A study on History of Medicine

The Islamic Golden Age, Islamic Physicians 8th to the

15th Centuries

A Presentation

ByAllah Dad Khan Expert In Agriculture, MA Plants

The Islamic Physicians and Their Discoveries

• Many Islamic physicians made outstanding discoveries in all aspects of medicine during the Islamic Golden Age, building upon the knowledge of Galen and the Greek and adding their own discoveries. The most notable Islamic scholar in the history of medicine was al-Razi.

Central Of Medicines

1) Central to Islamic medicine was belief in the Qur'an and Hadiths, which stated that Muslims had a duty to care for the sick and this was often referred to as

2) "Medicine of the Prophet." According to the sayings of the Prophet Muhammed SAW , he believed that Allah had sent a cure for every ailment and that it was the duty of Muslims to take care of the body and spirit.

3) This certainly falls under the remit of improving the quality of healthcare and ensuring that there is access for all, with many of the Hadith laying down guidelines for a holistic approach to health.

Hadith

Prophet Muhammad SAW himself urged people to "take medicines for your diseases", as people at that time were reluctant to do so. He also said,

"God created no illness, except that He has established for it a cure, except for old age. When the antidote is applied, the patient will recover with the permission of God."

700-800 Jurjis ibn Bakhtishu Jibril Yuhanna ibn Masawayh

• Name - Arabic: Jurjis ibn Bakhtishu Jibril Yuhanna ibn MasawayhName - latin:Span of Life (A.D.): 700 - 800Speciality and Contribution: Translation from Greek and Syriac into ArabicSpecial Books:Translation of works of Hippocrates, Galen and AristotleCity - Country: Baghdad

Died 704 Khalid Ibn Yazeed - Alchemy

• In alchemy, Kalid refers to a historical figure, Khalid ibn Yazid (died 704). He was an Umayyadprince, a brother of Muawiyah II who was briefly caliph.

• Umayyad Caliphate: all the way from Spain to Persia. Prince Khalid lost the chance of inheriting the title, but took an interest in the study of alchemy, in Egypt.

• He was also a book collector, he facilitated translations into Arabic of the existing literature. It is to this Khalid that later allusions to Calid rex (King Calid) refer.

• This is an important note, because of his collecting and translations he has the reputation of summarizing all Greek knowledge at the time.. which is a big step in the road to the Arabic and Persian alchemists we looked at. Again, it’s almost certainly not true, or at least up for serious scrutiny. But that’s the story.

722 – 803 Jabir Ibn Haiyan

• Jabir Ibn Haiyan, the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, sometimes called al-Harrani and al-Sufi, was the son of the druggist (Attar). The precise date of his birth is the subject of some discussion, but it is established that he practised medicine and alchemy in Kufa around 776 C.E. He is reported to have studied under Imam Ja'far Sadiq and the Ummayed prince Khalid Ibn Yazid. In his early days, he practised medicine and was under the patronage of the Barmaki Vizir during the Abbssid Caliphate of Haroon al-Rashid. He shared some of the effects of the downfall of the Barmakis and was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he died in 803 C.E.

740-828 Al-Asmai

• Al-Aṣmaʿī, in full Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb al-Aṣmaʿī (born c. 740, Basra,Iraq—died 828, Basra), noted scholar and anthologist, one of the three leading members of the Basra school of Arabic philology.

• Al-Aṣmaʿī possessed an outstanding knowledge of the classical Arabic language. On the basis of the principles that he laid down, most of the existing divans, or collections of the pre-Islamic Arab poets, were prepared by his disciples. He also wrote an anthology, Al-Aṣmaʿīyāt, displaying a marked preference for elegiac and devotional poetry. His method and his critical concern for authentic tradition are considered remarkable for his time. Some 60 works are attributed to al-Aṣmaʿī, mainly on the animals, plants, customs, and grammatical forms in some way related to pre-Islamic Arabic poetry; of these, many are extant, generally in recensions made by his students.

