, Nm0 0.0311 0.1762 0.3533 1.1484 1.1035 0.3096 �0.1107 �0.132

In a given model the shutter is jammed becausethe construction was designed for weakermagnets, that is why the movement force canbe much less than the value given in Table 2.

Table 2

Force of shutter movement

Movement, m Movement force, N0,01 0. 980,02 0.980,03 0.980,04 17.660,05 33.350,06 41.200,07 0.00


Fig.1. Diagram of motor

Please, look at the Fig.1.Items indicated on the sketch:1 � movable magnet;2 – upper fixed magnet;3 – ferromagnetic shutter;4– motor cylinder;5 – crankshaft;6 – connecting rod;7� profiling cam;8 – rotary pusher;9 – shutter drive liver;10 – motor piston;11 –spring for shutter return movement;12 – shutter guides;13 – lever axis;14 – direction of the motor shaft rotation;15 – motor case;16 – circle of the pusher maximal and minimalpusher distance.

Motor description

Magnetic motor: in its body the permanentmagnets are placed: the first of them is installed

to provide the possibility to performreciprocating movement under the action of themagnetic field forces. Also in the body the shaftis installed which is connected with the firstmagnet with the help of facility permitting toconvert the reciprocal movement of the firstmagnet into shaft rotation. The second magnetis fixed on the body opposite to the first one:both magnets are oriented by their poles inopposing; the magnetic motor is provided withthe ferromagnetic shield which constructionprovides its movement inside the gap betweenthe magnets perpendicularly to the magneticfield lines of force. The shield has a drive fromthe shaft and homing spring. On the shaft thereis a flywheel for accumulating energy of the firstmagnet movement. The operation principle issimilar to the operation of the two�strokeinternal combustion engine. When the magnetsare brought at minimal distance the shutter isopened, the magnets are being repelled and thefirst magnet while moving away drives theflywheel. When the first magnet is approachingto the lower magnetic pusher the shutter isclosed, then the inertial movement under theeffect of the flywheel energy goes on. The


movable magnet travels upward and passes theupper magnetic pusher and after that the shutteris opened. The cycle is repeated. The effort formoving the shutter is lower considerably than theeffort of repelling magnets.

The technical parameters of my model (one ofmanufactured models):

Weight of piston magnets 220 g,Weight of big magnet 275 g,Piston stroke 45 mm,Effort of piston repelling = 1.396 Joules,Effort of shutter movement = 0.444 Joules,Effort of friction parts = 0.555 Joules.

It can be concluded from the above parametersthat the friction in my model is too high and itis not reasonable (because of dry friction ofcaprolone piston against the walls of thecaprolone cylinder and bad quality of themanufactured parts). That is why I am going tochange the construction in order to change thesliding friction for rolling friction. Accordingto preliminary calculations it is possible to getan motor of power 2 h.p. with the overalldimensions which do not exceed the overalldimensions of the internal combustion engineby 650 cubic cm at about 700$. Whenincreasing power and overall dimensions thefirst cost will be dropping.

The motor can be used for ground and watertransport and also as the universal energy sourceoperating in any media. The operation time islimited only by the quality of the manufacturedparts. The motor does not emanate anyradiation and does not give any fields or waste.

For a given moment I have a model of motorwith super strong magnets on the stage ofmanufacturing. The tests for interactions offorces of the motor units have been carried outwith subsequent processing of results andestimation of the effective and harmful efforts.

The considerable experience in practical studyof the magnetic fields interaction isaccumulated and it permits to optimize theoverall dimensions and the design of the motorwith the subsequent increasing of its efficiency.There are some real schemes and proposals.

After having increased the upper magnet(continuation of the work on model aftershooting a film some design faults of myconstruction have been revealed and it isnecessary to eliminate them. These are theminuses of manufacturing quality and absenceof the calculations for high loads. In order tohave a motor in operational condition it isrequired to change the design of piston�cylinderbecause in this part the big quantity of usefulenergy is being spent and it is not justified. Thatis why I have already disassembled the givenunit and I am going to produce a sample of thepossible model. Also it is necessary to change

the construction of the shutter.

J N E TJ N E TJ N E TJ N E TJ N E TNew Energy Technologies

in Japan

A collection of articlesJapanese Version

A collection of articles fromNew Energy Technologiesmagazine, 2001–2004 has

been published in Japan

To purchase the book, please,contact

Eiichi YamamotoPresident of Yama Trans Co.

Ltd

e�mail:[email protected] or

[email protected]


Keith Anderson <[email protected]>wrote about new Perendev motors replication:I have seen first�hand three magnetic motorsrunning and have written cost feasibility andreproducibility reports on all three. Two ofthemI had in my lab and my staff used theinventors' plans to build several workingreplicas. We also went and saw, first�hand, thePerendev device. All three designs used "RareEarth" magnets (Neodymium, or more correctlystated, Neodymium Iron Boron or NdFeB) andour various reproductions used NdFeB, SmCoand Ferrite magnets. We did not attempt toreproduce the Perendev device because of itsdesign proximity to one of the other two. Theresults were always the same: they all run down.Under load, they run down very quickly. Itdoesn't take very long for magnets to lose theirmagnetism when they are constantly being putin opposition to one another. Every magnet hasa "maximum energy product" rated in MegaGauss Oersteds, MGOe. This is the amount ofwork a magnet can do before its level ofmagnetism has deteriorated to the point thatits energy doesn't reach out far enough to affectanything surrounding it. Contrary to thepopular notion that rare earth magnets areinvincible, even the most expensive sinteredNdFeB magnets max out at less than 50 MGOe.If they are used in a device that puts themconstantly in opposition, they will run down,and this is the whole assumption behind so�called "magnetic motors". The amount of energyused in manufacturing a magnet is typically 10times what the magnet is capable of producing.More expensive magnets are even less efficient.Add to this the losses in energy incurred bythese 33%�66% concept magnet devicesthemselves, and the energy consumed in theoverall manufacturing process is 20�25 times theenergy you will get out.

There are situations where these types ofdevices may be useful, but they are not "free

energy", nor do they represent any sort of"overunity" phenomenon, nor any solution tothe energy crisis.

I'm still on the fence when it comes to magnetmotors. I'de love to see one working! To thatend i'm offering to cut free of charge whateveracrylic is needed on an laser engraver free ofcharge.

Without putting the magnets in opposition atsome point during the cycle, and probably forat least 33% of the time, you will have the sameproblem that exists with the many hypotheticalgravity motor designs that don't work. Whatgoes up, comes down. Nothing will simply comedown without having gone up first.

You have to treat magnets a lot like springs froma design standpoint, although the mechanics ofmagnetism aren't as simple as that of springs.There are billions of spring�powered motors inthe world: clocks, toys, etc. They all run down.Nobody will ever design a spring�poweredmotor that runs forever without winding. Howabout putting the magnets into a cooperativeor use them in attraction mode only?

You can read more abour this discussion here:[email protected]

The Perendev company www.perendev.com

News about Peerendev

magnet motor


Global Energy Sources

Ph.M. KanarevE-mail: [email protected]

Editorial: We publsihed several articles

about Prof. Kanarev’s research work.

For this time it is similar article but there

are some important aspects here and we

hope that our readers are interested to see

this information.

Introduction

The global energy problems have been discussedfor a long time; they are well known. Depletionof natural energy carriers (oil, gas and coal) isthe first problem. Environmental safety ofenergy carriers is the second problem. It isgenerally recognized that the solution of theissues connected with the aggregate of thesetwo problems is of a global character. Thescientific research results, which should belongto global (clear) energy, originate from it. Firstand foremost, they are such scientificinvestigations, which result in the possibilityto use an inexhaustible and environmentalfriendly energy carrier [1], [2], [3].

Many experimental data concerning excessiveheat production in various engineeringprocesses have been published of late years. Themost probable source of this heat is perfectvacuum energy being absorbed by destabilizedvalence electrons and emitted in the form of thephotons.

In Russia, many firms (Yusmar, Termovikhr,Noteka and others) sell cavitation heatingequipment with energy performance index upto 150% already. Official science looks awry atthis activity, because such results conflict withone of the main laws of physics: law ofconservation of energy. But market profit isstronger than this law.

Engineering practice has already proved thatadditional energy in the form of heat isgenerated in the ventilation systems and in thewater cavitation systems. Deep scientificanalysis of this problem shows that physicalvacuum is the most probable source ofadditional energy in the systems of ventilationand water cavitation. Valence electrons ofdestroyed molecules of water take energy fromphysical vacuum and release it during repeatedfusion of these molecules.

Why is additional energy generated in the airsystems of ventilation and in water cavitationsystems? Because they are mechanical systems;mechanical destruction of chemical linksrequires half energy as compared with thermaldestruction of these links. This is the mainreason why one fails to increase energyperformance index of one step of cavitationprocesses over 200%.

An increase of efficacy of any process by 30 or50% is a good result; if it is obtained, it ispossible to get even better result. What if awater molecule is destroyed not mechanically,but electrodynamically? In this case, it becomespossible to find resonance frequencies of impacton the molecules and to reduce considerablyelectrical energy expenses for their destruction.Subsequent fusion of destroyed molecules willrelease prescribed quantity of energyunavoidably. It is a simple idea, and it hasalready been implemented [1], [2], [3].

1. The First Brief Theoretical Part

Now, it is possible to analyse serviceability ofthe resonance hypothesis, according to which aresonance destruction of chemical bonds in themolecules of water and its ions reduces energyconsumption for this process considerably, andfurther fusion of these molecules and ionsgenerates additional heat energy.


The analysis shows that ion is the main heatgenerator (Fig. 1). When temperature isincreased, the distance between the proton andthe electron as well as between the electronof the hydrogen atom and the electron 1 of theoxygen atom is increased. As this increase takesplace at the expense of the photons absorbed bythe electrons, this process becomes a pulsatingone. Frequency of these pulsations depends onthe rate of increase of solution temperature andis not great in general. Current pulses, whichare supplied to the electrodes, point the ion insuch a way that the proton of the hydrogenatom is pointed to the cathode, and the electron2 of the oxygen atom is pointed to the anode.As a result, the pulses are directed along the ionaxis. As it is clear, it is possible to separate theproton of the hydrogen atom or the whole atom(the proton with the electron). As a result,the oxygen atom remains. When only theproton is separated, it will go to the cathode,will get the electron and will form the hydrogenatom. If current density on the cathode surfaceis high, an array of the hydrogen atoms beingformed will generate plasma. It is a veryunstable and undesirable process in this case.What if the hydrogen atom separation isorganized not in the cathode area, but in thearea between the electrodes [1], [2], [3]?

Fig. 1. Diagram of the hydroxyl ion in the electric field

If such pulses influence the ion that thehydrogen atoms separate, after resonanceseparation from the electron of the oxygen atomthe electron of the hydrogen atom having lostthe bond will be in a state with a lack of energy(electromagnetic mass), which corresponds to

binding energy. Where will it take energy from?Only from the environment. What if theenvironment has no photons, which arenecessary for it? There is only one source –physical vacuum. Having absorbed necessaryquantity of energy from physical vacuum(electromagnetic sub�stance), the electron ofthe hydrogen atom is able to contact again. Ithas two opportunities: it can join with theoxygen atom and form the ion being destroyedlately or it can join the second hydrogen atomand form a hydrogen molecule and two oxygenatom form oxygen molecule. Both theseprocesses are exothermic ones. The fusionprocesses of the ions, the molecules of hydrogenand oxygen will be accompanied by emission ofthe heat photons.

Energy of these photons depends on energylevels where the valence electrons have beenbefore electrodynamic cleavage of their bond.At an optimal combination of the processparameters, they are invisible infrared heatphotons, which heat the solution. The slightestdisturbance of process parameter combinationoptimality disturbs the process of destructionand OH� ion fusion. As a result, atomichydrogen plasma formation begins, and energyeffect disappears [1], [2], [3].

2. The First Experimental Part

The measurements have been carried out usinga laboratory model of the most effective cell ofthe water electric generator of heat (Fig. 2). Adiagram of the experimental assembly is shownin Fig. 3 [1], [2], [3].

Voltage and current at the input of the cell ofthe water electric generator of heat weremeasured with the help of two sets of thedevices: a voltmeter of 0.2 accuracy class(GOST 8711�78), an ammeter of 0.2 accuracyclass (GOST 8711�60) and ACK�20222electronic oscillograph.

In order to reduce heat losses that were nottaken into consideration in the experiment, asolution temperature difference before itsheating in the cell and after heating wasmaintained as not very high: t=20C.Connection diagram of metering equipment isgiven in Fig. 4.


Fig. 2. Cell of the water electric generator of heat

Fig. 3. Diagram of the experimental assembly: 1 – a tank for thesolution; 2 – thermometer; 3 – electronic scales; 4 – solutionfeed duct; 5 – rotameter; 6 – solution feed regulator; 7 – cell ofthe water electric generator of heat; 8 – thermometer; 9 – heatedsolution drain; 10 – intake tank

Fig. 4. Connection diagram of metering equipment:1 – the cell of the water electric generator of heat; 2 – pulse

generator;

3 � АСК�2022 oscillograph; 5 � Р33 resistance bridge

The oscillograms of voltage (Fig. 5, 6 and 7) andcurrent (Fig. 8) as well as the method of theirprocessing are given below. Pulse scale is 10.Average voltage amplitude (Fig. 5, 6 and 7):Uаср = (29+31+8+33+32+40+40)x10/7 =304.3 V. Current magnitude was determined asvoltage drop on the resistor with resistance of0.1 Ohm. Taking this into account, averagecurrent amplitude is (Fig. 8):

Fig. 5. Voltage

Fig. 6. Voltage

Fig. 7. Voltage


Fig. 8. Current

Iа=(1.7+0.8+1.7+2.1) x 0.2x10/(4x0.1)=31.5 А.Pulse repetition period Т = 7.25 ms.

Pulse duration was determined according to theoscillogram in Fig. 7. The pulse form wasreduced to a triangular form in such a way thatan area of a triangle was equal approximatelyto the area described by a complex form of thepulse curve.Pulse duration (Fig. 7) tp = 0.14 ms.Pulse frequency f = 1000/7.25 = 137.9 Hz.

Relative pulse duration S = 7.25/0.14 = 51.78.Pulse ratio Z = 0.5/51.78 = 0.01.Average value of pulse voltage U

cр = 0.01 x 304.3

= 3.04 V.Average value of current in pulses I

ср = 0.01 x

31.5 = 0.32A.

The results of the experiment are given in Table1 [1], [2], [3].

It is known that a determination of the valuesof voltage and current in electric circuits withcomplicated electric pulses (Figs 5, 6, 7 and 8)with the help of the oscillograms is consideredto be the most reliable [4].

3. The Second Brief Theoretical Part

Low voltage process of water electrolysis isknown from Faraday’s times. It is widely usedin modern industry. Voltage of 1.6�2.3 volts isoperation voltage between the anode and thecathode of the electrolyzer; current strength istens and hundreds of amperes. In accordance withFaraday’s law, energy consumption for productionof one cubic meter of hydrogen is nearly in thiscase. When one cubic meter of hydrogen is burnt,3.55 kWh of energy is released.

