Chapter 6

New France and France vs Britain

France: no colonization before the 1600’sLots of internal problems (religious civil war) until 1600

1608 Samuel de Champlain founded QuebecFirst settlement in New France

1682 Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi—Louisiana1718 New Orleans founded

2 parts, Canada and LouisianaCanada: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg (all of modern-

day Canada plus the Great Lakes region of the US)Louisiana: New Orleans (all of modern-day central and a

lot of the western US)

New France 1608-1763

Canada: trade with Indians (Beaver)Louisiana: trade with Indians and grow wheat for

the French CaribbeanFriendly relations with Native Americans

Jesuits—tried to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism (didn’t force them to)

Indians incorporated into French society (somewhat) generally not as exploited as in Spanish possessions

Sparsely populated: only 60,000 French settlers in mid 1700’s

Autocratic: no representative government, no trial by jury, no religious toleration

Life in New France

4 colonial wars fought during this timeAll pitted France (and Indian allies [Huron])

and sometimes the Spanish vs the British (and Indian allies [Iroquois])King William’s War 1689-1697Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713King George’s War 1744-1748French and Indian War 1754-1763

France vs. Britain 1689-1763

Colonists and Indians vs colonists and IndiansVery little/no involvement from EuropeSideshow of larger European conflicts

British gained possession of the Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland from the FrenchTreaty of Utrecht 1713

King William’s and Queen Anne’s Wars

First conflict to have significant European involvement in North America (money, soldiers)

Colonists captured the French fortress-city of Louisbourg, but it was returned to France following the peace treaty (exchanged for British losses in India)

Effects on the colonists???Effects on sense of American identity???

King George’s War 1744-1748

First time a war started in North America and spread to Europe

Involved large amounts of European resources (money, soldiers)

Fought over control of the Ohio River Valley (modern pay western PA, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan)

Began when George Washington encountered French soldiers near Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh)

British and Iroquois vs French (and Spanish) and Huron

French and Indian War 1754-1763

Albany Conference and the Albany Plan: 17547 of the 13 colonies met in Albany to convince the

Iroquois to join the warAgreed to one commander of colonial forces (British

General)Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan (Albany Plan) to

unite the colonies together under British rule (early version of the United States but still British)—never adopted

First step of the colonies working togetherBraddock’s Defeat: 1755

Damaged the reputation of the British military in the colonies

Gave rise to the belief that colonies could survive/win without the Britsh

Significant Aspects of French and Indian War

Franklin’s Political Cartoon: 1754

Went badly for the British/Americans at firstBraddock’s Defeat 1755French/Indian attacks on the frontier settlements

1755-1757British/Americans defeated in upstate New York

1757 New British Prime Minister (William Pitt) new strategyPay the Americans to fight (cheaper than sending

all the soldiers over from Britain)Don’t attack the French everywhere, just attack

them in CanadaBritish successful war ends in 1763:

British/Americans Win

The French and Indian War

Ended the warEffects:

French gave all of Canada and Eastern half of Louisiana to the British

Spanish gave Florida to the BritishTo repay the Spanish for the loss of Florida the

French gave the western half of Louisiana to the Spanish

No more French in North America

Peace of Paris: 1763

Wars cost money, Britain had a large amount of debtHow do governments pay off their debts?

Indians no longer could play the French and British against each other—didn’t like this situationPontiac’s Rebellion 1763Indian rebellion defeated by British butBritish stationed soldiers to protect against

further Indian attacks—cost moneyBritish prohibited European settlement west of

the Appalachian mountains—Proclamation of 1763

Significance of French and Indian War: Aftermath