777-857 Yuhanna Ibn Masawyh

• Yuhanna Ibn Masawyh (777 - 857) was regarded as amongst the great translators of work from Greek into Arabic, but he also acted as a physician to the Caliphs and served at a hospital. He is believed to have written the works 'Disorders of the Eye' and 'Knowledge of the Oculist Examinations' as well as Kita al Mushajjar al-Kabir, a short work including descriptions, diagnosis, symptoms and treatments of diseases.

800-873 Al Kindi

• Yaqub Ibni Ishaq Al-Kindi (800– 873) another of the great Islamic polymaths, further contributed to the history of medicine. This scholar was heavily influenced by the work of Galen, and also made unique contributions of his own to the field. In his Aqrabadhin (Medical Formulary), he described many preparations drawn from plant, animal and mineral sources.

• To the drugs known to physicians such as Hippocrates and Galen, he added knowledge drawn from India, Persia and Egypt. Like many Islamic works, the books contained information based upon medicinal herbs, aromatic compounds, such as musk, and inorganic medicines. It could, quite legitimately, be argued that the Islamic contribution to the history of medicine saw the first divide between medicine and pharmacology as separate sciences.

• He was a prolific writer, the total• number of books written by him was 241, • the prominent among which were divided• as follows: Astronomy 16 Arithmetic • 11 Geometry 32, Medicine 22 Physics • 12 Philosophy 22 Logic 9 Psychology 5, • and Music 7 In addition, variou

808-873 Hunain Ibn Is’haq

• HUNAYN IBN ISHāQ AL-‘IBāDī, ABū ZAYD• known in the Latin west as Johannitus (b. near Hīra, Iraq, 808;d. Baghdad,

Iraq, 873)

• Huanyn, a physician, philosopher, and theologian, was the most famous ninth-century translator of works from Greek antiquity into Arabic and Syrinac. Hisnisba al-SIbādī, is from an Arab tribe, al-SIbād, the members of which became Christian long before the rise of Islam and continued to belong to the Syrian Nestorian church. His father, Ishāq, was a phramatic (saydalāanī)at Hīra. While still young, Hunayn learned Arabic and Syriac, perfecting his knowledge of the former at Basra. Ibn Juljul incorrectly reports that in Basra, Hunayn met Khalil ibn Ahmed, founder of Arabic grammar; M.Plessner has shown, on chronological grounds, that this would have been ie.mpossibl

810-855 - Al-Tabari

• Al Tabari, (810 - 855) wrote a book known as 'The Paradise of Wisdom,' in 850, which was based largely upon the earlier works of Galen and Hippocrates, but it also included an appendix with translations from Indian sources. Like many physicians of the time, his work involved providing better and more detailed encyclopedias, containing the medical knowledge available at that time. Sadly, it is believed that most of his works are lost and are only referred to as quoted in later texts.

• Al Tabari's work was made up of nine discourses, each divided into many chapters. These were:

• General pathology, symptoms of internal disorders and general therapeutic principles• Diseases and conditions affecting the head• Diseases of the eyes, nose, face and mouth• Nervous diseases• Diseases of the chest and throat• Diseases of the stomach• Diseases of the liver• Diseases of the heart and lungs• Diseases of the intestines, urinary tract and genitals

838-870 AL TABARI

• Like his peers, Al Tabari authored a famous encyclopedia of medicine called "Firdous al-Hikmat" or "Paradise of Wisdom." Unlike the previous two men, however, Al Tabari's encyclopedia remained relatively unknown in the West until recently because it wasn't translated until the 21st century. This encyclopedia consists of seven volumes and includes every known cure for every known disease at the time it was written. It was the first compendium of medical knowledge to include different branches of science, including psychology, with Al Tabari observing that simply talking to people about their troubles often helped them feel better.

864 -930 BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL RAZI • Al Razi, whose full name is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Al-Razi, is also known by Rhazes especially

to the western world. He is Persian, born in the year 841, in a small town in Iran called Rayy. He lived to the age of 60 years old and died in 925 AD. known to the Europeans as Rhazes (may be spelt Rhases, Rasis, Rasi or ar-Razi) (865-923), was at the forefront of Islamic research into medicine. A prolific writer, he produced over 200 books about medicine and philosophy, including an unfinished book of medicine that gathered most of the medical knowledge known to the Islamic world in one place. This book was translated into Latin and it became one of the backbones of the western history of medicine.