Table 1

Indices 1 2 3 Average1 - mass of the solutionthrough the sell , kg. 0.600 0.624 0.600 0.6082 - temperature of solutionat the input, degrees 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.03 - temperature of the solutionat the output, degrees 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.04 - temperature differenceof the solution, degrees 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.05 - duration of experiment, s 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.06 - reading of voltmeter, V 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.06’ - readings of oscillograph, V 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.047 - reading of ammeter, A 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.607’ - readings of oscillograph’, A 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.328 - electric power consumptionaccording to the readings ofvoltmeter and ammeter, kJ 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.908’ - electric power consumptionaccording to oscillograph, kJ 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.299 – heated solution energy, kJ 36.48 37.94 36.48 36.9710 - COP of the sellaccording to the readingsof voltmeter and ammeter, 40.53 42.15 40.53 41.0710’ - COP of the sellaccording to the readings ofreadings of oscillograph, 125.8 130.8 125.8 127.5


An interest to hydrogen energetic is beingincreased of late years. It is explained by the factthat hydrogen is an inexhaustible andenvironmental�friendly energy carrier. But theimplementation of these properties is sloweddown by large energy consumption for itsproduction from water. Many laboratories inthe world are busy solving a problem of areduction of energy consumption for hydrogenproduction from water, but there are nosignificant results. In the meantime, a money�saving process of decomposition of watermolecules into hydrogen and oxygen exists inthe Nature. This process takes place duringphotosynthesis. Hydrogen atoms are separatedfrom water molecules and are used as connectinglinks while forming organic molecules, and oxygenis released into the air [1], [2], [3].

It is known that carbon dioxide CO2 is absorbed

during photosynthesis. It is considered thatcarbon C of the molecule CO

2 is used for plant

cell construction, and oxygen O2 is released.

Now we have every reason to doubt at it and tosuppose that the molecule CO

2 is used totally

for plant cell construction. Water moleculesrelease oxygen; the hydrogen atoms of watermolecules are used as connecting links of themolecules, from which the plant cells areconstructed.

A question emerges: is it possible to model anelectrolytic process of water decomposition intohydrogen and oxygen, which takes place duringphotosynthesis?

The analysis of the water molecule structure(Fig. 9) worked out by us shows the possibilityof water electrolysis at minimal current andeven without it. The protons of the hydrogenatoms in water molecules can be combined witheach other and can form clusters. As a result, anorthohydrogen molecule is formed (Fig. 10). Aquestion emerges: is it possible to separate thismolecule from such cluster?

Fig. 10. Formation diagram of the second model oforthohydrogen

a)and b) water molecule diagrams; c) orthohydrogen

In Fig. 11, the anode (+) is shown leftward andthe cathode (�) is shown rightward. The protonP of the hydrogen atom in water molecule isoriented to the cathode (�); another proton ofthis molecule is connected with the proton ofthe ion (leftward). As a result, a cluster chainis formed; rightward, the water molecule issituated; leftward, the ion is situated (Fig. 11,a); the orthohydrogen molecule is in the center(Fig. 11, a, b).

Fig. 9. Water molecule diagram1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 are numbers of the electrons of the oxygen

atom; P1, P2 are the hydrogen atom nuclei (the protons); e1and e2 are the electron numbers of the hydrogen atoms

Fig. 11. Diagram of low current electrolysis process


Thus, the complex cluster chains with strictorientation between the anode and the cathodeare formed in the electrolytic solution under theinfluence of the electrostatic field.

Let us pay attention to the fact that the axiselectron of the oxygen atom (Fig. 1 and 11 left)and its six ring electrons of the ion areattracted to the anode simultaneously. Elec�trostatic forces attracting six ring electrons tothe anode deform the electrostatic field in sucha way that the axis electron comes to the nucleusof the oxygen atom, and six ring electrons with�draw from the atomic nucleus. In this case,binding energies between the protons and theelectrons in a hydrogen molecule being formedare distributed in such a way that bindingenergy between the hydrogen atoms in itsmolecule are increased up to 4.53 eV. Betweenthe electrons of the oxygen atom and the ion,they become equal to zero, and the hydrogenmolecule is released from the cluster chain. Twooxygen atoms form a molecule of this gas, andit is released as well. Certainly, it is a simplifieddiagram. If the process is more complicated, itis possible to form the molecules of hydrogenperoxide prior the oxygen molecule formation.But we’ll not analyze this process here [1], [2],[3].

4. The Second Experimental Part

A search of a reply to the question: is it possibleto model an electrolytic process of waterdecomposition into hydrogen and oxygen,which takes place during photosynthesis? Theanswer on this question has resulted in a simplestructure of a cell (Fig. 12), in which the processtakes place by voltage of 1.5�2.0 V between theanode and the cathode and amperage of 0.02amperes, that’s why it has been called lowcurrent one.

First of all, we should note that the anode andthe cathode are made of one and the samematerial: steel. It excludes the possibility offormation of a galvanic cell. Nevertheless, at thecell electrodes a potential difference of nearly0.1 V takes place in complete default ofelectrolytic solution in it. When the solution ischarged, the potential difference is increased.The positive sign of the charge appears on theupper electrode always, and the negative sign

appears on the lower one. If a direct currentsource generates pulses, gas output is increased.Let us note a very important thing. If a gapbetween the electrodes of the low voltageelectrolyzer is commensurable with the gasbubble size; so the gas bubbles go upwards andpromote mechanical destruction of the bondsbetween the atoms in the molecules. As we havealready shown, it consumes less energy that itis spent for thermal destruction of these bonds.Gas generation process is manifested by releaseof the bubbles being formed. The bubbles go onbeing released after the electrolyzer isdisconnected from the supply line (Table 2).

Fig. 12. Model of a low current cell of the electrolyzer(Patent RU2227817)


When the electrolyzer is de�energized, gasrelease intensity is reduced, but it is not stoppedduring many hours. It is proved by the fact thatelectrolysis takes place at the expense ofpotential difference on the electrodes.

After electrolyzer de�energizing, gas releaseduring a long period of time proves the fact thatthe molecules of oxygen and hydrogen areformed without the electrons emitted by thecathode, i.e. at the expense of the electrons ofthe water molecule itself [1], [2], [3].

As a laboratory model of the low currentelectrolyzer cell generates small quantity ofgases, a solution mass change definition methodduring the experiment and further calculationof released hydrogen and oxygen is the mostreliable method of definition of their quantity.It is known that a gram atom is equal to atomicmass of substance; a gram molecule is equal tomolecular mass of substance. For example, thegram molecule of hydrogen in the watermolecule is equal to two grams; the gram�atomof the oxygen atom is 16 grams. The gram mole�cule of water is equal to 18 grams. Hydrogenmass in a water molecule is 2x100/18=11.11%;oxygen mass is 16x100/18=88.89%; this ratioof hydrogen and oxygen is in one liter of water.It means that 111.11 grams of hydrogen and888.89 grams of oxygen are in 1000 grams ofwater.

One liter of hydrogen weighs 0.09 g; one literof oxygen weighs 1.47 g. It means that it ispossible to produce 111.11/0.09=1234.44 litersof hydrogen and 888.89/1.47=604.69 liters ofoxygen from one liter of water. It appears fromthis that one gram of water contains 1.23 litersof hydrogen. Energy consumption forproduction of 1000 liters of hydrogen is 4 kWhand for one liter 4 Wh. As it is possible toproduce 1.234 liters of hydrogen from one gramof water, 1.234x4=4.94 Wh is spent forhydrogen production from one gram of waternow [1], [2], [3].

Instruments and equipment used during theexperiment

Special experimental low current electrolyzer(Fig. 12); voltmeter of the highest accuracy class(accuracy class of 0.2 GOST 9711�78); ammeterof the highest accuracy class (accuracy class of 0.2GOST 9711�78); electronic scale with scaledivision value of 0.1 and 0.01 g; stop watch withscale division value of 0.1 s; oscillograph АСК�2022. In Table 2, the results of the experiment aregiven when no additional frequency has beengenerated by the power supply. Note: In Table 2,the results of the experiment are given when noadditional frequency has been generated by thepower supply.

Table 2Indices Amount1 – operation period of the electrolyzerconnected to the power source, in six cycles, min 6x30=180.02 – voltmeter readings V, volts 3.7503 – ammeter readings I, ampere 0.0224 – energy consumption (P=VxIxt/60), Wh 0.2475 – operation period of the electrolyzerdisconnected from the line, in six cycles, min 6x30=180.06 – solution mass change m, grams 0.457 – evaporating water mass m’, grams 0.01x6=0.068 – mass of water passed into gases, m’’=m-m’, grams 0.399 – energy consumption per gram of waterpassed into gases P’=P/m’’, Wh/gram of water 0.6310 – existing energy consumption per gramof water passing into gases P’’, Wh/gram of water 4.9411 – reduction of energy consumption forhydrogen production from water K=P’’/P’, fold 5.8412 - released hydrogen quantity М=0.39x1.23x0.09=0.043, gram 0.04313 – energy content of produced hydrogen(E=0.043х142/3.6) =1.70, Wh 1.7014 – energy effectiveness of water electrolysis process (Eх100/P), % 689.0


In Figs 13�18, the oscillograms of voltage andcurrent with frequency across the input into theelectrolyzer are shown [1], [2], [3].

Fig. 13. Voltage

Fig. 14. Voltage

Fig. 15. Voltage

In Fig. 13, the oscillogram of voltage with pulsefrequency of nearly 200 Hz is shown. The recordscale is 1:1. The pulses are invisible, becausetheir amplitude is negligibly small. Themeasurements show that voltage of nearly 13.5V was registered on the oscillogram. Thevoltmeter showed 11.4 V at that time.

Fig. 14 shows the oscillogram of voltage acrossthe input into the electrolyzer in 1 second afterit is disconnected from the mains. Fig. 15 showsthe oscillogram of voltage across the input intothe electrolyzer in 3 seconds after it isdisconnected from the mains. The oscillogramsin Figs 14 and 15 show that when theelectrolyzer is disconnected from the mains, theprocess of its discharge takes place. It shouldbe noted that voltage is reduced, but it does notbecome equal to zero. It means that theelectrolyzer is not only a capacitor, but it is anenergy source as well.

As it is clear, at the initial time after theelectrolyzer is disconnected from the mains(Fig. 14 and 15), it preserves the potential,which is close to the potential of the mains andwhich has been formed during electrolyzerchargings when it is connected to the mains andis adjusted to a specified operation mode. Itshould be noted that current during chargingexceeded its operation value of 0.02 A greatly.In 3 seconds after de�energizing (Fig. 15),potential across the input into the electrolyzeris reduced approximately from 13.5 V to 10 V.

In the oscillogram (Fig. 13), the pulses are notseen, because their amplitude is negligibly small.If the scale is increased, the pulses are as follows(Figs 16 and 17).

Voltage oscillogram processing results (Figs 16and 17). Taking into consideration the scalefactor, which is equal to 10, we'll find a meanvalue of voltage pulse amplitudeU=[(0.20+0.24+0.12+0.10+0.30+0.18+0.16+0.12+0.30+0.24+0.30)/11] x10=2,05 V .Pulse period Т=(24х2)/10=4.8 ms.Pulse duration =(2х1.45)/10=0.29 ms.Pulse frequency =(1/0.001x4.8)=208.3 Hz.Pulse period�to�pulse duration ratio =48/0.29=16.55.Duty factor =0.5/16.55=0.0302.Equivalent mean component of voltage pulses


calculated according to the oscillographreadings U=2.05х0.0302=0.062 V. At thattime, the voltmeter readings were 11.4 V.

Fig. 16. Voltage

Fig. 17. Voltage

Thus, there is every reason to believe that thelow current electrolyzer has the properties ofa capacitor and an electric source at the sametime. It has been charged at the verybeginning; then it is discharged graduallyunder the influence of the electrolyticprocesses, which take place in it. Quantity ofelectric power generated by it is insufficientfor the electrolysis process support, and it isdischarged gradually. If it is charged with thehelp of voltage pulses, which compensate for

power consumption, the charge of theelectrolyzer as the capacitor will remainconstant, and the electrolysis process willremain stable.

A value of potential being necessary for theelectrolyzer discharge compensation is regis�tered on the oscillograms (Figs 16 and 17).This value should be used when calculatingpower expenses for hydrogen production fromwater during its low current electrolysis.

Thus, according to the readings of thevoltmeter and the ammeter, capacity of powersource of the laboratory model of the lowcurrent electrolyzer isP=IU=0.02x11.4=0.228 W. But the analysisof the oscillograms shows that this power isnecessary only to put the electrolyzer inoperation. After starting, when it is charged,capacity for its charging isP=IU=0.02x0.062=0.0012 W, i.e. 190fold less(Table 3) [1], [2], [3], [4].

Availability of a constant component ofelectric potential across the input into theelectrolyzer shows that in order to calculatepower consumption for the electrolysisprocess it is necessary to use not the voltmeterreadings, but the oscillograph readings, whichregister the electrolyzer charge potentialoriginating from the oscillograms given inFigs 16 and 17.

Fig. 18. Current


Fig. 19. Current

In Figs 18 and 19, the oscillograms of currentare shown when the electrolyzer power supplysource generates pulses with frequency of nearly200 Hz.

Current oscillogram processing results (Figs 18and 19). Taking into consideration the scalefactor, which is equal to 10, and resistance of0.1 Ohm resistor we'll find a mean value ofcurrent pulse amplitudeI={[(9.0+7.0+2.0+11.5+6.0+8.5+3.5+9.0+2.5+6.5)/10]x10}/0.1=655мА =0.655 А.

Table 3

Indices Amount1 – operation period of the electrolyzerconnected to power source, in six cycles, min 6x10=60.02 – voltmeter readings V, volts; 11.402’ – oscillograph readings V’, volts; 0.0623 – ammeter readings I, ampere; 0.02283’ – oscillograph readings, I’, ampere; 0.019784 – energy consumption according to thevoltmeter and ammeter (P=VxIxt/60), Wh; 0.2204’ – energy consumption according tooscillograph readings (P’=V’xI’t/60) Wh; 0.001245 – operation period of the electrolyzerdisconnected from the power source, in six cycles, min 6x50=300.06 – solution mass change m, grams 0.607 – evaporating water mass m’, grams 0.068 – mass of water passed into gases, m’’=m-m’, grams 0.549 – energy consumption per gram of waterpassed into gases according to the readingsof the voltmeter and ammeter E=P/m’’, Wh/gram of water 0.4209’ – energy consumption per gram of waterpassed into gases according to oscillographreadings E’=P’/m’’, Wh/gram of water 0.002310 – existing energy consumption per gramof water passing into gases E’’, Wh/gram of water 4.9411 – reduction of energy consumption forhydrogen production from water according to thereadings of voltmeter and ammeter K=E’’/P, fold 11.7611’ – reduction of energy consumption for hydrogenproduction from water according to theoscillograph readings K’=E’’/P’, fold 2147.812- released hydrogen quantity М=0.54x1.23x0.09=0.06, gram 0.0613 – energy content of produced hydrogen(W=0.06х142/3.6) =2.36, Wh 2.3614 – energy effectiveness of waterelectrolysis process according to the readingsof the voltmeter and the ammeter (Wх100/P), % 1035.114’ - energy effectiveness of water electrolysis processaccording to the oscillograph readings (Wх100/P’), % 190322.6


Mean current in the electrolyzer supply circuitis I=0.655х0.0302=0.01978А=0.02А. Theammeter readings are 0.02 А.

Thus, the voltmeter shows a capacitor chargevoltage value, and the oscillograph shows avalue of its recharge, which characterizes theenergy consumed by the cell from the line. Itappears from this that in order to calculateenergy consumed by the low currentelectrolyzer cell from the line it is necessary touse voltage, which is registered not by thevoltmeter, but by the oscillograph. As a result,energy consumption for hydrogen productionfrom water in case of low current electrolysisare reduced not 12fold, but almost 2000fold [1],[2], [3], [4].