• Al Razi wrote extensively about human physiology and understood how the brain and nervous system operated muscles, and only the Islamic distaste for dissection prevented him from refining his studies in this area.

• Al Razi one of the greatest thinkers, doctors and writers of all time.

868-929 Abu Abdullah Ibn Jabir Al-Battani

• Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 C.E. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a State of Harran. Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra, where he worked till the end of his life in 929 C.E. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim

870-950 Abu Nasr Al-Farabi• lso known as Alfarabius, the first-known philosopher in the Islamic world

to uphold the primacy of philosophical truth over revelation, claiming that, contrary to the beliefs of various other religions, philosophical truths are the same throughout the world. He was born in Farab, Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), of Turkish parentage. He studied first inKhorasan (in Iran) and then in Baghdad, where his teachers were Syriac Christians well acquainted with Greek philosophy. He eventually came to the court of Sayf al-Dawla, the ruler of Aleppo inSyria. Al-Farabi was one of the earliest Islamic thinkers to transmit to the Arab world the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle (which he considered essentially identical), thereby greatly influencing such later Islamic philosophers as

Died 957 Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu’di

• Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di was a descendant of Abdallah Ibn Masu'd, a companion of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). An expert geographer, a physicist and historian, Masu'di was born in the last decade of the 9th century C.E., his exact date of birth being unknown. He was a Mutazilite Arab, who explored distant lands and died at Cairo, in 957 C.E.

Died 1070 Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī,

• Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī, (d.1070),[1] ( جوزجانی عبيد was a Persian (ابو physician and chronicler from what is now Jowzjan Province in Afghanistan.

• He was the famous pupil of Avicenna, whom he first met in Gorgan.[2] He spent many years with his master in Isfahan, becoming his lifetime companion.

936-1013 Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi

• Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis - father of surgery) was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighbourhood of Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribution, he died in 1013 C.E.

940-997 Abul Wafa Muhammad Al-Buzjani

• Abul Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail al-Buzjani was born in Buzjan, Nishapur in 940 C.E. He flourished as a great mathematician and astronomer at Baghdad and died in 997/998 C.E. He learnt mathematics in Baghdad. In 959 C.E. he migrated to Iraq and lived there till his death

965-1040 Abu Hasan ibn Al-Haitham

• Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding. Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965 C.E. in Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad. Thereafter, he went to Egypt, where he was asked to find ways of controlling the flood of the Nile

972-1058 Abu Al-Hassan Al-Mawardi

• Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi was born at Basrah in 972 C.E. He was educated at first in Basrah where, after completion of his basic education, he learned Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from the jurist Abu al-Wahid al-Simari. He then went to Baghdad for advanced studies under Sheikh Abd al-Hamid and Abdallah al-Baqi. His proficiency in jurisprudence Ethics, Political science and literature proved useful in securing a respectable career for him.

Abu-Al-Jarrah-Al-Zahrawi(936----1013)

• Al-Zahrawi lived during most powerful period of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba. He was born in 936 and died in 1013, and served the Umayyad Caliph al-Hakam II and the military ruler, al-Mansur. Throughout his life, al-Zahrawi was a court physician, having been patronized by the rulers of al-Andalus and recognized for his medical genius. He served in such a capacity as a doctor for over 50 years. "Every branch of science was seriously studied there, and medicine received more and greater additions by the discoveries of the doctors and surgeons of Andalusia than it had gained during all the centuries that had elapsed since the days of Galen."

Died 957 Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu’di

• Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di was a descendant of Abdallah Ibn Masu'd, a companion of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). An expert geographer, a physicist and historian, Masu'di was born in the last decade of the 9th century C.E., his exact date of birth being unknown. He was a Mutazilite Arab, who explored distant lands and died at Cairo, in 957 C.E.

965-1020 Abu Ali al-Hasan

• known as Alhazen in the west is recognized as the greatest authority on optics the world has ever produced. He was born at Basra and later joined the service of a Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, where he was assigned to discover the method of regulating the inundation of the river Nile. He could not achieve this objective, hence he had to remain underground till the death of the Caliph. He has made valuable contributions to the development of physics and medicine, but his outstanding achievement is in the realm of optics.

Died 1010 Ali Ibn Isa al-Kahhal

• The first physician who flourished in the early of the first half of eleventh century in Baghdad was Ali Ibn Isa al-Kahhal (d. 1010). He was a famous Arabic oculist who flourished at the time when ophthalmology was specially favorite subject in Muslim world. As evidence from available contemporary documents and compilations on ophthalmology, his Tadhkirah al-Kahhalin is one of the important treatises in the field of ophthalmology. In this manual, the author discussed in detail 132 eye diseases and 143 drugs described as well as the anatomy and physiology of the eye.

980-1037 Ibn Sina

• Abu Ali Husain Ibn Sena was born in Afshana near Bokhara in central Asia Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (c. 980 -1037), often referred to as Ibn Sina or Avicenna (Latinized name) was a Persian polymath (one with numerous skills and professions) who was a prolific writer. Of 450 books and articles written by him, 240 still exist today, of which 40 focus on medicine. Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan).

• The Islamic scholar Ibn Sina, Avicenna, was a true polymath who excelled in many academic fields, including philosophy, theology, Islamic medicine and natural sciences. From a young age, he gained renown as a physician and teacher, writing many detailed treatises about medicine

• One of Ibn Sina’s most famous writings was the book ‘The Canon of Medicine’ or Qanun fi al Tibb. The Canon is a medical Encyclopedia of more than a million words. The Canon summarizes the existing medical knowledge and adds new discoveries too. It is divided into many sections and topics and discusses general medicine, it talks about hundreds of drugs and medicinal plants, it talks about the different organs of the body in detail, diseases and the spread of them.

• Ibn-Sina believed that many diagnoses could be made by simply checking the pulse and the urine, and a large part of the Canon is given over to making diagnoses from the color, turbidity, and odor of urine. Of course, this also needed to be set alongside the Islamic holistic approach of looking at diet and background.

Died 994 Ali Ibn Al-Abbas-al-Majusi

• known in the west as Holy Abbas, who died in 994 A. D., was the author of a celebrated work Kitab-al-Maliki known as Liber Regius in Latin, an excellent and compact encyclopedia dealing with both the theory and practice of medical science. It is less voluminous than Al-Razi's Hawi and it remained a standard book until it was superseded by the Canon the masterpiece of the great Avicenna. Perhaps Majusi was the first physician to write about the capillary system and to describe accurately the way in which a child is born.

1013-1106 Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi

• He was born at the newly developed metropolis of Islamic Spain, Madinat az-Zahra, located 8 km from Cordoba. He was a practicing physician, a surgeon, and a pharmacist. Caliph Abdur Rahman III (912-961) appointed him court physician.

Died 1030 Ahmad Ibn Miskawayh

• The second important and highly reputed Muslim physician-philosopher was Ahmad Ibn Miskawayh (d.1030). As a great scholar, he wrote on a wide range of topics, as did so many of his contemporaries. One of these is Tahdhib al-Akhlaq in which he for the first time wrote in a systematic manner on the spiritual aspect of health. In this book, he devoted a lot of time discussing on how human might preserve his/her moral health as a way to cultivate physical health.

1044-1123 Omar Al-Khayyam

• Ghiyath al-Din Abul Fateh Omar Ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam was born at Nishapur, the provincial capital of Khurasan around 1044 C.E. (c. 1038 to 1048). Persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, physician and poet, he is commonly known as Omar Khayyam. Khayyam means the tent-maker, and although generally considered as Persian, it has also been suggested that he could have belonged to the Khayyami tribe of Arab origin who might have settled in Persia

1058-1111 Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali

• Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī (1058-1111) (Persian: غزالی محمد ابن محمد حامد known as Algazel to the ,(ابوwestern medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, philosopher, and mystic of Persian origin and remains as one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Islamic thought.