The correspondence of the water electrolysisprocess during low current electrolysis to itselectrolysis process taking place duringphotosynthesis is confirmed by intensiveproduction of gas bubbles within several hoursafter the electrolyzer is disconnected from themains [4].

CONCLUSION

The method of conversion of electric energyinto thermal energy with energy efficiencyindex of more than 3000% has been found.

Thus, the convincing theoretical andexperimental proofs of existence of a method,which reduces energy consumption forhydrogen production from water hundreds foldshave been got. Such reduction of energyconsumption for hydrogen production fromwater affords ground for an assumption thatlow�current water electrolysis is similar to itselectrolysis, which takes place duringphotosynthesis. The way of a transfer toeconomical and environmental friendly powerengineering is opened. But it will not be an easyone. There will be a lot of work concerningoptimization of the parameters of the globalenergy generators.

Acknowledgement. The author thanks A.I.Tlishev, candidate of technical sciences, forproduction of the low�current hydrogengenerators and the water electric generatorsof heat and his participation in their tests.

REFERENCES

1. Kanarev Ph.M. The Foundations ofPhyschemistry of Micro World. The FifthEdition. Kras�nodar 2004. 390 pages.2. Kanarev Ph.M. The Resurrection of ExactScience. http://www.newpowers.org/3. Kanarev Ph.M. The Foundations ofPhyschemistry of Micro World. The SixthEdition. Kras�nodar 2005. 500 pages.4. Kanarev Ph.M. Analysis of Fundamental

Contradictions. http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net

Stefan Hartmann <[email protected]> wrote:about Police Report on Steven Mark(Date: Sun, 24 Oct 2004)

Solid State 1997 Demo Video Shows Solid StateEnergy Coils (Not Bedini) � 10�minute video showsdemonstration of two toroid coils. 183 Volts DC and875 Volts DC; shown powering various appliances,light bulbs through inverter. Also exhibits anti�moving gyro effect. (ZPEnergy; Oct. 19)

Well it seems it was a co�operation invention fromBrian Collins from Australia and Steve Marks.Collins already died,so we can not ask him anymore.Lindsay Mannix is trying to find more old investorsin Australia to interview them. What has Reed gotfor material of this stuff ? What is the 1 GB datacomposed of? Just movies?Well if you read the article below on him, whatRaymond Dale said, it is clear, that it is a "difficultinventor". I wonder if it really is a scam, how he canproduce so much power with his systems... How canhe produce almost 1 KWatts for such a long timefrom a so small setup. As they seem to have raidedhis house and cut pieces out of his bigger device (inthe tape seen) and they did not find any batteries, Iwonder if this invention is not really genuine?Please try to find out, who this Australian"Raymond Dale" is, who posted this info here:http://www.padrak.com/ine/SMARK.htmlI just only found out these email addresses, but ALLbounce ! [email protected]@[email protected]

Regards, Stefan.

News


USP #4,936,961Method for the Production of a Fuel Gas

Inventor Stanley Meyer has developed anelectric cell which will split ordinary tapwater into hydrogen and oxygenwith far less energy than that required by anormal electrolytic cell. Where normal waterelectrolysis requires the passage of currentmeasured in amps, Meyer's cell achieves thesame effect in milliamps. Furthermore,ordinary tap water requires the addition of anelectrolyte such as sulphuric acid to aidcurrent conduction; Meyer's cell functions atgreatest efficiency with pure water. According to the witnesses, the moststartling aspect of the Meyer cell wasthat it remained cold, even after hours of gasproduction.

Meyer's cell seems to have many of theattributes of an electrolytic cellexcept that it functions at high voltage, lowcurrent rather than the otherway around. Construction is unremarkable.The electrodes referred to as "excitors" byMeyer are made from parallel plates ofstainless steel formed in either flat orconcentric topography. Gas production seemsto vary as the inverse of the distance betweenthem; the patents suggest a spacing of 1.5 mmproduces satisfactory results. The realdifferences occur in the power supply to thecell. Meyer uses an external inductance whichappears to resonate with the capacitance ofthe cell pure water apparently possesses adielectric constant of about 5 to produce aparallel resonant circuit. This is excited by ahigh power pulse generator which, togetherwith the cell capacitance and a rectifier diode,forms a charge pump circuit. High frequencypulses build a rising staircase DC potentialacross the electrodes of the cell until a point isreached where the water breaks down and amomentary high current flows. A currentmeasuring circuit in the supply detects this

Stanley Meyer’s Water Fuel Cell

breakdown and removes the pulse drive for afew cycles allowing the water to "recover".The inventor himself talks about a distortionand polarization of the water moleculeresulting in the H:OH bonding tearing itself

Fig. 1 from USP # 4,936,961”Method for the Production of aFuel Gas” by Stanley Meyer

Editorail: Please note Meyer’sunderstanding of the great role of theelectric field gradient to produceuseful work without power input.Similar ideas you can see inT.T.Brown’s electrograviticsresearch. The gradient can beproduced due to the electordes shapeor by means of special dielectricproperties. Alexander V. Frolov


No laws of physics or thermodynamics are violatedin the method and device of the present invention,and conservation of energy rigorously applies at alltimes. Nonetheless, by operating as an opendissipative system not in thermodynamic equilibriumwith the active vacuum, the system can permissiblyreceive available excess energy from a knownenvironmental source and output more energy to aload than must be input by the operator alone. As anopen system not in thermodynamic equilibrium, thisnew and unique motor can tap in on back EMF toenergize itself, loads and losses, fully complying withknown laws of physics and thermodynamics.

The technology provides substantialmechanical power and/or electricity withoutthe use of fossil fuels, hydrogen or hydrogen fuelcells, substantial batteries or any other outsiderecharging source (independent of the grid system).These stand�alone, all�green (100% pollutionfree) power systems will establish a newstandard in energy efficiency and bringeconomical energy� producing alternativesto the world market. The systems can beadapted for powering all types of motorizedproducts, even including the auto, trucking, RV,boating and golf cart industry in addition todelivering electrical energy for residential,commercial and agricultural markets.

The systems are safe, clean, reliable, quiet,cool, easy�to�operate, long� lasting andemission�free. They can be manufactured invarious sizes and power �� from a fraction of ahorsepower rating to several thousandhorsepower. Depending on use, it is estimatedthat the systems will last for 20�50 years.

The company is looking to form alliances withentities/groups on a domestic and internationalbasis to ensure the manufacture and

TS2000 MOTOR-GENERATORSYSTEM

distribution of this technology to varioussegments of the marketplace. The overallmarket value is expected to exceed a trilliondollars over the next 10 years and theseestimates are more than likely to be low.

For more information, including video andtechnical data, visit website

http://www.jagonline.net or call RichardBrace, President of GMC HoldingCorporation, at (407) 834�9400.

Technical Description

The prototype motor presented is a permanentmagnet design, with the magnets suspended in aninner frame forming the rotor and multiple coilsembedded in an outer frame forming the stator.The unit is designed with helical rows ofmatching magnets and coils, whose numbers canbe varied depending on the size requirements.The stator is pulsed with direct current (DC)forming an opposing electric field, i.e. repulsiveorientation, thus collapsing existing permanentmagnetic field and causing the motor to rotate.A series of electronic switches are triggered byan optical sensor to provide proper pulse widthand timing. A standard DC�DC motorcontroller system is used to control themagnitude of the pulses and therefore the speed.The motor is designed on the known principalsset forth by Nikola Tesla. The operation is basedon the collapsing and subsequent expanding ofthe permanent magnetic field. This producestwo effects: the first is tremendous repulsionand torque, as is true in all DC motors; thesecond effect is that of a back electromagneticforce (Ke). It is this Ke energy that is used in aregenerative fashion to increase the motor'sefficiency to extremely high levels.

AMESTOWN ADVISORY GROUP, INCFINANCIAL CONSULTANTS & THE MASTER DISTRIBUTOR OF THE TS2000

OWNED BY GMC HOLDING CORP.PHONE: 407 - 834 - 9400

WEB SITE: GMCHOLDINGS.COME-MAIL: [email protected]


New Product

Water Vortex Heat-Generator

This Vortex Heat-Generator (VHG) is designedfor heating and hot water supply for residences,commercial buildings, industrial facilities,storage rooms and agricultural buildings locatedfar from traditional heating sources.

Fig.1. The VHG-11, VHG-22 generators

These generators are designed andmanufactured under the guidance ofAcademician Yu. S. Potapov, who is owner ofpatent #2045715 registered in the RussianFederation (priority from 26.04.1993).

The VHG-generators extract heat from waterand nonfreezable fluids by means of complexprocesses of intensive vortex motion which iscreated in a peculiar design. The heat energyreleased is 116% - 120% more than the power

consumption of the motor of the pump makingthe fluid circulate (depending on the operatingmode of the pump). VHGs are supplied from 3-phase mains. The heat produced is used forheating water directly in heating systems byconnecting generators to calorifers or heatexchangers.

Fig.2. The VHG-37, VHG-55 generators

The generators are free-running,environmentally friendly and highlyeconomical. The temperature limit for theirautomatic operation is +95C.

The generators are reliable and high-performance in comparison with heatingfacilities of other types.

Compactness, maximum reduction of thedistance from a heat source to a consumer,absolute ecological safety, programmedautomatic control, no expenditures on


construction and repairing of heating mains –all this makes the generator one of theoutstanding technical achievements of thepresent age. The maximum efficiency of thegenerators is achieved when their heat andhydrodynamic characteristics are matched withfeatures of heating and hot water supply systemsof buildings where the generators are installed.The efficiency factor of these generators is 23%higher than that of electrode heaters and 42%higher than that of thermoelectrical heaters.

Fig.3. Control panel of the generators

The heat-generators are provided with allaccessories required to connect them to objects;they have an automatic control system. Thegenerators can be easily connected both to aheating system under construction and to anexisting one. Their design and sizes make it

Eagle�ResearchEnergy Solution since 1984

A research Organization thatdevelops & Distributes

Practical Energy�SavingMethods and Devices

4 Energy Way, POBox 118Porthill, Idaho 83853 USA

fax 1�250�492�7480

Technical questions to:wiseman@eagle�research.com

Infinite Energymagazine

* Cold fusion* New Energy* New science and technology

Subscription 6 issues per year$49.95 foreignsingle sample copy$10.00 foreignPOBox 2816�FVConcord, NH 03302�2816 USAPhone 603�228�4516, fax 603�224�5975http://www.infinite�energy.com

possible to install them just in any area.Maintenance involves managing liquid in thesystem and eliminating leakage from connectionelements of the system.

Low operating pressure of the liquid inside thesystem makes the generators safe and durable.No environmentally polluting substances (likecoal, gas, diesel oil) are used. There is noemission or pollutants and no consumption ofoxygen from air.

It is not necessary to get special state certificationto put the VHG in operation.

Sales representative contactaddress:

Faraday Lab Ltd7 Lev Tolstoy str., St.�Petersburg,

Russia, 197376.Tel/fax: (812) 3803844

e�mail: [email protected],http://www.faraday.ru

Our laboratory can demonstrate thistechnology for Customers, and we

can organize tests of 5KW watervortex heat�generator.


Autonomous electro station withmolecular engine (AESME) designedto produce electrical power at 380VAC 50Hz (or 60Hz). Molecularengine of the AESME operates withusual low pressure air. The airmolecules produce useful work. Nofuel is burned. Output flow of the air(after it produce useful work) can bebreathed since its physicalproperties are unchanged. TheAESME is started from an externalpower source and then the stationworks in autonomous mode as agenerator of energy. Power outputin the autonomous mode ofoperation is used for own needs(about 30-15%) and for useful load(about 70-85%).

There is possibility to order 200KWor 1000KW power plants from thefactory http://www.zid.ru.

Some technical data (1000 KW)Some technical data (1000 KW)Some technical data (1000 KW)Some technical data (1000 KW)Some technical data (1000 KW)

Generator SG99M1�12Voltage 380�400Frequency 50�60Nominal power output KVA/KW 1276/1088Max rpm of molecular engine 10000Generator rpm 500Efficiency of generator 0.8Insulation class HGenerator standards ISO 8528�3 IEC 34 (EN 60034)Life time of AESME (hours) 70000Warranty period (months) 12

Size (mm)Length 4528Side 2980Height 2450

New alternative energy productNew alternative energy productNew alternative energy productNew alternative energy productNew alternative energy product

Autonomous electro station(power plant) with molecular engine

You can discuss prices withthe factory-producer

http://www.zid.ru

Building cost is about 500USDper 1KW plus export cost.

Photo from www.zid.ru

New method of energy generation is patented.License sales are possible.

Official representative of thefactory – producer:Faraday Lab Ltd.,Lev Tolstoy Str. 7,

St.-Petersburg, 197376, Russia.Email: [email protected]

Web site: http://www.faraday.ru

We can organize demonstrationof the technology for customers

(37KW generator).Please send fax to plan your visit.

Tel/fax 7-812-3803844


The researches conducted in order to studylaboratory ball lightning have permitted touncover the algorithm of its formation andexistence. The connection between mediumparameters of ball and streak lightning has beenrevealed. The unique observation of balllightning which has not been known earlierconfirming the proposed hypothesis is given.The observations of ball lightning are beingentered into databases [1�3]. Nowadays severaltens of thousand observations have been alreadyentered and regularly, almost each month, thenew hypothesis about nature of ball lightningare arising. The new observations with fewestexceptions do not give any new features intogeneral scene. The given observation presentedby the first author of a given article permits toevaluate the energy of the ball lightning and asfor this parameter it can be competitive withfamous all over the world “Gudlet rundlet?”.The energy evaluation made by Gudlet isrepeated in almost all reviews devoted to balllightning, published during last 40 years” [3].Now this evaluation is 65 years old but itsinterpretation is actual till now.All the arising hypotheses have one commonfeature – they are notional ones. In the second partof this article the hypothesis of ball lightning basedon properties of the object being obtainedexperimentally –analog of ball lightning –is given.The object of 12�14 cm diameter is formed inimpulse electric charge, is floating up slowly andexists during period of up to 1sec without anypower supplied from outside. The reproducibilityof the experiment is 100%.

Once in two years the International Conferenceon ball lightning and once a year the Russian oneare being held (the reports are delivered in sectionof ball lightning chaired by V.L.Byichkov.

Ball lightning in nature andlaboratory

N.G. Shabanova, G.D. Shabanov1

Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.1 Saint Petersburg Institute of Nuclear physics of RAS, Gatchina, Leningrad

region, Russia. E-mail:[email protected]

1. Observation

The Borisovo village on isthmus of Karelia isfamous of ball lightning frequently arising. Thevillage dwellers are already accustomed to suchguest and based on their experience theyobserve safety regulations. Here are some ofthem: switch the light off, cover the mirrors,close the windows and all the throats ofchimneys. In summer of 1987 V. G. Ilyin wassitting in the living room when it grew darkerbecause of quickly gathered clouds. Throughthe window he saw 3�4 strong darts of lightning.It did not rain, it was so called “dry thunder�storm’. V. G. Ilyin switched the light on buthaving remembered safety regulations switchedit off mechanically. In the living room wherethere was only one window, it grew too dark andthat is why he decided to move to the cornerroom. There were 3 windows and naturallylighter. The corner room (5x6 meters) adjoinedto the living room by its “short” wall. If youenter this room from the living room you cansee the window in front of you and on the righthand � two more, on the left wall the closed doorto the adjacent room is located. In general thehouse was rarely big: only on the second floor(under the roof) there were four rooms. Thestandpipes of stoves and cookers passed throughall two floors. Having entered the room Ilyinsaw how the ball lightning was moving towardsthe left wall. The observer did not see wherefrom the lightning “ had come out” and how ithad arisen –from his point of view it beganmoving from ajar door of ordinary brick stovewhich was to the left room door just at adistance of one meter from it. The stove wasconnected with the standpipe by chimney. Sincethe mushrooms had been just dried on the stoveit was still warm.