Died 1059 Abu Said ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Jibrail ibn Bakhtishu`

• Other important physician-author in Baghdad of this study period was He was the last descendant of the great and illustrious family “Bakhtishu`” whom emigrated from Judishabur to Baghdad in 765 C.E by the invitation of Abbasid caliph Mansur for personal service. Among his main works was al-Rawdah al-Tibbiyyah edited by P. Paul Sbath. It dealt with the philosophical terms used in medicine. Here the author attempted to give comprehensive principles of the healing arts by providing 50 chapters with each of them providing the medical philosophical explanations.

Died 1063 Ali Ibn Ridwan

• Possibly the most illustrious Egyptian Muslim physician- astrologer was), who flourished during Fatimid’s caliph. Beside professional training and practicing in public health, he also served Fatimid’s caliph al-Mustansiri (reigned 1035-1094) as his court physician and astrologer. With full dedication to his profession, he authored several medical books and commentaries, which were widely read in Islam as well as in Europe in Latin versions. In his Daf‘ Madarr al-Abdan fi Misr (On the Prevention of Bodily ills in Egypt), he successfully described meteorology, climatology, ecology and environmental health and laws regulating health care in Egypt.

Died 1068 al-Mukhtar ibn Butlan

• Possibly the most illustrious physician who was born and practiced the professional in Baghdad was During the period under consideration, Ibn Butlan composed many treatises, but the most prominent are Da’wat al-Atibba’ (Call to Physiacian) and Taqwim al-Sihhah bi al-Asbab al-Sittah. The latter treatise stressed and elaborated on the six health principles, which is considered as the most essential for health. He also introduced activities, which contribute to good health such as the use of music, dancing and bathing. As regard emotional effects on good health for humans, he discussed five types: anger, joy, shyness, grief (anxiety) and fear.

1076-1165 Ibn Tilmidh • The last physician of that time to be mentioned here was) known

as Amin al-Dawlah. He was one of the important Arab physician, who traveled throughout Persia but later returned to settle in Baghdad where, he was appointed as head of physicians of Baghdad. In his capacity as head of Baghdad physicians, he was asked to teach healing art to many students from far and near who after graduation led prominent and successful professional life in their own countries. As reported by many historians, Ibn al-Tilmidh made use of the works of the Greek physicians and also the works of Ibn Sina as the main sources of his teaching. Therefore, we are not surprise to find out his works consisted of ideas of Greek physicians notably Hippocratic corpus and Galen and those of Hunayn, Ibn Sina, al-Razi, etc.

23. 1091-1161 Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr

• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr was born at Seville in 1091/c. 1094 C.E. After completing his education and specializing in medicine, he entered the service of Almoravides (Al-Murabatun), but after their defeat by the Al-Mohades (Al-Muwahadun), he served under 'Abd alMu'min, the first Muwahid ruler. He died in Seville in 1161/c. 1162 C.E. As confirmed by George Sarton, he was not a Jew, but an orthodox Muslim

Died 1100 Abu Ali Yahya B. Isa ibn Jazlah

• After careful consideration of the caliber of Arab works, it becomes evident that one of the highly reputed physician-philosopher who was born, lived and practiced in Baghdad As a prominent physician, he was immediately appointed by al-Muqtadi to whom Ibn Jazlah dedicated his important medical manuals Taqwim al-Abdan fi Tadbir al-Insan (Tables of Bodies with Regard to Their Constitutions) and Minhaj al-Bayan fima Yastamiluhu al-Insan. In the former, the author introduced the way to preserve good health physically and spiritually. He explained that to achieve ultimate goal, man should labor for present life as if he is going to stay forever on this earth, and for life to come, as if it was his last day here

1126-1198 Abul Walid Muhammed ibn Rushd (Averroës)

• was born in Cordova, Spain, in 1126. Through family connections, he gained royal patronage and became a royal physician and a qadi (judge) in Cordova. Between 1182 and 1194, he was a court physician in Marrakesh. Due to pervading religious sentiment against Medieval Islamic Thought: Interplay of Faith and Reason 40 philosophers, he was banished for heresy. He was recalled to Marrakesh shortly before his death in 1198.

1128-1198 Ibn Rushd

• He was born in Cordoba, Islamic Spain where his grandfather was Imam of theGrand Mosque. He was born in a family of learned scholars and jurists. His father andgrandfather were judges. He was by nature pensive, loathed to position and wealth. He passed most of his time in study and it was said that during his long life there had beenonly two nights when he could not study - on the night of his marriage and the other onthe night of his fathers death.In 1169 he became magistrate (Qazi) of Seville, then Cordoba, and in 1196governor of Andalusia on account of his astonishing erudition. As a judge in Seville for25 years he busied himself writing commentaries on Aristotle's books. Once he expressedhis unhappiness over the fact that all his books were still in his hometown. In Cordoba hedeveloped friendship with famous physician Ibn Zuhr who suggested him to studymedicine. He requested his physician friend to write a book on al-Umur al-Juziya(treatment of head to toe diseases) which he did and called it

• Kitab al Theisir

1135-1208 Ibn-Maimon

• Name - Arabic: Ibn-MaimonName - latin: MaimonidesSpan of Life (A.D.): 1135 - 1208 (Granada)Speciality and Contribution: Philosophy, Translations- Hebrew, Latin, Poisons, Hygiene and Public HealthSpecial Books: Al-Tadbir El-Sihhi, Moushid El-Hairan

City - Country: Cairo (Saladdin's physician)

1143-1160 Ali Ibn Tashfin

• (reigned 537-555/1143-1160). In medicine, he wrote several treatises included two works on theriaca (al-Tiryaq al-Sab`ini) and on diet (al-Aghdhiyyah). During the later period of his life, he became acquaintance with Ibn Rushd, to whom he dedicated his al-Taysir fi Mudawat al-Tadbir.

1162-1231 Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi

• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162-1231), a famous Iraqi physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler, said that Galen was wrong to say that the lower jaw consists of two parts. On observing the remains of humans who had starved to death in Egypt, he concluded that the lower jaw (mandible) consists of just one bone. In his work, "Book of Instruction and Admonition on the Things Seen end Events Recorded in the Land of Egypt", he wrote:

"What I saw of this part of the corpses convinced me that the bone of the lower jaw is all one, with no joint nor suture. I have repeated the observation a great number of times, in over two thousand heads...I have been assisted by various different people, who have repeated the same examination, both in my absence and under my eyes.."

1207-1273 Jalal Al-Din Rumi

• Jalal al-Din Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Husain alRumi was born in 604 A.H. (1207/8 C.E.) at Balkh (now Afghanistan). His father Baha al-Din was a renowned religious scholar. Under his patronage, Rumi received his early education from Syed Burhan-al-Din. When his age was about 18 years, the family (after several migrations) finally settled at Konya and at the age of 25, Rumi was sent to Aleppo for advanced education and later to Damascus. Rumi continued with his education till he was 40 years old, although on his father's death Rumi succeeded him as a professor in the famous Madrasah at Konya at the age of about 24 years. He received his mystical training first at the hands of Syed Burhan al-Din and later he was trained by Shams al-Din Tabriz.

1208 - 1288 Ibn-Al-Nafis

• Name - Arabic: Name - latin:Span of Life (A.D.): (Damascus)Speciality and Contribution: Pulmonary circ., Blood supply to the heartSpecial Books: Sharah Tashrih al Qanun, Al-MujazCity - Country: Damascus, Cairo

1213-1288 Ibn Al Nafis

• He was born in a small town Kersh, near Damascus, educated at the college-hospital founded by Sultan Nurudin Zangi. He learnt Islamic jurisprudence, literatureand, theology besides medicine. When he moved to Cairo he was appointed director ofthe famous Nasri hospital. He trained a large number of medical students, including Ibnal-Quff, the famous surgeon. He was an authority on religious law and a prolific writer ofmedical tracts. He specialized in eye diseases. He was the first director of recentlyconstructed Mansuriyya hospital in Cairo, to which he bequeathed his house, library, andclinic. He was given the title of Chief of Physicians