The lightning seemed dazzling. “It wasimpossible to watch it, the brightness was morethan during plasma metal cutting”. V. G. Ilyinworks at experimental workshop and manytimes he saw how the plasma metal cutting plantwas operating and he could compare itsluminous exitance with the luminous exitanceof ball lightning. “I had to close my eyes in ordernot to become blind.”

The lightning was moving along left wall awayfrom the observer. The movement of the balllightning was accompanied with a sound ofcrackling as it occurs during contacts sparking.Simultaneously with forward advancing motionit was moving upward. The lightning reachedthe door of adjacent room (it was already closeto the ceiling), turned and moved to thelampshade hanging in the center of the room,came round the lampshade and moved to thewindow which was opposite the door in whichthe observer entered. The observer did not seeany haze behind the lightning during its motionmay be because of strong glare light.The observer estimated the velocity of objectmotion from the stove up to the window usingthe following words: “ a little bit faster than theusual speed of pedestrian.

In this story there were two critical momentswhich remain in memory: one of them –thelightning arising and its “hike” in the room andthe second one –its interaction with the glasses.As for the first one –it has become already usualin Borisovo village, as for the second one �theobserver was extremely surprised with it.So, the ordinary country double window. It isthe wooden one. The ventilation pane is closed.The ball lightning overcame that barrier duringless than 3 seconds having left behind it the holeof about 5cm in first (internal) glass and about3 cm on the second (external) one. The upperedge of the first hole was at the distance of sevencentimeters from the wooden frame. Both holeshad a form of a cone: the diameter of intake holeof lightning was bigger than one of the outlethole on the same glass. On the bigger diameterthere is a rounding and on the smaller (outlet)the edge is a little lifted over the glass plane (byabout –0,2mm) and flashed. When the lightingwas passing the first glass the observer saw thewhitish cloudlet (not jet) between frames alittle higher than the lightning. On the first

glass (from the side of lighting outlet) there wasa deposit above the hole. The deposit resembledemery #5 or# 6 to the touch with the grainsbeing still sharp, but the emery has a uniformsurface, as for this deposit – its surface has anon�uniform spotted surface. The material ofglass evaporated and than condensed on theglass above the hole.

In the room, between frames and outside noglass fragments were detected. Having passedboth glasses the lightning came outside andexploded as a petard and the glasses trembleddue to it. The observer is sure that the explosionhas happened at a distance maximum one meterfrom the window. After lightning disappearingthe impression has left that the air became freshin the room. Some time after lightningdisappearing the heavy rain and strong winds t a r t e d .During five minutes after ball lightning explosionthe observer felt dizzy – in this way the balllightning influenced on his visual analyzer.

V. G. Ilyin estimated the time of observation asapproximately 30 seconds and diameter of balllightning as 5�5cm. The last two parametersrequire to be ascertained. If the speed oflightning motion was ~1.7ms�1 and the traveleddistance ~12m, the time of motion up to thewindow should be ~7seconds, time of passingthrough the window –about 3 seconds (almostafter it the explosion occurred). Consequently thetotal time of observation should be ~10seconds.

To the question “What was your estimationof the diameter of ball lightning?” we wereanswered in the following way: “ The hole hada diameter of 5 centimeters, than he continued,�when it came close to the window and did notblind so much it was possible to see that itsdiameter was about 5�6 centimeters.”

Studying the answer from the psychologicalpoint of view it is possible to understand thatexactly the knowledge of hole diameter hasbeen of principal importance in evaluation ofball lightning dimensions. When we askedhim about his emotional state the observeranswered that he did not feel any panic fear(otherwise he would escaped, he rememberedwell that when meeting ball lighting it is notrecommended to move, let alone to escape.


II. Comments

The ball lightning presented in our observationhas not been the most luminous among knownearlier, in [1] it was described using thefollowing words: “brighter than 20 KWt xenonlamp” and during two months after meeting itthe observer treated his eyes. In [2] , as in ourcase , the observer compared the brightness ofthe ball lightning with the operation of plasmagenerator. I. P. Stakhanov mentions about casesof observing ball lightning with abnormalluminous emittance, but the power of the lightbeing emitted by most of the ball lightning isseveral watts which is not relevant in totalbalance of energy of lightning [3]. Thebrightness in our case can be compared with thebrightness of lamp 1�2 Kwt, i.e. the power oflight 10Wt and during observation (~10s) itreleased about 100 joules. This value of energycorresponds to the energy of average balllightning according to [4]: “ The energy ofexactly ball lightning (BL) (not connected withother phenomena) is about 100joules.” The ideaof ball lightning having low energy and in aspecific case releasing 105 � 106 joules and moreis defined best of all in [5]: The hypotheses ofball lightning are unacceptable because theycontradict the law of energy conservation”. Theauthor [3] analyzing hypothesis [5] expressedits sense vividly in availability of “invisibleleash” which in [4] is transformed into virtualleash. In [4] it has been affirmed that themechanism of energy releasing of about 100KJcan operate only “on terrain”.Let us move on to evaluation of the energyrequired for creating two holes in glasses. Thecases of direct observation of interactionbetween ball lightning and glass (withsubsequent formation of the hole) are extremelyrare ones. In [6] such a rare observation has beenconsidered. “The shaggy” ball of diameter about5cm came up to external glass of window frame.“A small round hole with luminous red edges hasbeen formed in the glass, then the hole diameterhas been increased up to 3–4 cm” [6]. In [6] thephoto of glass with a hole of diameter 5cm anda spot above the hole (40x20cm) in a form oftorch is given. The estimation of energy releasedwhile interacting with glass , strongly dependson the selected model of ball lightning and glassinteraction. In [6] it was presumed that the balllighting had heated the area of 3.5cm up to the

melting point and after cooling down due tothermoelectric voltages the hole of 5cmdiameter was chipped out. The formed disc withsmall penetration in the center has just fallenfrom the glass. Based on this model the energyof the ball lightning was estimated as 20Kjoules. Disposing of our observation it ispossible to revise the algorithm of ball lightningand glass interaction in case [6]. It is morebelievable that the glass located in the place ofthe hole evaporated because the photo in [6]looks like condensed vapors. It occurred also inour case. Even if the whole glass material fromthe formed hole had been precipitated in a formof a spot its thickness would be minimum0.1mm. Taking into consideration the abovestated the calculation of energy releasing in [6]should be corrected. We have estimated energybeing released during interaction of balllightning and glass both for our case and caseof [6] as more than 100 KJoules. In [4] there isa reference to [7] where several times theyreturn to the case when the ball lightningevaporate 50 grams of gold. The energy, requiredfor it has been estimated in [7] as 100 Kjoules (thevalue is underestimated). Our experiments withanalog of ball lightning – luminous formation(LF) [8] having shell structure [9�10] have shownthat LF can evaporate metals [11]. The energy,released by ball lightning in livingaccommodations (in our case and in [7] is more than100 Kjoules which is impossible according to [4].

However the attempt to relate the principalparameter of ball lightning, its energy, withsome processes in nature based on statisticaldata [4�5] seems a very productive idea for us.It is necessary to find such processes in natureand such average parameter of the processwhich would result in parameters of averagedball lightning.1 The average parameters of balllightning are given in [12�13]. For example, in[12] the power ratios of energy releasing of balland streak lightning are considered.Nowadays the relation of ball lightning not onlywith thunder storm situation but directly withstreak lightning is more evident. The averageparameters of steak lightning are multiple�valued due to their division into descending ,ascending ones and some others [14]. Let usconsider only the negative lightning descendingto the ground because it is the most frequentone. In a given case the average potential being


delivered to the ground by leader [12,14] isdefined well enough – it is about 30 MV.At the same time we believe [9�11], that the balllightning inherits the structure of leaderchannel and it is possible that in this case thereis no main stage of lightning process. Thismoment requires to be confirmed (in our modelthe considerable simplification can take place),for example:” From point of lightning stroke onthe surface the plasma channel grows which issimilar to the leader one” [14]. The existence ofchannel is detected by marks on the ground ina form of furrow one hundred meters length.That is why rather interesting scenarios ofleader channel conduct are possible.The ball lightning inherits structure andpotential of leader channel (the potential is anenergy characteristics of the ball lightningelectric field). Sudden change of potential byleader channel is experimentally simulated in[15]. The average energy of the ball lightning(W) is about 6 Kjoules. Based on these data itis possible to estimate uncompensated chargeof the ball lightning. Q = 2Wφ�1 (1) which isdelivered by the leader.At the same time the potential of the balllightning being inherited from the leaderchannel can be expressed as function fromcharge and diameter (D) of average ball:

φ=(πεo ) –1Q(0,5D)–1 (2), where ε

o is dielectric

constant. Substituting (1) into (2) it is possibleto obtain the diameter of average ball lightningwhich in given φ and W is equal 24cm and it isconsistent perfectly with {13}: 23±5cm.

The probe measurements [9�11] have shownthat mostly the free charge is concentrated insphere shell, the minority of free charges whichare like with sphere charges, is located in theball center and the space without any freecharges exists between them. This space is beingformed due to Coulomb repulsion of free likecharges of sphere and volume. The stability of agiven charge configuration is reached at theexpense of dynamic equilibrium of Coulombrepulsion and dielectric pressure forces. Thedielectric is located outside charged sphere innon�uniform electric field being created by theabove described charge configuration. For LF[8�11] this pressure is about several hundredsPa. At the same time the dielectric shellrepresents a barrier which provides

conservation of one�component plasma andprevents it from possible flow of positive ions –from recombination. The free charges of sphereare supposedly electrons. Their possible stateis suggested in [11]. On photo (Fig.1, colorversion on the cover page) the edge of“stationary” LF which is not excited withelectric, magnetic, neither electromagneticfields is given.

Fig.1

On Fig.2 the edge of LF immediately afterpartial removal of the charge is shown.

Fig.2


The luminous formation looks like a redvi l lous bal l f rom art ic le [6] .

On Fig.3 LF is located in the area of non�uniform electric field from the conductorwith small part of poor insulation . Theconductor is under positive potential 3 kV.It i s seen wel l that LF representspractically copy of ball lightning on coverpicture [7] . The LF conduct wheninteracting with laser electromagneticradiation is given in [9,15]. On all thephotos the two�layer shell of red (external)and yellow (internal) color is seen well. OnFigure 3 the internal layer is “turned out”due to the strong interaction with non�uniform electric field. On all the photos(Fig.1�3) the LF diameter is 12�14cm. Thedielectric shell in a given moment is aprinciple object of study. The configurationof free charges defined rather accurately inexperiments [9�10] prompts what is thealgorithm of shell formation and what areits properties. The shell is being formedduring long�term process of pulsedischarging in a strong non�uniformelectric field 2. In the engineering there arematerials and processes which are similarto the processes which occur duringformation of LF and ball lightning. It is amatter of process of e lectretsmanufacturing. Let us take a dielectricconsisting of electric elements such as C,H, O, N etc., which are available in the airand represent bui lding materia l fordielectric shell of the ball lightning. Suchdielectr ic forms e lectret duringsolidification in a strong electric field. Thiselectret has a heterocharge or homocharge [16].

The “electret” of ball lighting possessesexactly homocharge, when the free chargeshave a sign which is opposite to the sign ofelectret bound charges. When there is noelectric field, the electrets have electricmoment which exists for a long time (days,months). The electret creates an electricfield around it. “The charge value per unitof surface is about 10�7 Coulomb /cm2 ….”[16] depending on e lectret materia l .It sounds l ike a miracle , that duringordinary gas discharging (150 torr. ofhelium, 150 A, graphite electrode of 6mm

diameter) it is possible to get up to 12%fantast ical ly beauti ful molecules ofphul lerene . A hypothetical physicist�theoretician who had been supposed topropose something of this kind could hearmany new thing about himsel f .In our case “the building of dielectricoccurs in strong non�uniform electric field,which automatically “separates” dipolemolecules being generated by the charge,and collect them into dielectric –futureshell of a ball lightning. In a non�uniformelectric field the dipoles are affected by theforce pulling them in an area of a strongerf ie ld . The more dipole moment , thestronger force acting on the dipoles. Thisprocess requires macroscopic time. Best ofall it is demonstrated on the example ofleader process in [14]: “The leader growsfor a rather long time – up to 0.01s –it is areal eternity comparing with a very fastphenomena of pulse electric charge. Timeof LF (analog of ball lightning) creation inimpulse electric charge is about 0.1s [8], asfor the natural ball lightning, this time isincreased up to fractions and even severalseconds [3]. Huge block of observationsmust contain data about process of balllightning forming which corresponds ourhypothesis , otherwise our model is notvalid. There is a lot of such cases. Forexample, in [17]: observations #19 and #21.Observation #19: “the lightning stroke therock over us. During some fractions of asecond the lightning was unmovable andthen began agglomerating into clot on therock surface. There was an impression thatsomebody was folding fire measuring reel”.The case #21: “ After discharging thechannel of lightning began moving down ,as a thread which somebody was clewing upand close to the ground the fire ball was formed.”

III. Conclusion

It has been shown that the collected andsystematized data concerning observationsof ball lightning are well consent with thenotions of thunder�storm electr ic ity{14}provided that we accept the proposedhypothesis that the ball lightning is formedby the leader of streak lightning. Generallythe leader life time is not limited which


permits to form a dielectric shell aroundsphere being formed , consisting of free likecharges. The dynamic equilibrium betweenforces of Coulomb repuls ion ofuncompensated charge and forces ofpressure of dielectric, located in non�uniform electric field of this charge, isunstable. The corona of ball l ightningultimately results in loss of stability and“explosion”. The explosion happens inmore than half cases of ball l ightningobservations . Practical ly a l l the bal ll ighting properties being observed arereproduced experimental ly withinavailable energy reserve of LF [8�11, 15].

References

1. E. Alftan. “Ion bunch? Perhaps. //Technika –molodyozhi. 1982. №3б pp. 38�41.2. M.T.Dmitriyev On the mechanism ofthe ball lightning stability//APM,1969,vol.39. issue 2, pp.387�394.3. I.P.Stakhanov, Physical nature of theball lightning. M., Atomizdat, 1979, p.240.4. S.I.Stepanov, About energy of balllightning //JTP, 1990, vol.60, issue2, pp.211�2125. P.L.Kapitsa. About nature of balllightning. //DAN 1955, vol.101, №2, pp.245�248.6. O.A.Kolosovsky .Study of balllighting trace on the window glass.//JTP.1981.,vol.51, №4, pp856�858.7. I.P.Imyanitov, D.Ya.Tikhiy . Beyond thelaws of science. M.:Atomizdat. 1980. p.190.8. G.D.Shabanov. Optical properties oflong�lived luminous formations.