Died 1222 Najeebuddin al-Samarqandi

• He was a famous physician from Afghanistan who flourished at the time ofPersian philosopher Fakhruddin ar-Razi (d1210). He died during the pillage of hishometown Heart by Mongols. His most important medical work is

• Asbab wal -Almat • (etiology and symptoms of disease), a commentary on thiswork was

written by al-Kirmani. He also wrote a book on the treatment of disease by dietand two medical formularies. His other works are:

• Al-Adwiya al-Mufrada - simple drugs Aghziyat al-Marada - diet for the ill Aghziya wal Ashriba - food and drink Fee Mudawat waja al-Mafasid - cure of pain in the joints Feel al- Tibb - on medicine Fee kafiyat Tarkib Tabaqat al-Ayn - on the layers of eye Feel Adwiya al-Mustamala Indal sayadila - drug preparation by pha

1233-1286 Aminu Dawla Ibn al-Quff

• He was a master of many disciplines like medicine, physiology, natural science,and philosophy. He learnt medicine from Ibn Abi Usayba (1203-1270) who was muchimpressed with his aptitude for medicine. In his youth he read number of biographies andspent great deal of time in meditation.His teacher asked him to study Masai l of Ishaq ibn Hunain and A phorism s and Prognosi sof Hippocrate. After reading these books he learnt the causes, symptoms and treatment ofdisease. In his commentaries he included sayings and annotations of Zakariya al-Razi

Died 1248 Ibn Al-Baitar

• Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din alMalaqi was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Middle Ages. He was born in the Spanish city of Malaqa (Malaga) towards the end of the 12th century. He learned botany from Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, a learned botanist, with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain.

1304-1369 Ibn Battuta

• "To the world of today the men of medieval Christendom already seem remote and unfamiliar. Their names and deeds are recorded in our history-books, their monuments still adorn our cities, but our kinship with them is a thing unreal, which costs an effort of imagination. How much more must this apply to the great Islamic civilization, that stood over against medieval Europe, menacing its existence and yet linked to it by a hundred ties that even war and fear could not sever. Its monuments too abide, for those who may have the fortunate to visit them, but its men and manners are to most of us utterly unknown, or dimly conceived in the romantic image of the Arabian Nights. Even for the specialist it is difficult to reconstruct their lives and see them as they were. Histories and biographies there are in quantity, but the historians for all their picturesque details, seldom show the ability to select the essential and to give their figures that touch of the intimate which makes them live again for the reader. It is in this faculty that Ibn Battuta excels."

Died 1369 Ibn Katina

• The Moorish physician who died in 1369 A.D. is the author of excellent book on the plague. A severe plague which ravaged Alemaria in Spain in 1348-49 A.D. caused the celebrated physician to write a treatise on the plague which was superior to all earlier works on the subject. This book was edited and translated in Europe in the 15th century A.D. and revealed the contagious character of the plague and its remedies which were not known to Greek physicians.

Died 1379 al-Aqsara'i

• Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad Aqsara'i, also written al-Aqsara'i, was a 14th century Persian physician.

• He is known for his commentary on the Mujiz, which was an epitome made in the 13th century by Ibn al-Nafis of The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna.

• Al-Aqsara'i studied medicine with his father, under whose tutelage he first read the Mujiz. Thereafter he studied The Canon of Medicine itself, as well as the Hawi by Razi and the Complete Book on Medicine by al-Majusi, as well as the medical writings of Najib al-Din al-Samarqandi. He employed these other treatises in his commentary on the Mujiz, and he titled his commentary "The Key to the Mujiz" (Hall al-Mujiz).

• He died in 1379.