Transactions on the 3rd Internationalconference “Natural and anthropogenicaerosoles”, Spb.24.09�27.09.2001., pp 368�370. Reduced version in Letters to JTP2002,vol.28.B4.,p.81�86.9. G.D.Shabanov, O.M.Zherebtsov.Electrical discharge to air half�space.Transactions on the 5th Internationalconference on atmospheric electricity.Vladimir. 21.09�26.09.2003.vol.1, pp. 279�282.10. G.D.Shabanov, O.M.Zherebtsov.electric properties of autonomous long�lived luminous formations. Presented onthe 11th Russian conference on balllightning and cold fusion. Dagomys, Sochi.28.09�05.10.2003. Theses. pp.16�127.11. G.D.Shabanov, O.M.Zherebtsov.Experimental simulation of ball lightninganalog. Transactions on 10th Russianconference on ball lightning and cold fusion,Dagomis, Sochi 29.09�6.10.2002, pp 285�301.12. B.M.Smirnov. Problem of balllightning//UPN.1992, vol.162, №8, pp43�81.13. B.M.Smirnov. Observationalproperties of ball lightning.UPN.1992.,vol.162, pp 43�81.14. E.M.Baselyan, Yu.P.Rayzer. Physicalaspects of lightning and lightningprotection. M.:Fizmatlit.2001.p 320.15. G.D.Shabanov, O.M.Zherebtsov.Electric discharge to the air half�space,//Optical magazine. 2004., vol.71, №1.pp.6�8. Reduced version in “New energy” 2003,№2, pp.8�10.16. B. I. Sadzhin and others. Electricalproperties of polymers. L:Chemistry.1970, p.376..17. A. I. Grigoryiev. Fire killers.Yaroslavl. “Debyut. 1990, p.32.

Editorial: Publications on the ball lightning experimenting canbe area of interests for alternative energy researchers.

This technology can open the way to controlled plasma objectswith a long life�time that is a new energy source.

We hope to see comments from our readers and future articleson the topic in our magazine.


News from LUTEC companyAustralia

www.lutec.au

We want to thank everyone for the numerousemails requesting further updates to this site.Your continued interest and support is greatlyappreciated. It is with pleasure we announcegrant notification regarding our Mexicanpatent application. The official certificate willbe forwarded to us shortly and we will post acopy of it to the patents page on this site in duecourse. The European patent is still pending. Itcovers over twenty countries and theapplication must be translated into all of thoselanguages and examined individually by eachof those countries patent office examiners.That’s why it takes so long. The Europeanpatent is a key component in our business planand little of obvious notice to the general public willoccur until it is finalized. Read the last sentence again.

The project is continuing on course. Ouroriginal plan was to begin manufacture inAustralia by 2003. This was dropped because ofa lack of interest from the Australiangovernment in providing any assistance ingetting it off the ground. In fact we have neverhad so much as a phone call from anyonerepresenting the Australian government, letalone a visit or request for evaluation of thetechnology. Our local member of parliamentseveral years ago wished us all the best, verynice, but no help whatsoever. There has beenintense international interest. Offers to relocateto several countries with taxation and fundinginitiatives have been made and to date rejectedfor various reasons. To give some idea of thescope of that interest, there have been visitsfrom US govt interests, overtures from the USNavy, and business people. One US group hasmade eight trips to Australia bringing their ownexperts and other interested parties to view andevaluate the technology. Several USUniversities have been involved in studying thetechnology. We have had visits and offers fromGermany, Switzerland, South Korea, Singapore,

Malaysia, China, India, Pakistan, South Africa,Belgium, Holland, Russia, Papua New Guinea,Haiti, Italy, Canada, The Caribbean, France,The United Kingdom, Turkey, The UAE, andeven Bangladesh. The current business plancalls for a global release of the technology; thisis why the European patent is of such crucialimportance. In response to your enquiries as tohow the company manages to survive despitethe constant struggle for funding. The companyevery so often sells a fixed percentage of itsshares to individuals to raise capital to meetpatent expenses and on�going research anddevelopment costs. Because the company is notlisted on the stock exchange it has no prospectusto present, so under Australian law only twentyoffers per year can be made, and no advertisingof any form can be made in respect of an offer.This means only people who are alreadyshareholders, or just happen to phone or emailasking about shares, get to hear about an offer.

There is less than thirty years of oil left. (SeeHuberts peak on any search engine for detail)How much do you reckon a barrel will cost inten, fifteen, twenty years.

Keep breathing, until next time, sleep well….Until next time

John and Lou.


The history of a given discovery began in 1988when Evgeny Podkletnov was invited toTampere University for participation in jointproject on superconductor synthesis.Podkletnov brought a superconductor discwhich he made of copper, yttrium and bariumoxides in Moscow. That disc had a diameter ofabout 30 centimeters. During one ofexperiments the disc was cooled down tosuperconductivity temperature with the help ofliquid helium and driven by electric magnets.Further we quote the words of the scientisthimself: “we have noticed that the smokepassing above the super conductive disc movesupwards. Then we have put a small magnetizedball on the disc and connected it with a balance. The balance indications have surprised us.Then instead of metal small ball we have takena silicon which is non�metal and non�magnetmaterial. The balance conduct was still verystrange : they indicated the weight decreasing.As it turned out, any object being placed abovethe disc lost a little its weight and in a case whenthe disc was rotated , the effect was increasedup to 2%. The objects being weighed wereplaced into vacuum, shielded by metal sheet butnevertheless the weight was decreasing.Moreover, mercury barometer placed above thedisc, has shown the decreasing of barometricpressure by 4mm of mercury column and thatdecreasing of the air weight could be registeredeven on the second floor exactly above theexperimental plant. Podkletnov managed topublish those results and immediately theassaults from the side of so called “seriousscientists began. The Tampere Universitymanagement reacted with regard to criticalarticles in press and Podkletnov was fired fromthe University. In 1997 he attempted to returnto Moscow but in his home institute there wereno possibility to continue working. Podkletnovhas again left for Tampere. He began workingas a specialist on materials and went on hisexperiments during free time. Then NASAbegan to conduct experiments to check

Antigravity experiments

Review on E. Podkletnov’s experiments with comments by Alexander V. Frolov.

Podkletnov effect independently but the weightwas decreased not by 2% but by million timesless. The Americans invited Pdkletnov forgiving consultations at the end of 1998. Thereason of Americans’ failure was the followingone: they did not rotate disc and moreover , itwas too small. The task was set: to create “ thesame disc as in Russia”, and 750 000 dollars wereappropriated for it. There was informationabout the alleged results which repeat and evensurpass the experiments of Russian scientist: agroup of students in Sheffield (England),scientists from Toronto. The Italian physicistDjovanny Modaneze from Trento Universitysupported Podkletov actively. The physics�theoreticians from Alabama University�American Duglas Torr and Chinese Nin Liorganized a laboratory for experiments withgravitation in NASA. Further we giveinformation from the article by Podkletov andModaneze “Impulse Gravity Generator Basedon Charged YBa2Cu3O7�y Superconductor withComposite Crystal Structure”, which describes theexperiments on impulse gravity.

The initial variant of the experimental set�upwas based on a high�voltage generator placedin a closed cylinder chamber with a controlledgas atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig.1


Two metal spheres inside the chamber weresupported by hollow ceramic insulators and hadelectrical connections that allowed to organizea discharge between them, with voltageup to 500 kV . One of the spheres had a thinsuperconducting coating of YBa

2Cu

3O

7.y

obtained by plasma spraying using a“Plasmatech 3000S” installation. This spherecould be charged to high voltage using a highvoltage generator similar to that of Van deGraaf. The second sphere could be moved alongthe axis of the chamber, the distance betweenthe spheres varying from 250 to 2000 mm.Spheres with a diameter from 250 to 500 mmwere used in the experiment. It was possible tofill the chamber with helium vapours or tocreate rough vacuum using a rotary pump. Thewalls of the chamber were made of non�conducting plastic composite material, with abig quartz glass window along one of thewalls which allowed to observe the shape, thetrajectory and the colour of the discharge.In order to protect the environment and thecomputer network from static electricity andpowerful electromagnetic pulses, the chambercould be shielded by a Faraday cage withcell dimensions of 2.0 and a rubber�plastic filmmaterial absorbing ultra highfrequency (UHF) radiation.The superconducting sphere was kept at atemperature between 40 and 80 K, whichwas achieved by injecting liquid helium orliquid nitrogen through a quartz tube inside thevolume of the superconducting sphere beforethe charging began. The inside volume of thechamber was evacuated or filled with helium inorder to avoid the condensation of moistureand different gases on the superconductingsphere. The temperature of the superconductorwas measured using a standard thermocouplefor low temperature measurements and wastypically around 55�60 K. Given the good heatconductivity of the superconductor, weestimated that the temperature difference in theceramic did not exceed 1 K. An improvedvariant of the discharge chamber is shown inFig. 2. The charged electrode was changed to atoroid attached to a metal plate and asuperconducting emitter which had the shapeof a disk with round corners. The non�superconducting part of theemitter was fixed to a metal plate using metalIndium orWood’smetal, the superconducting

part of the emitter faced the opposite electrode.The second electrode was a metal toroidof smaller diameter, connected to a target.

Fig.2

The target was a metal disk with the diameterof 100 mm and the height of 15 mm. The targetwas attached to a metal plate welded tothe toroid.This improved design of the generator was ableto create a well�formed dischargebetween the emitter and the target, still thetrajectory was not always repeatable and itwas difficult to maintain constant values ofcurrent and voltage. The chamber was also notrigid enough to obtain high vacuum and somemoisture was condensing on the emitter,damaging the superconducting material andaffecting the discharge characteristics. Thelarge distance between the electrodes alsocaused considerable dissipation of energyduring discharge. In order to improve theefficiency of operation, the measuring systemand the reproducibility of the discharge, anentirely new design of the vacuum chamber andthe charging system was created.The final variant of the discharge chamber ispresented in Fig. 3 (the apparatus isshown in a vertical position though actually itis situated parallel to the floor). This set�upallowed to reduce the dimensions of theinstallation and to increase the efficiency of theprocess. The chamber has the form of a cylinderwith the approximate diameter of 1 mand the length of 1.5 m and is made of quartzglass. The chamber has two connectingsections with flanges which allow to changethe emitter easily.The design permits tocreate high vacuum inside or to fill the whole


Fig.3

volume with any gas that is required. Thedistance of the discharge has been decreasedconsiderably giving the possibility to reduceenergy dissipation and to organize the dischargein a better way. The distance betweenthe electrodes can vary from 0.15 to 0.40 m inorder to find the optimum length for eachtype of the emitter. The discharge can beconcentrated on a smaller target area using abig solenoid with the diameter of 1.05 m that iswound around the chamber using copper wirewith the diameter of 0.5 cm. The magnetic fluxdensity is 0.9T. A small solenoid is also woundaround the emitter (Fig. 3) so that the magneticfield can be frozen inside a superconductorwhen it is cooled down below the criticaltemperature. The refrigeration system for thesuperconducting emitter provides a sufficientamount of liquid nitrogen or liquid helium forthe long�term operation and the losses of gasdue to evaporation are minimized because of thehigh vacuum inside the chamber and thus of abetter thermal insulation. A photodiode isplaced on the transparent wall of the chamberand is connected to an oscilloscope, in order to

provide information on the light parameters ofthe discharge. Given the low pressure and thehigh applied voltage, emission of X�rays fromthe metallicelectrode cannot be excluded, butthe short duration of the discharge makes theirdetection difficult. Use of a Geiger counter andof X�rays sensitive photographic plates did notyield any clear signature of X�rays.

A precise measurement of the voltage of thedischarge is achieved using a capacitivesensor that is connected to an oscilloscope witha memory option as shown in the upperpart of Fig. 3. Electrical current measurementsare carried out using a Rogowski belt,which is a single loop of a coaxial cable placedaround the target electrode and connectedto the oscilloscope. The old fashioned Van deGraaf generator used in the previous stage ofthis work was replaced by a high voltage pulsegenerator as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig.4


This pulse generator is executed according tothe scheme of Arkadjev�Marx and consists oftwenty capacitors (25 nF each) connected inparallel and charged to a voltage up to 50�100kV using a high voltage transformer and a diodebridge. The capacitors are separated by resistiveelements of about 100 kOhm. The schemeallows to charge the capacitors up to the neededvoltage and then to change the connection froma parallel to a serial one. The required voltageis achieved by changing the length of the airgap between the contact spheres C and D.

A syncro pulse is then sent to the contacts Cand D which causes an overall discharge andserial connection of the capacitors and providesa powerful impulse up to 2 MV which issent to the discharge chamber. The use of suchan impulse generator allows for a preciselycontrolled voltage, much shorter charging timeand good reproducibility of the process.

Superconducting emitter, fabrication methods

The superconducting emitter has the shape of adisk with the diameter of 80�120 mmand the thickness of 7�15 mm. This disk consistsof two layers: a superconducting layerwith chemical composition YBa

2Cu

3O

7�y

(containing small amounts of Ce and Ag) anda normal conducting layer with chemicalcomposition Y

1�xRe

xBa

2Cu

3O

7�y, where Re

represents Ce, Pr, Sm, Pm, Tb or other rareearth e lements .

Organization of the discharge andmeasurements of the effect

The discharge chamber is evacuated to 1.0 Pausing first a rotary pump and then a cryo�genic pump. When this level of vacuum isreached, liquid nitrogen is pumped into a tankinside the chamber that contacts thesuperconducting emitter. Simultaneously acurrent is sent to the solenoid that is woundaround the emitter, in order to create a magneticflux inside the superconducting ceramic disk.When the temperature of the disk falls belowthe transition temperature (usually 90 K) thesolenoid is switched off. The experimentcan be carried out at liquid nitrogentemperatures or at liquid helium temperatures.If low temperatures are required, the tank is

filled with liquid helium and in that case thetemperature of the emitter reaches 40�50 K.The high voltage pulse generator is switched onand the capacitors are charged tothe required voltage. It takes about 120 s tocharge the capacitors. The effects are measuredalong the projection of the axis line whichconnects thecenter of the emitter with the center of thetarget. Laser pointers were used to define theprojection of the axis line and impulse sensitivedevices were situated at the distance of 6m and150m from the installation (in another buildingacross the area). Normal pendulums were usedto measure the pulses of gravity radiationcoming from the emitter. The pendulumsconsisted of spheres of different materialshanging on cotton strings inside glass cylindersunder vacuum. One end of the string was fixedto the upper cap of the cylinder, the other onewas connected to a sphere. The spheres hadtypically a diameter from 10 to 25 mm and hada small pointer in the bottom part. A ruler wasplaced in the bottom part of the cylinder, 2 mmlower than the pointer. The deflection wasobserved visually using a ruler inside thecylinder (Fig. 5).

Fig.5


The length of the stringwas typically 800 mm, though we also used astring 500 mm long. Various materialswere used as spheres in the pendulum: metal,glass, ceramics, wood, rubber, plastic. Thetests were carried out when the installation wascovered with a Faraday cage and UHFradiation absorbing material and also withoutthem. The installation was separated fromthe impulse measuring devices situated 6maway by a brick wall of 0.3 m thickness and alist of steel with the dimensions 1x1.2x0.025m.The measuring systems that weresituated 150m away were additionally shieldedby a brick wall of 0.8 m thickness.In order to define some other characteristics ofthe gravity impulse � in particularits frequency spectrum � a condensermicrophone was placed along the impact linejust after the glass cylinders. The microphonewas connected to a computer and placed in aplastic spherical box filled with porous rubber.The microphone was first oriented with amembrane facing the direction of the discharge,then it was turned 22.5 degrees to the left,then 45 degrees to the left, then 67.5 degreesand finally 90 degrees. Several dischargeswere recorded in all these positions at equaldischarge voltage.

Results

Several unexpected phenomena were observedduring the experiments. The discharge inthe installation corresponding to the initial set�up (Fig. 1) at room temperature in thevoltage range from 100 kV to 450 kV was similarto a discharge with non�coated metalspheres and consisted of a single spark betweenthe closest points on the spheres. Whenthe superconductor coated sphere was cooleddown below the transition temperature, theshape of the discharge changed in such a waythat it did not form a direct spark between twospheres, but the sparks appeared from manypoints on the superconducting sphere and thenmoved to the corresponding electrode. Whenthe voltage was over 500 kV the discharge atthe initial stage had a tendency to cause someglow with the shape of a hemisphere. Thisglow separated from the sphere and then brokeinto multiple sparks which combined intomore narrow bundle and finally hit the surface

of the target electrode. Repeated discharges athigh voltages caused damage to thesuperconducting coating and partial separationof the ceramic material from the metal sphere,as the refrigeration system was not efficientenough. Also the direction of the discharge wasnot always repeatable. The experiments werecontinued with the improved variant of theinstallation as shown in Fig. 2 and then withthe final variant of the installation as shown inFig. 3. This new configuration allowed toincrease the reproducibility of the discharge andthe superconducting emitter was not damagedwith high voltage. With voltage lower than 400kV the discharge had the shape of a spark butwhen the voltage was increased to 500 kVthe front of the moving discharge became flatwith diameter corresponding to that of theemitter. This flat glowing discharge separatedfrom the emitter and moved to the targetelectrode with great speed. The whole time ofthe discharge as defined by the photo diodewas between 10�5 and 10�4 s. The peak value ofthe current at the discharge for themaximum voltage (2 · 106 V ) is of the order of104A. It was found that high voltages dischargesorganized through the superconducting emitterkept at the temperature of 50�70 K wereaccompanied by a very short pulse of radiationcoming from the superconductor andpropagating along the axis line connecting thecenter of the emitter and the center of the targetelectrode in the same direction as the discharge.The radiation appeared to penetrate throughdifferent bodies without any noticeable loss ofenergy. It acted on small interposed mobileobjects like a repulsive force field, with a forceproportional to the mass of the objects. As theproperties of this radiation are similar to theproperties of the gravity force, the observedphenomenon wascalled a gravity impulse.

In order to investigate the interaction of thisgravity impulse with various materials,several tests were carried out, with pendulumsand microphones, as described in the ex�perimental part. The deflection of the pendulumwas observed visually (see Fig. 5) andthe corresponding l value was measured as afunction of the discharge voltage. The cor�relation between the discharge voltage and thecorresponding deflection of the pendulum


as measured for two different emitters is listedin Tables 1, 2. Each value of l that isgiven in the table represents the average figurecalculated from 12 discharges. A rubbersphere with a weight of 18.5 grams was used asmaterial of the pendulum for the datalisted in Tables 1, 2. The deflection caused analteration in the potential energy of thependulum which was proportional to h asshown in the table. A graphic illustration ofthis dependence for two different emitters isgiven in Fig. 6.

Fig.6

Both emitters, N. 1 and N. 2, were manufacturedusing the same OCMTG technology,but the thickness of the superconducting layerwas equal to 4 mm for the emitter N. 1 and8 mm for the emitter N. 2. Emitter N. 2 could bemagnetized to a much higher value. Thethickness of the normal conducting layer has asmaller influence on the force of the gravityimpulse, but for better results the thicknessshould be bigger than 5 mm.It was found that the force of the impact onpendulums made of different materialsdoes not depend on the material but is onlyproportional to the mass of the sample.Pendulums of different mass demonstratedequal deflection at constant voltage. This wasproved by a large number of measurementsusing spherical samples of different mass anddiameter. The range of the employed test masseswas between 10 and 50 grams. It wasalso found that there exist certain deviations inthe force of the gravity impulse within thearea of the projection of the emitter. Thesedeviations (up to 12�15% max) were found to

be connected with the inhomogenities of theemitter material and various imperfections ofthe crystals of the ceramic superconductor, andwith the thickness of the interface betweensuperconducting and normal conducting layers.Measurements of the impulse taken at closedistance (3�6 m) from the installationand at the distance of 150 m gave identicalresults, within the experimental errors. Asthese two points of measurements wereseparated by a thick brick wall and by air, it ispossible to admit that the gravity impulse wasnot absorbed by the media, or the losseswere negligible. The force “beam” obtained withthe latest experimental set�up does not appearto diverge and its borders are clear�cut.However, considerable efforts were necessaryin order to concentrate the radiation and reacha good reproducibility. As mentionedabove, the direction emission always coincideswith the direction of the discharge. In theinitial experiments (with the Van den Graafgenerator), the direction of the beam varied,depending on the direction of the discharge, asthe sparks moved to different points on thesuperconducting sphere. Later it was found thatthe magnetic field created by the solenoidwound around the chamber is able toconcentrate the discharge and to direct it to thesame area on the superconducting electrode.The bi�layered emitters used in this experimentwere mainly of two types. The firstone was obtained after Stage 3 and had astructure typical for multiple�domain levitatorswith well crystallized and oriented grains of thesuperconducting layer. The second typewas made by the material obtained after Stage4 and consisted of densely packed nonoriented polycrystalline structure in bothlayers. It was also found that the gravity impulsewas to some extent proportional to themagnetic field inside the superconductor, whichwas created using a small solenoid duringcooling down to liquid nitrogen temperature.Therefore, at recent stages of the experimentthe solenoid was replaced by a powerfulpermanent NdFeB magnet (50 MOe) with adiameter corresponding to the diameter of theemitter and a thickness of 20 mm. Thisdisk�shaped magnet was attached with onesurface to the cooling tank and with anothersurface to the ceramic emitter.The response recorded by the microphone has


the typical behavior of an ideal pulsefiltered by the impulse response of a physicallow pass system with a bandwidth of about16 kHz, attributed to the microphone (Fig. 7).

Fig.7

In spite of the filtering, the relative energyof the pulses can be measured as a function ofthe angle of the normal to the diaphragmrespect to the axis of propagation of the force.Relative pulse amplitude with energiesaveraged over four pulses per angle are shownin Fig. 8 and are in agreement with a possiblemanifestation of a vector force acting directlyon the membrane. No signal has been detectedoutside the impact region.

Fig.8

E. Podkletnov

Email: [email protected]

Editor comments:

According to the latest data received from TimVentura, (www.americanantigravity.com)new E. Podkletov’s superconductor generatorcan produced force of several hundreds lbs.Podkletov said that the gravitational beam isgenerated by means of voltage pulse of 4�5MV applied to superconductor of 4 inchesdiameter which is located in solenoid (it isnecessary to create magnetic field). The pulsesbeing created are powerful enough toperforate brick, concrete and to deform lightmetals “as if they were sledge�hammered” farfrom the generator. It is clear that most offuture applications of this effect are militarytechnologies and that is why we can suggest thatthe further publications on this topic will be closed.But now we have some open data about Podkletov’sexperiments and we can analyze them.

The experimental approach, as we can see, hasbeen changed: in the latest version there is theimpulse generator but there is no rotatingsuperconductivity disc, and there is a high�voltage discharge (high current also), whichbeing created between electrodes and at leastone of the electrodes is in superconductivitystate. It has been detected that the createdwave can not be shielded.

So, assuming that the gravitational wavescreated in Podkletov’s experiments arelongitudinal electromagnetic waves by theirphysical nature, we can draw an analogybetween these experiments and AcademicianIgnatyev’s work (see article in a given issue)on aether flow generation to create thepropulsion force. Theoretical principles oflongitudinal waves were considered also byProf. K. P. Butusov and our company“Faraday Lab Ltd” developed someexperimental projects to get the longitudinalwave from rotating electic circuit. We havesome results as influence of longitudinal waveon radioactivity and we are interested tocontinue research with a customer.

A. V. Frolov


Editor: Many readers are asking us about some simple experiments on time control. We offer to repeat experimentsmade by Academician Veynik and we are looking forward to your articles with experimental data. According todefinitions by Academician Veynik the operating principle of the device is based on an interaction with “chronalmatter”, which is obtained from environment and then it can be concentrated and re-emitted. The device (Fig.1)consists of plates of dimension 350x70x21mm. The plates are installed on the textolite disc (5) of 735 mm diameter.The plates (1) are held up by supports (4). The ring (2) has an external diameter of 70 mm, thickness 7mm andheight 14mm. The suspension of 2.6m length is fixed to the ring (2). 70 plates have been used in this device. Theyhave been installed tangentially as it is shown on Fig. 1.The chronometer (7) is installed in the center of ring (2).The experiments has shown that in the center of device the acceleration of time rate is about 0.2 sec per 24 hours.

This device has some medical-biological effect so it is dangerous experiment. Also it was mentioned by the authorthat the effect has some after-action, i.e. the effect can be detected in the same place after the device was relocatedaway. This effect can be explained from the aether-dynamics point of view. The device create the aether vortex.Density of aether is changed by this way. This vortex can exist long time without device.

Alexander V. Frolov

Experiments onchanging of time

Description of the experiment from book by Albert I. Veynik “Thermodynamics ofreal processes”, Minsk, 1991, page 576.


According to the inventor, it is not a kind of “wind engin” as his motion can beclockwise or anticlockwisw as requested. It is claimed as a self�running wheelwith 18 meters diameter! The wheel comprises 236 small “machineries”, includingspins. “The perpetual movement is the physical transformation due to the reversiblesystem without energy; it requires a close revolution circuit from the rule of theinversed square. The interaction from the specialized links allows the positivemasses to obtain the inverse charge to relate the right place at the right time,which creates the center of gravity”.

Mechanical Perpetual Wheelof 18 meter diameter

by Aldo Costa

http://nseo.com/aldocosta


Faraday Lab Ltd is interested to get contacts with professional designers tostart calculations, computer model and to build similar device.

Please contact by email [email protected] or fax 7�812�3803844


RQF/SQR Institute for Space QuantumResearch

P.O.Box 2213, CH�8645JONA�Rapperswil (Switzerland)

Tel ++41 55 212 52 38 Fax 41 55 212 52 09Email: [email protected]

Technical Report

The New RQM Impulse Converter withdigital energy technology

as a precursor to RQM energy technologyFrom Dr. sc. nat. Hans Weber

The prospective, long�awaited RQM energytechnology is a new, clean, electromagneticnuclear resonance coupling using the knownand powerful oscillation energy of the atomicnuclei, a new energy source which has remainedunknown to physics until now. This technologyis based on a completely automatic, intelligentand adaptable electronic instrumentation andcontrol system, which serves to process clearlydefined energy packets in fractions ofmicroseconds. We have now fulfilled thesedemands and reached this goal. The electronicsystem developed in the RQF laboratory is nowsuccessfully in use. The new method works.

With that, the RQM energy solution moveswithin reach. The completion of thedevelopment of this method still requiresfinancial means in the range of 3�6 million CHFor 2�4 million EURO, in order to reach thisimportant goal at full speed with a greaternumber of scientific and technical employees.

The new RQM impulse converter, whichconverts a normal direct current into analternating current, is distinguished by a precisesine wave, free from harmonic vibration andindependent from the load to be operated. Thisis possible because of the newly developedRQM impulse technology, which dimensionsthe energy packets and transfers them to the

THE NEW RQMIMPULSE CONVERTER

load in such a way that the voltage remains anexact sine shape, even under inductive andcapacitive loads. This is made possible with aninductive temporary storage (so�called RQSp= Raum�Quanten�Speicher=space�quantumstorage), which transmits charge packetsaccording to the voltage required by the load.The RQM impulse technology can also berealized with a capacitive temporary storage,but in that case magnetic charges (voltagepulses) are transmitted, according to therequired power. This kind of technology is notpossible using resistors, since these switchingelements do not store electrical energy (onlyheat). However, wave guides are an exception to this,and they produce outstanding results particularly atvery high frequencies. The RQM impulse technologywith capacitates and wave guides will be laterexplored in greater detail in a theoretical work.

The RQM impulse technology is different fromconventional power electronics particularlybecause no unnecessary energy flows intoundesired channels, due to the precisedimensioning of the necessary energy packets.This is not possible with the conventionaltechnology of chopping direct current andelectric�wave filters, because conventional DC/AC converters, when they are used in solar orphotovoltaic systems, load the networkunnecessarily with harmonic vibrations. Incontrast to that, the RQM impulse converterserves to free the network of harmonicvibrations. The new electronic system waspreviously optimized with regard to the numberof semiconductors and output efficiency. Afterthe optimization, it was determined that thenew product produces almost noelectromagnetic pollution.

This new technology has various uses. As aresult of the hyperbolic output characteristic,it is particularly attractive in electrotractionwith three�phase asynchronous motors, becausein the case of low voltage, the necessary poweris automatically released upon acceleration and


when a certain rotational speed is reached, thenecessary output voltage is automatically set,without requiring an adjustment. Only thepower consumption must be controlled.

A perfect sine curve is generated in photovoltaicsystems with network feed, which stabilizesrather than strains the network.

Fundamentals of the Resonance Couplingfor Direct Conversion of Resonance Energy

into Usable Electricity

The new RQM energy solution uses the thirdoption for nuclear energy. This is the onlyalternative to nuclear fission and to nuclearfusion, which taps the nuclei without alteringthem and without producing radioactiveemissions, so�called resonance energy conversion.

It is known that each nucleus is a dynamicstructure, which can be represented as a tinydrop of liquid, which is rotated around a pointof equilibrium, namely a spherical shape. ForDeuterium, the oscillation appears as a tinydumbbell of hydrogen, whose length (distanceof the proton from the neutron) is fitted to asine shaped oscillation. The frequency of thisoscillation, which is supported by a space�quantum medium, is approximately 1021 Herz.The relationship between the frequency andenergy of an oscillation is now:

E = h/efwhereby the energy is emitted directly inelectron volts with the constant h/e = 4x10�15eV.For visible light, the frequency is approx. 1015Hzand thus the energy is a single eV. For theoscillation in the Deuterium nucleus, an energyof about 4MeV ( 4 million electron volts) resultsfrom equation (1). Deuterium is stored in apiezoelectric crystal and aligned with anelectromagnetic pulse (the patented RQMcore) for short intervals of time. The crystalbegins to oscillate at its natural frequencyaccording to the rhythm of this pulse, wherebythe energy of this oscillation is excited by thenuclear oscillation of the Deuterium. Electricalenergy can be taken directly from the piezo effectand converted into the necessary form.This results in a piezoelectric usable electricpower of P=40 kW/cm3 .

So, a usable power of 40 KW can be consistentlytaken from an active volume of only 1cm3.

The effect of the Deuterium is catalytic, noexpenditure, no wear and tear, no pollution aswith fuel cells. It will be possible to implementthis new development in nanotechnology, suchas with microscopic gates, e.g. the space�quantum energy is tapped in the nanorange.

This new technology offers a way out of thenuclear and fossil fuel dead�end. Although it isonly a tiny effect today � it was no different withthe discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn &Strassman � nuclear resonance coupling has thepotential to replace nuclear fission.

The management of the conglomerate pointsout that the energy solution proposed above isstill viewed very critically, even rejected,because the new mechanisms are still not wellknown (or not known at all). It is necessary tohave courage in making decisions, withoutasking the experts of conventional technology.