Died 1369 Ibn Katina

• Ibn Katina, the Moorish physician who died in 1369 A.D. is the author of excellent book on the plague. A severe plague which ravaged Alemaria in Spain in 1348-49 A.D. caused the celebrated physician to write a treatise on the plague which was superior to all earlier works on the subject. This book was edited and translated in Europe in the 15th century A.D. and revealed the contagious character of the plague and its remedies which were not known to Greek physicians

Died 1599 Dawud Ibn 'Umar al-Antaki or David of Antioch

• Dawud Ibn 'Umar al-Antaki or David of Antioch (Arabic: داودAntioch - Makkah -alاألنطاكي ; Mukarramah ,1599 ) was a blind Syrian physician and pharmacist active in Cairo.[1]

• After the hey-day of medicine in the medieval Islamic world and after the work of Ibn Al-Nafis (died 1288), Daud Al-Antaki was one of three great names in the field of Arabic medicine in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries CE, alongside the Iraqi scholar Yusuf Ibn Ismail Al-Kutbi and the Turkish doctor Khadir Ibn Ali Hajji Basa.[2] The seminal western historian of Arabic medicine Lucien Leclerc (1876) considered Al-Antaki "dernier représentant de la médecine arabe

1526-1585Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

• Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: الدين تقيالشامي معروف بن –Modern Turkish: Takiyuddin or Taki) (1526 ,محمد

1585) was aMuslim polymath: He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy,clocks, engineering,mathematics, mechanics,optics and natural philosophy

Died 1609 Hakim-e-Gilani

• Hakim Ali ibn Kamal al-Din Muhammad Gilani (Persian: علی حكيمالگيالنی محمد الدين كمال was a 16th-century Persian royal (بن

physician fromGilan, Iran.• He came from Persia to the Mughal court of Akbar and served

under several Mughal rulers in northwest India. He is particularly known for his commentary on The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna.

• Hakim Ali Gilani died on 14 Dhu al-Hijjah 1017AH, or 22 March 1609

1508- 1610 Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani

• Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed ibn Ibrahim al-Wazir al-Ghassani al-Andalusi (1548–1610) was a famous physician at theSaadian court.[1] He studied medicine with his father. He lived in Marrakesh and Fezand was of Moriscodescent. It is probable that he was the author ofHadiqat al-azhar fi mahiyyat al-ushb wa-l-aqqar (Garden of Flowers in the Explanation of the Character of Herbs and Drugs), a treatise on pharmacology and botany.[2] A hospital in Fez was named after him.

1868-1927 Hakim Ajmal Khan

• Ajmal Khan (or Hakim Ajmal Khan) (1868–1927) was an Indian physician specialising in the field of South Asian traditional Unanimedicine as well as a Muslim nationalist politician and freedom fighter. Through his founding of the Tibbia College in Delhi, he is credited with the revival of Unani medicine in early 20th century India

1897-1944 Dr Salimuzzaman Siddique

• Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was born in Subeha, Barabanki District, in the former United Provinces of India in 1897. In 1951, Professor Siddiqui was appointed as the Director of the Pakistan Department of Research (renamed in 1953 as the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society, UK, 1960, the first scientist working in Pakistan to have received such a distinction. In 1966, he was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Karachi. In 1975, recognizing his work the Hussein Group of Industries contributed a grant towards the establishment of the Hussein Ebrahim Jamal (HEJ) Research Institute of Chemistry, where Professor Siddiqui continued working till the end. Author of over a hundred and forty research papers and memoirs and about fifty patent specifications, he was also a great painter, a philosopher, an organizer and a promoter of science in Pakistan. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of R & D in Pakistan. Professor Salimuzzaman Siddiqui breathed his last at the Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi on April 14, 1994.

1920-1998 Hakim Muhammad Saeed

• Hakim Muhammad Saeed (Urdu: سعید محمد 9; حکیم January 1920 – 17 October 1998, NI, PhD) was a medical researcher, scholar, philanthropist, and a Governor of Sindh Province, Pakistan from 1993 until 1996. Saeed was one of Pakistan's most prominent medical researchers in the field of Eastern medicines. He established the Hamdard Foundation in 1948, prior to his settlement inWest Pakistan. In a few years time, the herbal medical products of the Hamdard Foundation became household names in Pakistan. Hakim Muhammad Saeed authored and compiled about 200 books in medicines, philosophy, science, health, religion, natural medicine, literary, social, and travelogues. On 17 October 1998, Saeed was assassinated by a group of unknown assailants while he was on his way to attend a medical experiment at the Hamdard Laboratories