Sapphire resonatorsA complete article about Alexander Kushelev's waspublished in "Ogonyok" magazine, #01�02, 1999.

Alexander Kushelev (Moscow, Russia) believes thatif a resonator is manufactured very precisely (i.e. ithas a high quality factor) then it will generateradiation by itself without any energy consumption,just becouse micro vortexes of the ether will resonatein this resonator of extremely high quality and willbe emitted from it as ordinary electromagneticwaves. The author demostrated some experiments.

90New Energy Technologies, Issue #4(19) 2004

Atomic hydrogen recombination

1. The objectives are as follows:� The development of a scientific conceptionpresented by Irvin Longmure more than 80 years ago;� The investigation of hydrogen dissociation andrecombination to get a new high�efficient heat source;2. The customer� The customer is Mr Nicolar Moller, SpectrumInvestments Ltd company (UK).� The Contractor is Faraday Lab Ltd.� According to the agreement, the intellectualproperty (the patent) belongs to both parties inequal parts 50�50;� The equipment was manufactured in Russia andmeasurements were made by Faraday Lab Ltd. inSt.Petersburg, Russia.3. The Project:� A special gas filled tube with a tungsten cathodewas produced.� Recombination of hydrogen atoms produceexcess heat output.� The gas is not consumed during the process.4. Theoretical backgrounds:� The discovery by Academician Alexandrov #13of 1962 (Russia).5. The novelty of this invention� The discovery by Mr Alexandrov is applied herefor the molecular level: collision of oscillatingtungsten atoms with hydrogen molecules lead togreat kinetic energy high enough to providedissociation of the hydrogen molecules.6. The gas�tube

� The basis for this tube is aconventional vacuum diodewith a cathode of 1KWincome power.� Heat output measurementsare based on the watercooling system operation.7. Experiments� Heating of the tungstencathode results in acceleratedmotion of hydrogenmolecules that are the mainheat carriers from thefilament to the tube body andthey provide high�efficiency

News from Faraday Lab Ltd

We are looking for customers to develop further investigations7-812-993-2501, 7-812-380-3844

www.faraday.ru

conversion of electric energy into heat energy.8. Effects� For pulse current of heating the efficiency wasmeasured as 125�225%.� Also it was found out that the glow discharge betweenthe anode and the cathode produce excess heat output.9. Some suggestions on reactionless effect:� The excess heat output is due to the fact that thegas molecules receive excessive kinetic energy.� This principle can be used to produce a newpropulsion unit for spaceships and other vehicles.10. Conclusions� The theoretical maximum efficiency of thismethod is about 83 to 1 (tungsten�hydrogen).11. The prospects of the project� Collaboration with partners who can design andmanufacture gas�filled tubes equipped withtungsten filaments is necessary.� It is possible to study new principles for creationof propulsion force.� The patent application in Russia was filed onFebruary 11, 2004. International patenting isnecessary.

Temporal technologiesPhysical Properties of Time

1. Goals� Aether�dynamics approach to space�timeengineering for development of advancedaerospace propulsion technology.� Investigation of influence of the aether density onradioactivity.� Research on influence of the aether densitychanges for possible medical applications.2. Partners� Alexander V. Frolov of Faraday Lab Ltd, RussiaCustomer as author.� Vadim A. Chernobrov, Russia, author and Contractor.

91New Energy Technologies, Issue #4 (19) 2004

� Intellectual property: 80/20 agreement betweenthe Customer and the Contractor.

Alexander V. Frolov (left) and Vadim A. Chernobrov (right)

� All equipment produced in Russia, measurementswere organized by Faraday Lab Ltd, St.Petersburg.3. The Idea� The rate of any process of existence of matter inspace�time is considered as function of energydensity in space.� The spatial density of energy (aether density) canbe changed and controlled by a specialelectromagnetic and other methods .4. Theoretical backgrounds� Experiments and theory by N.A.Kozyrev, Russia:any entropy changes processes are generating thewave of energy density.� H.E.Puthoff on the vacuum engineering for spaceflight application.� Magnet field as aether flow.� Modeling of magnetic quazi�monopole as a wayto changes of the aether density.

5. Novelty� At the first time some method was proposed tocontrol temporal parameters of any physicalprocesses (including process of existence of anymatter) by means of changing of energy density inspace.6. Device� Magnet quazi�monopole was designed to realize thismethod and it was tested.7. Description of the Device� Experimental unit: Spherical frame and 20 emitters.

� Each emitter create longitudinal waves to thecenter of the device for current pulses in the coils.8. Emitters� Each emitter is 3�layers coil. Current pulseproduce axial wave of energy density due to spatialshift between layers.9. Positive results� About 5% deviations from usual time rate weremeasured. In other words, one 60 min hour in thecenter of the device was measured as 57 min or 63min. Notes: magnet method is considered undercritical objections due to possible magnetization ofany equipment.10. Idea on The Advanced Propulsion� This principle can be used to create a newadvanced propulsion method. It is assumed thataether density gradient is resulting to propulsiveforce like aerodynamical force, which is result ofair pressure gradient.11. Conclusions� Experimenting with magnets to get changes ofthe aether density is not reliable.� Other processes (including electromagneticmethods) can be investigated to create changes ofthe aether density.12. Patenting� Russian patent claim filled April 9, 2003.� Preparation for international patenting isnecessary.� Practical applications are: influence onradioactivity and advanced propulsion method.


Electric Propulsion Technology

1. Goals� Development of T.T.Brown’s ideas.� Experimenting to create advanced aerospacepropulsion technology.2. Author� Alexander V. Frolov of Faraday Lab Ltd,Russia as the Author.� Russian Patent claim filled Febr. 20, 2004.3. The Idea� Electric interaction (attraction of twocharged plates) can be used to get co�directedforces for the both plates.

4. Experiments� Experiments were started in 1998, Russia.Propulsion force was detected anddemonstrated.

5. Confirmation� Experiments in France, Jean L Naudinlaboratory.� Zoltan Losonc, Hungary.

This design is named as “Frolov’s capacitor”

6. Conclusions� The technology can be used for creation ofaerospace propulsion units.� There is no significant air ionization toconsider the force as result of reactive ionsflow.7. Development� Investigation on the best materials for thecapacitors to create effective and low costpropulsion units.� Miniaturization of the capacitors to get filmor plate as battery of such propulsion units.

� Preparation for international patenting.� Production and sales.

Development of these directionsrequire business partnership withinterested companies, which haveown corresponding technologicalfacilities and serious marketingstrategy for such innovativeproducts. Financial partnership issecondary aspect.

Contacts: Alexander V. FrolovFaraday Lab Ltd7-812-380-3844www.faraday.ru


New Energy Technologies CDAll back issues of 2001 – 2004

We would like to suggest you to have a look at the list of articles that were published inour magazine during past years. You may order this CD, containing PDF-files of all

these issues (covers included and are in JPEG format).CD price is $29.00 Subscription for 2005 is $49.00CD price is $29.00 Subscription for 2005 is $49.00CD price is $29.00 Subscription for 2005 is $49.00CD price is $29.00 Subscription for 2005 is $49.00CD price is $29.00 Subscription for 2005 is $49.00

Visit our web site http://www.faraday.ru to pay online (VVisit our web site http://www.faraday.ru to pay online (VVisit our web site http://www.faraday.ru to pay online (VVisit our web site http://www.faraday.ru to pay online (VVisit our web site http://www.faraday.ru to pay online (VISAISAISAISAISA or Master Card). or Master Card). or Master Card). or Master Card). or Master Card).

2001, №1 (1)• An Experimental Investigation of the PhysicalEffects In a Dynamic Magnetic System. V.V. Roschinand S.M. Godin• Torsion Technologies Are XXI Age Technologies.A. Akimov• On New Energy and Political Authority,Alexander V. Frolov• Effect of Many�Cavity Structures by Prof. ValeryF. Zolotariov• Quasi�Superconductive Technology, Prof. DmitryS. Strebkov• Water is the Basis of the Future Energetics. PhillipM. Kanarev• Over�unity Patent of 1877 by Pavel Yablotchkov• The Fundamentals of the New Principles ofMotion, P. Sherbak• Pondemotor Effect. Acad. Gennady F. Ignatyev.• Experimental Gravitonics. S.M.Poliakov, O. S.Poliakov• The Physical System of Artificial Biofield. A.Mishin• Experimenting with Rate of Time. Vadim A.Chernobrov• On Some Properties of Physical Time and Space.Albert I.Veinik• Causal Mechanics. A review by Prof. Nickolay A.Kozyrev• Spin (axion) Field Generator, Alexander Shpilman• Sixth Revolution in Physics, Dr. Atsukovsky2001, №2 (2)• Kozyrev�Dirac Magnet�Monopole. Dr. Ivan M.Shakhparonov.• The Hydro�Magnetic Dynamo by Acad. OlegGritskevitch• Investigation of the Searl's Effect, S. M. Godin andV.V. Roshin• Theoretical Basis of the Searl's Effect, by Dr.Rykov• Hydrogen � helium Energy Dr. Oleg M. Kalinin• A New Concept of Physical World, Dr. Nikolaev.• The Main Principle of Etherodynamics, Dr.Mishin• New Experimental Data from Dr. Mishin on theEther and Antigravity Effects. The Discovery of TheCenter of The Universe.• Capacitance Converter N.E.Zaev.• Longitudinal Waves. Dr. Kirill P. Butusov.• Work, Alexander V. Frolov• Reactionless Propulsion and Active Force, A.V.Frolov• Rythmodynamics of Amplitudeless fields, Y. N.Ivanov• The DNA molecule and 4�D Holography,Alexander V. Frolov• Gravity and Aether, I.Hayrullin.2001, №3 (3)• Time is a Mystery of the Universe, Dr. LavrentyS. Shikhobalov, •Experiments With a Time Machine.

Vadim Chernobrov.• Time is a Physical Substance, Dr. Kirill P. Butusov.• Experimenting With Time, Prof. VelimirAbramovich.• Practical Application of the Time Rate Control(TRC) Theory. Alexander V. Frolov, Russia• Irving Langmuir and the Atomic Hydrogen. Dr.N. Moller, Greece• Hydrogen Energy. Studennikov V.V., KudymovG.I, Russia• On Strange Effects Related to Rotating MagneticSystems. M. Pitkanen, Finland• Experiments with Lifters. Jean�Louis Naudin,France• On the Great Constant 137.036. Dr. AnatolyRykov, Russia• Inertia Propulsion Drives. Boris D. Shukalov,Russia• “Silver Cup” Antigravitational Spacecraft, E.Kovalyov, Latvia• Gravity�inertial Mass. J.A. Asanbaeva, RepublicBashkiria• Propulsion due to the Relativity Effect of theInertia Force. Takuya Ishizaka, Japan• Physical Properties of Axion Fields. Influence ofan Axion Field on the Hardness of the Pearlitic CastIron. Alexander Shpilman,• On the Significance of the Conical Shape of theRotor of Clem’s Generator. Alexander V. Frolov, Russia• On History of the Cold Nuclear Fusion in Russiain 1960s. Review,2002, №1 (4)• On the Possibilities of Vortex Energy. News AboutExperiments by Acad. Gritskevitch O.V. and LisniakS.A., Vladivostok, Russia.• Tesla, "Time Control" and other aspects of Tesla'sresearch, Prof. Velimir Abramovich, Rotterdam.• Future Energy Technologies, Dr. Thomas Valone.• On the Question of Work Performed by anElectrostatic Field,• New Methods of producing propulsion force.Eugene Sorokodum.• The Antigravitational Wing, Ponomarev D.V. andShibeko R.V.• The Radio�telescope in Pulkovo Receives SignalsComing From the Center of the Universe, Dr.Alexandra A. Shpitalnaya and Dr. Alexander M.Mishin, St.Petersburg, Russia.• The Inertialess Motion and Antigravity Are NoMore Secrets, Dr. Anatoly Rykov, Moscow, Russia.• Inductive Conversion of Heat Energy to ElectricalEnergy,Free Energy From Magnets by Nikolay E. Zaev.• Tetra�space Coordinates, Josef Hasslberger.• To the Question of Multipolarity, A.V. Frolov.• Ball Lightning, Ivan Tshinarev, Tver, Russia• The Problem of Electron and Physical Propertiesof Time Prof. Oleinik,• Parametrical Generation of Alternating currentsby N.D.Papaleksi, Alexander V.Frolov.


• Gerlovin's Theory of Activation.2002, №2 (5)• MEG Over�unity Electromagnetic Transformerby T.E.Bearden and Flux�machine, A.V. Frolov• Fuelless Energy, N.E.Zaev.• Symmetrization of Maxwell�Lorentz Equations.Experimental Methods Of Generating LongitudinalWaves in a Vacuum, K. Butusov• Vortex Heat Generators, Eugene Sorokodum.• Experimental Investigations Based on the Modelof Electromagnetic Solitary Waves (solitons), M. V.Smelov• N.Kozyrev's Ideas Today, Dr. Shikhobalov.• Kozyrev on the Possibility of Decreasing the Massand Weight of a Body Under the Influence of ActiveProperties of Time.• Longitudinal Thermomangetic Effect, Dr.Alexander M. Mishin.• An Introduction to Gravity, L. Price and M.Gibson.• A Physical Model of Experiments Carried Out byE. Podkletnov, V. Roshin and S.Godin, A. Rykov• Scalar Wars, T.E.Bearden• The Problem of Electron and SuperluminalSignals• Gravitational Electrolysis2002, №3 (6)• Large�Scale Sakharov Condition, D. Noever andC.Bremner• Matter As a Resonance Longitudinal WaveProcess, A.V. Frolov• The Time Machine Project by Alexander V. Frolov• Kozyrev�Dirak Radiation, Ivan M. Shakhparonov• Electrical�Vortex Non�Solenoidal Fields, S.Alemanov• Physical Mechanism of Low�Energy NuclearReactions, V.Oleinik, Yu. Arepjev• The Evolution of the Lifter Technology, T. Ventura• On the Influence of Time on Matter, A. Belyaeva• Ageing�Preventive Bio�Heater, A. Belyaeva• Fundamental Properties of the Aether, A. Mishin• The Influence of the Magnetic Blow�Wave FieldI. Shakhparanov.• Nikola Tesla and Instantaneous ElectricCommunication, V. Korobeynikov• A Unified Theory of Gravity, I. Kuldoshin• New Sources of Energy from the Point of View ofthe Unitary Quantum Theory, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A.Ryabov, V.V. Graboshnikov• Antigravity Force and the Antigravity of Matter.A. K. Gaponov• A Capacitor, Which Possesses Energy of anAtomic Bomb (Review of Gaponov’s research)2002, №4 (7)• Gravitonics, S. M. Poliakov, Oleg S. Poliakov• Experimental Research on a Gravity Propulsion.• The Beamship Technology, Russell Anderson• Commercial Antigravity, Tim Ventura• Action Without Reaction. Yuri N. Ivanov• New Possibilities of Vortex Devices, S.A. Lisnyak• An Investigation of Electric Energy TransmissionProcesses in non�Metallic Conducting Channels, D.S.Strebkov, A.I. Nekrasov, S.V. Avraamenko• Microcosm–Universe�Life, A.G. Shlienov, E.L.Petrov• Hypothesis of a Theory of Everything, Jack P.Gibson• The Charge and Mass of a Photon, D. Kh. Baziev• The Homopolar Motor: A True RelativisticEngine, Jorge Guala�Valverde, P. Mazzoni, R. Achilles• Weight Reductions Caused by Bucking�FieldPermanent Magnets, William C. Simpson• Nuclear Waste Decontamination Technologies, M.Porringa• Experimental Investigations of the Change in theRadioactive Isotope Half�Value Period in the LocalVolume of Cause�Effect Relations, Igor A. Melnik

• Tilley Electric Vehicle• The Problem of Time: Force as the Cause ofChange in the Course of Time, Valentin P. Oleinik• Time, A. Michrowski• Time as a Phenomenon of the ExpandingUniverse, Shulman• Experiments on Thermo�Gravitation. Review2002, №5 (8)• Frolov’s Asymmetrical Capacitors• The Electrokinetic Apparatus by T.T.Brown• Nikola Tesla’s Later Energy Generator Designs,Oliver Nichelson• High�Efficiency Electrolysis, Alexander V. Frolov• New Results of Development and Testing of aSingle�Wire Electric Power System, Prof. Dmitry S.Strebkov, Eng. Stanislav V. Avramenko, Dr. Aleksey I.Nekrasov, Eng. Oleg A. Roschin• Shauberger’s Engine? by Eugene Arsentyev• The De Aquino ELF Gravitational Shield, T.Ventura• Ferrites and Generation Of Free Energy by Meansof Ferromagnetics, Nikolay E. Zaev• Key Concepts for the Conversion and Control ofGravitational Energy, Glenn M. Roberts• Analysis of the Additional Energy FormationProcesses in Vortices and Vortex Heat Generators, Dr.Alexey M. Savchenko• Kuldoshin’s Transformer, Review• Disappearance of Inertia Force MechanicalResonances and Free Energy Work, Arkady P. Kuligin• The F�Machine, Vyacheslav I. Boryak• The LUTEC Magnet Motor�Generator• How to Build Electrical Solid�State Over�UnityDevices, William Alek• The "Time" Seminar in Moscow State University• A Vortex DC Motor• Valerian Sobolev’s Discovery. Review• Review on the Tilley Electric Car, E. Mallove 2002, №6 (9)• Some Experimental News, A.V. Frolov• On the Possibility of Controlling the Course ofTime, V.P. Oleinik, Yu.C. Borimsky, Yu.D. Arepjev• Spontaneous Polarization of some Glasses andDirect Current as an Inexhaustible Energy Source, L.G.Sapogin, Yu.A. Ryabov• New Fuelless Space Power Engineering, V.D.Dudyshev• Electrodynamic Explanation of Ball Lightning,S.B. Alemanov• The Nature of Torsion Fields, V.V. Uvarov• Matter, Space and Time in Aether Field Concept,A.M. Mishin• Reidar Finsrud’s Perpetual Mobile in Norway,John Pasley• Physical Quantum Vacuum is a Source ofElectromagnetic Energy, P.M. Shalyapin• Instantaneous Electrical Communication, V.I.Korobeynikov• Investigation of a Single�Wire Electric PowerSystem, D.S. Strebkov, S.V. Avramenko, A.I. Nekrasov,O. A. Roschin• Fuelless Monothermic Engine (Invention by Y.Volodko)• On Viktor S. Grebennikov’s Discoveries. Review• Experimental Study of Properties of Time. Review• Bedini Generator, David Mason• Article Update for An Introduction to Gravity,Lew P. Price• The CIP Engine Principle, Robert L. Cook• The Machine of J. Newman, Michael Williamson.• What is the RQM Technology? Review• Experimental Data on Time Control by Acad. A.I.Veinik• The Space Power Generator by P. Tewari. Review2003, №1 (10)• Testatika. A Review of a Well�KnownElectrostatic System.• Plasma Electrolysis. Ph.M. Kanarev.


• What A Cold Fusion Is? E. Storms• Technical Introduction to LENR�CANR (LowEnergy Nuclear Reactions). E. Storms• It all Started in 1989… (History of Cold FusionDevelopment). P. Hagelstein• A Science Tutorial (Cold fusion). T. Chubb• LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions)• On Electrogravitation. A.V. Lemeshko• Avalanche�drive Propulsion Device. M.L. Filho• Unusual Permanent Magnet Motors. T. Valone• Hydrogen Energetics. A. Pashova• On the Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves.A.V. Frolov• Space and Terrestrial Transportation. T.C. Loder• Commercialising the “Searl Effect”.• Interesting Publications of the Last Year.• “Lifter” Project• New Electric Fire Technology. V.D. Dudyshev• New Effect of “Cold” Evaporation. V.D. Dudyshev• Conceptual Hurdles to New Millennium Physics.D. Reed• Resonant Phenomena in ACurrent Circuit.2003, №2 (11)• Minato Wheel. E. Vogels (Sweden)• Mechanism of Drive�Free motion. S.A. Gerasimov• Production of Ball Lightning.• Electric Discharge. G.D. Shabanov, O.M.Zherebtsov• Free Energy. A.V. Frolov• Some General Properties of Matter and EnergySources. E.D. Sorokodum• Commercial Exploration of Space. Review.• Hydrogen Energetics. Ph.M. Kanarev.• Heater Producing Healthy Effect. A.L. Belyaeva• Inertial Propulsion Device. V.E. Senkevich • Unlimited Accelerated Nonreactive Motion. Review.• Revolutionary Current. S.K. Baliyan (India)• Tilley Electric Vehicle. Review.• Application of Motor�Generators. A. Akau• Electric Vehicle in Russia. Review by A. Pashova• The Richard Clem Motor and the Conical Pump.R. Koontz.• Spontaneous Flow Heat Pump. J.�L. Brochet• Registration of Gravitational Waves. V.N. Petrov• High�Energy Hyper�Low�Frequency ElectricField. Yu.V. Ivanko.• To the Question of Work Performed by theElectrostatic Field. A.V. Frolov (Russia)2003, №3 (12)• Designing of a Time Machines. Vadim A.Chernobrov (Russia)• Control of Temporal Parameters of PhysicalProcesses. A. Frolov.• Etherodynamics as a New Field of Physics.V.Atsukovsky.• Electromagnetic Gravitational Interaction, V. Ya.Kosyev• Medium For Existing of Matter in Nature. AnatolyV. Rykov.• Adams Motor. Sergey S. Abramov (Russia).• Field Transformation in the Model of ExtendedSpace. Dmitry Yu. Tsipenyuk (Russia).• Joe Flynn’s Parallel Path Magnetic Technology.Tim Harwood.• Flux�machine and Its Analogues. Review• Russian Patents on Alternative Energetics.• Gravitational Spaceships. Gregory R. Uspensky• On Velocity Of Drive�Free Motion. S.A.Gerasimov• Electromagnetic Self�Action. S.A. Gerasimov, A.V.Volos• Uranium Photoaccumulator. Anton I. Yegorov• Teleportation. Alla V. Pashova (Russia)• “Mass Defect” in Home Conditions. P. V. Sherbak.• Aether as Unified Field. Alexander M. Mishin• Global Energy. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)• Fusion Processes Of Molecules Of Oxygen,

Hydrogen And Water. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)• Plasma Energy Power Generation. Bruce A.Perreault.• The Marcus Device Controversy. Tim Ventura• Systems of conversion of thermal energy tomechanical one. Review2003, №4 (13)• Single�Wire And Wireless Electric PowerTransmission. N.V. Kosinov and others (Ukraine)• The possibility of almost complete transformationof thermal energy into mechanical one. S.N.Doonaevsky (Russia)• Inventor Club. Review. Vector Propulsion Engine(Electromagnetic Version). A. S. Tukanov (Russia)• Inertial Dynamic Generator. S.N. Schmidt• Latent Potential Energy of Electrical Field. V.D.Dudyshev• Energy from Air. M.P. Beshok• A Parade of Gravitational Aircrafts. V.A.Chernobrov• Energy from vacuum. Review• Meeting of Nobel Prize Laureates in SaintPetersburg• Perpetual Motor With Magnetic Elements.• Who Needs A Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion?• Fuel cells. Edwin Cartlidge (USA)• Free Energy. Thomas F. Valone (USA)• Secrets of Nicola Tesla’s Experiments.• Alternative Cold. Review• High�Efficiency Technology of Magnetic Cooling.E.N. Tishina (Russia)• Interference Disc Electric Generator. Alan L.Francoeur (an announcement of the future article)• Howard Johnson and his Motor. Review• Bogomolov's Centrifugal Generator.• Magnetic Motor. A.V. Vydrin (Russia)• “Omega” Anomalous Hydrogen Reactor• Gravitational Shielding. Harald Chmela (Austria)• The Concept of Magnetic Gas2003, №5�6 (14�15)• Novozhilov's Motor, Y. Novozhilov, Russia• Self�Action in the case of Magnetic Rotation, S.Gerasimov and others, Russia• Capillary Motor, I. Elshansky, Russia• Gravity�Heat Energy System, V. Sukhanov,• Modern Perpetual Mobile, Review• Free Energy and Antigravitation, (Spin WaveLasers), Ines Espinosa, USA• Mechanical Analogies, Y. Ivanko, Ukraina• Cell of Fine�Plasma Electrolyse, Ph. Kanarev,• Smith’s Generator, Review.• Strategy of Over�unity Devices Marketing, R.Wood, USA• Hutchison Effect, Mark Solis, USA• Heat Energy Conversion by Means of Non�LinearDielectric, A Ries and others, Brasil• Gates’ Motor, A. Akau, USA• "Cold Electricity", A.Akau, USA• Gravity Conversion Rotary Device• Torsion Technologies, China• Antigravitation, B.Smith, USA• Electric Levitation, MacLeod, Canada• Perpetual Mobile, V. Likhatchev, Russia• Interference Generator, A.Francouer, Canada• A New Paradigm of Time, D. Reed, USA• On the Rotating Permanent Magnet System,• Patents on Inertial Propulsion Systems• Bogomolov's Experiment With Spring Drive• History of Perpetual Mobile• Perendev’s Company, Review• Matveev's Electrical Generator, Russia• Perpetuum Motor With Magnets, France• Hydrogen Power Engineering, Review• News on Hydrogen Fuel Cells• Electric Discharge as Part of the Over�UnityDevice.2004, №1 (16)


• Torsion Technologies Are Technologies of TheXXIst Century, A.E.Akimov, Russia• The Antigravitational Platform, Review• Potapov’s Vortex Heat Generator, Yu.S.Potapov• Fuelless Air Combustion, Alexander V.Frolov• A Free Energy Generator, Zoltan Losonc• Society for Development of Free EnergyTechnologies (GFE, Germany)• The “Confined B�field” Homopolar Dynamotor,J. Guala�Valverde, and Pedro Mazzoni, Argentina• A Hydroelectric Heat Generator, F.M.Kanarev• Conversion of Environmental Energy,B.M.Kondrashov, Russia• The World of Free Energy, Peter Lindemann, USA• The LUTEC Free Energy Generator, Australia• Pulsed Direct Current for Light Circuits, GaryMagratten, USA• Patent Applications on Thermo�Gravitation• An Electrogravitational Engine• “BREEZE 5000” Wind Energy Installation,T.A.Pungas, Russia• Silicon�Based Power Engineering• A Method of Extraction (Restitution) of Energy,V.F.Markelov, Russia• Asymmetric Capacitors, Alexander V.Frolov• Force on An Asymmetric Capacitor, Chris Fazi• The Working Principle of Frolov’s T�Capacitor,Zoltan Losonc, Hungary• A Precession Free Energy Generator,V.I.Bogomolov.• On The Way To A New Astronautics, A.V.Perfiliev• An Energy Converter, Review• What Ever Happened To Black Light Power?Patrick Bailey, USA2004, №2 (17)• The Techno Maestro’s Amazing Machine KoheyMinato.• A Thermomagnetic Engine, Yu. Novozilov, Russia• A System of Effective Energy Conversion, Yu.Novozilov, • News from Prof. Kanarev, Russia• U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look,Kenneth Chang,• Life After The Oil Crash, M. Savinar, USA• Movement From Nothing, P.Ball, USA• Vortex Heat Generators, Review by N.Ovtcharenko• A Thermogenerator And A Liquid�HeatingDevice, R. Mustafaev• Energy Generator, G.N.Ryabusov, Russia• Ethanol For The Hydrogen Economy, S. Clifford,• To The Stars, W. Scott, USA• Many Faces of the Electron, A.Akau, USA• Vortex Heat Generators by Yu. S. Potapov• Tesla & Schauberger Technologies, F. Germano,• The Nature Of The Electron, L.Price, USA• The Gravity Convertion Device• A Device For Converting Potential Energy,A.I.Doronkin,• A Manual for Designing Ether�based Engines,G.Ivanov, • How To Calculate the Efficiency,V.I.Korobeinikov, Russia• Commercializing The “Searl Effect”, Review• Wallace Minto’s Weeel• Original Ideas of William R. Lyne,• The Magnetic Field Rotator, А.Sidorovitch• Newman's Motor• Road To Hydrogen, Press Release• The Waterjet Turbine, Edward Neurohr, Germany• The Homopolar Transfer of the Mass Charge, V.Dudishev, • Electron�Positron• Is A Revolution In The Fundamental SciencesPossible? V.Andrus, Ukraine• In Memory Of Eugene Mallove• Esoterica As A Catalyst For A New Era In Physics,D.Reed.

2004 #3(18)• Commercialization of alternative energetics,• Potapov’s molecular engine and water vortex heatgenerator.• New Products: Autonomous electrostation withmolecular engine.• Magneto�hydrodynamic motor, S. Gerasimov,• Inertial drive, E. Linevitch, A. Ezov, Russia.• The Earth as electromotor�generator, V. Dudishev,• High efficient method to obtain hydrogen andoxygen from water, V. Ermakov, Russia.• Inertial generator, V. Gilchuk, Russia.• Chemo�electrical gravito�electrolysis by V.Studennikov’s way, A. Makarov, Russia.• Sun water pump, Yu. Novozilov, Russia.• Semiconductor electromagnetic energytransformator, A. Zerniy, Ukraina.• Prof. Alfred Evert’s research, Germany.• Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion fromphysics, M.Millis, USA.• Phenomenon of direct transformation of magnetfield energy, V. Dudishev, Russia.• Electrostatic generator, USA patent 4,897,592• Vortex drive, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia.• Magratten’s magnet pulsed DC motor�generator.• Over unity propulsion of zero potential casingasymmetric capacitor system, Nassikas A.A.• On the nature of electrical force interactions,Alexander V. Frolov, Russia.• New products: Water vortex heaters, prices andtechnical data.• Antigravity Secret, Tim Ventura, USA.2004 #4 (19)• Alternative energy. Yu.S.Potapov• Fuel less motor by Kondrashov• New about Tilley car• Bessler machine• Water instead of oil. N.V. Kosinov• Nature of time. L. Price.• Magnet motor. A.E.Rumin• Transformation of magnet energy. V.D.Dudishev• Celvin drop machine. Yu.N.Novizilov• Vortex technologies. A.Akay• Time control by means of scalar waves. G.Roberts.• Electromagnetic engine by Ignatyev• Electromagnetic drive. R.Cornwall• Magnet motor. A.A.Kalinin• Global energy sources. Ph.M.Kanarev• High efficiency electrolysis by Stanley Meier• Water vortex heat generator (product for sale)• Autonomous power plant (product for sale)• Magnet motor TS2000• Ball lightning. N.G. Shabanova andG.D.Shabanov• Antigravity research• Time control experimenal device• Perpetuum mobile of 18 m diameter• RQM technology

new energy technologies issue 18

Documents